LIBRARY 

OF  THK 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


COMPLETE 


of  Walt  Whitmaif 

1855  .  .  .  1888 

AUTHENTICATED  &  PERSONAL  BOOK  (handled  by  W.  W.) 
Portraits  from  Life  .  .  .  Autograph. 


NOTE   AT   BEGINNING. 

The  following  volume  contains 

LEAVES  OF  GRASS, 

with  the  brief  Annex,  SANDS  AT  SEVENTY,  in  November 
Boughs, 

SPECIMEN  DAYS  AND  COLLECT  ....  and 

NOVEMBER  BOUGHS, 

Revised,  corrected,  &c.,  down  to  date. 

(When  I  had  got  this  volume  well  under  way,  I  was  quite  sud 
denly  prostrated  by  illness — paralysis,  continued  yet — which  will 
have  to  serve  as  excuse  for  many  faults  both  of  omission  and 
commission  in  it.) 

But  I  would  not  let  the  great  and  momentous  Era  of  these 
years,  these  States,  slip  away  without  attempting  to  arrest  in  a 
special  printed  book  (as  much  in  spirit  as  letter,  and  may-be 
for  the  future  more  than  the  present,)  some  few  specimens — even 
vital  throbs,  breaths — as  representations  of  it  all — from  my  point 
of  view,  and  right  from  the  midst  of  it,  jotted  at  the  time. 

There  is  a  tally-stamp  and  stage-result  of  periods  and  na 
tions,  elusive,  at  second  or  third  hand,  often  escaping  the  his 
torian  of  matter-of-fact — in  some  sort  the  nation's  spiritual  for 
mative  ferment  or  chaos — the  getting  in  of  its  essence,  formu 
lating  identity — a  law  of  it,  and  significant  part  of  its  progress. 
(Of  the  best  of  events  and  facts,  even  the  most  important,  there 
are  finally  not  the  events  and  facts  only,  but  something  flashing 
out  and  fluctuating  like  tuft-flames  or  eiddlons,  from  all.)  My 
going  up  and  down  amidst  these  years,  and  the  impromptu 
jottings  of  their  sights  and  thoughts,  of  war  and  peace,  have 
been  in  accordance  with  that  law,  and  probably  a  result  of  it.  ... 
In  certain  respects,  (emotionality,  passions,  spirituality,  the  invis 
ible  trend,)  I  therefore  launch  forth  the  divisions  of  the  following 
book  as  not  only  a  consequent  of  that  period  and  its  influences, 
but  in  one  sort  a  History  of  America,  the  past  35  years,  after 
the  rest,  after  the  adjuncts  of  that  history  have  been  studied  and 
attended  to. 


a 


of 


COME,  said  my  Soul, 

Such  verses  for  my  Body  let  us  write,  (for  we  are  one,) 

That  should  I  after  death  invisibly  return. 

Or,  long,  long  hence,  in  other  spheres, 

There  to  some  group  of  mates  the  chants  resuming, 

(Tallying  Earth's  soil,  trees,  winds,  tumultuous  waves,) 

Ever  with  pleased  smile  I  may  keep  on, 

Ever  and  ever  yet  the  verses  owning  —  as,  first,  I  here  and  now, 

Signing  for  Soul  and  Body,  set  to  them  my  name, 

'  r 


COPYRIGHT  1881 
BY   WALT   WHITMAN 

All  rights  reserved 


FERGUSON    BROS,    fc    CO.. 
PR  NTERS.     PHILADELPHIA. 


CONTENTS. 


INSCRIPTIONS.  PAGE 

ONE'S-SELF  I  SING 9 

As  I  PONDER'D  IN  SILENCE      .                9 

IN  CABIN'D  SHIPS  AT  SEA 10 

To  FOREIGN  LANDS :  n 

To  A  HISTORIAN n 

To  THEE  OLD  CAUSE        ........  n 

EIDOLONS 12 

FOR  HIM  I  SING 14 

WHEN  I  READ  THE  BOOK 14 

BEGINNING  MY  STUDIES 14 

BEGINNERS it; 

To  THE  STATES 15 

ON  JOURNEYS  THROUGH  THE  STATES 15 

To  A  CERTAIN  CANTATRICE 16 

ME  IMPERTURBE .16 

SAVANTISM  . *  16 

THE  SHIP  STARTING 16 

I  HEAR  AMERICA  SINGING 17 

WHAT  PLACE  is  BESIEGED? 17 

STILL  THOUGH  THE  ONE  I  SING      ......  17 

SHUT  NOT  YOUR  DOORS        .               17 

POETS  TO  COME 18 

To  You , 18 

THOU  READER 18 

STARTING  FROM  PAUMANOK 18 

SONG  OF  MYSELF ""....  29 

CHILDREN  OP  ADAM. 

To  THE  GARDEN  THE  WORLD      .        .        .        .        .        .        .  79 

FROM  PENT-UP  ACHING  RIVERS 79 

I  SING  THE  BODY  ELECTRIC 81 

A  WOMAN  WAITS  FOR  ME 88 

SPONTANEOUS  ME 89 

ONE  HOUR  TO  MADNESS  AND  JOY   .       .       .       .       .       .  g[ 

OUT  OF  THE  ROLLING  OCEAN  THE  CROWD        ....  92 

AGES  AND  AGES  RETURNING  AT  INTERVALS   ....  92 

WE  Two,  How  LONG  WE  WERE  FOOL'D 93 

0  HYMEN  !  O  HYMENEE  ! 93 

1  AM  HE  THAT  ACHES  WITH  LOVE 93 

NATIVE  MOMENTS 94 

ONCE  I  PASS'D  THROUGH  A  POPULOUS  CITY      ....  94 

I  HEARD  You  SOLEMN-SWEET  PIPES  OF  THE  ORGAN    .        .  94 

FACING  WEST  FROM  CALIFORNIA'S  SHORES        ....  95 

As  ADAM  EARLY  m  THE  MORNING        ...       .  •      .  95 

3 


CONTENTS. 


CALAMUS.  PACB 

IN  PATHS  UNTRODDEN 95 

SCENTED  HERBAGE  OF  MY  BREAST 96 

WHOEVER  You  ARE  HOLDING  ME  Now  IN  HAND  ...  97 

FOR  You  O  DEMOCRACY 99 

THESE  I  SINGING  IN  SPRING 99 

NOT  HEAVING  FROM  MY  RIBB'D  BREAST  ONLY  ...  100 

OF  THE  TERRIBLE  DOUBT  OF  APPEARANCES  101 

THE  BASE  OF  ALL  METAPHYSICS 101 

RECORDERS  AGES  HENCE 102 

WHEN  I  HEARD  AT  THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  DAY  ...  102 

ARE  You  THE  NEW  PERSON  DRAWN  TOWARD  ME?.  .  .  103 

ROOTS  AND  LEAVES  THEMSELVES  ALONE  ....  103 

NOT  HEAT  FLAMES  UP  AND  CONSUMES 104 

TRICKLE  DROPS 104 

CITY  OF  ORGIES 105 

BEHOLD  THIS  SWARTHY  FACE 105 

I  SAW  IN  LOUISIANA  A  LIVE-OAK  GROWING  .  .  .  .  105 

To  A  STRANGER .  106 

THIS  MOMENT  YEARNING  AND  THOUGHTFUL  ....  106 

I  HEAR  IT  WAS  CHARGED  AGAINST  ME 107 

THE  PRAIRIE-GRASS  DIVIDING 107 

WHEN  I  PERUSE  THE  CONQUER'D  FAME  ....  107 

WE  Two  BOYS  TOGETHER  CLINGING 108 

A  PROMISE  TO  CALIFORNIA loS 

HERE  THE  FRAILEST  LEAVES  OK  ME 108 

No  LABOR-SAVING  MACHINE 108 

A  GLIMPSE 109 

A1  LEAF  FOR  HAND  IN  HAND 109 

EARTH  MY  LIKENESS 109 

I  DREAM'D  IN  A  DREAM .  .  109 

WHAT  THINK  You  I  TAKE  MY  PEN  IN  HAND?  .  .  .110 

— <To  THE  EAST  AND  TO  THE  WEST no 

SOMETIMES  WITH  ONE  I  LOVE  .  .  .  .  .  .  .110 

To  A  WESTERN  BOY HO 

FAST-ANCHOR'D  ETERNAL  O  LOVE HI 

AMONG  THE  MULTITUDE  .  .' in 

O  You  WHOM  I  OFTEN  AND  SILENTLY  COME  .  .  .  .HI 

THAT  SHADOW  MY  LIKENESS in 

FULL  OF  LIFE  NOW  .  . in 

SALUT  AU  MONDE! .  112 

SOXG  OK  THE  OPEN  ROAD  .        .                120 

CROSSING  BROOKLYN  FERRY 129 

SONG  OF  THE  ANSWERER 134 

OUR  OLD  FEUILLAGE 138 

A  SONG  OF  JOYS .142 

SONG  OF  THE  BROAD-AXE 14^ 

SONG  OF  THE  EXPOSITION    .       .       . 157 

SONG  OF  THE  REDWOOD-TREE 165 

A  SONG  FOR  OCCUPATIONS 169 

A  SONG  OF  THE  ROLLING  EARTH 176 

YOUTH,  DAY,  OLD  AGE,  AND  NIGHT iSo 

BIRDS  OF  PASSAGE. 

SONG  OF  THE  UNIVERSAL 181 

PIONEERS  1  O  PIONEERS! 183 

To  You iS6 


CONTENTS. 


BIRDS  OP  PASSAGE.  PAGE 

FRANCE  THE  iSrn  YEAR  OF  THESE  STATES  ....  188 

MYSELF  AND  MINE •  189 

YEAR  OF  METEORS  (1859-60) 190 

WITH  ANTECEDENTS      .........  191 

A  BROADWAY  PAGEANT 193 

SEA-DRIFT. 

OUT  OF  THE  CRADLE  ENDLESSLY  ROCKING        ....  rg6 

As  I  EBB'D  WITH  THE  OCEAN  OF  LIFE 202 

TEARS      .............  204 

To  THE  MAN-OF-WAR-BIRD 204 

ABOARD  AT  A  SHIP'S  HELM  ........  205 

ON  THE  BEACH  AT  NIGHT 205 

THE  WORLD  BELOW  THE  BRINE 206 

ON  THE  BEACH  AT  NIGHT  ALONE  ......  207 

SONG  FOR  ALL  SEAS,  ALL  SHIPS 207 

PATROLING  BARNEGAT 208 

AFTER  THE  SEA-SHIP     .........  209 

BY  THE  ROADSIDE. 

.A  BOSTON  BALLAD — 1854 209 

EUROPE  THE  720  AND  73!)  YEARS  OF  THESE  STATES       .       ,211 

A  HAND-MIRROR 213 

GODS        .       .       . .213 

GERMS 214 

THOUGHTS 214 

WHEN  I  HEARD  THE  LEARN'D  ASTRONOMER        .       .       .  214 

PERFECTIONS 214 

0  ME!  O  LIFE! 215 

To  A  PRESIDENT 215 

1  SIT  AND  LOOK  OUT 215 

To  RICH  GIVERS 216 

THE  DALLIANCE  OF  THE  EAGLES     .       ...       .       .       .  216 

ROAMING  IN  THOUGHT 216 

A  FARM  PICTURE .  216 

A  CHILD'S  AMAZE 217 

THE  RUNNER 217 

BEAUTIFUL  WOMEN       .       .       .       .       .       .       .       .       ,217 

MOTHER  AND  BABE    .               217 

THOUGHT        ...........217 

VISOR'D        .        .        .        .        ,        ,        .        .        .        .        .  217 

THOUGHT        . 217 

GLIDING  O'ER  ALL 218 

HAST  NEVER  COME  TO  THEE  AN  HOUR 218 

THOUGHT 218 

To  OLD  AGE 218 

LOCATIONS  AND  TIMES 218 

OFFERINGS 218 

To  IDENTIFY  THE  i6TH,  IJTH  OR  i8TH  PRESIDENTIAD  .       .  218 

DRUM-TAPS. 

FIRST  O  SONGS  FOR  A  PRELUDE  .......  219 

EIGHTEEN  SIXTY-ONE .  221 

BEAT!  BEAT!  DRUMS!  .....                ...  222 

FROM  PAUMANOK  STARTING  I  FLY  LIKE  A  BIRD  .        .        .  222 

SONG  OF  THE  BANNER  AT  DAYBREAK         .        .        .        .        .  •  223 

RISE  O  DAYS  FROM  YOUR  FATHOMLESS  DEEPS  228 


CONTENTS. 


DRUM-TAPS.  PACK 

VIRGINIA  —  THE  WEST 230 

CITY  OF  SHIPS 230 

THE  CENTENARIAN'S  STORY 231 

CAVALRY  CROSSING  A  FORD 235 

BIVOUAC  ON  A  MOUNTAIN  SIDE 235* 

AN  ARMY  CORPS  ON  THE  MARCH 236 

BY  THE  BIVOUAC'S  FITFUL  FLAME  ......  236 

COME  UP  FROM  THE  FIELDS  FATHER .  236 

VIGIL. STRANGE  I  KEPT  ON  THE  FIELD  ONE  NIGHT    .        .  238 

A   MARCH  IN  THE  RANKS  HARD-PREST     .        .        .        .        .  239 

A  SIGHT  IN  CAMP  IN  THE  DAYBREAK  GRAY  AND  DIM        .  240 

As  TOILSOME  I  WANDER'D  VIRGINIA'S  WOODS         .        .       .  240 

NOT  THE  PILOT .       .       .  241 

YEAR  THAT  TREMBLED  AND  REEL'D  BENEATH  ME    .       .        .241 

THE  WOUND-DRESSER      * 241 

LONG,  TOO  LONG  AMERICA 244 

GIVE  ME  THE  SPLENpID  SILENT  SUN 244 

DIRGE  FOR  Two  VETERANS .  246 

OVER  THE  CARNAGE  ROSE  PROPHETIC  A  VOICE    .       .        .  247 

I  SAW  OLD  GENERAL  AT  BAY •  247 

THE  ARTILLERYMAN'S  VISION 248 

ETHIOPIA  SALUTING  THE  COLORS        .        .               ...  249 

NOT  YOUTH  PERTAINS  TO  ME 249 

RACE  OF  VETERANS 250 

WORLD  TAKE  GOOD  NOTICE 250 

O  TAN-FACED  PRAIRIE-BOY 250 

LOOK  DOWN  FAIR  MOON 250 

RECONCILIATION     .        .       , 2v> 

How  SOLEMN  AS  ONE  BY  ONE        .......  251 

As  I  LAY  WITH  MY  HEAD  IN  YOUR  LAP  CAMERADO      .       .  251 

DELICATE  CLUSTER .        .        .  25* 

To  A  CERTAIN  CIVILIAN 252 

Lo,  VICTRESS  ON  THE  PEAKS 252 

SPIRIT  WHOSE  WORK  is  DONE    .       .        .       .        .       .       .  253 

ADIEU  TO  A  SOLDIER 253 

TURN  O  LIBERTAD 254 

To  THE  LEAVEN'D  SOIL  THEY  TROD 254 

MEMORIES  OP  PRESIDENT  LINCOLN. 

WHEN  LILACS  LAST  IN  THE  DOORYARD  BLOOM'D    .        .        .  255 

O  CAPTAIN,  MY  CAPTAIN 262 

HUSH'D  BE  THE  CAMPS  TO-DAY 263 

THIS  DUST  WAS  ONCE  THE  MAN 263 

BY  BLUE  ONTARIO'S  SHORE 264 

REVERSALS 276 

AUTUMN  RIVULETS.  , 

As  CONSEQUENT 277 

THE  RETURN  OF  THE  HEROES 27S 

THERE  WAS  A  CHILD  WENT  FORTH 282 

OLD  IRELAND 284 

THE  CITY  DEAD-HOUSE 284 

THIS  COMPOST 285 

To  A  FOIL'D  EUROPEAN  REVOLUTIONAIRE 287 

UNNAMED  LANDS 2SS 

SONG  OF  PRUDENCE 2^9 


CONTENTS. 


AUTUMN  RIVULETS.  PAGE 

THE  SINGER  IN  THE  PRISON .  292 

WARBLE  FOR  LILAC-TIME 293 

OUTLINES  FOR  A  TOMB 294 

OUT  FROM  BEHIND  THIS  MASK 296 

VOCALISM             .    • 297 

To  HIM  THAT  WAS  CRUCIFIED 298 

You  FELONS  ON  TRIAL  IN  COURTS 298 

LAWS  FOR  CREATIONS 299 

To  A  COMMON  PROSTITUTE 299 

I  WAS  LOOKING  A  LONG  WHILE.       .       .       .    •    .        .       .  300 

THOUGHT     .       .       .       .  •      .       .       .  -      .       .       .       .  300 

MIRACLES 301 

SPARKLES  FROM  THE  WHEEL 301 

To  A  PUPIL 302 

UNFOLDED  OUT  OF  THE  FOLDS 302 

WHAT  AM  I  AFTER  ALL 303 

KOSMOS        .        .        .        .       .       .       ...       .        .       .  303 

OTHERS  MAY  PRAISE  WHAT  THEY  LIKE   .....  304 

WHO  LEARNS  MY  LESSON  COMPLETE 304 

TESTS 305 

THE  TORCH 305 

O  STAR  OF  FRANCE  (1870-71)      .                .        .        .  fc              .  306 

THE  OX-TAMER fc  .        .  307 

AN  OLD  MAN'S  THOUGHT  OF  SCHOOL 308 

WANDERING  AT  MORN       .        . 308 

ITALIAN  Music  IN  DAKOTA 309 

WITH  ALL  THY  GIFFS 309 

MY  PICTURE-GALLERY   .                310 

THE  PRAIRIE  STATES 310 

PROUD  Music  OF  THE  STORM     .        . 310 

PASSAGE  TO  INDIA                           * 315 

PRAYER  OF  COLUMBUS 323 

THE  SLEEPERS •.        .  325 

TRANSPOSITIONS 332 

To  THINK  OF  TIME 333 

WHISPERS   OF  HEAVENLY  DEATH. 

BAREST  THOU  Now  O  SOUL        . 338 

WHISPERS  OF  HEAVENLY  DEATH 338 

CHANTING  THE  SQUARE  DEIFIC 339 

OF  HIM  I  LOVE  DAY  AND  NIGHT 340 

YET,  YET,  YE  DOWNCAST  HOURS 341 

As  IF  A  PHANTOM  CARESS'D  ME 341 

ASSURANCES     . 342 

QUICKSAND  YEARS 342 

THAT  Music  ALWAYS  ROUND  ME 343 

WHAT  SHIP  PUZZLED  AT  SEA 343 

A  NOISELESS  PATIENT  SPIDER 343 

O  LIVING  ALWAYS,  ALWAYS  DYING 344 

To  ONE  SHORTLY  TO  DIE .        .  344 

NIGHT  ON  THE  PRAIRIES 344 

THOUGHT 345 

THE  LAST  INVOCATION 346 

As  I  WATCH'D  THE  PLOUGHMAN  PLOUGHING    ....  346 

PENSIVE  AND  FALTERING 346 


8  CONTENTS. 

FACE 

THOU  MOTHER  WITH  THY  EQUAL  BROOD 346 

A  PAUMANOK  PICTURE 351 

FROM  NOON  TO  STARRY  NIGHT. 

THOU  ORB  ALOFT  FULL-DAZZLING 3:52 

FACES 353 

THE  MYSTIC  TRUMPETER 356 

To  A  LOCOMOTIVE  IN  WINTER 358 

O  MAGNET-SOUTH .  359 

MANNAHATTA 360 

ALL  is  TRUTH 361 

A  RIDDLE  SONG 362 

EXCELSIOR 363 

AH  POVERTIES,  WINCINGS,  AND  SULKY  RETREATS        .       .  364 

THOUGHTS 364 

MEDIUMS 364 

WEAVE  IN,  MY  HARDY  LIFE 365 

SPAIN,  1873-74    365 

BY  BROAD  POTOMAC'S  SHORE -.  366 

FROM  FAR  DAKOTA'S  CANONS  (JUNE  25,  1876)       .       .       .  366 

OLD  WAR-DREAMS 367 

THICK-SPRINKLED  BUNTING 367 

WHAT  BEST  I  SEE  IN  THEE 368 

SPIRIT  THAT  FORM'D  THI'S  SCENE 368 

As  I  WALK  THESE  BROAD  MAJESTIC  DAYS       ....  369 

A  CLEAR  MIDNIGHT 369 

SONGS  OF  PARTING. 

As  THE  TIME  DRAWS  NIGH 370 

YEARS  OF  THE  MODERN 37° 

ASHES  OF  SOLDIERS 37 ' 

THOUGHTS 3/3 

SONG  AT  SUNSET                           t 37*4 

As  AT  THY  PORTALS  ALSO  DEATH 376 

MY  LEGACY    .               376 

PENSIVE  ON  HER  DEAD  GAZING 377 

CAMPS  OF  GREEN                          .      \ 377 

THE  SOBBING  OF  THE  BELLS    . 37^ 

As  THEY  DRAW  TO  A  CLOSE       .......  379 

JOY,  SHIPMATE,  JOY 379 

THE  UNTOLD  WANT 379 

PORTALS       .....  379 

THESE  CAROLS 379 

Now  FINALE  TO  THE  SHORE 380 

So  LONG! 38° 


•%FC*J^ 
INSCRIPTIONS. 


ONE'S-SELF    I    SING. 

ONE'S-SELF  I  sing,  a  simple  separate  person, 

Yet  utter  the  word  Democratic,  the  word  En-Masse. 

Of  physiology  from  top  to  toe  I  sing, 

Not  physiognomy  alone  nor  brain  alone  is  worthy  for  the  Muse,  I 

say  the  Form  complete  is  worthier  far, 
The  Female  equally  with  the  Male  I  sing. 

Of  Life  immense  in  passion,  pulse,  and  power, 
Cheerful,  for  freest  action  form'd  under  the  laws  divine, 
The  Modern  Man  I  sing. 


AS    I    PONDER'D    IN    SILENCE. 

As  I  ponder'd  in  silence, 

Returning  upon  my  poems,  considering,  lingering  long, 

A  Phantom  arose  before  me  with  distrustful  aspect, 

Terrible  in  beauty,  age,  and  power, 

The  genius  of  poets  of  old  lands, 

As  to  me  directing  like  flame  its  eyes, 

With  finger  pointing  to  many  immortal  songs, 

And  menacing  voice,  What  singest  thou  ?  it  said, 

Know'st  thou  not  there  is  but  one  theme  for  ever-enduring  bards  t 

And  that  is  the  theme  of  War,  the  fortune  of  battles, 

The  making  of  perfect  soldiers. 

Be  it  so,  then  I  answer'd, 

/  too  haughty  Shade  also  sing  war,  and  a  longer  and  greater  one. 

than  any, 
Waged  in  my  book  with  varying  fortune,  with  flight,  advance  and 

retreat,  victory  deferred  and  wavering, 


io  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

(  Yet  mefhinks  certain,  or  as  good  as  certain,  at  the  last?)  the  field 

the  world, 

For  life  and  death,  for  the  Body  and  for  the  eternal  Soul, 
Lo,  I  too  am  come,  chanting  the  chant  of  battles, 
I  above  all  promote  brave  soldiers. 

IN    CABIN'D    SHIPS    AT   SEA. 

IN  cabin'd  ships  at  sea, 

The  boundless  blue  on  every  side  expanding, 

With  whistling  winds  and  music  of  the  waves,  the  large  imperious 

waves, 

Or  some  lone  bark  buoy'd  on  the  dense  marine, 
Where  joyous  full  of  faith,  spreading  white  sails, 
She  cleaves  the  ether  mid  the  sparkle  and  the  foam  of  day,  or 

under  many  a  star  at  night, 
By  sailors  young  and  old  haply  will  I,  a  reminiscence  of  the  land, 

be  read, 
In  full  rapport  at  last. 

Here  are  our  thoughts,  voyagers'  thoughts, 

Here  not  the  land,  firm  land,  alone  appears,  may  then  by  them  be 

said, 
The  skv  overarches  here,  we  feel  the  .undulating  deck  beneath  our 

feet, 

We  feel  the  long  pulsation,  ebb  and  flow  of  endless  motion, 
The  tones  of  unseen  mystery,  the  vague  and  vast  suggestions  of  the 

briny  world,  the  liquid-flowing  syllables, 
The  perfume,   the  faint  creaking  of  the  cordage,   the  melancholy 

rhythm, 

The  boundless  vista  and  the  horizon  far  and  dim  are  all  here, 
And  this  is  ocean's  poem. 

Then  falter  not  O  book,  fulfil  your  destiny, 
You  not  a  reminiscence  of  the  land  alone, 
You  too  as  a  lone  bark  cleaving  the  ether,  purpos'd  I  know  not 

whither,  yet  ever  full  of  faith, 
Consort  to  every  ship  that  sails,  sail  you  ! 
Bear  forth  to  them  folded  my  love,  (dear  mariners,  for  you  I  fold 

it  here  in  every  leaf;) 
Speed  on  my  book  !  spread  your  white  sails  my  little  bark  athwart 

the  imperious  waves, 
Chant  on,  sail  on,  bear  o'er  the  boundless  blue  from  me  to  every 

sea, 
This  song  for  mariners  and  all  their  ships. 


INSCRIPTIONS.  1 1 


TO   FOREIGN    LANDS. 

I  HEARD  that  you  ask'd  for  something  to  prove  this  puzzle  the  New 

World, 

And  to  define  America,  her  athletic  Democracy, 
Therefore  I  send  you  my  poems  that  you  behold  in  them  what  you 

wanted. 

TO   A   HISTORIAN. 

You  who  celebrate  bygones, 

Who  have  explored  the  outward,  the  surfaces  of  the  races,  the  life 

that  has  exhibited  itself, 
Who  have  treated  of  man  as  the  creature  of  politics,  aggregates, 

rulers  and  priests, 
I,  habitan  of  the  Alleghanies,  treating  of  him  as  he  is  in  himself 

in  his  own  rights, 
Pressing  the  pulse  of  the  life  that  has  seldom  exhibited  itself,  (the 

great  pride  of  man  in  himself,) 
Chanter  of  Personality,  outlining  what  is  yet  to  be, 
I  project  the  history  of  the  future. 


TO   THEE   OLD   CAUSE. 
To  thee  old  cause  ! 

Thou  peerless,  passionate,  good  cause, 
Thou  stern,  remorseless,  sweet  idea, 
Deathless  throughout  the  ages,  races,  lands, 
After  a  strange  sad  war,  great  war  for  thee, 
(I  think  all  war  through  time  was  really  fought,  and  ever  will  be 

really  fought,  for  thee,) 
These  chants  for  thee,  the  eternal  march  of  thee. 

(A  war  O  soldiers  not  for  itself  alone, 

Far,  far  more  stood  silently  waiting  behind,  now  to  advance  in 
this  book.) 

Thou  orb  of  many  orbs  ! 

Thou  seething  principle  !  thou  well-kept,  latent  germ  !  thou  centre  ! 

Around  the  idea  of  thee  the  war  revolving, 

With  all  its  angry  and  vehement  play  of  causes, 

(With  vast  results  to  come  for  thrice  a  thousand  years,) 

These  recitatives  for  thee,  —  my  book  and  the  war  are  one, 

Merged  in  its  spirit  I  and  mine,  as  the  contest  hinged  on  thee, 

As  -a  wheel  on  its  axis  turns,  this  book  unwitting  to  itself, 

Around  the  idea  of  thee. 


12  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

EIDOLONS. 

I  MET  a  seer, 

Passing  the  hues  and  objects  of  the  world, 
The  fields  of  art  and  learning,  pleasure,  sense, 

To  glean  eiddlons. 

Put  in  thy  chants  said  he, 

No  more  the  puzzling  hour  nor  day,  nor  segments,  parts,  put  in, 
Put  first  before  the  rest  as  light  for  all  and  entrance-song  of  all, 

That  of  eid61ons. 

Ever  the  dim  beginning, 
Ever  the  growth,  the  rounding  of  the  circle, 
Ever  the  summit  and  the  merge  at  last,  (to  surely  start  again,) 

Eid61ons  !  eid61ons  ! 

Ever  the  mutable, 

Ever  materials,  changing,  crumbling,  re-cohering, 
Ever  the  ateliers,  the  factories  divine, 

Issuing  eid61ons. 

Lo,  I  or  you, 

Or  woman,  man,  or  state,  known  or  unknown, 
We  seeming  solid  wealth,  strength,  beauty  build, 

But  really  build  eid61ons. 

The  ostent  evanescent, 

The  substance  of  an  artist's  mood  or  savan's  studies  long, 
Or  warrior's,  martyr's,  hero's  toils, 

To  fashion  his  eid61on. 

Of  every  human  life, 

(The  units  gather'd,  posted,  not  a  thought,  emotion,  deed,  left  out,) 
The  whole  or  large  or  small  summ'd,  added  up, 

In  its  eid61on. 

The  old,  old  urge, 

Based  on  the  ancient  pinnacles,  lo,  newer,  higher  pinnacles, 
From  science  and  the  modern  still  impell'd, 

The  old,  old  urge,  eid6lons. 

The  present  now  and  here, 
America's  busy,  teeming,  intricate  whirl, 
Of  aggregate  and  segregate  for  only  thence  releasing, 

To-day's  eid61ons. 


INSCRIPTIONS.  13 

These  with  the  past, 

Of  vanish'd  lands,  of  all  the  reigns  of  kings  across  the  sea, 
Old  conquerors,  old  campaigns,  old  sailors',  voyages, 

Joining  eid61ons. 

i 

Densities,  growth,  fagades, 
Strata  of  mountains,  soils,  rocks,  giant  trees, 
Far-born,  far-dying,  living  long,  to  leave, 

Eid61ons  everlasting. 

Exalte,  rapt,  ecstatic, 
The  visible  but  their  womb  of  birth, 
Of  orbic  tendencies  to  shape  and  shape  and  shape, 

The  mighty  earth-eid61on. 

All  space,  all  time, 

(The  stars,  the  terrible  perturbations  of  the  suns,  • 
Swelling,  collapsing,  ending,  serving  their  longer,  shorter  use,) 

Fill'd  with  eid61ons  only. 

The  noiseless  myriads, 
The  infinite  oceans  where  the  rivers  empty. 
The  separate  countless  free  identities,  like  eyesight, 

The  true  realities,  eid61ons. 

Not  this  the  world, 

Nor  these  the  universes,  they  the  universes, 
Purport  and  end,  ever  the  permanent  life  of  life, 

Eid61ons,  eid61ons. 

Beyond  thy  lectures  learn'd  professor, 
Beyond  thy  telescope  or  spectroscope  observer  keen,  beyond  all 

mathematics, 
Beyond  the  doctor's  surgery,  anatomy,  beyond  the  chemist  with 

his  chemistry, 
The  entities  of  entities,  eid61ons. 

Unfix'd  yet  fix'd, 

Ever  shall  be,  ever  have  been  and  are, 
Sweeping  the  present  to  the  infinite  future, 

Eid61ons,  eid61ons,  eid61ons. 

The  prophet  and  the  bard, 

Shall  yet  maintain  themselves,  in  higher  stages  yet, 
Shall  mediate  to  the  Modern,  to  Democracy,  interpret  yet  to  them, 

God  and  eid61ons. 


14  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 

And  thee  my  soul, 

Joys,  ceaseless  exercises,  exaltations, 
Thy  yearning  amply  fed  at  last,  prepared  to  meet, 

Thy  mates,  eiii61ons. 

Thy  body  permanent, 
The  body  lurking  there  within  thy  body, 
The  only  purport  of  the  form  thou  art,  the  real  I  myself, 

An  image,  an  eidblon. 

Thy  very  songs  not  in  thy  songs, 
No  special  strains  to  sing,  none  for  itself, 
But  from  the  whole  resulting,  rising  at  last  and  floating, 

A  round  full-drb'd  eid61on. 


FOR   HIM    I    SING. 
FOR  him  I  sing, 
I  raise  the  present  on  the  past, 

(As  some  perennial  tree  out  of  its  roots,  the  present  on  the  past,) 
With  time  and  space  I  him  dilate  and  fuse  the  immortal  laws, 
To  make  himself  by  them  the  law  unto  himself. 


WHEN    I    READ  THE   BOOK. 

WHE\  I  read  the  book,  the  biography  famous, 

And  is  this  then  (said  I)  what  the  author  calls  a  man's  life? 

And  so  will  some  one  when  I  am  dead  and  gone  write  my  life? 

(As  if  any  man  really  knew  aught  of  my  life, 

Why  even  I  myself  I  often  think  know  little  or  nothing  of  my  real 

life, 

Only  a  few  hints,  a  few  diffused  faint  clews  and  indirections 
I  seek  for  my  own  use  to  trace  out  here.) 


BEGINNING   MY   STUDIES. 

BEGINNING  my  studies  the  first  step  pleas'd  me  so  much, 

The  mere  fact  consciousness,  these  forms,  the  power  of  motion, 

The  least  insect  or  animal,  the  senses,  eyesight,  love, 

The  first  step  I  say  awed  me  and  pleas'd  me  so  much, 

I  have  hardly  gone  and  hardly  wish'd  to  go  any  farther, 

But  stop  and  loiter  all  the  time  to  sing  it  in  ecstatic  songs. 


INSCRIPTIONS. 


BEGINNERS. 

How  they  are  provided  for  upon  the  earth,  (appearing  at  inter 
vals,) 

How  dear  and  dreadful  they  are  to  the  earth, 

How  they  inure  to  themselves  as  much  as  to  any  —  what  a  paradox 
appears  their  age, 

How  people  respond  to  them,  yet  know  them  not, 

How  there  is  something  relentless  in  their  fate  all  times, 

How  all  times  mischoose  the  objects  of  their  adulation  and  re 
ward, 

And  how  the  same  inexorable  price  must  still  be  paid  for  the  same 
great  purchase. 

TO   THE    STATES. 

To  the  States  or  any  one  of  them,  or  any  city  of  the  States,  Resist 

much,  obey  little, 

Once  unquestioning  obedience,  once  fully  enslaved, 
Once  fully  enslaved,  no  nation,  state,  city  of  this  earth,  ever  after 
ward  resumes  its  liberty. 


ON   JOURNEYS    THROUGH   THE   STATES. 

ON  journeys  through  the  States  we  start, 

(Ay  through  the  world,  urged  by  these  songs, 

Sailing  henceforth  to  every  land,  to  every  sea,) 

We  willing  learners  of  all,  teachers  of  all,  and  lovers  of  all. 

We  have  watch'd  the  seasons  dispensing  themselves  and  passing 

on, 
And  have  said,  Why  should  not  a  man  or  woman  do  as  much  as 

the  seasons,  and  effuse  as  much? 

We  dwell  a  while  in  every  city  and  town, 

We  pass  through  Kanada,  the  North-east,  the  vast  valley  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  the  Southern  States, 

We  confer  on  equal  terms  with  each  of  the  States, 

We  make  trial  of  ourselves  and  invite  men  and  women  to  hear, 

We  say  to  ourselves,  Remember,  fear  not,  be  candid,  promulge  the 
body  and  the  soul, 

Dwell  a  while  and  pass  on,  be  copious,  temperate,  chaste,  mag 
netic, 

And  what  you  effuse  may  then  return  as  the  seasons  return, 

And  may  be  just  as  much  as  the  seasons. 


1 6  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


TO   A  CERTAIN    CANTATRICE. 

HERE,  take  this  gift, 

I  was  reserving  it  for  some  hero,  speaker,  or  general, 

One  who  should  serve  the  good  old  cause,  the  great  idea,  the  prog 
ress  and  freedom  of  the  race, 

Some  brave  confronter  of  despots,  some  daring  rebel ; 

But  I  see  that  what  I  was  reserving  belongs  to  you  just  as  much  as 
to  any. 

ME    IMPERTURBE. 

ME  imperturbe,  standing  at  ease  in  Nature, 

Master  of  all  or  mistress  of  all,  aplomb  in  the  midst  of  irrational 
things, 

Imbued  as  they,  passive,  receptive,  silent  as  they, 

Finding  my  occupation,  poverty,  notoriety,  foibles,  crimes,  less  im 
portant  than  I  thought, 

Me  toward  the  Mexican  sea,  or  in  the  Mannahatta  or  the  Tennes 
see,  or  far  north  or  inland, 

A  river  man,  or  a  man  of  the  woods  or  of  any  farm-life  of  these 
States  or  of  the  coast,  or  the  lakes  or  Kanada, 

Me  wherever  my  life  is  lived,  O  to  be  self-balanced  for  contingen 
cies, 

To  confront  night,  storms,  hunger,  ridicule,  accidents,  rebuffs,  as 
the  trees  and  animals  do. 


SAVANTISM. 

THITHER  as  I  look  I  see  each  result  and  glory  retracing  itself  and 
nestling  close,  always  obligated, 

Thither  hours,  months,  years  —  thither  trades,  compacts,  establish 
ments,  even  the  most  minute, 

Thither  every-day  life,  speech,  utensils,  politics,  persons,  estates ; 

Thither  we  also,  I  with  my  leaves  and  songs,  trustful,  admirant, 

As  a  father  to  his  father  going  takes  his  children  along  with  him. 


THE    SHIP   STARTING. 

Lo,  the  unbounded  sea, 

On  its  breast  a  ship  starting,  spreading  all  sails,  carrying  even  her 

moonsails, 
The  pennant  is  flying  aloft  as  she  speeds  she  speeds  so  stately  — 

below  emulous  waves  press  forward, 
They  surround  the  ship  with  shining  curving  motions  and  foam. 


IN  9  CRIP  TIONS.  1 7 

I    HEAR   AMERICA   SINGING. 

I  HEAR  America  singing,  the  varied  carols  I  hear, 

Those  of  mechanics,  each  one  singing  his  as  it  should  be  blithe 
and  strong, 

The  carpenter  singing  his  as  he  measures  his  plank  or  beam, 

The  mason  singing  his  as  he  makes  ready  for  work,  or  leaves  off 
work, 

The  boatman  singing  what  belongs  to  him  in  his  boat,  the  deck 
hand  singing  on  the  steamboat  deck, 

The  shoemaker  singing  as  he  sits  on  his  bench,  the  hatter  singing 
as  he  stands, 

The  wood-cutter's  song,  the  ploughboy's  on  his  way  in  the  morn 
ing,  or  at  noon  intermission  or  at  sundown, 

The  delicious  singing  of  the  mother,  or  of  the  young  wife  at  work, 
or  of  the  girl  sewing  or  washing, 

Each  singing  what  belongs  to  him  or  her  and  to  none  else, 

The  day  what  belongs  to  the  day  —  at  night  the  party  of  young 
fellows,  robust,  friendly, 

Singing  with  open  mouths  their  strong  melodious  songs. 


WHAT   PLACE    IS    BESIEGED? 

WHAT  place  is  besieged,  and  vainly  tries  to  raise  the  siege  ? 
Lo,  I  send  to  that  place  a  commander,  swift,  brave,  immortal, 
And  with  him  horse  and  foot,  and  parks  of  artillery, 
And  artillery-men,  the  deadliest  that  ever  fired  gun. 


STILL   THOUGH    THE   ONE    I    SING. 

STILL  though  the  one  I  sing, 

(One,  yet  of  contradictions  made,)  I  dedicate  to  Nationality, 
I  leave  in  him  revolt,  (O  latent  right  of  insurrection  !  O  quench 
less,  indispensable  fire  ! ) 


SHUT   NOT   YOUR   DOORS. 

SHUT  not  your  doors  to  me  proud  libraries, 

For  that  which  was  lacking  on  all  your  well-fill'd  shelves,  yet 

needed  most,  I  bring, 

Forth  from  the  war  emerging,  a  book  I  have  made, 
The  words  of  my  book  nothing,  the  drift  of  it  every  thing, 
A  book  separate,  not  link'd  with  the  rest  nor  felt  by  the  intellect, 
But  you  ye  untold  latencies  will  thrill  to  every  page. 


1 8  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 

POETS   TO    COME. 

POETS  to  come  !  orators,  singers,  musicians  to  come  ! 

Not  to-day  is  to  justify  me  and  answer  what  I  am  for,    • 

But  you,  a  new  broo'd,  native,  athletic,  continental,  greater  than 

before  known, 
Arouse  !  for  you  must  justify  me. 

I  myself  but  write  one  or  two  indicative  words  for  the  future, 
I  but  advance  a  moment  only  to  wheel  and  hurry  back  in  the 
darkness. 

I  am  a  man  who,  sauntering  along  without  fully  stopping,  turns  a 

casual  look  upon  you  and  then  averts  his  face, 
Leaving  it  to  you  to  prove  and  define  it, 
Expecting  the  main  things  from  you. 

TO  YOU. 

STRANGER,  if  you  passing  meet  me  and  desire  to  speak  to  me,  why 

should  you  not  speak  to  me  ? 
And  why  should  I  not  speak  to  you  ? 

THOU   READER. 

THOU  reader  throbbest  life  and  pride  and  love  the  same  as  I, 
Therefore  for  thee  the  following  chants. 


STARTING  FROM  PAUMANOK. 


STARTING  from  fish-shape  Paumanok  where  I  was  born, 

Well-begotten,  and  rais'd  by  a  perfect  mother, 

After  roaming  many  lands,  lover  of  populous  pavements, 

Dweller  in  Mannahatta  my  city,  or  on  southern  savannas, 

Or  a  soldier  camp'd  or  carrying  my  knapsack  and  gun,  or  a  minef 

in  California, 
Or  rude  in  my  home  in  Dakota's  woods,  my  diet  meat,  my  drink 

from  the  spring, 

Or  withdrawn  to  muse  and  meditate  in  some  deep  recess, 
Far  from  the  clank  of  crowds  intervals  passing  rapt  and  happy, 


STARTWG  FROM  PAUMANOK.  19 

Aware  of  the  fresh  free  giver  the  flowing  Missouri,  aware  of  mighty 

Niagara, 
Aware  of  the  buffalo  herds  grazing  the  plains,  the. hirsute  and 

strong-breasted  bull, 
Of  earth,  rocks,  Fifth-month  flowers  experienced,  stars,  rain,  snow, 

my  amaze, 
Having   studied   the   mocking-bird's  tones  and  the  flight  of  the 

mountain-hawk, 
And  heard  at  dawn  the  unrivall'd  one,  the  hermit  thrush  from  the 

swamp-cedars, 
Solitary,  singing  in  the  West,  I  strike  up  for  a  New  World. 


Victory,  union,  faith,  identity,  time, 

The  indissoluble  compacts,  riches,  mystery, 

Eternal  progress,  the  kosmos,  and  the  modern  reports. 

This  then  is  life, 

Here  is  what  has  come  to  the  surface  after  so  many  throes  and 
convulsions. 

How  curious  !  how  real ! 

Underfoot  the  divine  soil,  overhead  the  sun. 

See  revolving  the  globe, 

The  ancestor-continents  away  group'd  together, 
The   present   and   future   continents  north   and   south,  with  the 
isthmus  between. 

See,  vast  trackless  spaces, 
As  in  a  dream  they  change,  they  swiftly  fill, 
Countless  masses  debouch  upon  them, 

They  are  now  cover'd  with  the  foremost  people,  arts,  institutions, 
known. 

See,  projected  through  time, 
For  me  an  audience  interminable. 

With  firm  and  regular  step  they  wend,  they  never  stop, 

Successions  of  men,  Americanos,  a  hundred  millions, 

One  generation  playing  its  part  and  passing  on, 

Another  generation  playing  its  part  and  passing  on  in  its  turn, 

With  faces  turn'd  sideways  or  backward  towards  me  to  listen, 

With  eyes  retrospective  towards  me. 


2O  LEATES  OF  GRASS. 


Americanos  !  conquerors  !  marches  humanitarian  ! 
Foremost !  century  marches  !  Libertad  !  masses  ! 
For  you  a  programme  of  chants. 

Chants  of  the  prairies, 

Chants  of  the  long-running  Mississippi,  and  down  to  the  Mexican 
sea, 

Chants  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota, 

Chants  going  forth  from  the  centre  from  Kansas,  and  thence  equi 
distant, 

Shooting  in  pulses  of  fire  ceaseless  to  vivify  all. 


Take  my  leaves  America,  take  them  South  and  take  them  North,  • 
Make  welcome  for  them  everywhere,  for  they  are  your  own  off 
spring, 

Surround  them  East  and  West,  for  they  would  surround  you, 
And  you  precedents,  connect  lovingly  with  them,  for  they  connect 
lovingly  with  you. 

I  conn'd  old  times, 

I  sat  studying  at  the  feet  of  the  great  masters, 

Now  if  eligible  O  that  the  great  masters  might  return  and  study  me. 

In  the  name  of  these  States  shall  I  scorn  the  antique? 
Why  these  are  the  children  of  the  antique  to  justify  it. 

5 

Dead  poets,  philosophs,  priests, 
Martyrs,  artists,  inventors,  governments  long  since, 
Language -shapers  on  other  shores, 

Nations  once  powerful,  now  reduced,  withdrawn,  or  desolate, 
I  dare  not  proceed  till  I  respectfully  credit  what  you  have  left 

wafted  hither, 

I  have  perused  it,  own  it  is  admirable,  (moving  awhile  among  it,) 
Think  nothing  can  ever  be  greater,  nothing  can  ever  deserve  more 

than  it  deserves, 

Regarding  it  all  intently  a  long  while,  then  dismissing  it, 
I  stand  in  my  place  with  my  own  day  here. 

Here  lands  female  and  male, 

Here  the  heir-ship  and  heiress-ship  of  the  world,  here  the  flame  of 
materials, 


STARTING  FROM  PAUMANOK.  21 

Here  spirituality  the  translatress,  the  openly-avow'd, 
The  ever-tending,  the  finale  of  visible  forms, 
The  satisfier,  after  due  long-waiting  now  advancing, 
Yes  here  comes  my  mistress  the  soul. 

6 

The  soul, 

Forever  and  forever  —  longer  than  soil  is  brown  and  solid  —  longer 
than  water  ebbs  and  flows. 

I  will  make  the  poems  of  materials,  for  I  think  they  are  to  be  the 

most  spiritual  poems, 

And  I  will  make  the  poems  of  my  body  and  of  mortality, 
For  I  think  I  shall  then  supply  myself  with  the  poems  of  my  soul 

and  of  immortality. 

I  will  make  a  song  for  these  States  that  no  one  State  may  under 
any  circumstances  be  subjected  to  another  State, 

And  I  will  make  a  song  that  there  shall  be  comity  by  day  and  by 
night  between  all  the  States,  and  between  any  two  of  them, 

And  I  will  make  a  song  for  the  ears  of  the  President,  full  of  weap 
ons  with  menacing  points. 

And  behind  the  weapons  countless  dissatisfied  faces ; 

And  a  song  make  I  of  the  One  form'd  out  of  all, 

The  fang'd  and  glittering  One  whose  head  is  over  all, 

Resolute  warlike  One  including  and  over  all, 

(However  high  the  head  of  any  else  that  head  is  over  all.) 

I  will  acknowledge  contemporary  lands, 

I  will  trail  the  whole  geography  of  the  globe  and  salute  courte 
ously  every  city  large  and  small, 

And  employments  !  I  will  put  in  my  poems  that  with  you  is  hero 
ism  upon  land  and  sea, 

And  I  will  report  all  heroism  from  an  American  point  of  view. 

I  will  sing  the  song  of  companionship, 
I  will  show  what  alone  must  finally  compact  these, 
I  believe  these  are  to  found  their  own  ideal  of  manly  love,  indi 
cating  it  in  me, 
I  will  therefore  let  flame  from  me   the   burning   fires   that  were 

threatening  to  consume  me, 

I  will  lift  what  has  too  long  kept  down  those  smouldering  fires, 
I  will  give  them  complete  abandonment, 
I  will  write  the  evangel-poem  of  comrades  and  of  love, 
For  who  but  I  should  understand  love  with  all  its  sorrow  and  joy? 
And  who  but  I  should  be  the  poet  of  comrades  ? 


22  LEATES  OF  GRASS. 


I  am  the  credulous  man  of  qualities,  ages,  races, 
I  advance  from  the  people  in  their  own  spirit, 
Here  is  what  sings  unrestricted  faith. 

Omnes  !  omnes  !  let  others  ignore  what  they  may, 

I  make  the  poem  of  evil  also,  I  commemorate  that  part  also, 

I  am  myself  just  as  much  evil  as  good,  and  my  nation  is  —  and  I 

say  there  is  in  fact  no  evil, 
(Or  if  there  is  I  say  it  is  just  as  important  to  you,  to  the  land  or 

to  me,  as  any  thing  else.) 

I  too,  following  many  and  follow'd  by  many,  inaugurate  a  religion, 
I  descend  into  the  arena, 

(It  may  be  I  am  destin'd  to  utter  the  loudest  cries  there,  the  win 
ner's  pealing  shouts, 

Who  knows  ?  they  may  rise  from  me  yet,  and  soar  above  every  thing.) 

Each  is  not  for  its  own  sake, 

I  say  the  whole  earth  and  all  the  stars  in  the  sky  are  for  religion'! 
sake. 

I  say  no  man  has  ever  yet  been  half  devout  enough, 
None  has  ever  yet  adored  or  worship'd  half  enough, 
None  has  begun  to  think  how  divine  he  himself  is,  and  how  cer 
tain  the  future  is. 

1  say  that  the  real  and  permanent  grandeur  of  these  States  must 

be  their  religion, 

Otherwise  there  is  no  real  and  permanent  grandeur ; 
(Nor  character  nor  life  worthy  the  name  without  religion, 
Nor  land  nor  man  or  woman  without  religion.) 


What  are  you  doing  young  man  ? 

Are  you  so  earnest,  so  given  up  to  literature,  science,  art,  amours? 

These  ostensible  realities,  politics,  points? 

Your  ambition  or  business  whatever  it  may  be  ? 

It  is  well  —  against  such  I  say  not  a  word,  I  am  their  poet  also, 
But  behold  !  such  swiftly  subside,  burnt  up  for  religion's  sake, 
For  not  all  matter  is  fuel  to  heat,  impalpable  flame,  the  essential 

life  of  the  earth, 
Any  more  than  such  are  to  religion. 


START!XG  FROM  fAVMANOK. 


What  do  you  seek  so  pensive  and  silent? 
What  do  you  need  camerado  ? 
Dear  son  do  you  think  it  is  love  ? 

Listen  dear  son  —  listen  America,  daughter  or  son, 

It  is  a  painful  thing  to  love  a  man  or  woman  to  excess,  and  yet  it 
satisfies,  it  is  great, 

But  there  is  something  else  very  great,  it  makes  the  whole  coin 
cide, 

It,  magnificent,  beyond  materials,  with  continuous  hands  sweeps 
and  provides  for  all. 

10 

Know  you,  solely  to  drop  in  the  earth  the  germs  of  a -greater 

religion, 
The  following  chants  each  for  its  kind  I  sing. 

My  comrade  ! 

For  you  to  share  with  me  two  greatnesses,  and  a  third  one  rising 
inclusive  and  more  resplendent, 

The  greatness  of  Love  and  Democracy,  and  the  greatness  of  Reli 
gion. 

Melange  mine  own,  the  unseen  and  the  seen, 

Mysterious  ocean  where  the  streams  empty, 

Prophetic  spirit  of  materials  shifting  and  flickering  around  me, 

Living  beings,  identities  now  doubtless  near  us  in  the  air  that  we 

know  not  of, 

Contact  daily  and  hourly  that  will  not  release  me, 
These  selecting,  these  in  hints  demanded  of  me. 

Not  he  with  a  daily  kiss  onward  from  childhood  kissing  me, 
Has  winded  and  twisted  around  me  that  which  holds  me  to  him, 
Any  more  than  I  am  held  to  the  heavens  and  all  the  spiritual 

world, 
After  what  they  have  done  to  me,  suggesting  themes. 

0  such  themes  —  equalities  !  O  divine  average  ! 

Warblings  under  the  sun,  usher'd  as  now,  or  at  noon,  or  set 
ting, 
Strains  musical  flowing  through  ages,  now  reaching  hither, 

1  take  to  your  reckless  and  composite  chords,  add  to  them,  and 

cheerfully  pass  them  forward. 


24  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 


As  I  have  walk'd  in  Alabama  my  morning  walk, 
I  have  seen  where  the  she-bird  the  mocking-bird  sat  on  her  nest 
in  the  briers  hatching  her  brood. 

I  have  seen  the  he-bird  also, 

I  have  paus'd  to  hear  him  near  at  hand  inflating  his  throat  and 
joyfully  singing. 

And  while  I  paus'd  it  came  to  me  that  what  he  really  sang  for  was 

not  there  only, 

Nor  for  his  mate  nor  himself  only,  nor  all  sent  back  by  the  echoes, 
But  subtle,  clandestine,  away  beyond, 
A  charge  transmitted  and  gift  occult  for  those  being  born. 

12 

Democracy  !  near  at  hand  to  you  a  throat  is  now  inflating  itself 
and  joyfully  singing. 

Ma  femme  !  for  the  brood  beyond  us  and  of  us, 
For  those  who  belong  here  and  those  to  come, 
J  exultant  to  be  ready  for  them  will  now  shake  out  carols  stronger 
and  haughtier  than  have  ever  yet  been  heard  upon  earth. 

I  will  make  the  songs  of  passion  to  give  them  their  way, 
And  your  songs  outlaw'd  offenders,  for  I  scan  you  with  kindred 
eyes,  and  carry  you  with  me  the  same  as  any. 

I  will  make  the  true  poem  of  riches, 

To  earn  for  the  body  and  the  mind  whatever  adheres  and  goes 

forward  and  is  not  dropt  by  death ; 
I  will  effuse  egotism  and  show  it  underlying  all,  and  I  will  be  the 

bard  of  personality, 
And  I  will  show  of  male  and  female  that  either  is  but  the  equal 

of  the  other, 
And  sexual  organs  and  acts  !  do  you  concentrate  in  me,  for  I  am 

determin'd  to  tell  you  with  courageous  clear  voice  to  prove 

you  illustrious, 
And  I  will  show  that  there  is  no  imperfection  in  the  present,  and 

can  be  none  in  the  future, 
And  I  will  show  that  whatever  happens  to  anybody  it  may  be 

turn'd  to  beautiful  results, 
And  t  will  show  that  nothing   can  happen  more  beautiful  than 

death, 


STARTING  FROM  PAUMANOK.  25 

And  I  will  thread  a  thread  through  my  poems  that  time  and  events 

are  compact, 
And  that  all  the  things  of  the  universe  are  perfect  miracles,  each 

as  profound  as  any. 

I  will  not  make  poems  with  reference  to  parts, 

But  I  will  make  poems,  songs,  thoughts,  with  reference  to  ensemble, 

And  I  will  not  sing  with  reference  to  a  day,  but  with  reference  to 

all  days, 
And  I  will  not  make  a  poem  nor  the  least  part  of  a  poem  but  has 

reference  to  the  soul, 
Because  having  look'd  at  the  objects  of  the  universe,  I  find  there 

is  no  one  nor  any  particle  of  one  but  has  reference  to  the 

soul. 

13 

Was  somebody  asking  to  see  the  soul? 

See,  your  own  shape  and  countenance,  persons,  substances,  beasts, 
the  trees,  the  running  rivers,  the  rocks  and  sands. 

All  hold  spiritual  joys  and  afterwards  loosen  them ; 
How  can  the  real  body  ever  die  and  be  buried  ? 

Of  your  real  body  and  any  man's  or  woman's  real  body, 

Item  for  item  it  will  elude  the  hands  of  the  corpse-cleaners  and 

pass  to  fitting  spheres, 
Carrying  what  has  accrued  to  it  from  the  moment  of  birth  to  the 

moment  of  death. 

Not  the  types  set  up  by  the  printer  return  their  impression,  the 

meaning,  the  main  concern, 
Any  more  than  a  man's  substance  and  life  or  a  woman's  substance 

and  life  return  in  the  body  and  the  soul, 
Indifferently  before  death  and  after  death. 

Behold,  the  body  includes  and  is  the  meaning,  the  main  concern, 

and  includes  and  is  the  soul ; 
Whoever  you  are,  how  superb  and  how  divine  is  your  body,  or  any 

part  of  it ! 

14 
Whoever  you  are,  to  you  endless  announcements  1 

Daughter  of  the  lands  did  yon  wait  for  your  poet? 

Did  you  wait  for  one  with  a  flowing  mouth  and  indicative  hand? 


26  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Toward  the  male  of  the  States,  and  toward  the  female  of  the  States, 
Exulting  words,  words  to  Democracy's  lands. 

Interlink'd,  food-yielding  lands  ! 

Land  of  coal  and  iron  !  land  of  gold  !  land  of  cotton,  sugar,  rice  ! 

Land  of  wheat,  beef,  pork  !  land  of  wool  and  hemp  !  land  of  the 

apple  and  the  grape  ! 
Land  of  the  pastoral  plains,  the  grass-fields  of  the  world  !  land  of 

those  sweet-air'd  interminable  plateaus  ! 
Land  of  the  herd,  the  garden,  the  healthy  house  of  adobie  ! 
,  Lands  where  the  north-west  Columbia  winds,  and  where  the  south 
west  Colorado  winds  ! 

Land  of  the  eastern  Chesapeake  !  land  of  the  Delaware  ! 
Land  of  Ontario,  Erie,  Huron,  Michigan  ! 
Land  of  the  Old  Thirteen  !  Massachusetts  land  !  land  of  Vermont 

and  Connecticut ! 

Land  of  the  ocean  shores  !  land  of  sierras  and  peaks ! 
Land  of  boatmen  and  sailors  !  fishermen's  land  ! 
Inextricable  lands  !  the  clutch'd  together  !  the  passionate  ones  ! 
The  side  by  side  !  the  elder  and  younger  brothers  !   the  bony- 

limb'd  ! 
The  great  women's  land  !   the  feminine  !   the  experienced  sisters 

and  the  inexperienced  sisters  ! 
Far  breath'd  land  !  Arctic  braced  !  Mexican  breez'd  !  the  diverse  ! 

the  compact ! 
The  Pennsylvanian  !  the  Virginian  !  the  double  Carolinian  ! 

0  all  and  each  well-loved  by  me  !  my  intrepid  nations  !  O  I  at 

any  rate  include  you  all  with  perfect  love  ! 

1  cannot  be  discharged  from  you  !  not  from  one  any  sooner  than 

another ! 
O  death  !  O  for  all  that,  I  am  yet  of  you  unseen  this  hour  with 

irrepressible  love, 

Walking  New  England,  a  friend,  a  traveler, 
Splashing  my  bare  feet  in  the  edge  of  the  summer  ripples  on  Pau- 

manok's  sands, 
Crossing  the  prairies,  dwelling  again  in  Chicago,  dwelling  in  every 

town, 

Observing  shows,  births,  improvements,  structures,  arts, 
Listening  to  orators  and  oratresses  in  public  halls, 
Of  and  through  the  States  as  during  life,  each  man  and  woman 

my  neighbor, 
The  Louisianian,  the  Georgian,  as  near  to  me,  and  I  as  near  to 

him*  and  her, 
The  Mississippian  and  Arkansian  yet  with  me,  and  I  yet  with  any 

of  them, 


STARTING  FROM  PAUMANOK.  27 

Yet  upon  the  plains  west  of  the  spinal  river,  yet  in  my  house  of 
adobie, 

Yet  returning  eastward,  yet  in  the  Seaside  State  or  in  Maryland, 

Yet  Kanadian  cheerily  braving  the  winter,  the  snow  and  ice  wel 
come  to  me, 

Yet  a  true  son  either  of  Maine  or  of  the  Granite  State,  or  the 
Narragansett  Bay  State,  or  the  Empire  State, 

Yet  sailing  to  other  shores  to  annex  the  same,  yet  welcoming  every 
new  brother, 

Hereby  applying  these  leaves  to  the  new  ones  from  the  hour  they 
unite  with  the  old  ones, 

Coming  among  the  new  ones  myself  to  be  their  companion  and 
equal,  coming  personally  to  you  now, 

Enjoining  you  to  acts,  characters,  spectacles,  with  me. 

15 
With  me  with  firm  holding,  yet  haste,  haste  on. 

For  your  life  adhere  to  me, 

(I  may  have  to  be  persuaded  many  times  before  I  consent  to  give 

myself  really  to  you,  but  what  of  that? 
"Must  not  Nature  be  persuaded  many  times?) 

No  dainty  dolce  affettuoso  I, 

Bearded,  sun-burnt,  gray-neck'd,  forbidding,  I  have  arrived, 
To  be  wrestled  with  as  I  pass  for  the  solid  prizes  of  the  universe, 
For  such  I  afford  whoever  can  persevere  to  win  them. 

16 

On  my  way  a  moment  I  pause, 

Here  for  you  !  and  here  for  America  ! 

Still   the   present   I    raise    aloft,  still  the    future   of  the  States  I 

harbinge  glad  and  sublime, 
And  for   the   past  I  pronounce  what  the   air   holds   of  the   red 

aborigines. 

The  red  aborigines, 

Leaving  natural  breaths,  sounds  of  rain  and  winds,  calls  as  of  birds 

and  animals  in  the  woods,  syllabled  to  us  for  names, 
Okonee,   Koosa,   Ottawa,   Monongahela,  Sauk,   Natchez,   Chatta- 

hoochee,  Kaqueta,  Oronoco, 

Wabash,  Miami,  Saginaw,  Chippewa,  Oshkosh,  Walla- Walla, 
Leaving  such  to  the  States  they  melt,  they  depart,  charging  the 

water  and  the  land  with  names. 


28  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


17 

Expanding  and  swift,  henceforth, 

Elements,  breeds,  adjustments,  turbulent,  quick   and  audacious, 
A  world  primal  again,  vistas  of  glory  incessant  and  branching, 
A  new  race  dominating  previous  ones  and  grander  far,  with  new 

contests, 
New  politics,  new  literatures  and  religions,  new  inventions  and  arts. 

These,  my  voice  announcing  —  I  will  sleep  no  more  but  arise, 
You  oceans  that  have  been  calm  within  me  !  how  I  feel  you,  fathom 
less,  stirring,  preparing  unprecedented  waves  and  storms. 

18 

See,  steamers  steaming  through  my  poems, 

See,  in  my  poems  immigrants  continually  coming  and  landing, 

See,  in  arriere,  the  wigwam,  the  trail,  the  hunter's  hut,  the  flat-boat, 

the  maize-leaf,  the  claim,  the  rude  fence,  and  the  backwoods 

village, 
See,  on  the  one  side  the  Western  Sea  and  on  the  other  the  Eastern 

Sea,  how  they  advance  and  retreat  upon  my  poems  as  upon 

their  own  shores, 
See,  pastures  and  forests  in  my  poems  —  see,  animals  wild  and 

tame  —  see,  beyond  the  Kaw,  countless  herds  of  buffalo 

feeding  on  short  curly  grass, 
See,  in  my  poems,  cities,  solid,  vast,  inland,  with  paved  streets, 

with  iron  and  stone  edifices,  ceaseless  vehicles,  and  com 
merce, 
See,  the  many-cylinder'd  steam  printing-press  —  see,  the  electric 

telegraph  stretching  across  the  continent, 
See,  through  Atlantica's  depths  pulses  American  Europe  reaching, 

pulses  of  Europe  duly  return'd, 
See,  the  strong  and  quick  locomotive  as  it  departs,  panting,  blowing 

the  steam-whistle, 
See,  ploughmen  ploughing  farms  —  see,  miners  digging  mines  — 

see,  the  numberless  factories, 
See,  mechanics  busy  at  their  benches  with  tools  —  see  from  among 

them  superior  judges,  philosophs,  Presidents,  emerge,  drest 

in  working  dresses, 
See,  lounging  through  the  shops  and  fields  of  the  States,  me  well- 

belov'd,  close-held  by  day  and  night, 
Hear  the  loud  echoes  of  my  songs  there  —  read  the  hints  come  at 

last. 

19 
O  camerado  close  !  O  you  and  me  at  last,  and  us  two  only. 


I 

I 


SONG  OF  MYSELF.  29 

O  a  word  to  clear  one's  path  ahead  endlessly  ! 

O  something  ecstatic  and  undemonstrable  !  O  music  wild  ! 

O  now  I  triumph  —  and  you  shall  also  ; 

O  hand  in  hand  —  O  wholesome  pleasure  —  O  one  more  desirer 

and  lover  ! 
O  to  haste  firm  holding  —  to  haste,  haste  on  with  me. 


SONG  OF  MYSELF. 


I  CELEBRATE  myself,  and  sing  myself, 
And  what  I  assume  you  shall  assume, 
For  every  atom  belonging  to  me  as  good  belongs  to  you. 

I  loafe  and  invite  my  soul, 

I  lean  and  loafe  at  my  ease  observing  a  spear  of  summer  grass. 

My  tongue,  every  atom  of  my  blood,  form'd  from  this  soil,  this 

air, 
Born  here  of  parents  born  here  from  parents  the  same,  and  their 

parents,  the  same, 

I,  now  thirty-seven  years  old  in  perfect  health  begin, 
Hoping  to  cease  not  till  death. 

Creeds  and  schools  in  abeyance, 

Retiring  back  a  while  sufficed  at  what  they  are,  but  never  forgotten, 
I  harbor  for  good  or  bad,  I  permit  to  speak  at  every  hazard, 
Nature  without  check  with  original  energy. 


Houses  and  rooms  are  full  of  perfumes,  the  shelves  are  crowded 

with  perfumes, 

I  breathe  the  fragrance  myself  and  know  it  and  like  it, 
The  distillation  would  intoxicate  me  also,  but  I  shall  not  let  it. 

The  atmosphere  is  not  a  perfume,  it  has  no  taste  of  the  distillation, 

it  is  odorless, 

It  is  for  my  mouth  forever,  I  am  in  love  with  it, 
I  will  go  to  the  bank  by  the  wood  and  become  undisguised  and 

naked, 
I  am  mad  for  it  to  be  in  contact  with  me. 


30  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

The  smoke  of  my  own  breath, 

Echoes,  ripples,  buzz'd  whispers,  love-root,  silk-thread,  crotch  and 

vine, 

My  respiration  and  inspiration,  the  beating  of  my  heart,  the  pass 
ing  of  blood  and  air  through  my  lungs, 
The  sniff  of  green  leaves  and  dry  leaves,  and  of  the  shore  and 

dark-color'd  sea-rocks,  and  of  hay  in  the  barn, 
The  sound  of  the  belch'd  words  of  my  voice  loos'd  to  the  eddies 

of  the  wind, 

A  few  light  kisses,  a  few  embraces,  a  reaching  around  of  arms, 
The  play  of  shine  and  shade  on  the  trees  as  the  supple  boughs 

wag, 
The  delight  alone  or  in  the  rush  of  the  streets,  or  along  the  fields 

and  hill-sides, 
The  feeling  of  health,  the  full-noon  trill,  the  song  of  me  rising  from 

bed  and  meeting  the  sun. 

Have  you  feckon'd  a  thousand  acres  much?  have  you  reckon'd 

the  earth  much? 

Have  you  practis'd  so  long  to  learn  to  read? 
Have  you  felt  so  proud  to  get  at  the  meaning  of  poems  ? 

Stop  this  day  and  night  with  me  and  you  shall  possess  the  origin 

of  all  poems, 
You  shall  possess  the  good  of  the  earth  and  sun,  (there  are  millions 

of  suns  left,) 
You  shall  no  longer  take  things  at  second  or  third  hand,  nor  look 

through  the  eyes  of  the  dead,  nor  feed  on  the  spectres  in 

books, 

You  shall  not  look  through  my  eyes  either,  nor  take  things  from  me, 
You  shall  listen  to  all  sides  and  filter  them  from  your  self. 


I  have  heard  what  the  talkers  were  talking,  the  talk  of  the  begin 
ning  and  the  end, 
But  I  do  not  talk  of  the  beginning  or  the  end. 

There  was  never  any  more  inception  than  there  is  now, 
Nor  any  more  youth  or  age  than  there  is  now, 
And  will  never  be  any  more  perfection  than  there  is  now, 
Nor  any  more  heaven  or  hell  than  there  is  now. 

Urge  and  urge  and  urge, 

Always  the  procreant  urge  of  the  world. 


of  MYSELF.  31 


Out  of  the  dimness  opposite  equals  advance,  always  substance  and 

increase,  always  sex, 
Always  a  knit  of  identity,  always  distinction,  always  a  breed  of  life. 

To  elaborate  is  no  avail,  learn'd  and  unlearn'd  feel  that  it  is  so. 

Sure  as  the  most  certain  sure,  plumb  in  the  uprights,  well  entretied, 

braced  in  the  beams, 

Stout  as  a  horse,  affectionate,  haughty,  electrical, 
I  and  this  mystery  here  we  stand. 

Clear  and  sweet  is  my  soul,  and  clear  and  sweet  is  all  that  is  not 
my  soul. 

Lack  one  lacks  both,  and  the  unseen  is  proved  by  the  seen, 
Till  that  becomes  unseen  and  receives  proof  in  its  turn. 

Showing  the  best  and  dividing  it  from  the  worst  age  vexes  age, 
Knowing  the  perfect  fitness  and  equanimity  of  things,  while  they 
discuss  I  am  silent,  and  go  bathe  and  admire  myself. 

Welcome  is  every  organ  and  attribute  of  me,  and  of  any  man 

hearty  and  clean, 
Not  an  inch  nor  a  particle  of  an  inch  is  vile,  and  none  shall  be 

less  familiar  than  the  rest. 

I  am  satisfied  —  :  I  see,  dance,  laugh,  sing  ; 

As  the  hugging  and  loving  bed-fellow  sleeps  at  my  side  through 

the  night,  and  withdraws  at  the  peep   of  the    day  with 

stealthy  tread, 
Leaving  me  baskets  cover'd  with  white  towels  swelling  the  house 

with  their  plenty, 
Shall  I  postpone  my  acceptation  and  realization  and  scream  at  my 

eyes, 

That  they  turn  from  gazing  after  and  down  the  road, 
And  forthwith  cipher  and  show  me  to  a  cent, 
Exactly  the  value  of  one  and  exactly  the  value  of  two,  and  which 

is  ahead? 


Trippers  and  askers  surround  me, 

People  I  meet,  the  effect  upon  me  of  my  early  life  or  the  ward 

and  city  I  live  in,  or  the  nation,' 
The  latest  dates,  discoveries,  inventions,  societies,  authors  old  and 

new, 


32  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

My  dinner,  dress,  associates,  looks,  compliments,  dues, 

The  real  or  fancied  indifference  of  some  man  or  woman  I  love, 

The  sickness  of  one  of  my  folks  or  of  myself,  or  ill-doing  or  loss  or 

lack  of  money,  or  depressions  or  exaltations, 
Battles,  the  horrors  of  fratricidal  war,  the  fever  of  doubtful  news, 

the  fitful  events ; 

These  come  to  me  days  and  nights  and  go  from  me  again, 
But  they  are  not  the  Me  myself. 

Apart  from  the  pulling  and  hauling  stands  what  I  am, 
Stands  amused,  complacent,  compassionating,  idle,  unitary, 
Looks  down,  is  erect,  or  bends  an  arm  on  an  impalpable  certain 

rest, 

Looking  with  side-curved  head  curious  what  will  come  next, 
Both  in  and  out  of  the  game  and  watching  and  wondering  at  it. 

Backward  I  see  in  my  own  days  where  I  sweated  through  fog  with 

linguists  and  contenders, 
I  have  no  mockings  or  arguments,  I  witness  and  wait. 

S 

I  believe  in  you  my  soul,  the  other  I  am  must  not  abase  itself  to  you, 
And  you  must  not  be  abased  to  the  other. 

Loafe  with  me  on  the  grass,  loose  the  stop  from  your  throat, 

Not  words,  not  music  or  rhyme  I  want,  not  custom  or  lecture,  not 

even  the  best, 
Only  the  lull  I  like,  the  hum  of  your  valved  voice. 

I  mind  how  once  we  lay  such  a  transparent  summer  morning, 
How  you  settled  your  head  athwart  my  hips  and  gently  turn'd  over 

upon  me, 
And  parted  the  shirt  from  my  bosom-bone,  and  plunged  your 

tongue  to  my  bare-stript  heart, 
And  reach'd  till  you  felt  my  beard,  and  reach'd  till  you  held  my 

feet. 

Swiftly  arose  and  spread  around  me  the  peace  and  knowledge  that 

pass  all  the  argument  of  the  earth, 

And  I  know  that  the  hand  of  God  is  the  promise  of  my  own, 
And  I  know  that  the  spirit  of  God  is  the  brother  of  my  own, 
And  that  all  the  men  ever  born  are  also  my  brothers,  and  the 

women  my  sisters  and  lovers, 
And  that  a  kelson  of  the  creation  is  love, 
And  limitless  are  leaves  stiff  or  drooping  in  the  fields, 


OF  MYSELF.  33 


And  brown  ants  in  the  little  wells  beneath  them, 
And  mossy  scabs  of  the  worm  fence,  heap'd  stones,  elder,  mullein 
and  poke-weed. 


A  child  said  \VJiat  is  the  grass  ?  fetching  it  to  me  with  full  hands  ; 
How  could  I  answer  the  child?  I  do  not  know  what  it  is  any 
more  than  he. 

I  guess  it  must  be  the  flag  of  my  disposition,  out  of  hopeful  green 
stuff  woven. 

Or  I  guess  it  is  the  handkerchief  of  the  Lord, 
A  scented  gift  and  remembrancer  designedly  dropt, 
Bearing  the  owner's  name  someway  in  the  corners,  that  we  may 
see  and  remark,  and  say  Whose  ? 

Or  I  guess  the  grass  is  itself  a  child,  the  produced  babe  of  the 
vegetation. 

Or  I  guess  it  is  a  uniform  hieroglyphic, 

And  it  means,  Sprouting  alike  in  broad  zones  and  narrow  zones, 
Growing  among  black  folks  as  among  white, 

Kanuck,  Tuckahoe,  Congressman,  Cuff,  I  give  them  the  same,  I 
receive  them  the  same. 

And  now  it  seems  to  me  the  beautiful  uncut  hair  of  graves. 

Tenderly  will  I  use  you  curling  grass, 

It  may  be  you  transpire  from  the  breasts  of  young  men, 

It  may  be  if  I  had  known  them  I  would  have  loved  them, 

It  may  be  you  are  from  old  people,  or  from  offspring  taken  soon 

out  of  their  mothers'  laps, 
And  here  you  are  the  mothers'  laps. 

This  grass  is  very  dark  to  be  from  the  white  heads  of  old  mothers, 

Darker  than  the  colorless  beards  of  old  men, 

Dark  to  come  from  under  the  faint  red  roofs  of  mouths. 

0  I  perceive  after  all  so  many  uttering  tongues, 

And  I  perceive  they  do  not  come  from  the  roofs  of  mouths  for 
nothing. 

1  wish  I  could  translate  the  hints  about  the  dead  young  men  and 

women, 


34  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

And  the  hints  about  old  men  and  mothers,  and  the  offspring  taken 
soon  out  of  their  laps. 

What  do  you  think  has  become  of  the  young  and  old  men? 
And  what  do  you  think,  has  become  of  the  women  and  chil 
dren? 

They  are  alive  and  well  somewhere, 

The  smallest  sprout  shows  there  is  really  no  death, 

And  if  ever  there  was  it  led  forward  life,  and  does  not  wait  at  the 

end  to  arrest  it, 
And  ceas'd  the  moment  life  appear'd. 

All  goes  onward  and  outward,  nothing  collapses. 

And  to  die  is  different  from  what  any  one  supposed,  and  luckier. 


Has  any  one  supposed  it  lucky  to  be  born  ? 

I  hasten  to  inform  him  or  her  it  is  just  as  lucky  to  die,  and  I 
know  it. 

I  pass  death  with  the  dying  and  birth  with  the  nevv-wash'd  babe, 

and  am  not  contain'd  between  my  hat  and  boots, 
And  peruse  manifold  objects,  no  two  alike  and  every  one  good, 
The  earth  good  and  the  stars  good,  and  their  adjuncts  all  good. 

I  am  not  an  earth  nor  an  adjunct  of  an  earth, 

I  am  the  mate  and  companion  of  people,  all  just  as  immortal  and 

fathomless  as  myself, 
(They  do  not  know  how  immortal,  but  I  know.) 

Every  kind  for  itself  and  its  own,  for  me  mine  male  and  female, 

For  me  those  that  have  been  boys  and  that  love  women, 

For  me  the  man   that  is  proud  and  feels  how  it  stings  to  be 

slighted, 
For  me  the  sweet-heart  and  the  old  maid,  for  me  mothers  and  the 

mothers  of  mothers, 

For  me  lips  that  have  smiled,  eyes  that  have  shed  tears, 
For  me  children  and  the  begetters  of  children. 

Undrape  !  you  are  not  guilty  to  me,  nor  stale  nor  discarded, 
I  see  through  the  broadcloth  and  gingham  whether  or  no, 
And   am   around,  tenacious,  acquisitive,  tireless,  and   cannot  be 
shaken  away. 


SO.VG  of  MYSELF.  35 

8 

The  little  one  sleeps  in  its  cradle, 

I  lift  the  gauze  and  look  a  long  time,  and  silently  brush  away  flies 
with  my  hand. 

The  youngster  and  the  red-faced  girl  turn  aside  up  the  bushy  hill, 
I  peeringly  view  them  from  the  top. 

The  suicide  sprawls  on  the  bloody  floor  of  the  bedroom, 
I  witness  the  corpse  with  its  dabbled  hair,  I  note  where  the  pistol 
has  fallen. 

The  blab  of  the  pave,  tires  of  carts,  sluff  of  boot-soles,  talk  of  the 

promenaders, 
The  heavy  omnibus,  the  driver  with  his  interrogating  thumb,  the 

clank  of  the  shod  horses  on  the  granite  floor, 
The  snow-sleighs,  clinking,  shouted  jokes,  pelts  of  snow-balls, 
The  hurrahs  for  popular  favorites,  the  fury  of  rous'd  mobs, 
The  flap  of  the  curtain'd  litter,  a  sick  man  inside  borne  to  the 

hospital, 

The  meeting  of  enemies,  the  sudden  oath,  the  blows  and  fall, 
The  excited  crowd,  the  policeman  with  his  star  quickly  working 

his  passage  to  the  centre  of  the  crowd, 

The  impassive  stones  that  receive  and  return  so  many  echoes, 
What  groans  of  over-fed  or  half-starv'd  who  fall  sunstruck  or  in 

fits, 
What  exclamations  of  women  taken  suddenly  who  hurry  home  and 

give  birth  to  babes, 
What  living  and  buried  speech  is  always  vibrating  here,  what  howls 

restrain'd  by  decorum, 
Arrests  of  criminals,  slights,  adulterous  offers  made,  acceptances, 

rejections  with  convex  lips, 
I  mind  them  or  the  show  or  resonance  of  them  —  I  come  and  I 

depart. 


The  big  doors  of  the  country  barn  stand  open  and  ready, 
The  dried  grass  of  the  harvest-time  loads  the  slow-drawn  wagon, 
The  clear  light  plays  on  the  brown  gray  and  green  intertinged, 
The  armfuls  are  pack'd  to  the  sagging  mow. 

I  am  there,  I  help,  I  came  stretch'd  atop  of  the  load, 

I  felt  its  soft  jolts,  one  leg  reclined  on  the  other, 

I  jump  from  the  cross-beams  and  seize  the  clover  and  timothy, 

And  roll  head  over  heels  and  tangle  my  hair  full  of  wisps. 


3|5  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


TO 

Alone  far  in  the  wilds  and  mountains  I  hunt, 
Wandering  amazed  at  my  o\vn  lightness  and  glee, 
In  the  late  afternoon  choosing  a  safe  spot  to  pass  the  night, 
Kindling  a  fire  and  broiling  the  fresh-kill'd  game, 
Falling  asleep  on  the  gather'd  leaves  with  my  dog  and  gun  by  my 
side. 

The  Yankee  clipper  is  under  her  sky-sails,  she  cuts  the  sparkle  and 

scud, 
My  eyes  settle  the  land,  I  bend  at  her  prow  or  shout  joyously  from 

the  deck. 

The  boatmen  and  clam-diggers  arose  early  and  stopt  for  me, 

I  tuck'd  my  trowser-ends  in  my  boots  and  went  and  had  a  good 

time ; 
You  should  have  been  with  us  that  day  round  the  chowder-kettle. 

I  saw  the  marriage  of  the  trapper  in  the  open  air  in  the  far  west, 

the  bride  was  a  red  girl, 
Her  father  and   his   friends   sat   near  cross-legged   and   dumbly 

smoking,  they  had  moccasins  to  their  feet  and  large  thick 

blankets  hanging  from  their  shoulders, 
On  a  bank  lounged  the  trapper,  he  was  drest  mostly  in  skins,  his 

luxuriant  beard  and  curls  protected  his  neck,  he  held  his 

bride  by  the  hand, 
She  had  long  eyelashes,  her  head  was  bare,  her  coarse   straight 

locks  descended  upon  her  voluptuous  limbs  and  reach'd  to 

her  feet. 

The  runaway  slave  came  to  my  house  and  stopt  outside, 
I  heard  his  motions  crackling  the  twigs  of  the  woodpile, 
Through  the  swung  half-door  of  the  kitchen  I  saw  him  limpsy  and 

weak, 

And  went  where  he  sat  on  a  log  and  led  him  in  and  assured  him, 
And  brought  water  and  fill'd  a  tub  for  his  sweated  body  anil  bruis'd 

feet, 
And  gave  him  a  room  that  enter'd  from  my  own,  and  gave  him 

some  coarse  clean  clothes, 

And  remember  perfectly  well  his  revolving  eyes  and  his  awkwardness, 
And  remember  putting  plasters  on  the  galls  of  his  neck  and  ankles  ; 
He  staid  with  me  a  week  before  he  was  recuperated  and  pass'd 

north, 
I  had  him  sit  next  me  at  table,  my  fire-lock  lean'd  in  the  corner. 


OF  MYSELF.  37 


Twenty-eight  young  men  bathe  by  the  shore, 
Twenty-eight  young  men  and  all  so  friendly ; 
Twenty-eight  years  of  womanly  life  and  all  so  lonesome. 

She  owns  the  fine  house  by  the  rise  of  the  bank, 

She  hides  handsome  and  richly  drest  aft  the  blinds  of  the  window. 

Which  of  the  young  men  does  she  like  the  best? 
Ah  the  homeliest  of  chem  is  beautiful  to  her. 

Where  are  you  off  to,  lady?  for  I  see  you, 

You  splash  in  the  water  there,  yet  stay  stock  still  in  your  room. 

Dancing  and  laughing  along  the  beach  came  the  twenty-ninth  bather, 
The  rest  did  not  see  her,  but  she  saw  them  and  loved  them. 

The  beards  of  the  young  men  glisten'd  with  wet,  it  ran  from  their 

long  hair, 
Little  streams  pass'd  all  over  their  bodies. 

An  unseen  hand  also  pass'd  over  their  bodies, 

It  descended  tremblingly  from  their  temples  and  ribs. 

The  young  men  float  on  their  backs,  their  white  bellies  bulge  to 
the  sun,  they  do  not  ask  who  seizes  fast  to  them, 

They  do  not  know  who  puffs  and  declines  with  pendant  and  bend 
ing  arch, 

They  do  not  think  whom  they  souse  with  spray. 


The  butcher-boy  puts  off  his  killing-clothes,  or  sharpens  his  knife 

at  the  stall  in  the  market, 
I  loiter  enjoying  his  repartee  and  his  shuffle  and  break-down. 

Blacksmiths  with  grimed  and  hairy  chests  environ  the  anvil, 
Each  has  his  main-sledge,  they  are  all  out,  there  is  a  great  heat  in 
the  fire. 

From  the  cinder-strew'd  threshold  I  follow  their  movements, 
The  lithe  sheer  of  their  waists  plays  even  with  their  massive  arms, 
Overhand  the  hammers  swing,   overhand  so    slow,  overhand  so 

sure, 
They  do  not  hasten,  each  man  hits  in  his  place. 


38  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


'3 

The  negro  holds  firmly  the  reins  of  his  four  horses,  the  block  swags 

underneath  on  its  tied-over  chain, 
The  negro  that  drives  the  long  dray  of  the  stone-yard,  steady  and 

tall  he  stands  pois'd  on  one  leg  on  the  string-piece, 
His  blue  shirt  exposes  his  ample  neck  and  breast  and  loosens  over 

his  hip-band, 
His  glance  is  calm  and  commanding,  he  tosses  the  slouch  of  his 

hat  away  from  his  forehead, 
The  sun  falls  on  his  crispy  hair  and  mustache,  falls  on  the  black 

of  his  polish'd  and  perfect  limbs. 

I  behold  the  picturesque  giant  and  love  him,  and  I  do  not  stop 

there, 
I  go  with  the  team  also. 

In  me  the  caresser  of  life  wherever  moving,  backward  as  well  as 
forward  sluing, 

To  niches  aside  and  junior  bending,  not  a  person  or  object  miss 
ing. 

Absorbing  all  to  myself  and  for  this  song. 

Oxen  that  rattle  the  yoke  and  chain  or  halt  in  the  leafy  shade, 

what  is  that  you  express  in  your  eyes? 
It  seems  to  me  more  than  all  the  print  I  have  read  in  my  life. 

My  tread  scares  the  wood-drake  and  wood-duck  on  my  distant  and 

day-long  ramble, 
They  rise  together,  they  slowly  circle  around. 

I  believe  in  those  wing'd  purposes, 

And  acknowledge  red,  yellow,  white,  playing  within  me, 

And  consider  green  and  violet  and  the  tufted  crown  intentional. 

And  do  not  call  the  tortoise  unworthy  because  she  is  not  something 

else, 
And  the  jay  in  the  woods  never  studied  the  gamut,  yet  trills  pretty 

well  to  me, 
And  the  look  of  the  bay  mare  shames  silliness  out  of  me. 

14 

The  wild  gander  leads  his  flock  through  the  cool  night, 
\\t-honk  he  says,  and  sounds  it  down  to  me  like  an  invitation, 
The  pert  may  suppose  it  meaningless,  but  I  listening  close, 
Find  its  purpose  and  place  up  there  toward  the  wintry  sky. 


SONG  OF  MYSELF.  39 


The  sharp-hoof  d  moose  of  the  north,  the  cat  on  the  house-sill, 

the  chickadee,  the  prairie-dog, 

The  litter  of  the  grunting  sow  as  they  tug  at  her  teats, 
The  brood  of  the  turkey-hen  and  she  with  her  half-spread  wings, 
I  see  in  them  and  myself  the  same  old  law. 

The  press  of  my  foot  to  the  earth  springs  a  hundred  affections, 
They  scorn  the  best  I  can  do  to  relate  them. 

I  am  enamour'd  of  growing  out-doors, 

Of  men  that  live  among  cattle  or  taste  of  the  ocean  or  woods, 

Of  the  builders  and  steerers  of  ships  and  the  wielders  of  axes  and 

mauls,  and  the  drivers  of  horses, 
I  can  eat  and  sleep  with  them  week  in  and  week  out. 

What  is  commonest,  cheapest,  nearest,  easiest,  is  Me, 

Me  going  in  for  my  chances,  spending  for  vast  returns, 

Adorning  myself  to  bestow  myself  on  the  first  that  will  take  me,     . 

Not  asking  the  sky  to  come  down  to  my  good  will, 

Scattering  it  freely  forever. 


The  pure  contralto  sings  in  the  organ  loft, 

The  carpenter  dresses  his  plank,  the  tongue  of  his  foreplane  whistles 

its  wild  ascending  lisp, 

The  married  and  unmarried  children  ride  home  to  their  Thanks 
giving  dinner, 

The  pilot  seizes  the  king-pin,  he  heaves  down  with  a  strong  arm, 
The  mate  stands  braced  in  the  whale-boat,  lance  and  harpoon  are 

ready, 

The  duck-shooter  walks  by  silent  and  cautious  stretches, 
The  deacons  are  ordain'd  with  cross'd  hands  at  the  altar, 
The  spinning-girl  retreats  and  advances  to  the  hum  of  the  big 

wheel, 
The  fanner  -stops  by  the  bars  as  he  walks  on  a  First-day  loafe  and 

looks  at  the  oats  and  rye, 

The  lunatic  is  carried  at  last  to  the  asylum  a  confirm'd  case, 
(He  will  never  sleep  any  more  as  he  did  in  the  cot  in  his  mother's 

bed-room  ;) 

The  jour  printer  with  gray  head  and  gaunt  jaws  works  at  his  case, 
He  turns  his  quid  of  tobacco  while  his  eyes  blurr  with  the  manu 
script  ; 

The  malform'd  limbs  are  tied  to  the  surgeon's  table, 
What  is  removed  drops  horribly  in  a  pail ; 


4O  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

The  quadroon  girl  is  sold  at  the  auction-stand,  the  drunkard  nods 

by  the  bar-room  stove, 
The  machinist  rolls  up  his  sleeves,  the  policeman  travels  his  beat, 

the  gate-keeper  marks  who  pass, 
The  young  fellow  drives  the  express- wagon,  (I  love  him,  though 

I  do  not  know  him  ;) 

The  half-breed  straps  on  his  light  boots  to  compete  in  the  race, 
The  western  turkey-shooting  draws  old  and  young,  some  lean  on 

their  rifles,  some  sit  on  logs, 
Out  from  the  crowd  steps  the  marksman,  takes  his  position,  levels 

his  piece ; 

The  groups  of  newly-come  immigrants  cov«r  the  wharf  or  levee, 
As  the  woolly-pates  hoe  in  the  sugar-field,  the  overseer  views  them 

from  his  saddle, 

The  bugle  calls  in  the  ball-room,  the  gentlemen  run  for  their  part 
ners,  the  dancers  bow  to  each  other, 
The  youth  lies  awake  in  the  cedar-roof'd  garret  and  harks  to  the 

musical  rain, 

The  Wolverine  sets  traps  on  the  creek  that  helps  fill  the  Huron, 
The  squaw  wrapt  in  her  yellow-hemm'd  cloth  is  offering  moccasins 

and  bead-bags  for  sale, 
The  connoisseur  peers  along  the  exhibition-gallery  with  half-shut 

eyes  bent  sideways, 
As  the  deck-hands  make  fast  the  steamboat  the  plank  is  thrown  for 

the  shore-going  passengers, 
The  young  sister  holds  out  the  skein  while  the  elder  sister  winds  it 

off  in  a  ball,  and  stops  now  and  then  for  the  knots, 
The  one-year  wife  is  recovering  and  happy  having  a  week  ago 

borne  her  first  child, 
The  clean-hair'd  Yankee  girl  works  with  her  sewing-machine  or  in 

the  factory  or  mill, 
The  paving-man  leans  on  his  two-handed  rammer,  the  reporter's 

lead   flies   swiftly  over  the  note-book,  the   sign-painter  is 

lettering  with  blue  and  gold, 
The  canal  boy  trots  on  the  tow-path,  the  book-keeper  counts  at 

his  desk,  the  shoemaker  waxes  his  thread, 
The  conductor  beats  time  for  the  band  and  all  the  performers 

follow  him, 

The  child  is  baptized,  the  convert  is  making  his  first  professions, 
The  regatta  is  spread  on  the  bay,  the  race  is  begun,  (how  the 

white  sails  sparkle  !) 
The   drover  watching  his  drove  sings  out    to  them  that  would 

stray, 

The  pedler  sweats  with  his  pack  on  his  back,  (the  purchaser  hig 
gling  about  the  odd  cent ;) 


SONG  OF  MYSELF.  41 

The  bride  unrumples  her  white  dress,  the  minute-hand  of  the  clock 

moves  slowly, 

The  opium-eater  reclines  with  rigid  head  and  just-open'd  lips, 
The  prostitute  draggles  her  shawl,  her  bonnet  bobs  on  her  tipsy 

and  pimpled  neck, 
The  crowd  laugh  at  her  blackguard  oaths,  the  men  jeer  and  wink 

to  each  other, 

(Miserable  !  I  do  not  laugh  at  your  oaths  nor  jeer  you  ;) 
The  President  holding  a  cabinet  council  is  surrounded  by  the  great 

Secretaries, 
On  the  piazza  walk  three  matrons  stately  and  friendly  with  twined 

arms,  » 

The  crew  of  the  fish-smack  pack  repeated  layers  of  halibut  in  the 

hold, 

The  Missourian  crosses  the  plains  toting  his  wares  and  his  cattle, 
As  the  fare-collector  goes  through  the  train  he  gives  notice  by  the 

jingling  of  loose  change, 
The  floor-men  are  laying  the  floor,  the  tinners  are  tinning  the  roof, 

the  masons  are  calling  for  mortar, 

In  single  file  each  shouldering  his  hod  pass  onward  the  laborers ; 
Seasons  pursuing  each  other  the  indescribable  crowd  is  gather'd, 

it  is  the  fourth  of  Seventh-month,  (what  salutes  of  camion 

and  small  arms  !) 
Seasons  pursuing  each,  other  the  plougher  ploughs,  the  mower 

mows,  and  the  winter-grain  falls  in  the  ground ; 
Off  on  the  lakes  the  pike-fisher  watches  and  waits  by  the  hole  in 

the  frozen  surface, 
The  stumps  stand  thick  round  the  clearing,  the  squatter  strikes. 

deep  with  his  axe, 
Flatboatmen  make  fast  towards   dusk  near  the   cotton-wood  or 

pecan-trees, 
Coon-seekers  go  through  the  regions  of  the  Red  river  or  through 

those  drain'd  by  the  Tennessee,  or  through  those  of  the 

Arkansas, 
Torches  shine  in  the  dark  that  hangs  on  the  Chattahooche  or 

Altamahaw, 

Patriarchs  sit  at  supper  with  sons  and  grandsons  and  great-grand 
sons  around  them, 
In  walls  of  adobie,  in  canvas  tents,  rest  hunters  and  trappers  after 

their  day's  sport, 

The  city  sleeps  and  the  country  sleeps, 

The  living  sleep  for  their  time,  the  dead  sleep  for  their  time, 
The  old  husband  sleeps  by  his  wife  and  the  young  husband  sleeps 

by  his  wife  ; 
And  these  tend  inward  to  me,  and  I  tend  outward  to  them, 


42  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

And  such  as  it  is  to  be  of  these  more  or  less  I  am, 
And  of  these  one  and  all  I  weave  the  song  of  myself. 

16 

I  am  of  old  and  young,  of  the  foolish  as  much  as  the  wise, 

Regardless  of  others,  ever  regardful  of  others, 

Maternal  as  well  as  paternal,  a  child  as  well  as  a  man, 

StufT'd  with  the  stuff  that  is  coarse  and  stuff'd  with  the  stuff  that 

is  fine, 
One  of  the  Nation  of  many  nations,  the  smallest  the  same  and  the 

largest  the  same,  • 

A  Southerner  soon  as  a  Northerner,  a  planter  nonchalant  and 

hospitable  down  by  the  Oconee  I  live, 
A  Yankee  bound  my  own  way  ready  for  trade,  my  joints  the 

limberest    joints    on    earth    and    the    sternest    joints   on 

earth, 
A  Kentuckian  walking  the  vale  of  the  Elkhorn  in  my  deer-skin 

leggings,  a  Louisianian  or  Georgian, 
A  boatman  over  lakes  or  bays  or  along  coasts,  a  Hoosier,  Badger, 

Buckeye ; 
At  home  on  Kanadian  snow-shoes  or  up  in  the  bush,  or  with 

fishermen  off  Newfoundland, 
At  home  in  the  fleet  of  ice-boats,  sailing  with  the  rest  and  tack- 

mcr 
6> 

At  home  on  the  hills  of  Vermont  or  in  the  woods  of  Maine,  or  the 

Texan  ranch, 

Comrade  of  Californians,  comrade  of  free  North-Westerners,  (lov 
ing  their  big  proportions,) 
Comrade  of  raftsmen  and  coalmen,  comrade  of  all  who  shake 

hands  and  welcome  to  drink  and  meat, 
A  learner  with  the  simplest,  a  teacher  of  the  thoughtfullest, 
A  novice  beginning  yet  experient  of  myriads  of  seasons, 
Of  every  hue  and  caste  am  I,  of  every  rank  and  religion, 
A  farmer,  mechanic,  artist,  gentleman,  sailor,  quaker, 
Prisoner,  fancy-man,  rowdy,  lawyer,  physician,  priest. 

I  resist  any  thing  better  than  my  own  diversity, 
Breathe  the  air  but  leave  plenty  after  me, 
And  am  not  stuck  up,  and  am  in  my  place. 

(The  moth  and  the  fish-eggs  are  in  their  place, 

The  bright  suns  I  see  and  the  dark  suns  I  cannot  see  are  in  their 

place, 
The  palpable  is  in  its  place  and  the  impalpable  is  in  its  place.) 


SONG  OF  MYSELF.  43 

'7 
These  are  really  the  thoughts  of  all  men  in  all  ages  and  lands,  they 

are  not  original  with  me, 
If  they  are  not  yours  as  much  as  mine  they  are  nothing,  or  next 

to  nothing, 
If  they  are  not  the  riddle  and  the  untying  of  the  riddle  they  are 

nothing, 
If  they  are  not  just  as  close  as  they  are  distant  they  are  nothing. 

This  is  the  grass  that  grows  wherever  the  land  is  and  the  water  is, 
This  the  common  air  that  bathes  the  globe. 

18. 

With  music  strong  I  come,  with  my  cornets  and  my  drums, 
I  play  not  marches  for  accepted  victors  only,  I  play  marches  for 
conquer'd  and  slain  persons. 

Have  you  heard  that  it  was  good  to  gain  the  day? 
I  also  say  it  is  good  to  fall,  battles  are  lost  in  the  same  spirit  in 
which  they  are  won. 

I  beat  and  pound  for  the  dead, 

I  blow  through  my  embouchures  my  loudest  and  gayest  for  them. 

Vivas  to  those  who  have  fail'd  ! 
And  to  those  whose  war-vessels  sank  in  the  sea  ! 
And  to  those  themselves  who  sank  in  the  sea  ! 
And  to  all  generals  that  lost  engagements,  and  all  overcome  heroes  ! 
And  the  numberless  unknown  heroes  equal  to  the  greatest  heroes 
known  ! 

»9 

This  is  the  meal  equally  set,  this  the  meat  for  natural  hunger, 
It  is  for  the  wicked  just  the  same  as  the  righteous,  I  make  appoint 
ments  with  all, 

I  will  not  have  a  single  person  slighted  or  left  away, 
The  kept-woman,  sponger,  thief,  are  hereby  invited, 
The  heavy-lipp'd  slave  is  invited,  the  venerealee  is  invited ; 
There  shall  be  no  difference  between  them  and  the  rest. 

This  is  the  press  of  a  bashful  hand,  this  the  float  and  odor  of  hair, 
This  the  touch  of  my  lips  to  yours,  this  the  murmur  of  yearning, 
This  the  far-off  depth  and  height  reflecting  my  own  face, 
This  the  thoughtful  merge  of  myself,  and  the  outlet  again. 


44  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


Do  you  guess  I  have  some  intricate  purpose? 
Well  I  have,  for  the  Fourth-month  showers  have,  and  the  mica  on 
the  side  of  a  rock  has. 

Do  you  take  it  I  would  astonish? 

Does  the  daylight  astonish?    does   the   early  redstart   twittering 

through  the  woods  ? 
Do  I  astonish  more  than  they? 

This  hour  I  tell  things  in  confidence, 

I  might  not  tell  everybody,  but  I  will  tell  you. 


Who  goes  there  ?  hankering,  gross,  mystical,  nude ; 
How  is  it  I  extract  strength  from  the  beef  I  eat? 

What  is  a  man  anyhow  ?  what  am  I  ?  what  are  you  ? 

» 

All  I  mark  as  my  own  you  shall  offset  it  with  your  own, 
Else  it  were  time  lost  listening  to  me. 

I  do  not  snivel  that  snivel  the  world  over, 

That  months  are  vacuums  and  the  ground  but  wallow  and  filth. 

Whimpering  and  truckling  fold  with  powders  for  invalids,  con 
formity  goes  to  the  fourth-remov'd, 
I  wear  my  hat  as  I  please  indoors  or  out. 

Why  should  I  pray?  why  should  I  venerate  and  be  ceremonious? 

Having  pried  through  the  strata,  analyzed  to  a  hair,  counsel'd  with 

doctors  and  calculated  close, 
I  find  no  sweeter  fat  than  sticks  to  my  own  bones. 

In  all  people  I  see  myself,  none  more  and  not  one  a  barley-corn 

less, 
And  the  good  or  bad  I  say  of  myself  I  say  of  them. 

I  know  I  am  solid  and  sound, 

To  me  the  converging  objects  of  the  universe  perpetually  flow, 

All  are  written  to  me,  and  I  must  get  what  the  writing  means. 

I  know  I  am  deathless, 

I   know  this  orbit  of  mine   cannot   be    swept   by  a   carpenter's 
compass, 


SONG  OF  MYSELF.  45 

I  know  I  shall  not  pass  like  a  child's  carlacue  cut  with  a  burnt 
stick  at  night. 

I  know  I  am  august, 

I  do  not  trouble  my  spirit  to  vindicate  itself  or  be  understood, 
I  see  that  the  elementary  laws  never  apologize, 
(I  reckon  I. behave  no  prouder  than  the  level  I  plant  my  house  by, 
after  all.) 

I  exist  as  I  am,  that  is  enough, 

If  no  other  in  the  world  be  aware  I  sit  content, 

And  if  each  and  all  be  aware  I  sit  content. 

One  world  is  aware  and  by  far  the  largest  to  me,  and  that  is  my 
self, 

And  whether  I  come  to  my  own  to-day  or  in  ten  thousand  or  ten 
million  years, 

I  can  cheerfully  take  it  now,  or  with  equal  cheerfulness  I  can  wait. 

My  foothold  is  tenon'd  and  mortis'd  in  granite, 
I  laugh  at  what  you  call  dissolution, 
And  I  know  the  amplitude  of  time. 


I  am  the  poet  of  the  Body  and  I  am  the  poet  of  the  Soul, 

The  pleasures  of  heaven  are  with  me  and  the  pains  of  hell  are 

with  me, 
The  first  I  graft  and  increase  upon  myself,  the  latter  I  translate 

into  a  new  tongue. 

I  am  the  poet  of  the  woman  the  same  as  the  man, 
And  I  say  it  is  as  great  to  be  a  woman  as  to  be  a  man, 
And  I  say  there  is  nothing  greater  than  the  mother  of  men. 

I  chant  the  chant  of  dilation  or  pride, 

We  have  had  ducking  and  deprecating  about  enough, 

1  show  that  size  is  only  development. 

Have  you  outstript  the  rest?  are  you  the  President? 
It  is  a  trifle,  they  will  more  than  arrive  there  every  one,  and  still 
pass  on. 

I  am  he  that  walks  with  the  tender  and  growing  night, 
I  call  to  the  earth  and  sea  half-held  by  the  night. 


46  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Press  close  bare-bosom'd  night — press  close  magnetic  nourishing 

night ! 

Night  of  south  winds  —  night  of  the  large  few  stars  ! 
Still  nodding  night — mad  naked  summer  night. 

Smile  O  voluptuous  cool-breath'd  earth  ! 

Earth  of  the  slumbering  and  liquid  trees  ! 

Earth  of  departed  sunset — earth  of  the  mountains  misty- topt ! 

Earth  of  the  vitreous  pour  of  the  full  moon  just  tinged  with  blue  ! 

Earth  of  shine  and  dark  mottling  the  tide  of  the  river ! 

Earth  of  the  limpid  gray  of  clouds  brighter  and  clearer  for  my 

sake  ! 

Far-swooping  elbow'd  earth  —  rich  apple-blossom'd  earth! 
Smile,  for  your  lover  comes. 

Prodigal,  you  have  given  me  love  —  therefore  I  to  you  give  love  ! 
O  unspeakable  passionate  love. 


You  sea  !  I  resign  myself  to  you  also  —  I  guess  what  you  mean, 

I  behold  from  the  beach  your  crooked  inviting  fingers, 

I  believe  you  refuse  to  go  back  without  feeling  of  me, 

We  must  have  a  turn  together,  I  undress,  hurry  me  out  of  sight  of 

the  land, 

Cushion  me  soft,  rock  me  in  billowy  drowse, 
Dash  me  with  amorous  wet,  I  can  repay  you. 

Sea  of  stretch'd  ground-swells, 

Sea  breathing  broad  and  convulsive  breaths, 

Sea  of  the  brine  of  life  and  of  unshovell'd  yet  always-ready  graves, 

Howler  and  scooper  of  storms,  capricious  and  dainty  sea, 

I  am  integral  with  you,  I  too  am  of  one  phase  and  of  all  phases. 

Partaker  of  influx  and  efflux  I,  extoller  of  hate  and  conciliation, 
Extoller  of  amies  and  those  that  sleep  in  each  others'  arms. 

I  am  he  attesting  sympathy, 

(Shall  I  make  my  list  of  things  in  the  house  and  skip  the  house 
that  supports  them?) 

I  am  not  the  poet  of  goodness  only,  I  do  not  decline  to  be  the 
poet  of  wickedness  also. 

What  blurt  is  this  about  virtue  and  about  vice  ? 

Evil  propels  me  and  reform  of  evil  propels  me,  I  stand  indifferent, 


OF  MYSELF.  47 


My  gait  is  no  fault-finder's  or  rejecter's  gait, 
I  moisten  the  roots  of  all  that  has  grown. 

Did  you  fear  some  scrofula  out  of  the  unflagging  pregnancy? 
Did  you  guess  the  celestial  laws  are  yet  to  be  work'd  over  and 
rectified  ? 

I  find  one  side  a  balance  and  the  antipodal  side  a  balance, 

Soft  doctrine  as  steady  help  as  stable  doctrine, 

Thoughts  and  deeds  of  the  present  our  rouse  and  early  start. 

This  minute  that  comes  to  me  over  the  past  decillions, 
There  is  no  better  than  it  and  now. 

What  behaved  well  in  the  past  or  behaves  well  to-day  is  not  such 

a  wonder, 
The  wonder  is  always  and  always  how  there  can  be  a  mean  man 

or  an  infidel. 

23 

Endless  unfolding  of  words  of  ages  ! 

And  mine  a  word  of  the  modern,  the  word  En-Masse. 

A  word  of  the  faith  that  never  balks, 

Here  or  henceforward  it  is  all  the  same  to  me,  I  accept  Time  abso 
lutely. 

It  alone  is  without  flaw,  it  alone  rounds  and  completes  all, 
That  mystic  baffling  wonder  alone  completes  all. 

I  accept  Reality  and  dare  not  question  it, 
Materialism  first  and  last  imbuing. 

Hurrah  for  positive  science  !  long  live  exact  demonstration  ! 

Fetch  stonecrop  mixt  with  cedar  and  branches  of  lilac, 

This  is  the  lexicographer,  this  the  chemist,  this  made  a  grammar 

of  the  old  cartouches, 

These  mariners  put  the  ship  through  dangerous  unknown  seas, 
This  is  the  geologist,  this  works  with  the  scalpel,  and  this  is  a 

mathematician. 

Gentlemen,  to  you  the  first  honors  always  ! 

Your  facts  are  useful,  and  yet  they  are  not  my  dwelling, 

I  but  enter  by  them  to  an  area  of  my  dwelling. 


4-8  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 

Less  the  reminders  of  properties  told  my  words, 

And  more  the  reminders  they  of  life  untold,  and  of  freedom. and 

extrication, 
And  make  short  account  of  neuters  and  geldings,  and  favor  men 

and  women  fully  equipt, 
And  beat  the  gong  of  revolt,  and  stop  with  fugitives  and  them  that 

plot  and  conspire. 

24 

Walt  Whitman,  a  kosmos,  of  Manhattan  the  son, 

Turbulent,  fleshy,  sensual,  eating,  drinking  and  breeding, 

No  sentimentalist,  no  stander  above  men  and  women  or  apart  from 

them, 
No  more  modest  than  immodest. 

Unscrew  the  locks 'from  the  doors  ! 

Unscrew  the  doors  themselves  from  their  jambs  ! 

Whoever  degrades  another  degrades  me, 

And  whatever  is  done  or  said  returns  at  last  to  me. 

Through  me  the  afflatus  surging  and  surging,  through  me  the  cur 
rent  and  index. 

I  speak  the  pass- word  primeval,  I  give  the  sign  of  democracy, 
By  God  !  I  will  accept  nothing  which  all  cannot  have  their  coun 
terpart  of  on  the  same  terms. 

Through  me  many  long  dumb  voices, 

Voices  of  the  interminable  generations  of  prisoners  and  slaves, 

Voices  of  the  diseas'd  and  despairing  and  of  thieves  and  dwarfs, 

Voices  of  cycles  of  preparation  and  accretion, 

And  of  the  threads  that  connect  the  stars,  and  of  wombs  and  of 

.    the  father-stuff, 

And  of  the  rights  of  them  the  others  are  down  upon, 
Of  the  defdrm'd,  trivial,  flat,  foolish,  despised, 
Fog  in  the  air,  beetles  rolling  balls  of  dung. 

Through  me  forbidden  voices, 

Voices  of  sexes  and  lusts,  voices  veil'd  and  I  remove  the  veil, 

Voices  indecent  by  me  clarified  and  transfigured. 

I  do  not  press  my  fingers  across  my  mouth, 

I  keep  as  delicate  around  the  bowels  as  around  the  head  and  heart, 

Copulation  is  no  more  rank  to  me  than  death  is. 


SONG  OF  MYSELF.  49 

I  believe  in  the  flesh  and  the  appetites, 

Seeing,  hearing,  feeling,  are  miracles,  and  each  part  and  tag  of  me 
is  a  miracle. 

Divine  am  I  inside  and  out,  and  I  make  holy  whatever  I  touch  or 

am  touch'd  from, 

The  scent  of  these  arm-pits  aroma  finer  than  prayer, 
This  head  more  than  churches,  bibles,  and  all  the  creeds. 

If  I  worship  one  thing  more  than  another  it  shall  be  the  spread  of" 

my  own  body,  or  any  part  of  it, 
Translucent  mould  of  me  it  shall  be  you  ! 
Shaded  ledges  and  rests  it  shall  be  you  ! 
Firm  masculine  colter  it  shall  be  you  ! 
Whatever  goes  to  the  tilth  of  me  it  shall  be  you  ! 
You  my  rich  blood  !  your  milky  stream  pale  strippings  of  my  life  ! 
Breast  that  presses  against  other  breasts  it  shall  be  you  ! 
My  brain  it  shall  be  your  occult  convolutions  ! 
Root  of  wash'd  sweet-flag  !  timorous  pond-snipe  !  nest  of  guarded 

duplicate  eggs  !  it  shall  be  you  ! 

Mix'd  tussled  hay  of  head,  beard,  brawn,  it  shall  be  you  ! 
Trickling  sap  of  maple,  fibre  of  manly  wheat,  it  shall  be  you  ! 
Sun  so  generous  it  shall  be  you  ! 
Vapors  lighting  and  shading  my  face  it  shall  be  you  ! 
You  sweaty  brooks  and  dews  it  shall  be  you  ! 
Winds  whose  soft-tickling  genitals  rub  against  me  it  shall  be  you  ! 
Broad  muscular  fields,  branches  of  live  oak,  loving  lounger  in  my 

winding  paths,  it  shall  be  you  ! 
Hands   I   have   taken,  face    I   have   kiss'd,  mortal   I   have   ever 

touch'd,  it  shall  be  you. 

I  dote  on  myself,  there  is  that  lot  of  me  and  all  so  luscious, 

Each  moment  and  whatever  happens  thrills  me  with  joy, 

I  cannot  tell  how  my  ankles  bend,  nor  whence  the  cause  of  my 

faintest  wish, 

Nor  the  cause  of  the  friendship  I  emit,  nor  the  cause  of  the  friend 
ship  I  take  again. 

That  I  walk  up  my  stoop,  I  pause  to  consider  if  it  really  be, 
A  morning-glory  at  my  window  satisfies  me  more  than  the  meta 
physics  of  books. 

To  behold  the  day-break  ! 

The  little  light  fades  the  immense  and  diaphanous  shadows, 

The  air  tastes  good  to  my  palate. 


50  LEATES  OF  GRASS. 

Hefts  of  the  moving  world  at  innocent   gambols   silently  rising. 

freshly  exuding, 
Scooting  obliquely  high  and  low. 

Something  I  cannot  see  puts  upward  libidinous  prongs, 
Seas  of  bright  juice  suffuse  heaven. 

The  earth  by  the  sky  staid  with,  the  daily  close  of  their  junction, 
The  heav'd  challenge  from  the  east  that  moment  over  my  head, 
The  mocking  taunt,  See  then  whether  you  shall  be  master  ! 

25 

Dazzling  and  tremendous  how  quick  the  sun-rise  would  kill  me, 
If  I  could  not  now  and  always  send  sun-rise  out  of  me. 

We  also  ascend  dazzling  and  tremendous  as  the  sun, 
We  found  our  own  O  my  soul  in  the  calm  and  cool  of  the  day 
break. 

My  voice  goes  after  what  my  eyes  cannot  reach, 
With  the  twirl  of  my  tongue  I  encompass  worlds  and  volumes  of 
worlds. 

Speech  is  the  twin  of  my  vision,  it  is  unequal  to  measure  itself, 

It  provokes  me  forever,  it  says  sarcastically, 

Waif  you  contain  enough,  why  dotft  you  let  it  out  then  ? 

Come  now  I  will  not  be  tantalized,  you  conceive  too  much  of 

articulation, 

Do  you  not  know  O  speech  how  the  buds  beneath  you  are  folded? 
Waiting  in  gloom,  protected  by  frost, 
The  dirt  receding  before  my  prophetical  screams, 
I  underlying  causes  to  balance  them  at  last, 
My  knowledge  my  live  parts,  it  keeping  tally  \vith  the  meaning  of 

all  things, 
Happiness,   (which  whoever  hears  me  let  him  or  her  set  out  in 

search  of  this  day.) 

My  final  merit  I  refuse  you,  I  refuse  putting  from  me  what  I  really 

am, 

Encompass  worlds,  but  never  try  to  encompass  me, 
I  crowd  your  sleekest  and  best  by  simply  looking  toward  you. 

Writing  and  talk  do  not  prove  me, 

I  carry  the  plenum  of  proof  and  every  thing  else  in  my  face, 

With  the  hush  of  my  lips  I  wholly  confound  the  skeptic. 


SO.VG  OF  MYSELF.  51 


Now  I  will  do  nothing  but  listen, 

To  accrue  what  I  hear  into  this  song,  to  let  sounds  contribute 
toward  it. 

I  hear  bravuras  of  birds,  bustle  of  growing  wheat,  gossip  of  flames, 

clack  of  sticks  cooking  my  meals, 

I  hear  the  sound  I  love,  the  sound  of  the  human  voice, 
I  hear  all  sounds  running  together,  combined,  fused  or  following, 
Sounds  of  the  city  and  sounds  out  of  the  city,  sounds  of  the  day 

and  night, 
Talkative  young  ones  to  those  that  like  them,  the  loud  laugh  of 

work-people  at  their  meals, 

The  angry  base  of  disjointed  friendship,  the  faint  tones  of  the  sick, 
The  judge  with  hands  tight  to  the  desk,  his  pallid  lips  pronoun 
cing  a  death-sentence, 
The  heave'e'yo  of  stevedores  unlading  ships  by  the  wharves,  the 

refrain  of  the  anchor-lifters, 

The  ring  of  alarm-bells,  the  cry  of  fire,  the  whirr  of  swift-streak 
ing  engines  and  hose-carts  with  premonitory  tinkles  and 
color'd  lights, 

The  steam- whistle,  the  solid  roll  of  the  train  of  approaching  cars, 
The  slow  march  play'd  at  the  head  of  the  association  marching 

two  and  two, 

(They  go  to  guard  some  corpse,  the  flag-tops  are  draped  with 
black  muslin.) 

I  hear  the  violoncello,  ('tis  the  young  man's  heart's  complaint,) 
I  hear  the  key'd  cornet,  it  glides  quickly  in  through  my  ears, 
It  shakes  mad-sweet  pangs  through  my  belly  and  breast. 

I  hear  the  chorus,  it  is  a  grand  opera, 
Ah  this  indeed  is  music  —  this  suits  me. 

A  tenor  large  and  fresh  as  the  creation  fills  me, 

The  orbic  flex  of  his  mouth  is  pouring  and  filling  me  full. 

I  hear  the  train'd  soprano  (what  work  with  hers  is  this?) 

The  orchestra  whirls  me  wider  than  Uranus  flies, 

It  wrenches   such   ardors  from  me  I  did  not  know  I  possess'd 

them, 
It  sails  me,  I  dab  with  bare  feet,  they  are  lick'd  by  the  indolent 

waves, 
I  am  cut  by  bitter  and  angry  hail,  I  lose  my  breath, 


52  LEATES  OF  GRASS. 

Steep'd  amid  honey'd  morphine,  my  windpipe  throttled  in  fakes 

of  death, 

At  length  let  up  again  to  feel  the  puzzle  of  puzzles, 
And  that  we  call  Being. 

27 

To  be  in  any  form,  what  is  that? 

(Round  and  round  we  go,  all  of  us,  and  ever  come  back  thither,) 
If  nothing  lay  more  develop'd  the  quahaug  in  its  callous  shell  were 
enough. 

Mine  is  no  callous  shell, 

I  have  instant  conductors  all  over  me  whether  I  pass  or  stop, 

They  seize  every  object  and  lead  it  harmlessly  through  me. 

I  merely  stir,  press,  feel  with  my  fingers,  and  am  happy, 
To  touch  my  person  to  some  one  else's  is  about  as  much  as  I  can 
stand. 


Is  this  then  a  touch  ?  quivering  me  to  a  new  identity, 

Flames  and  ether  making  a  rush  for  my  veins, 

Treacherous  tip  of  me  reaching  and  crowding  to  help  them, 

My  flesh  and  blood  playing  out  lightning  to  strike  what  is  hardly 

different  from  myself, 

On  all  sides  prurient  provokers  stiffening  my  limbs, 
Straining  the  udder  of  my  heart  for  its  withheld  drip, 
Behaving  licentious  toward  me,  taking  no  denial, 
Depriving  me  of  my  best  as  for  a  purpose, 
Unbuttoning  my  clothes,  holding  me  by  the  bare  waist, 
Deluding  my  confusion  with  the  calm  of  the  sunlight  and  pasture- 
fields, 

Immodestly  sliding  the  fellow-senses  .away, 
They  bribed  to  swap  off  with  touch  and  go  and  graze  at  the  edges 

of  me,  i 

No  consideration,  no  regard  for  my  draining  strength  or  my  anger, 
Fetching  the  rest  of  the  herd  around  to  enjoy  them  a  while, 
Then  all  uniting  to  stand  on  a  headland  and  worry  me. 

The  sentries  desert  every  other  part  of  me, 

They  have  left  me  helpless  to  a  red  marauder, 

They  all  come  to  the  headland  to  witness  and  assist  against  me. 

I  am  given  up  by  traitors, 

I  talk  wildly,   I   have  lost  my  wits,  I  and  nobody  else  am  the 
greatest  traitor, 


SO.VG  OF  M'YSELF.  53 

I  went  myself  first  to  the  headland,  my  own  hands  carried  me 
there. 

You  villain  touch  !  what  are  you  doing?  my  breath  is  tight  in  its 

throat, 
Unclench  your  floodgates,  you  are  too  much  for  me. 


Blind    loving    wrestling    touch,    sheath'd    hooded    sharp-tooth'd 

touch  ! 
Did  it  make  you  ache  so,  leaving  me  ? 

Parting  track'd  by  arriving,  perpetual  payment  of  perpetual  loan, 
Rich  showering  rain,  and  recompense  richer  afterward. 

Sprouts  take  and  accumulate,  stand  by  the  curb  prolific  and  vital, 
Landscapes  projected  masculine,  full-sized  and  golden. 

30 

All  truths  wait  in  all  things, 

They  neither  hasten  their  own  delivery  nor  resist  it, 
They  do  not  need  the  obstetric  forceps  of  the  surgeon, 
The  insignificant  is  as  big  to  me  as  any, 
(What  is  less  or  more  than  a  touch  ?) 

Logic  and  sermons  never  convince, 

The  clamp  of  the  night  drives  deeper  into  my  soul. 


^  what  proves  itself  to  every  man  and  woman  is  so, 
Only  what  nobody  denies  is  so.) 

A  minute  and  a  drop  of  me  settle  my  brain, 

I  believe  the  soggy  clods  shall  become  lovers  and  lamps, 

And  a  compend  of  compends  is  the  meat  of  a  man  or  woman, 

And  a  summit  and  flower  there  is  the  feeling  they  have  for  each 

other, 
And  they  are  to  branch  boundlessly  out  of  that  lesson  until  it 

becomes  omnific, 
And  until  one  and  all  shall  delight  us,  and  we  them. 


I  believe  a  leaf  of  grass  is  no  less  than  the  journey-work  of  the  stars, 
And  the  pismire  is  equally  perfect,  and  a  grain  of  sand,  and  the 
egg  of  the  wren, 


54  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 

And  the  tree-toad  is  a  chef-d'oeuvre  for  the  highest, 
And  the  running  blackberry  would  adorn  the  parlors  of  heaven, 
And  the  narrowest  hinge  in  my  hand. puts  to  scorn  all  machinery, 
And  the  cow  crunching  with  depress'd  head  surpasses  any  statue, 
And  a  mouse  is  miracle  enough  to  stagger  sextillions  of  infidels. 

I  find  I  incorporate  gneiss,  coal,  long-threaded  moss,  fruits,  grains, 

esculent  roots, 

And  am  stucco'd  with  quadrupeds  and  birds  all  over, 
And  have  distanced  what  is  behind  me  for  good  reasons, 
But  call  any  thing  back  again  when  I  desire  it. 

In  vain  the  speeding  or  shyness, 

In  vain  the  plutonic  rocks  send  their  old  heat  against  my  approach, 

In  vain  the  mastodon  retreats  beneath  its  own  powder'd  bones, 

In  vain  objects  stand  leagues  off  and  assume  manifold  shapes, 

In  vain  the  ocean  settling  in  hollows  and  the  great  monsters  lying 

low, 

In  vain  the  buzzard  houses  herself  with  the  sky, 
In  vain  the  snake  slides  through  the  creepers  and  logs, 
In  vain  the  elk  takes  to  the  inner  passes  of  the  woods, 
In  vain  the  razor-bill'd  auk  sails  far  north  to  Labrador, 
I  follow  quickly,  I  ascend  to  the  nest  in  the  fissure  of  the  cliff. 


32 

I  think  I  could  turn  and  live  with  animals,  they  are  so  placid  and 

self-contain'd, 
I  stand  and  look  at  them  long  and  long. 

They  do  not  sweat  and  whine  about  their  condition, 

They  do  not  lie  awake  in  the  dark  and  weep  for  their  sins, 

They  do  not  make  me  sick  discussing  their  duty  to  God, 

Not  one  is  dissatisfied,  not  one  is  demented  with  the  mania  of 

owning  things, 
Not  one  kneels  to  another,  nor  to  his  kind  that  lived  thousands  of 

years  ago, 
Not  one  is  respectable  or  unhappy  over  the  whole  earth. 

So  they  show  their  relations  to  me  and  I  accept  them, 
They  bring  me  tokens  of  myself,  they  evince  them  plainly  in  theh 
possession. 

I  wonder  where  they  get  those  tokens, 

Did  I  pass  that  way  huge  times  ago  and  negligently  drop  them  ? 


OF  MYSELF.  55 


Myself  moving  forward  then  and  now  and  forever, 
Gathering  and  showing  more  always  and  with  velocity, 
Infinite  and  omnigenous,  and  the  like  of  these  among  them, 
Not  too  exclusive  toward  the  reachers  of  my  remembrancers, 
Picking  out  here  one  that  I  love,  and  now  go  with  him  on  brotherly 
terms. 

A  gigantic  beauty  of  a  stallion,  fresh  and  responsive  to  my  caresses, 

Head  high  in  the  forehead,  wide  between  the  ears, 

Limbs  glossy  and  supple,  tail  dusting  the  ground, 

Eyes  full  of  sparkling  wickedness,  ears  finely  cut,  flexibly  moving. 

His  nostrils  dilate  as  my  heels  embrace  him, 

His  well-built  limbs  tremble  with  pleasure  as  we  race  around  and 

return. 

I  but  use  you  a  minute,  then  I  resign  you,  stallion, 

Why  do  I  need  your  paces  when  I  myself  out-gallop  them? 

Even  as  I  stand  or  sit  passing  faster  than  you. 


33 

Space  and  Time  !  now  I  see  it  is  true,  what  I  guess'd  at, 
What  I  guess'd  when  I  loaf'd  on  the  grass, 
What  I  guess'd  while  I  lay  alone  in  my  bed, 
And  again  as  I  walk'd  the  beach  under  the  paling  stars  of  the 
morning. 

My  ties  and  ballasts  leave  me,  my  elbows  rest  in  sea-gaps, 
I  skirt  sierras,  my  palms  cover  continents, 
I  am  afoot  with  my  vision. 

By  the  city's  quadrangular  houses  —  in   log   huts,  camping  with 

lumbermen, 

Along  the  ruts  of  the  turnpike,  along  the  dry  gulch  and  rivulet  bed, 
Weeding  my  onion-patch  or  hoeing  rows  of  carrots  and  parsnips, 

crossing  savannas,  trailing  in  forests, 

Prospecting,  gold-digging,  girdling  the  trees  of  a  new  purchase, 
Scorch'd  ankle-deep  by  the  hot  sand,  hauling  my  boat  down  the 

shallow  river, 
Where  the  panther  walks  to  and  fro  on  a  limb  overhead,  where 

the  buck  turns  furiously  at  the  hunter, 
Where  the  rattlesnake  suns  his  flabby  length  on  a  rock,  where  the 

otter  is  feeding  on  fish, 
Where  the  alligator  in  his  tough  pimples  sleeps  by  the  bayou, 


56  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Where  the  black  bear  is  searching  for  roots  or  honey,  where  the 

beaver  pats  the  mud  with  his  paddle-shaped  tail ; 
Over  the  growing  sugar,  over  the  yellow-flower'd  cotton  plant,  over 

the  rice  in  its  low  moist  field, 
Over  the  sharp-peak'd  farm  house,  with  its  scallop'd  scum  and 

slender  shoots  from  the  gutters, 
Over  the  western  persimmon,  over  the  long-leav'd  corn,  over  the 

delicate  blue-flower  flax, 
Over  the  white  and  brown  buckwheat,  a  hummer  and  buzzer  there 

with  the  rest, 
Over  the  dusky  green  of  the  rye  as  it  ripples  and  shades  in  the 

breeze ; 
Scaling  mountains,  pulling  myself  cautiously  up,  holding  on  by  low 

scragged  limbs, 
Walking  the  path  worn  in  the  grass  and  beat  through  the  leaves  of 

the  brush, 

Where  the  quail  is  whistling  betwixt  the  woods  and  the  wheat-lot, 
Where  the  bat  flies  in  the  Seventh-month  eve,  where  the  great  gold- 
bug  drops  through  the  dark, 
Where  the  brook  puts  out  of  the  roots  of  the  old  tree  and  flows  to 

the  meadow, 

Where  cattle  stand  and  shake  away  flies  with  the  tremulous  shud 
dering  of  their  hides, 

Where  the  cheese-cloth  hangs  in  the  kitchen,  where  andirons 
straddle  the  hearth-slab,  where  cobwebs  fall  in  festoons 
from  the  rafters ; 

Where  trip-hammers  crash,  where  the  press  is  whirling  its  cylinders, 
Wherever  the  human  heart  beats  with  terrible  throes  under  its 

ribs, 

Where  the  pear-shaped  balloon  is  floating  aloft,  (floating  in  it  my 
self  and  looking  composedly  down,) 
Where  the  life-car  is  drawn  on  the  slip-noose,  where  the  heat 

hatches  pale-green  eggs  in  the  dented  sand, 
Where  the  she-whale  swims  with  her  calf  and  never  forsakes  it, 
Where  the  steam-ship  trails  hind-ways  its  long  pennant  of  smoke, 
Where  the  fin  of  the  shark  cuts  like  a  black  chip  out  of  the  water, 
Where  the  half-burn'd  brig  is  riding  on  unknown  currents, 
Where  shells  grow  to  her  slimy  deck,  where  the  dead  are  corrupt 
ing  below ; 

Where  the  dense-starr'd  flag  is  borne  at  the  head  of  the  regiments, 
Approaching  Manhattan  up  by  the  long-stretching  island, 
Under  Niagara,  the  cataract  falling  like  a  veil  over  my  countenance, 
Upon  a  door-step,  upon  the  horse-block  of  hard  wood  outside, 
Upon  the  race-course,  or  enjoying  picnics  or  jigs  or  a  good  game 
of  base-ball, 


SONG  OF  MYSELF.  57 


At  he-festivals,  with  blackguard  gibes,  ironical  license,  bull-dances, 

drinking,  laughter, 
At  the  cider-mill  tasting  the  sweets  of  the  brown  mash,  sucking 

the  juice  through  a  straw, 

At  apple-peelings  wanting  kisses  for  all  the  red  fruit  I  find, 
At  musters,  beach-parties,  friendly  bees,  huskings,  house-raisings  ; 
Where  the  mocking-bird   sounds    his  delicious   gurgles,  cackles, 

screams,  weeps, 
Where  the  hay-rick  stands  in  the  barn-yard,  where  the  dry-stalks 

are  scatter'd,  where  the  brood-cow  waits  in  the  hovel, 
Where  the  bull  advances  to  do  his  masculine  work,  where  the  stud 

to  the  mare,  where  the  cock  is  treading  the  hen, 
Where  the  heifers  browse,  where  geese  nip  their  food  with  short 

jerks, 
Where  sun-down  shadows  lengthen  over  the  limitless  and  lonesome 

prairie, 
Where  herds  of  buffalo  make  a  crawling  spread  of  the  square 

miles  far  and  near, 

Where  the  humming-bird  shimmers,  where  the  neck  of  the  long- 
lived  swan  is  curving  and  winding, 
Where  the  laughing-gull  scoots  by  the  shore,  where  she  laughs  her 

near-human  laugh, 
Where  bee- hives  range  on  a  gray  bench  in  the  garden  half  hid  by 

the  high  weeds, 
Where  band-neck'd  partridges  roost  in  a  ring  on  the  ground  with 

their  heads  out, 

Where  burial  coaches  enter  the  arch'd  gates  of  a  cemetery, 
Where  winter  wolves  bark  amid  wastes  of  snow  and  icicled  trees, 
Where  the  yellow-crown'd  heron  comes  to  the  edge  of  the  marsh 

at  night  and  feeds  upon  small  crabs, 

Where  the  splash  of  swimmers  and  divers  cools  the  warm  noon, 
Where  the  katy-did  works  her  chromatic  reed  on  the  walnut-tree 

over  the  well, 

Through  patches  of  citrons  and  cucumbers  with  silver-wired  leaves, 
Through  the  salt-lick  or  orange  glade,  or  under  conical  firs, 
Through  the  gymnasium,  through  the  curtain'd  saloon,  through  the 

office  or  public  hall ; 
Pleas'd  with  the  native  and  pleas'd  with  the  foreign,  pleas'd  with 

the  new  and  old, 

Pleas'd  with  the  homely  woman  as  well  as  the  handsome, 
Pleas'd  with  the  quakeress  as  she  puts  off  her  bonnet  and  talks 

melodiously, 

Pleas'd  with  the  tune  of  the  choir  of  the  whitewash'd  church, 
Pleas'd  with  the  earnest  words  of  the  sweating  Methodist  preach 
er,  impress'd  seriously  at  the  camp-meeting ; 


58  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Looking  in  at  the  shop-windows  of  Broadway  the  whole  forenoon, 

flatting  the  flesh  of  my  nose  on  the  thick  plate  glass, 
Wandering  the  same  afternoon  with  my  face   turn'd  up  to  the 

clouds,  or  down  a  lane  or  along  the  beach, 
My  right  and  left  arms  round  the  sides  of  two  friends,  and  I  in  the 

middle ; 
Coming  home  with  the  silent  and  dark-cheek'd  bush-boy,  (behind 

me  he  rides  at  the  drape  of  the  day,) 
Far  from  the  settlements  studying  the  print  of  animals'  feet,  or 

the  moccasin  print, 

P>y  the  cot  in  the  hospital  reaching  lemonade  to  a  feverish  patient, 
Nigh  the  coffin'd  corpse  when  all  is  still,  examining  with  a  candle ; 
Voyaging  to_every  port  to  dicker  and  adventure, 
Hurrying  with  the  modern  crowd  as  eager  and  fickle  as  any, 
Hot  toward  one  I  hate,  ready  in  my  madness  to  knife  him, 
Solitary  at  midnight  in  my  back  yard,  my  thoughts  gone  from  me 

a  long  while, 
Walking  the  old  hills  of  Judaea  with  the  beautiful  gentle  God  by 

my  side, 

Speeding  through  space,  speeding  through  heaven  and  the  stars, 
Speeding  amid  the  seven  satellites  and  the  broad  ring,  and  the 

diameter  of  eighty  thousand  miles, 

Speeding  with  tail'd  meteors,  throwing  fire-balls  like  the  rest, 
Carrying   the   crescent  child  that  carries  its  own  full  mother  in 

its  belly, 

Storming,  enjoying,  planning,  loving,  cautioning, 
Backing  and  filling,  appearing  and  disappearing, 
I  tread  day  and  night  such  roads. 

I  visit  the  orchards  of  spheres  and  look  at  the  product, 

And  look  at  quintillions  ripen'd  and  look  at  quintillions  green. 

I  fly  those  flights  of  a  fluid  and  swallowing  soul, 
My  course  runs  below  the  soundings  of  plummets. 

I  help  myself  to  material  and  immaterial, 
No  guard  can  shut  me  off,  no  law  prevent  me. 

I  anchor  my  ship  for  a  little  while  only, 

My  messengers  continually  cruise  away  or  bring  their  returns  to  me. 

I  go  hunting  polar  furs  and  the  seal,  leaping  chasms  with  a  pike- 
pointed  staff,  clinging  to  topples  of  brittle  and  blue. 

I  ascend  to  the  foretruck, 


Save  OF  MYSELF.  59 

I  take  my  place  late  at  night  in  the  crow's-nest, 
We  sail  the  arctic  sea,  it  is  plenty  light  enough, 
Through  the  clear  atmosphere  I  stretch  around  on  the  wonderful 

beauty, 
The  enormous  masses  of  ice  pass  me  and  I  pass  them,  the  scenery 

is  plain  in  all  directions, 
The  white-topt  mountains  show  in  the  distance,  I  fling  out  my 

fancies  toward  them, 
We  are  approaching  some  great  battle-field  in  which  we  are  soon 

to  be  engaged, 
We  pass  the  colossal  outposts  of  the  encampment,  we  pass  with 

still  feet  and  caution, 

Or  we  are  entering  by  the  suburbs  some  vast  and  ruin'd  city, 
The  blocks  and  fallen  architecture  more  than  all  the  living  cities 

of  the  globe. 

I  am  a  free  companion,  I  bivouac  by  invading  watchfires, 

I  turn  the  bridegroom  out  of  bed  and  stay  with  the  bride  myself, 

I  tighten  her  all  night  to  my  thighs  and  lips. 

My  voice  is  the  wife's  voice,  the  screech  by  the  rail  of  the  stairs, 
They  fetch  my  man's  body  up  dripping  and  drown'd. 

I  understand  the  large  hearts  of  heroes, 

The  courage  of  present  times  and  all  times, 

How  the  skipper  saw  the  crowded  and  rudderless  wreck  of  the 
steam-ship,  and  Death  chasing  it  up  and  down  the  storm, 

How  he  knuckled  tight  and  gave  not  back  an  inch,  and  was  faith 
ful  of  days  and  faithful  of  nights, 

And  chalk'd  in  large  letters  on  a  board,  Be  of  good  cheer,  we  will 
not  desert  you  ; 

How  he  follow'd  with  them  and  tack'd  with  them  three  days  and 
would  not  give  it  up, 

How  he  saved  the  drifting  company  at  last, 

How  the  lank  loose-gown'd  women  look'd  when  boated  from  the 
side  of  their  prepared  graves, 

How  the  silent  old-faced  infants  and  the  lifted  sick,  and  the  sharp- 
lipp'd  unshaved  men ; 

All  this  I  swallow,  it  tastes  good,  I  like  it  well,  it  becomes  mine, 

I  am  the  man,  I  suffer'd,  I  was  there. 

The  disdain  and  calmness  of  martyrs, 

The  mother  of  old,  condemn'd  for  a  witch,  burnt  with  dry  wood, 
her  children  gazing  on, 

The  hounded  slave  that  flags  in  the  race,  leans  by  the  fence,  blow 
ing,  cover'd  with  sweat, 


60  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


The  twinges  that  sting  like  needles  his  legs  and  neck,  the  mur 
derous  buckshot  and  the  bullets, 
All  these  I  feel  or  am. 

I  am  the  hounded  slave,  I  wince  at  the  bite  of  the  dogs, 

Hell  and  despair  are  upon  me,  crack  and  again  crack  the  marks 
men, 

I  clutch  the  rails  of  the  fence,  my  gore  dribs,  thinn'd  with  the 
ooze  of  my  skin, 

I  fall  on  the  weeds  and  stones, 

The  riders  spur  their  unwilling  horses,  haul  close, 

Taunt  my  dizzy  ears  and  beat  me  violently  over  the  head  with 
whip-stocks. 

Agonies  are  one  of  my  changes  of  garments, 

I  do  not  ask  the  wounded  person  how  he  feels,  I  myself  become 

the  wounded  person, 
My  hurts  turn  livid  upon  me  as  I  lean  on  a  cane  and  observe. 

I  am  the  mash'd  fireman  with  breast-bone  broken, 
Tumbling  walls  buried  me  in  their  debris, 

Heat  and  smoke  I  inspired,  I  heard  the  yelling  shouts  of  my  com 
rades, 

I  heard  the  distant  click  of  their  picks  and  shovels, 
They  have  clear'd  the  beams  away,  they  tenderly  lift  me  forth. 

I  lie  in  the  night  air  in  my  red  shirt,  the  pervading  hush  is  for  my 

sake, 

Painless  after  all  I  lie  exhausted  but  not  so  unhappy, 
White  and  beautiful  are  the  faces  around  me,  the  heads  are  bared 

of  their  fire-caps, 
The  kneeling  crowd  fades  with  the  light  of  the  torches. 

Distant  and  dead  resuscitate, 

They  show  as  the  dial  or  move  as  the  hands  of  me,  I  am  the  clock 
myself. 

I  am  an  old  artillerist,  I  tell  of  my  fort's  bombardment, 
I  am  there  again. 

Again  the  long  roll  of  the  drummers, 
Again  the  attacking  cannon,  mortars, 
Again  to  my  listening  ears  the  cannon  responsive. 

I  take  part,  I  see  and  hear  the  whole, 


OF  MYSELF.  6  1 


The  cries,  curses,  roar,  the  plaudits  for  well-aim'd  shots, 

The  ambulanza  slowly  passing  trailing  its  red  drip, 

Workmen  searching  after  damages,  making  indispensable  repairs, 

The  fall  of  grenades  through  the  rent  roof,  the  fan-shaped  explo 

sion, 
The  whizz  of  limbs,  heads,  stone,  wood,  iron,  high  in  the  air. 

Again  gurgles  the  mouth  of  my  dying  general,  he  furiously  waves 

with  his  hand, 
He  gasps  through  the  clot  Mind  not  me  —  mind  —  the  entrench 

ments. 

34 

Now  I  tell  what  I  knew  in  Texas  in  my  early  youth, 
(I  tell  not  the  fall  of  Alamo, 
Not  one  escaped  to  tell  the  fall  of  Alamo, 
The  hundred  and  fifty  are  dumb  yet  at  Alamo,) 
'Tis  the  tale  of  the  murder  in  cold  blood  of  four  hundred  and 
twelve  young  men. 

Retreating  they  had  form'd  in  a  hollow  square  with  their  baggage 

for  breastworks, 
Nine  hundred  lives  out  of  the  surrounding  enemy's,  nine  times 

their  number,  was  the  price  they  took  in  advance, 
Their  colonel  was  wounded  and  their  ammunition  gone, 
They  treated  for  an  honorable  capitulation,  receiv'd  writing  and 

seal,  gave  up  their  arms  and  march'd  back  prisoners  of  war. 

They  were  the  glory  of  the  race  of  rangers, 

Matchless  with  horse,  rifle,  song,  supper,  courtship, 

Large,  turbulent,  generous,  handsome,  proud,  and  affectionate, 

Bearded,  sunburnt,  drest  in  the  free  costume  of  hunters, 

Not  a  single  one  over  thirty  years  of  age. 

The  second  First-day  morning  they  were  brought  out  in  squads 

and  massacred,  it  was  beautiful  early  summer, 
The  work  commenced  about  five  o'clock  and  was  over  by  eight. 

None  obey'd  the  command  to  kneel, 

Some    made   a   mad   and   helpless  rush,  some    stood    stark   and 

straight, 
A  few  fell  at  once,  shot  in  the  temple  or  heart,  the  living  and  dead 

lay  together, 
The  maim'd  and  mangled  dug  in  the  dirt,  the  new-comers  saw 

them  there, 


62  LEATES  OF  GRASS. 

Some  half-kill'd  attempted  to  crawl  away, 

These  were  despatch'd  with  bayonets  or  batter'd  with  the  blunts 

of  muskets, 
A  youth  not  seventeen  years  old  seiz'd  his  assassin  till  two  more 

came  to  release  him, 
The  three  were  all  torn  and  cover'd  with  the  boy's  blood. 

At  eleven  o'clock  began  the  burning  of  the  bodies ; 
That  is  the  tale  of  the  murder  of  the  four  hundred  and  twelve 
young  men. 

35 

Would  you  hear  of  an  old-time  sea-fight? 

Would  you  learn  who  won  by  the  light  of  the  moon  and  stars  ? 

List  to  the  yarn,  as  my  grandmother's  father  the  sailor  told  it  to  me. 

Our  foe  was  no  skulk  in  his  ship  I  tell  you,  (said  he,) 

His  was  the  surly  English  pluck,  and  there  is  no  tougher  or  truer, 

and  never  was,  and  never  will  be  ; 
Along  the  lovver'd  eve  he  came  horribly  raking  us. 

We  closed  with  him,  the  yards  entangled,  the  cannon  touch'd, 
My  captain  lash'd  fast  with  his  own  hands. 

We  had  receiv'd  some  eighteen  pound  shots  under  the  water, 
On  our  lower-gun-deck  two  large  pieces  had  burst  at  the  first  fire, 
killing  all  around  and  blowing  up  overhead. 

Fighting  at  sun-down,  fighting  at  dark, 

Ten  o'clock  at  night,  the  full  moon  well  up,  our  leaks  on  the  gain, 

and  five  feet  of  water  reported, 
The  master-at-arms  loosing  the  prisoners  confined  in  the  after-hold 

to  give  them  a  chance  for  themselves. 

The  transit  to  and  from  the  magazine  is  now  stopt  by  the  sentinels, 
They  see  so  many  strange  faces  they  do  not  know  whom  to  trust. 

Our  frigate  takes  fire, 

The  other  asks  if  we  demand  quarter? 

If  our  colors  are  struck  and  the  fighting  done? 

Now  I  laugh  content,  for  I  hear  the  voice  of  my  little  captain, 
We  have  not  struck,  he  composedly  cries,  we  have  just  begun  our 
part  of  the  fighting. 


Soyc  of  MYSELF.  63 

Only  three  guns  are  in  use, 

One  is  directed  by  the  captain  himself  against  the  enemy's  main 
mast, 

Two  well  serv'd  with  grape  and  canister  silence  his  musketry  and 
clear  his  decks. 

The  tops  alone  second  the  fire  of  this  little  battery,  especially  the 

main- top, 
They  hold  out  bravely  during  the  whole  of  the  action. 

Not  a  moment's  cease, 

The  leaks  gain  fast  on  the  pumps,  the  fire  eats  toward  the  powder- 
magazine. 

One  of  the  pumps  has  been  shot  away,  it  is  generally  thought  we 
are  sinking. 

Serene  stands  the  little  captain, 

He  is  not  hurried,  his  voice  is  neither  high  nor  low, 

His  eyes  give  more  light  to  us  than  our  battle-lanterns. 

Toward  twelve  there  in  the  beams  of  the  moon  they  surrender  to 
us. 

36 

Stretch'd  and  still  lies  the  midnight, 

Two  great  hulls  motionless  on  the  breast  of  the  darkness, 

Our  vessel  riddled  and  slowly  sinking,  preparations  to  pass  to  the 

one  we  have  conquer'd, 
The  captain  on  the  quarter-deck  coldly  giving  his  orders  through 

a  countenance  white  as  a  sheet, 

Near  by  the  corpse  of  the  child  that  serv'd  in  the  cabin, 
The  dead  face  of  an  old  salt  with  long  white  hair  and  carefully 

curl'd  whiskers, 

The  flames  spite  of  all  that  can  be  done  flickering  aloft  and  below, 
The  husky  voices  of  the  two  or  three  officers  yet  fit  for  duty, 
Formless  stacks  of  bodies  and  bodies  by  themselves,  dabs  of  flesh 

upon  the  masts  and  spars, 
Cut  of  cordage,  dangle  of  rigging,  slight  shock  of  the  soothe  of 

waves, 

Black  and  impassive  guns,  litter  of  powder-parcels,  strong  scent, 
A  few  large  stars  overhead,  silent  and  mournful  shining, 
Delicate  sniffs  of  sea-breeze,  smells  of  sedgy  grass  and  fields  by  the 

shore,  death-messages  given  in  charge  to  survivors, 
The  hiss  of  the  surgeon's  knife,  the  gnawing  teeth  of  his  saw, 


64  LEASES  OF  CRASS. 


Wheeze,  cluck,  swash  of  falling  blood,  short  wild  scream,  and  long, 

dull,  tapering  groan, 
These  so,  these  irretrievable. 

37 

You  laggards  there  on  guard  !  look  to  your  arms  ! 

In  at  the  conquer 'd  doors  they  crowd  !  I  am  possess'd  ! 

Embody  all  presences  outlaw'd  or  suffering, 

See  myself  in  prison  shaped  like  another  man, 

And  feel  the  dull  unintermitted  pain. 

For  me  the  keepers  of  convicts  shoulder  their  carbines  and  keep 

watch, 
It  is  I  let  out  in  the  morning  and  barr'd  at  night. 

Not  a  mutineer  walks  handcuff'd  to  jail  but  I  am  handcuff'd  to 

him  and  walk  by  his  side, 
(I  am  less  the  jolly  one  there,  and  more  the  silent  one  with  sweat 

on  my  twitching  lips.) 

Not  a  youngster  is  taken  for  larceny  but  I  go  up  too,  and  am  tried 
and  sentenced. 

Not  a  cholera  patient  lies  at  the  last  gasp  but  I  also  lie  at  the  last 

gasp, 
My  face  is  ash-color'd,  my  sinews  gnarl,  away  from  me  people 

retreat.  ' 

Askers  embody  themselves  in  me  and  I  am  embodied  in  them, 
I  project  my  hat,  sit  shame-faced,  and  beg. 

38 

Enough  !  enough  !  enough  ! 

Somehow  I  have  been  stunn'd.     Stand  back  ! 

Give  me  a  little  time  beyond  my  cuff 'd  head,  slumbers,  dreams, 

gaping, 
I  discover  myself  on  the  verge  of  a  usual  mistake. 

That  I  could  forget  the  mockers  and  insults  ! 

That  I  could  forget  the  trickling  tears  and  the  blows  of  the  bludg 
eons  and  hammers  ! 

That  I  could  look  with  a  separate  look  on  my  own  crucifixion  and 
bloody  crowning. 


Sows  OF  MYSELF.  65 


I  remember  now, 

I  resume  the  overstaid  fraction, 

The  grave  of  rock  multiplies  what  has  been  confided  to  it,  or  to 

any  graves, 
Corpses  rise,  gashes  heal,  fastenings  roll  from  me. 

I  troop  forth  replenish'd  with  supreme  power,  one  of  an  average 

unending  procession, 

Inland  and  sea-coast  we  go,  and  pass  all  boundary  lines, 
Our  swift  ordinances  on  their  way  over  the  whole  earth, 
The  blossoms  we  wear  in  our  hats  the  growth  of  thousands  of 

years. 

Eleves,  I  salute  you  !  come  forward  ! 

Continue  your  annotations,  continue  your  questionings. 

39 

The  friendly  and  flowing  savage,  who  is  he  ? 

Is  he  waiting  for  civilization,  or  past  it  and  mastering  it  ? 

Is  he  some  Southwesterner  rais'd  out-doors  ?  is  he  Kanadian  ? 
Is  he  from  the  Mississippi  country?  Iowa,  Oregon,  California? 
The  mountains  ?  prairie-life,  bush-life  ?  or  sailor  from  the  sea  ? 

Wherever  he  goes  men  and  women  accept  and  desire  him, 
They  desire  he  should  like  them,  touch  them,  speak  to  them,  stay 
with  them. 

Behavior  lawless  as  snow-flakes,  words  simple  as  grass,  uncomb'd 
head,  laughter,  and  naivete, 

Slow-stepping  feet,  common  features,  common  modes  and  ema 
nations, 

They  descend  in  new  forms  from  the  tips  of  his  ringers, 

They  are  wafted  with  the  odor  of  his  body  or  breath,  they  fly  out 
of  the  glance  of  his  eyes. 

40 

Flaunt  of  the  sunshine  I  need  not  your  bask  —  lie  over  ! 
You  light  surfaces  only,  I  force  surfaces  and  depths  also. 

Earth  !  you  seem  to  look  for  something  at  my  hands, 
Say,  old  top-knot,  what  do  you  want? 

Man  or  woman,  I  might  tell  how  I  like  you,  but  cannot, 


66  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

And  might  tell  what  it  is  in  me  and  what  it  is  in  you,  but  cannot, 
And  might  tell  that  pining  I  have,  that  pulse  of  my  nights  and 
days. 

Behold,  I  do  not  give  lectures  or  a  little  charity, 
When  I  give  I  give  myself. 

You  there,  impotent,  loose  in  the  knees, 

Open  your  scarf 'd  chops  till  I  blow  grit  within  you, 

Spread  your  palms  and  lift  the  flaps  of  your  pockets, 

I  am  not  to  be  denied,  I  compel,  I  have  stores  plenty  and  to  spare, 

And  any  thing  I  have  I  bestow. 

I  do  not  ask  who  you  are,  that  is  not  important  to  me, 

You  can  do  nothing  and  be  nothing  but  what  I  will  infold  you. 

To  cotton -field  drudge  or  cleaner  of  privies  I  lean, 
On  his  right  cheek  I  put  the  family  kiss, 
And  in  my  soul  I  swear  I  never  will  deny  him. 

On  women  fit  for  conception  I  start  bigger  and  nimbler  babes, 
(This  day  I  am  jetting  the  stuff  of  far  more  arrogant  republics.) 

To  any  one  dying,  thither  I  speed  and  twist  the  knob  of  the  door, 
Turn  the  bed-clothes  toward  the  foot  of  the  bed, 
Let  the  physician  and  the  priest  go  home. 

I  seize  the  descending  man  and  raise  him  with  resistless  will, 

0  despairer,  here  is  my  neck, 

By  God,  you  shall  not  go  down  !  hang  your  whole  weight  upon  me. 

1  dilate  you  with  tremendous  breath,  I  buoy  you  up, 
Every  room  of  the  house  do  I  fill  with  an  arm'd  force, 
Lovers  of  me,  bafflers  of  graves. 

Sleep  —  I  and  they  keep  guard  all  night, 

Not  doubt,  not  decease  shall  dare  to  lay  finger  upon  you, 

I  have  embraced  you,  and  henceforth  possess  you  to  myself, 

And  when  you  rise  in  the  morning  you  will  find  what  I  tell  you  is  so. 

41 

I  am  he  bringing  help  for  the  sick  as  they  pant  on  their  hacks, 
And  for  strong  upright  men  I  bring  yet  more  needed  help. 


SONG  OF  MYSELF.  67 

I  heard  what  was  said  of  the  universe, 

Heard  it  and  heard  it  of  several  thousand  years  ; 

It  is  middling  well  as  far  as  it  goes  —  but  is  that  all? 

Magnifying  and  applying  come  I, 

Outbidding  at  the  start  the  old  cautious  hucksters, 

Taking  myself  the  exact  dimensions  of  Jehovah, 

Lithographing  Kronos,  Zeus  his  son,  and  Hercules  his  grandson, 

Buying  drafts  of  Osiris,  Isis,  Belus,  Brahma,  Buddha, 

In  my  portfolio  placing  Manito  loose,  Allah  on  a  leaf,  the  crucifix 

engraved, 

With  Odin  and  the  hideous-faced  Mexitli  and  every  idol  and  image, 
Taking  them  all  for  what  they  are  worth  and  not  a  cent  more, 
Admitting  they  were  alive  and  did  the  work  of  their  days, 
(They  bore  mites  as  for  unfledg'd  birds  who  have  now  to  rise  and 

fly  and  sing  for  themselves,) 
Accepting  the  rough  deific  sketches  to  fill  out  better  in  myself, 

bestowing  them  freely  on  each  man  and  woman  I  see, 
Discovering  as  much  or  more  in  a  framer  framing  a  house, 
Putting  higher  claims  for  him  there  with  his  roll'd-up  sleeves  driving 

the  mallet  and  chisel, 
Not  objecting  to  special  revelations,  considering  a  curl  of  smoke 

or  a  hair  on  the  back  of  my  hand  just  as  curious  as  any 

revelation, 
Lads  ahold  of  fire-engines  and  hook-and-ladder  ropes  no  less  to 

me  than  the  gods  of  the  antique  wars, 
Minding  their  voices  peal  through  the  crash  of  destruction, 
Their  brawny  limbs  passing  safe  over  charr'd   laths,  their  white 

foreheads  whole  and  unhurt  out  of  the  flames  ; 
By  the  mechanic's  wife  with  her  babe  at  her  nipple  interceding  for 

every  person  born, 
Three  scythes  at  harvest  whizzing  in  a  row  from  three  lusty  angels 

with  shirts  bagg'd  out  at  their  waists, 
The  snag-tooth'd  hostler  with  red  hair  redeeming  sins  past  and  to 

come, 
Selling  all  he  possesses,  traveling  on  foot  to  fee  lawyers  for  his 

brother  and  sit  by  him  while  he  is  tried  for  forgery ; 
What  was  strewn  in  the  amplest  strewing  the  square  rod  about 

me,  and  not  filling  the  square  rod  then, 
The  bull  and  the  bug  never  worshipp'd  half  enough. 
Dung  and  dirt  more  admirable  than  was  dream'd, 
The  supernatural  of  no  account,  myself  waiting  my  time  to  be  one 

of  the  supremes, 
'The  day  getting  ready  for  me  when  I  shall  do  as  much  good  as 

the  best,  and  be  as  prodigious  ; 


68  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


By  my  life-lumps  !  becoming  already  a  creator, 

Putting  myself  here  and  now  to  the  ambush'd  womb  of  the  shadows. 


A  call  in  the  midst  of  the  crowd, 

My  own  voice,  orotund  sweeping  and  final. 

Come  my  children, 

Come  my  boys  and  girls,  my  women,  household  and  intimates, 
Now  the  performer  launches  his  nerve,  he  has  pass'd  his  prelude 
on  the  reeds  within. 

Easily  written  loose-finger'd  chords  —  I  feel  the  thrum  of  your 
climax  and  close. 

My  head  slues  round  on  my  neck, 

Music  rolls,  but  not  from  the  organ, 

Folks  are  around  me,  but  they  are  no  household  of  mine. 

Ever  the  hard  unsunk  ground, 

Ever  the  eaters  and  drinkers,  ever  the  upward  and  downward  sun.. 

ever  the  air  and  the  ceaseless  tides, 
Ever  myself  and  my  neighbors,  refreshing,  wicked,  real, 
Ever  the  old  inexplicable  query,  ever  that  thorn'd  thumb,  that 

breath  of  itches  and  thirsts, 
Ever  the  vexer's  hoot!  hoot !  till  we  find  where  the  sly  one  hides, 

and  bring  him  forth, 

Ever  love,  ever  the  sobbing  liquid  of  life. 
Ever  the  bandage  under  the  chin,  ever  the  trestles  of  death. 

Here  and  there  with  dimes  on  the  eyes  walking, 
To  feed  the  greed  of  the  belly  the  brains  liberally  spooning, 
Tickets  buying,  taking,  selling,  but  in  to  the  feast  never  once  going,. 
Many  sweating,  ploughing,  thrashing,  and  then  the  chaff  for  pay 
ment  receiving, 
A  few  idly  owning,  and  they  the  wheat  continually  claiming. 

This  is  the  city  and  I  am  one  of  the  citizens, 

Whatever  interests  the  rest  interests  me,  politics,  wars,  markets,. 

newspapers,  schools, 
The  mayor  and  councils,  banks,  tariffs,  steamships,  factories,  stocks, 

stores,  real  estate  and  personal  estate. 

The  little  plentiful  manikins  skipping  around  in  collars  and  tail'd 
coats, 


SOA'G   OF  Mr  SELF.  69 

I  am  aware  who  they  are,  (they  are  positively  not  worms  or  fleas,) 
I  acknowledge  the  duplicates  of  myself,  the  weakest  and  shallowest 

is  deathless  with  me, 

What  I  do  and  say  the  same  waits  for  them, 
Every  thought  that  flounders  in  me  the  same  flounders  in  them. 

I  know  perfectly  well  my  own  egotism, 

Know  my  omnivorous  lines  and  must  not  write  any  less, 

And  would  fetch  you  whoever  you  are  flush  with  myself. 

Not  words  of  routine  this  song  of  mine, 

But  abruptly  to  question,  to  leap  beyond  yet  nearer  bring ; 

This  printed  and  bound  book  —  but  the  printer  and  the  printing- 
office  boy? 

The  well-taken  photographs  —  but  your  wife  or  friend  close  and 
solid  in  your  arms  ? 

The  black  ship  mail'd  with  iron,  her  mighty  guns  in  her  turrets  — 
but  the  pluck  of  the  captain  and  engineers? 

In  the  houses  the  dishes  and  fare  and  furniture  —  but  the  host  and 
hostess,  and  the  look  out  of  their  eyes? 

The  sky  up  there  —  yet  here  or  next  door,  or  across  the  way? 

The  saints  and  sages  in  history  —  but  you  yourself  ? 

-Sermons,  creeds,  theology  —  but  the  fathomless  human  brain, 

And  what  is  reason  ?  and  what  is  love  ?  and  what  is  life  ? 

43 

I  do  not  despise  you  priests,  all  time,  the  world  over, 
My  faith  is  the  greatest  of  faiths  and  the  least  of  faiths, 
Enclosing  worship  ancient  and  modern  and  all  between  ancient 

and  modern, 
Believing  I  shall  come  again  upon  the  earth  after  five  thousand 

years, 
Waiting  responses  from  oracles,  honoring  the  gods,  saluting  the 

sun, 
Making  a  fetich  of  the  first  rock  or  stump,  powowing  with  sticks  in 

the  circle  of  obis, 

Helping  the  llama  or  brahmin  as  he  trims  the  lamps  of  the  idols, 
Dancing  yet  through  the  streets  in  a  phallic  procession,  rapt  and 

austere  in  the  woods  a  gymnosophist, 
Drinking  mead  from  the  skull-cup,  to  Shastas  and  Vedas  admirant, 

minding  the  Koran, 
Walking  the  teokallis,  spotted  with  gore  from  the  stone  and  knife, 

beating  the  serpent-skin  drum, 
Accepting  the  Gospels,  accepting  him  that  was  crucified,  knowing 

assuredly  that  he  is  divine, 


70  LEATES  of  GRASS 

To   the   mass   kneeling   or  the  puritan's  prayer  rising,  or  sitting 

patiently  in  a  pew, 
Ranting  and  frothing  in  my  insane  crisis,  or  waiting  dead-like  till 

my  spirit  arouses  me, 
Looking  forth  on  pavement  and  land,  or  outside  of  pavement  and 

land, 
Belonging  to  the  winders  of  the  circuit  of  circuits. 

One  of  that  centripetal  and  centrifugal  gang  I  turn  and  talk  like  a 
man  leaving  charges  before  a  journey. 

Down-hearted  doubters  dull  and  excluded, 

Frivolous,  sullen,  moping,  angry,  affected,  dishearten'd,  atheistical, 
I   know  every  one   of  you,  I  know  the  sea  of  torment,  doubt, 
despair  and  unbelief. 

How  the  flukes  splash  ! 

How  they  contort  rapid  as  lightning,  with  spasms  and  spouts  of 
blood  ! 

Be  at  peace  bloody  flukes  of  doubters  and  sullen  mopers, 
I  take  my  place  among  you  as  much  as  among  any, 
The  past  is  the  push  of  you,  me,  all,  precisely  the  same, 
And  what  is  yet  untried  and  afterward  is  for  you,  me,  all,  precisely 
the  same. 

I  do  not  know  what  is  untried  and  afterward, 

But  I  know  it  will  in  its  turn  prove  sufficient,  and  cannot  fail. 

Each  who  passes  is  consider'd,  each  who  stops  is  consider'd,  not 
a  single  one  can  it  fail. 

It  cannot  fail  the  young  man  who  died  and  was  buried, 

Nor  the  young  woman  who  died  and  was  put  by  his  side, 

Nor  the  little  child  that  peep'd  in  at  the  door,  and  then  drew  back 

and  was  never  seen  again, 
Nor  the  old  man  who  has  lived  without  purpose,  and  feels  it  with 

bitterness  worse  than  gall, 

Nor  him  in  the  poor  house  tubercled  by  rum  and  the  bad  dis 
order, 
Nor  the  numberless  slaughter'd  and  wreck'd,  nor  the  brutish  koboo 

call'd  the  ordure  of  humanity, 

Nor  the  sacs  merely  floating  with  open  mouths  for  food  to  slip  in, 
Nor  any  thing  in  the  earth,  or  down  in  the  oldest  graves  of  the 
earth, 


OF  MYSELF.  Ji 


Nor  any  thing   in   the  myriads  of  spheres,  nor  the  myriads  of 

myriads  that  inhabit  them, 
Nor  the  present,  nor  the  least  wisp  that  is  known. 

44 
It  is  time  to  explain  myself  —  let  us  stand  up. 

What  is  known  I  strip  away, 

I  launch  all  men  and  women  forward  with  me  into  the  Unknown. 

The  clock  indicates  the  moment  —  but  what  does  eternity  indicate  ? 

We  have  thus  far  exhausted  trillions  of  winters  and  summers, 
There  are  trillions  ahead,  and  trillions  ahead  of  them. 

Births  have  brought  us  richness  and  variety, 

And  other  births  will  bring  us  richness  and  variety. 

I  do  not  call  one  greater  and  one  smaller, 

That  which  fills  its  period  and  place  is  equal  to  any. 

Were  mankind  murderous  or  jealous  upon  you,  my  brother,  my 

sister  ? 

I  am  sorry  for  you,  they  are  not  murderous  or  jealous  upon  me, 
All  has  been  gentle  with  me,  I  keep  no  account  with  lamentation, 
(What  have  I  to  do  with  lamentation  ?) 

I  am  an  acme  of  things  accomplished,  and  I  an  encloser  of  things 
to  be. 

My  feet  strike  an  apex  of  the  apices  of  the  stairs, 

On  every  step  bunches  of  ages,  and  larger  bunches  between  the 

steps, 
All  below  duly  travel'd,  and  still  I  mount  and  mount. 

Rise  after  rise  bow  the  phantoms  behind  me, 
Afar  down  I  see  the  huge  first  Nothing,  I  know  I  was  even  there, 
I  waited  unseen  and  always,  and  slept  through  the  lethargic  mist, 
And  took  my  time,  and  took  no  hurt  from  the  fetid  carbon. 

Long  I  was  hugg'd  close  —  long  and  long. 

Immense  have  been  the  preparations  for  me, 
Faithful  and  friendly  the  arms  that  have  help'd  me. 


72  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Cycles  ferried  my  cradle,  rowing  and  rowing  like  cheerful  boatmen, 
For  room  to  me  stars  kept  aside  in  their  own  rings, 
They  sent  influences  to  look  after  what  was  to  hold  me. 

Before  I  was  born  out  of  my  mother  generations  guided  me, 
My  embryo  has  never  been  torpid,  nothing  could  overlay  it. 

For  it  the  nebula  cohered  to  an  orb, 
The  long  slow  strata  piled  to  rest  it  on, 
Vast  vegetables  gave  it  sustenance, 

Monstrous  sauroids  transported  it  in  their  mouths  and  deposited 
it  with  care. 

All  forces  have  been  steadily  employ'd  to  complete  and  delight  me, 
Now  on  this  spot  I  stand  with  my  robust  soul. 

45 

O  span  of  youth  !  ever-push'd  elasticity  ! 

0  manhood,  balanced,  florid  and  full. 

My  lovers  suffocate  me, 

Crowding  my  lips,  thick  in  the  pores  of  my  skin, 

Jostling  me  through  streets  and  public  halls,  coming  naked  to  me 

at  night, 
Crying  by  day  Ahoy!  from  the  rocks  of  the  river,  swinging  and 

chirping  over  my  head, 

Calling  my  name  from  flower-beds,  vines,  tangled  underbrush, 
Lighting  on  every  moment  of  my  life, 
Bussing  my  body  with  soft  balsamic  busses, 
Noiselessly  passing  handfuls  out  of  their  hearts  and  giving  them 

to  be  mine. 

Old  age   superbly  rising !  O  welcome,  ineffable   grace   of  dying 
days  ! 

Every  condition  promulges  not  only  itself,  it  promulges  what  grows 

after  and  out  of  itself, 
And  the  dark  hush  promulges  as  much  as  any. 

1  open  my  scuttle  at  night  and  see  the  far-sprinkled  systems, 
And  all  I  see  multiplied  as  high  as  I  can  cipher  edge  but  the  rim 

of  the  farther  systems. 

Wider  and  wider  they  spread,  expanding,  always  expanding, 
Outward  and  outward  and  forever  outward. 


SONG  OF  MYSELF. 


My  sun  has  his  sun  and  round  him  obediently  wheels, 
He  joins  with  his  partners  a  group  of  superior  circuit, 
And  greater  sets  follow,  making  specks  of  the  greatest  inside  them. 

There  is  no  stoppage  and  never  can  be  stoppage, 

If  I,  you,  and  the  worlds,  and  all  beneath  or  upon  their  surfaces, 

were  this  moment  reduced  back  to  a  pallid  float,  it  would 

not  avail  in  the  long  run, 

We  should  surely  bring  up  again  where  we  now  stand, 
And  surely  go  as  much  farther,  and  then  farther  and  farther. 

A  few  quadrillions  of  eras,  a  few  octillions  of  cubic  leagues,  do  not 

hazard  the  span  or  make  it  impatient, 
They  are  but  parts,  any  thing  is  but  a  part. 

See  ever  so  far,  there  is  limitless  space  outside  of  that, 
Count  ever  so  much,  there  is  limitless  time  around  that. 

My  rendezvous  is  appointed,  it  is  certain, 

The  Lord  will  be  there  and  wait  till  I  come  on  perfect  terms, 

The  great  Camerado,  the  lover  true  for  whom  I  pine  will  be  there. 

46 

I  know  I  have  the  best  of  time  and  space,  and  was  never  measured 
and  never  will  be  measured. 

I  tramp  a  perpetual  journey,  (come  listen  all  !) 

My  signs  are  a  rain-proof  coat,  good  shoes,  and  a  staff  cut  from 

the  woods, 

No  friend  of  mine  takes  his  ease  in  my  chair, 
I  have  no  chair,  no  church,  no  philosophy, 
I  lead  no  man  to  a  dinner-table,  library,  exchange, 
But  each  man  and  each  woman  of  you  I  lead  upon  a  knoll, 
My  left  hand  hooking  you  round  the  waist, 
My  right  hand  pointing  to  landscapes  of  continents  and  the  public 

road. 

Not  I,  not  any  one  else  can  travel  that  road  for  you, 
You  must  travel  it  for  yourself. 

It  is  not  far,  it  is  within  reach, 

Perhaps  you  have  been  on  it  since  you  were  born  and  did  not 

know, 
Perhaps  it  is  everywhere  on  water  and  on  land. 


74  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Shoulder  your  duds  dear  son,  and  I  will  mine,  and  let  us  hasten" 

forth, 
Wonderful  cities  and  free  nations  we  shall  fetch  as  we  go. 

If  you  tire,  give  me  both  burdens,  and  rest  the  chuff  of  your  hand 

on  my  hip, 

And  in  due  time  you  shall  repay  the  same  service  to  me, 
For  after  we  start  we  never  lie  by  again. 

This  day  before  dawn  I  ascended  a  hill  and  look'd  at  the  crowded 

heaven, 
And  I  said  to  my  spirit  When  we  become  the  enfolders  of  those 

orbs,  and  the  pleasure  and  knowledge  of  every  thing  in 

them,  shall  we  be  filPd  and  satisfied  then  ? 
And  my  spirit  said  No,  we  but  level  that  lift  to  pass  and  continue 

beyond. 

You  are  also  asking  me  questions  and  I  hear  you, 

I  answer  that  I  cannot  answer,  you  must  find  out  for  yourself. 

Sit  a  while  dear  son, 

Here  are  biscuits  to  eat  and  here  is  milk  to  drink, 

But  as  soon  as  you  sleep  and  renew  yourself  in  sweet  clothes,  I 

kiss  you  with  a  good-by  kiss  and  open  the  gate  for  your 

egress  hence. 

Long  enough  have  you  dream'd  contemptible  dreams, 
Now  I  wash  the  gum  from  your  eyes, 

You  must  habit  yourself  to  the  dazzle  of  the  light  and  of  every 
moment  of  your  life. 

Long  have  you  timidly  waded  holding  a  plank  by  the  shore, 
Now  I  will  you  to  be  a  bold  swimmer, 

To  jump  off  in  the  midst  of  the  sea,  rise  again,  nod  to  me,  shout, 
and  laughingly  dash  with  your  hair. 

47 

I  am  the  teacher  of  athletes, 
He  that  by  me  spreads  a  wider  breast  than  my  own  proves  the 

width  of  my  own, 
He    most    honors  my  style  who  learns  under  it  to  destroy  the 

teacher. 

The  boy  I  love,  the  same  becomes  a  man  not  through  derived 
power,  but  in  his  own  right, 


SONG  OF  MYSELF.  75 

Wicked  rather  than  virtuous  out  of  conformity  or  fear, 

Fond  of  his  sweetheart,  relishing  well  his  steak, 

Unrequited  love  or  a  slight  cutting  him  worse  than  sharp  steel 

cuts, 
First-rate  to  ride,  to  fight,  to  hit  the  bull's  eye,  to  sail  a  skiff,  to 

sing  a  song  or  play  on  the  banjo, 
Preferring   scars   and  the  beard  and  faces  pitted  with  small-pox 

over  all  latherers, 
And  those  well-tann'd  to  those  that  keep  out  of  the  sun. 

I  teach  straying  from  me,  yet  who  can  stray  from  me? 
I  follow  you  whoever  you  are  from  the  present  hour, 
My  words  itch  at  your  ears  till  you  understand  them. 

I  do  not  say  these  things  for  a  dollar  or  to  fill  up  the  time  while  I 

wait  for  a  boat, 
(It  is  you  talking  just  as  much  as  myself,  I  act  as  the  tongue  of 

you, 
Tied  in  your  mouth,  in  mine  it  begins  to  be  loosen'd.) 

I  swear  I  will  never  again  mention  love  or  death  inside  a  house, 
And  I  swear  I  will  never  translate  myself  at  all,  only  to  him  or  her 
who  privately  stays  with  me  in  the  open  air. 

If  you  would  understand  me  go  to  the  heights  or  water-shore, 
The  nearest  gnat  is  an  explanation,  and  a  drop  or  motion  of  waves 

a  key, 
The  maul,  the  oar,  the  hand-saw,  second  my  words. 

No  shutter'd  room  or  school  can  commune  with  me, 
But  roughs  and  little  children  better  than  they. 

The  young  mechanic  is  closest  to  me,  he  knows  me  well, 

The  woodman  that  takes  his  axe  and  jug  with  him  shall  take  me 

with  him  all  day, 
The  farm-boy  ploughing  in  the  field  feels  good  at  the  sound  of  my 

voice, 
In  vessels  that  sail  my  words  sail,  I  go  with  fishermen  and  seamen 

and  love  them. 

The  soldier  camp'd  or  upon  the  march  is  mine, 

On  the  night  ere  the  pending  battle  many  seek  me,  and  I  do  not 

fail  them, 
On  that  solemn  night  (it  may  be  their  last)  those  that  know  me 

seek  me. 


76  LEA  YES  OF  GRASS. 

My  face  rub»  to  the  hunter's  face  when  he  lies  down  alone  in  his 

blanket, 

The  driver  thinking  of  me  does  not  mind  the  jolt  of  his  wagon, 
The  young  mother  and  old  mother  comprehend  me, 
The  girl  and  the  wife  rest  the  needle  a  moment  and  forget  where 

they  are, 
They  and  all  would  resume  what  I  have  told  them. 

48 

I  have  said  that  the  soul  is  not  more  than  the  body, 

And  I  have  said  that  the  body  is  not  more  than  the  soul, 

And  nothing,  not  God,  is  greater  to  one  than  one's  self  is, 

And  whoever  walks  a  furlong  without  sympathy  walks  to  his  own 

funeral  drest  in  his  shroud, 
And  I  or  you  pocketless  of  a  dime  may  purchase  the  pick  of  the 

earth, 
And  to  glance  with  an  eye  or  show  a  bean  in  its  pod  confounds 

the  learning  of  all  times, 
And  there  is  no  trade  or  employment  but  the  young  man  following 

it  may  become  a  hero, 
And  there  is  no  object  so  soft  but  it  makes  a  hub  for  the  wheel'd 

universe, 
And  I  say  to  any  man  or  woman,  Let  your  soul  stand  cool  and 

composed  before  a  million  universes. 

/  And  I  say  to  mankind,  Be  not  curious  about  God, 
For  I  who  am  curious  about  each  am  not  curious  about  God, 
(No  array  of  terms  can  say  how  much  I  am  at  peace  about  God 
and  about  death.) 

I  hear  and  behold  God  in  every  object,  yet  understand  God  not 

in  the  least, 
Nor  do    I   understand  who  there  can  be  more  wonderful   than 

myself. 

Why  should  I  wish  to  see  God  better  than  this  day  ? 

I  see  something  of  God  each  hour  of  the  twenty-four,  and  each 

moment  then, 
In  the  faces  of  men  and  women  I  see  God,  and  in  my  own  face  in 

the  glass,y 
I  find  letters  from  God  dropt  in  the  street,  and  every  one  is  sign'd 

by  God's  name, 

And  I  leave  them  where  they  are,  for  I  know  that  wheresoe'er  I  go, 
Others  will  punctually  come  for  ever  and  ever. 


SOVG  OF  MYSELF.  77 


49 

And  as  to  you  Death,  and  you  bitter  hug  of  mortality,  it  is  idle  to 
try  to  alarm  me. 

To  his  work  without  flinching  the  accoucheur  comes, 
I  see  the  elder-hand  pressing  receiving  supporting, 
I  recline  by  the  sills  of  the  exquisite  flexible  doors, 
And  mark  the  outlet,  and  mark  the  relief  and  escape. 

And  as  to  you  Corpse  I  think  you  are  good  manure,  but  that  does 

not  offend  me, 

I  smell  the  white  roses  sweet-scented  and  growing, 
I  reach  to  the  leafy  lips,  I  reach  to  the  polish'd  breasts  of  melons. 

And  as  to  you  Life  I  reckon  you  are  the  leavings  of  many  deaths, 
(No  doubt  I  have  died  myself  ten  thousand  times  before.) 

I  hear  you  whispering  there  O  stars  of  heaven, 

0  suns  —  O  grass  of  graves  —  O   perpetual   transfers  and    pro 

motions, 
If  you  do  not  say  any  thing  how  can  I  say  any  thing? 

Of  the  turbid  pool  that  lies  in  the  autumn  forest, 

Of  the  moon  that  descends  the  steeps  of  the  soughing  twilight, 

Toss,  sparkles  of  day  and  dusk  —  toss  on  the   black  stems  that 

decay  in  the  muck, 
Toss  to  the  moaning  gibberish  of  the  dry  limbs. 

1  ascend  from  the  moon,  I  ascend  from  the  night, 

I  perceive  that  the  ghastly  glimmer  is  noonday  sunbeams  reflected, 
And  debouch  to  the  steady  and  central  from  the  offspring  great  or 
small. 

50 

There  is  that  in  me  —  I  do  not  know  what  it  is — but  I  know  it  is 
in  me. 

Wrench'd  and  sweaty  —  calm  and  cool  then  my  body  becomes, 
I  sleep  —  I  sleep  long. 

I  do  not  know  it  —  it  is  without  name  —  it  is  a  word  unsaid, 
It  is  not  in  any  dictionary,  utterance,  symbol. 

Something  it  swings  on  more  than  the  earth  I  swing  on, 
To  it  the  creation  is  the  friend  whose  embracing  awakes  me. 


78  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 

Perhaps  I  might  tell  more.     Outlines  !  I  plead  for  my  brothers 
and  sisters. 

Do  you  see  O  my  brothers  and  sisters  ? 

It  is  not  chaos  or  death  —  it  is  form,  union,  plan  —  it  is  eternal 
life  —  it  is  Happiness. 

51 

The  past  and  present  wilt — I  have  fill'd  them,  emptied  them, 
And  proceed  to  fill  my  next  fold  of  the  future. 

Listener  up  there  !  what  have  you  to  confide  to  me  ? 
Look  in  my  face  while  I  snuff  the  sidle  of  evening, 
(Talk  honestly,  no  one  else  hears  you,  and  I  stay  only  a  minute 
longer.) 

Do  I  contradict  myself? 

Very  well  then  I  contradict  myself, 

(I  am  large,  I  contain  multitudes.) 

I  concentrate  toward  them  that  are  nigh,  I  wait  on  the  door-slab. 

Who  has  done  his  day's  work  ?  who  will  soonest  be  through  with 

his  supper? 
Who  wishes  to  walk  with  me  ? 

Will  you  speak  before  I  am  gone  ?  will  you  prove  already  too  late  ? 

52 

The  spotted  hawk  swoops  by  and  accuses  me,  he  complains  of  my 
gab  and  my  loitering. 

I  too  am  not  a  bit  tamed,  I  too  am  untranslatable, 
I  sound  my  barbaric  yawp  over  the  roofs  of  the  world. 

The  last  scud  of  day  holds  back  for  me, 

It  flings  my  likeness  after  the  rest  and  true  as  any  on  the  shadow'd 

wilds, 
It  coaxes  me  to  the  vapor  and  the  dusk. 

I  depart  as  air,  I  shake  my  white  locks  at  the  runaway  sun, 
I  effuse  my  flesh  in  eddies,  and  drift  it  in  lacy  jags. 

I  bequeath  myself  to  the  dirt  to  grow  from  the  grass  I  love, 
If  you  want  me  again  look  for  me  under  your  boot-soles. 


CHILDREN  OF  A  DAK.  79 


You  will  hardly  know  who  I  am  or  what  I  mean, 
But  I  shall  be  good  health  to  you  nevertheless, 
And  filter  and  fibre  your  blood. 

Failing  to  fetch  me  at  first  keep  encouraged, 
Missing  me  one  place  search  another, 
I  stop  somewhere  waiting  for  you. 


CHILDREN  OF  ADAM. 


TO    THE   GARDEN   THE   WORLD 

To  the  garden  the  world  anew  ascending, 

Potent  mates,  daughters,  sons,  preluding, 

The  love,  the  life  of  their  bodies,  meaning  and  being, 

Curious  here  behold  my  resurrection  after  slumber, 

The  revolving  cycles  in  their  wide  sweep  having  brought  me  again, 

Amorous,  mature,  all  beautiful  to  me,  all  wondrous, 

My  limbs  and  the  quivering  fire  that  ever  plays  through  them,  for 

reasons,  most  wondrous, 
Existing  I  peer  and  penetrate  still, 
Content  with  the  present,  content  with  the  past, 
By  my  side  or  back  of  me  Eve  following, 
Or  in  front,  and  I  following  her  just  the  same. 


FROM    PENT-UP   ACHING    RIVERS. 

FROM  pent-up  aching  rivers, 

From  that  of  myself  without  which  I  were  nothing, 

From  what  I  am  determin'd  to  make  illustrious,  even  if  I  stand 

sole  among  men, 

From  my  own  voice  resonant,  singing  the  phallus, 
Singing  the  song  of  procreation, 
Ringing  the  need  of  superb  children  and  therein  superb  grown 

people, 

Singing  the  muscular  urge  and  the  blending, 
Singing  the  bedfellow's  song,  (O  resistless  yearning  ! 
O  for  any  and  each  the  body  correlative  attracting  ! 


8O  LEAVES  OF   (jRASS. 

0  for  you  whoever  you  are  your  correlative  body  !  O  it,  more  than 

all  else,  you  delighting  !) 

From  the  hungry  gnaw  that  eats  me  night  and  day, 
From  native  moments,  from  bashful  pains,  singing  them, 
Seeking  something  yet  unfound  though  I  have  diligently  sought  it 

many  a  long  year, 

Singing  the  true  song  of  the  soul  fitful  at  random, 
Renascent  with  grossest  Nature  or  among  animals, 
Of  that,  of  them  and  what  goes  with  them  my  poems  informing, 
Of  the  smell  of  apples  and  lemons,  of  the  pairing  of  birds, 
Of  the  wet  of  woods,  of  the  lapping  of  waves, 
Of  the  mad  pushes  of  waves  upon  the  land,  I  them  chanting, 
The  overture  lightly  sounding,  the  strain  anticipating, 
The  welcome  nearness,  the  sight  of  the  perfect  body, 
The  swimmer  swimming  naked  in  the  bath,  or  motionless  on  his 

back  lying  and  floating, 
The  female   form   approaching,   I  pensive,  love-flesh   tremulous 

aching, 

The  divine  list  for  myself  or  you  or  for  any  one  making, 
The  face,  the  limbs,  the  index  from  head  to  foot,  and  what  it 

arouses, 

The  mystic  deliria,  the  madness  amorous,  the  utter  abandonment, 
(Hark  close  and  still  what  I  now  whisper  to  you, 

1  love  you,  O  you  entirely  possess  me, 

/  O  that  you  and  I  escape  from  the  rest  and  go  utterly  off,  free  and 

lawless, 
Two  hawks  in  the  air,  two  fishes  swimming  in  the  sea  not  more 

lawless  than  we ;) 

The  furious  storm  through  me  careering,  I  passionately  trembling. 
/The  oath  of  the  inseparableness  of  two  together,  of  the  woman 

that  loves  me  and  whom  I  love  more  than  my  life,  that  oath 

swearing, 
(O  I  willingly  stake  all  for  you, 

let  me  be  lost  if  it  must  be  so  ! 
O  you  and  I  !  what  is  it  to  us  what  the  rest  do  or  think  ? 
What  is  all  else  to  us?  only  that  we  enjoy  each  other  and  exhaust 

each  other  if  it  must  be  so  ;) 
From  the  master,  the  pilot  I  yield  the  vessel  to, 
The  general  commanding  me,  commanding  all,  from  him  permis 
sion  taking, 
From  time  the  programme  hastening,  (I  have  loiter'd  too  long  as 

it  is,) 

From  sex,  from  the  warp  and  from  the  woof, 
From  privacy,  from  frequent  repinings  alone, 
From  plenty  of  persons  near  and  yet  the  right  person  not  near, 


CHILDREN  OF  ADAM.  81 


From  the  soft  sliding  of  hands  over  me  and  thrusting  of  fingers 

through  my  hair  and  beard, 

From  the  long  sustain 'd  kiss  upon  the  mouth  or  bosom, 
From  the  close  pressure  that  makes  me  or  any  man  drunk,  fainting 

with  excess, 

From  what  the  divine  husband  knows,  from  the  work  of  fatherhood, 
From  exultation,  victory  and  relief,  from  the  bedfellow's  embrace 

in  the  night, 

From  the  act-poems  of  eyes,  hands,  hips  and  bosoms, 
From  the  cling  of  the  trembling  arm, 
From  the  bending  curve  and  the  clinch, 
From  side  by  side  the  pliant  coverlet  off-throwing, 
From  the  one  so  unwilling  to  have  me  leave,  and  me  just  as  un 
willing  to  leave, 

(Yet  a  moment  O  tender  waiter,  and  I  return,) 
From  the  hour  of  shining  stars  and  dropping  dews, 
From  the  night  a  moment  I  emerging  flitting  out, 
Celebrate  you  act  divine  and  you  children  prepared  for, 
And  you  stalwart  loins. 


I    SING   THE   BODY   ELECTRIC. 

i 

I  SING  the  body  electric, 

The  armies  of  those  I  love  engirth  me  and  I  engirth  them, 
They  will  not  let  me  off  till  I  go  with  them,  respond  to  them, 
And  discorrupt  them,  and  charge  them  full  with  the  charge  of  the 
soul. 

Was  it  doubted  that  those  who  corrupt  their  own  bodies  conceal 

themselves  ? 
And  if  those  who  defile  the  living  are  as  bad  as  they  who  defile 

the  dead? 

And  if  the  body  does  not  do  fully  as  much  as  the  soul? 
And  if  the  body  were  not  the  soul,  what  is  the  soul  ? 


The  love  of  the  body  of  man  or  woman  balks  account,  the  body 

itself  balks  account, 
That  of  the  male  is  perfect,  and  that  of  the  female  is  perfect. 

The  expression  of  the  face  balks  account, 

But  the  expression  of  a  well-made  man  appears  not  only  in  his 
face, 


82  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

It  is  in  his  limbs  and  joints  also,  it  is  curiously  in  the  joints  of  his 
hips  and  wrists, 

It  is  in  his  walk,  the  carriage  of  his  neck,  the  flex  of  his  waist  and 
knees,  dress  does  not  hide  him, 

The  strong  sweet  quality  he  has  strikes  through  the  cotton  and 
broadcloth, 

To  see  him  pass  conveys  as  much  as  the  best  poem,  perhaps  more, 

You  linger  to  see  his  back,  and  the  back  of  his  neck  and  shoul 
der-side. 

The  sprawl  and  fulness  of  babes,  the  bosoms  and  heads  of  women, 
the  folds  of  their  dress,  their  style  as  we  pass  in  the  street, 
the  contour  of  their  shape  downwards, 

The  swimmer  naked  in  the  swimming-bath,  seen  as  he  swims 
through  the  transparent  green-shine,  or  lies  with  his  face 
up  and  rolls  silently  to  and  fro  in  the  heave  of  the  water, 

The  bending  forward  and  backward  of  rowers  in  row-boats,  the 
horseman  in  his  saddle, 

Girls,  mothers,  house-keepers,  in  all. their  performances, 

The  group  of  laborers  seated  at  noon-time  with  their  open  dinner- 
kettles,  and  Their  wives  waiting, 

The  female  soothing  a  child,  the  farmer's  daughter  in  the  garden 
or  cow-yard, 

The  young  fellow  hoeing  corn,  the  sleigh-driver  driving  his  six 
horses  through  the  crowd, 

The  wrestle  of  wrestlers,  two  apprentice-boys,  quite  grown,  lusty, 
good-natured,  native-born,  out  on  the  vacant  lot  at  sun 
down  after  work, 

The  coats  and  caps  thrown  down,  the  embrace  of  love  and  resistance, 

The  upper-hold  and  under-hold,  the  hair  rumpled  over  and  blind 
ing  the  eyes ; 

The  march  of  firemen  in  their  own  costumes,  the  play  of  mascu 
line  muscle  through  clean-setting  trowsers  and  waist-straps, 

The  slow  return  from  the  fire,  the  pause  when  the  bell  strikes 
suddenly  again,  and  the  listening  on  the  alert, 

The  natural,  perfect,  varied  attitudes,  the  bent  head,  the  curv'd 
neck  and  the  counting  ; 

Such-like  I  love  —  I  loosen  myself,  pass  freely,  am  at  the  mother's 
breast  with  the  little  child, 

Swim  with  the  swimmers,  wrestle  with  wrestlers,  march  in  line  with 
the  firemen,  and  pause,  listen,  count. 

3 

I  knew  a  man,  a  common  farmer,  the  father  of  five  sons, 

And  in  them  the  fathers  of  sons,  and  in  them  the  fathers  of  sons. 


CHILDREN  OF  ADAM.  83 

This  man  was  of  wonderful  vigor,  calmness,  beauty  of  person, 
The  shape  of  his  head,  the  pale  yellow  and  white  of  his  hair  and 

beard,  the  immeasurable  meaning  of  his  black  eyes,  the 

richness  and  breadth  of  his  manners, 
These  I  used  to  go  and  visit  him  to  see,  he  was  wise  also, 
He  was  six  feet  tall,  he  was  over  eighty  years  old,  his  sons  were 

massive,  clean,  bearded,  tan-faced,  handsome, 
They  and  his  daughters  loved  him,  all  who  saw  him  loved  him, 
They  did  not  love  him  by  allowance,  they  loved  him  with  personal 

love, 
He  drank  water  only,  the  blood  show'd  like  scarlet  through  the 

clear-brown  skin  of  his  face, 
He  was  a  frequent  gunner  and  fisher,  he  sail'd  his  boat  himself, 

he  had  a  fine  one  presented  to  him  by  a  ship-joiner,  he 

had  fowling-pieces  presented  to  him  by  men   that  loved 

him, 
When  he  went  with  his  five  sons  and  many  grand-sons  to  hunt  or 

fish,  you  would  pick  him  out  as  the  most  beautiful   and 

vigorous  of  the  gang, 
You  would  wish  long  and  long  to  be  with  him,  you  would  wish  to 

sit  by  him  in  the  boat  that  you  and  he  might  touch  each 

other. 

4 

I  have  perceiv'd  that  to  be  with  those  I  like  is  enough, 
To  stop  in  company  with  the  rest  at  evening  is  enough, 
To  be  surrounded  by  beautiful,  curious,  breathing,  laughing  flesh 

is  enough, 
To  pass  among  them  or  touch  any  one,  or  rest  my  arm  ever  so 

lightly  round  his  or  her  neck  for  a  moment,  what  is  this 

then? 
I  do  not  ask  any  more  delight,  I  swim  in  it  as  in  a  sea. 

There  is  something  in  staying  close  to  men  and  women  and  look 
ing  on  them,  and  in  the  contact  and  odor  of  them,  that 
pleases  the  soul  well, 

All  things  please  the  soul,  but  these  please  the  soul  well. 

This  is  the  female  form, 

A  divine  nimbus  exhales  from  it  from  head  to  foot, 

It  attracts  with  fierce  undeniable  attraction, 

I  am  drawn  by  its  breath  as  if  I  were  no  more  than  a  helpless 

vapor,  all  falls  aside  but  myself  and  it, 
Books,  art,  religion,  time,  the  visible  and  solid  earth,  and  what  was 

expected  of  heaven  or  fear'd  of  hell,  are  now  consumed, 


84  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 

Mad  filaments,  ungovernable  shoots  play  out  of  it,  the  response 
likewise  ungovernable, 

Hair,  bosom,  hips,  bend  of  legs,  negligent  falling  hands  all  dif 
fused,  mine  too  diffused, 

Ebb  stung  by  the  flow  and  flow  stung  by  the  ebb,  love-flesh  swell 
ing  and  deliciously  aching, 

Limitless  limpid  jets  of  love  hot  and  enormous,  quivering  jelly  of 
love,  white-blow  and  delirious  juice, 

Bridegroom  night  of  love  working  surely  and  softly  into  the  pros 
trate  dawn, 

Undulating  into  the  willing  and  yielding  day, 

Lost  in  the  cleave  of  the  clasping  and  sweet-flesh'd  day. 

This  the  nucleus  —  after  the  child  is  born  of  woman,  man  is  born 

of  woman, 

This  the  bath  of  birth,  this  the  merge  of  small  and  large,  and  the 
.    outlet  again. 

Be  not  ashamed  women,  your  privilege  encloses  the  rest,  and  is  the 

exit  of  the  rest, 
You  are  the  gates  of  the  body,  and  you  are  the  gates  of  the  soul. 

The  female  contains  all  qualities  and  tempers  them, 
She  is  in  her  place  and  moves  with  perfect  balance, 
IShe  is  all  things  duly  veil'd,  she  is  both  passive  and  active, 
She  is  to  conceive  daughters  as  well  as  sons,  and  sons  as  well  as 
daughters. 

As  I  see  my  soul  reflected  in  Nature, 

As    I  see  through  a  mist,  One  with  inexpressible  completeness, 

sanity,  beauty, 
See  the  bent  head  and  arms  folded  over  the  breast,  the  Female 

I  see. 


The  male  is  not  less  the  soul  nor  more,  he  too  is  in  his  place, 

He  too  is  all  qualities,  he  is  action  and  power, 

The  flush  of  the  known  universe  is  in  him, 

Scorn  becomes  him  well,  and  appetite  and  defiance  become  him 

well, 
The  wildest  largest  passions,  bliss  that  is  utmost,  sorrow  that  is 

utmost  become  him  well,  pride  is  for  him, 

The  full-spread  pride  of  man  is  calming  and  excellent  to  the  soul, 
Knowledge  becomes  him,  he  likes  it  always,  he  brings  every  thing 

to  the  test  of  himself, 


CHILDREN  OF  ADAM.  85 

Whatever  the  survey,  whatever  the  sea  and  the   sail  he   strikes 

soundings  at  last  only  here, 
(Where  else  does  he  strike  soundings  except  here?) 

The  man's  body  is  sacred  and  the  woman's  body  is  sacred, 

No  matter  who  it  is.  it  is  sacred  —  is  it  the  meanest  one  in  the 

laborers'  gang? 

Is  it  one  of  the  dull-faced  immigrants  just  landed  on  the  wharf  ? 
Each  belongs  here  or  anywhere  just  as  much  as  the  well-off,  just 

as  much  as  you, 
Each  has  his  or  her  place  in  the  procession. 

(All  is  a  procession, 

The  universe  is  a  procession  with  measured  and  perfect  motion.) 

Do  you  know  so  much  yourself  that  you  call  the  meanest  ignorant  ? 

Do  you  suppose  you  have  a  right  to  a  good  sight,  and  he  or  she 
has  no  right  to  a  sight? 

Do  you  think  matter  has  cohered  together  from  its  diffuse  float, 
and  the  soil  is  on  the  surface,  and  water  runs  and  vegeta 
tion  sprouts, 

For  you  only,  and  not  for  him  and  her  ? 

7 

A  man's  body  at  auction, 
(For  before  the  war  I  often  go  to  the  slave-mart  and  watch  the 

sale,) 
I  help  the  auctioneer,  the  sloven  does  not  half  know  his  business. 

Gentlemen  look  on  this  wonder, 

Whatever  the  bids  of  the  bidders  they  cannot  be  high  enough  for  it, 

For  it  the  globe  lay  preparing  quintillions  of  years  without  one 

animal  or  plant, 
For  it  the  revolving  cycles  truly  and  steadily  roll'd. 

In  this  head  the  all-baffling  brain, 

In  it  and  below  it  the  makings  of  heroes. 

Examine  these  limbs,  red,  black,  or  white,  they  are  cunning  in 

tendon  and  nerve, 
They  shall  be  stript  that  you  may  see  them. 

Exquisite  senses,  life-lit  eyes,  pluck,  volition, 

Flakes  of  breast-muscle,  pliant    backbone    and  neck,  flesh   not 

flabby,  good-sized  arms  and  legs, 
And  wonders  within  there  yet. 


86  LEATES  OF  GRASS. 

Within  there  runs  blood, 

The  same  old  blood  !  the  same  red-running  blood  ! 

There  swells  and  jets  a  heart,  there  all  passions,  desires,  Teachings, 

aspirations, 
(Do  you  think  they  are  not  there  because  they  are  not  express'd  in 

parlors  and  lecture-rooms?) 

This  is  not  only  one  man,  this  the  father  of  those  who  shall  be 

fathers  in  their  turns, 

In  him  the  start  of  populous  states  and  rich  republics, 
Of  him  countless  immortal  lives  with  countless  embodiments  and 

enjoyments. 

How  do  you  know  who  shall  come  from  the  offspring  of  his  off 
spring  through  the  centuries  ? 

(\Yho  might  you  find  you  have  come  from  yourself,  if  you  could 
trace  back  through  the  centuries  ?) 

8 

A  woman's  body  at  auction, 

She  too  is  not  only  herself,  she  is  the  teeming  mother  of  mothers, 
She  is  the  bearer  of  them  that  shall  grow  and  be  mates  to  the 
mothers. 

Have  you  ever  loved  the  body  of  a  woman  ? 
Have  you  ever  loved  the  body  of  a  man  ? 

Do  you  not  see  that  these  are  exactly  the  same  to  all  in  all  nations 
and  times  all  over  the  earth  ? 

If  any  thing  is  sacred  the  human  body  is  sacred, 

And   the   glory  and  sweet  of  a  man  is  the  token  of  manhood 

untainted, 
And  in  man  or  woman  a  clean,  strong,  firm-fibred  body,  is  more 

beautiful  than  the  most  beautiful  face. 

Have  you  seen  the  fool  that  corrupted  his  own  live  body?  or  the 

fool  that  corrupted  her  own  live  body  ? 
For  they  do  not  conceal  themselves,  and  cannot  conceal  themselves. 


0  my  body  !  I  dare  not  desert  the  likes  of  you  in  other  men  and 

women,  nor  the  likes  of  the  parts  of  you, 

1  believe  the  likes  of  you  are  to  stand  or  fall  with  the  likes  of  the 

soul,  (and  that  they  are  the  soul,) 


CHILDREN  OF  ADAM.  87 

I  believe  the  likes  of  you  shall  stand  or  fall  with  my  poems,  and 
that  they  are  my  poems, 

Man's,  woman's,  child's,  youth's,  wife's,  husband's,  mother's,  father's, 
young  man's,  young  woman's  poems, 

Head,  neck,  hair,  ears,  drop  and  tympan  of  the  ears, 

Eyes,  eye-fringes,  iris  of  the  eye,  eyebrows,  and  the  waking  or 
sleeping  of  the  lids, 

Mouth,  tongue,  lips,  teeth,  roof  of  the  mouth,  jaws,  and  the  jaw- 
hinges, 

Nose,  nostrils  of  the  nose,  and  the  partition, 

Cheeks,  temples,  forehead,  chin,  throat,  back  of  the  neck,  neck- 
slue, 

Strong  shoulders,  manly  beard,  scapula,  hind-shoulders,  and  the 
ample  side-round  of  the  chest, 

Upper-arm,  armpit,  elbow-socket,  lower-arm,  arm-sinews,  arm- 
bones, 

Wrist  and  wrist-joints,  hand,  palm,  knuckles,  thumb,  forefinger, 
finger-joints,  finger-nails, 

Broad  breast- front,  curling  hair  of  the  breast,  breast-bone,  breast- 
side, 

Ribs,  belly,  backbone,  joints  of  the  backbone, 

Hips,  hip-sockets,  hip-strength,  inward  and  outward  round,  man- 
balls,  man-root, 

Strong  set  of  thighs,  well  carrying  the  trunk  above, 

Leg-fibres,  knee,  knee-pan,  upper-leg,  under-leg, 

Ankles,  instep,  foot-ball,  toes,  toe-joints,  the  heel ; 

All  attitudes,  all  the  shapeliness,  all  the  belongings  of  my  or  your 
body  or  of  any  one's  body,  male  or  female, 

The  lung-sponges,  the  stomach-sac,  the  bowels  sweet  and  clean, 

The  brain  in  its  folds  inside  the  skull-frame, 

Sympathies,  heart-valves,  palate-valves,  sexuality,  maternity, 

\Yomanhood,  and  all  that  is  a  woman,  and  the  man  that  comes 
from  woman, 

The  womb,  the  teats,  nipples,  breast-milk,  tears,  laughter,  weeping, 
love-looks,  love-perturbations  and  risings, 

The  voice,  articulation,  language,  whispering,  shouting  aloud, 

Food,  drink,  pulse,  digestion,  sweat,  sleep,  walking,  swimming, 

Poise  on  the  hips,  leaping,  reclining,  embracing,  arm-curving  and 
tightening, 

The  continual  changes  of  the  flex  of  the  mouth,  and  around  the 
eyes, 

The  skin,  the  sunburnt  shade,  freckles,  hair, 

The  curious  sympathy  one  feels  when  feeling  with  the  hand  the 
naked  meat  of  the  body, 

The  circling  rivers  the  breath,  and  breathing  it  in  and  out, 


88  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

The  beauty  of  the  waist,  and  thence  of  the  hips,  and  thence  down 
ward  toward  the  knees, 

The  thin  red  jellies  within  you  or  within  me,  the  bones  and  the 
marrow  in  the  bones, 

The  exquisite  realization  of  health  ; 

O  I  say  these  are  not  the  parts  and  poems  of  the  body  only,  but 
of  the  soul, 

O  I  say  now  these  are  the  soul ! 


A   WOMAN   WAITS    FOR   ME. 

A  WOMAN  waits  for  me,  she  contains  all,  nothing  is  lacking, 
Yet  all  were  lacking  if  sex  were  lacking,  or  if  the  moisture  of  the 
right  man  were  lacking. 

Sex  contains  all,  bodies,  souls, 

Meanings,  proofs,  purities,  delicacies,  results,  promulgations, 

Songs,  commands,  health,  pride,  the  maternal  mystery,  the  -seminal 

milk, 
All  hopes,  benefactions,  bestowals,  all  the  passions,  loves,  beauties, 

delights  of  the  earth, 

All  the  governments,  judges,  gods,  follow'd  persons  of  the  earth, 
These  are  contain'd  in  sex  as  parts  of  itself  and  justifications  of 

itself. 

Without  shame  the  man  I  like  knows  and  avows  the  deliciousness 

of  his  sex, 
Without  shame  the  woman  I  like  knows  and  avows  hers. 

Now  I  will  dismiss  myself  from  impassive  women, 

I  will  go  stay  with  h.er  who  waits  for  me,  and  with  those  women 

that  are  warm-blooded  and  sufficient  for  me, 
I  see  that  they  understand  me  and  do  not  deny  me, 
I  see  that  they  are  worthy  of  me,  1  will  be  the  robust  husband 

of  those  women. 

They  are  not  one  jot  less  than  I  am, 

They  are  tann'd  in  the  face  by  shining  suns  and  blowing  winds, 

Their  flesh  has  the  old  divine  suppleness  and  strength, 

They   know   how  to  swim,  row,  ride,  wrestle,  shoot,  run,  strike, 

retreat,  advance,  resist,  defend  themselves, 
They  are  ultimate  in  their  own  right  —  they  are  calm,  clear,  well- 

possess'd  of  themselves. 


CHILDREN  OF  ADAM.  89 

I  draw  you  close  to  me,  you  women, 

I  cannot  let  you  go,  I  would  do  you  good, 

I  am  for  you,  and  you  are  for  me,  not  only  for  our  own  sake,  but 

for  others'  sakes, 

Envelop'd  in  you  sleep  greater  heroes  and  bards, 
They  refuse  to  awake  at  the  touch  of  any  man  but  me. 

It  is  I,  you  women,  I  make  my  way, 

I  am  stern,  acrid,  large,  undissuadable,  but  I  love  you, 

I  do  not  hurt  you  any  more  than  is  necessary  for  you, 

I  pour  the  stuff  to  start  sons  and  daughters  fit  for  these  States,  I 

press  with  slow  rude  muscle, 

I  brace  myself  effectually,  I  listen  to  no  entreaties, 
I  dare  not  withdraw  till  I  deposit  what  has  so  long  accumulated 

within  me. 

Through  you  I  drain  the  pent-up  rivers  of  myself, 

In  you  I  wrap  a  thousand  onward  years, 

On  you  I  graft  the  grafts  of  the  best-beloved  of  me  and  America, 

The  drops  I  distil  upon  you  shall  grow  fierce  and  athletic  girls, 

new  artists,  musicians,  and  singers, 

The  babes  I  beget  upon  you  are  to  beget  babes  in  their  turn, 
I  shall  demand  perfect  men  and  women  out  of  my  love-spendings, 
I  shair  expect  them  to  interpenetrate  with  others,  as  I  and  you 

interpenetrate  now, 
I  shall  count  on  the  fruits  of  the  gushing  showers  of  them,  as  I 

count  on  the  fruits  of  the  gushing  showers  I  give  now, 
I  shall  look  for  loving  crops  from  the  birth,  life,  death,  immortality, 

I  plant  so  lovingly  now. 


SPONTANEOUS   ME. 

SPONTANEOUS  me,  Nature, 

The  loving  day,  the  mounting  sun,  the  friend  I  am  happy  with, 

The  arm  of  my  friend  hanging  idly  over  my  shoulder, 

The  hillside  whiten'd  with  blossoms  of  the  mountain  ash, 

The  same  late  in  autumn,  the  hues  of  red,  yellow,  drab,  purple, 

and  light  and  dark  green, 
The  rich  coverlet  of  the  grass,  animals  and   birds,  the  private 

untrimm'd  bank,  the  primitive  apples,  the  pebble-stones, 
Beautiful  dripping  fragments,  the  negligent  list  of  one  after  an 
other  as  I  happen  to  call  them  to  me  or  think  of  them, 
The  real  poems,  (what  we  call  poems  being  merely  pictures.) 
The  poems  of  the  privacy  of  the  night,  and  of  men  like  me, 


90  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

This  poem  drooping  shy  and  unseen  that  I  always  carry,  and  that 

all  men  carry, 
(Know  once  for  all,  avow'd  on  purpose,  wherever  are  men  like 

me,  are  our  lusty  lurking  masculine  poems,) 
Love-thoughts,  love-juice,  love-odor,  love-yielding,  love-climbers, 

and  the  climbing  sap, 
Arms  and  hands  of  love,  lips  of  love,  phallic  thumb  of  love,  breasts 

of  love,  bellies  press'd  and  glued  together  with  love, 
Earth  of  chaste  love,  life  that  is  only  life  after  love, 
The  body  of  my  love,  the  body  of  the  woman  I  love,  the  body 

of  the  man,  the  body  of  the  earth, 
Soft  forenoon  airs  that  blow  from  the  south-west, 
The  hairy  wild-bee  that  murmurs  and  hankers  up  and  down,  that 

gripes   the   full-grown  lady-flower,  curves   upon  her  with 

amorous  firm  legs,  takes  his  will  of  her,  and  holds  himself 

tremulous  and  tight  till  he  is  satisfied ; 
The  wet  of  woods  through  the  early  hours, 
Two  sleepers  at  night  lying  close  together  as  they  sleep,  one  with  an 

arm  slanting  down  across  and  below  the  waist  of  the  other, 
The  smell  of  apples,  aromas  from  crush'd  sage-plant,  mint,  birch- 
bark, 
The  boy's  longings,  the  glow  and  pressure  as  he  confides  to  me 

what  he  was  dreaming, 
The  dead  leaf  whirling  its  spiral  whirl  and  falling  still  and  Content 

to  the  ground, 

The  no-form'd  stings  that  sights,  people,  objects,  sting  me  with, 
The  hubb'd  sting  of  myself,  stinging  me  as  much  as  it  ever  can 

any  one, 
The  sensitive,  orbic,  underlapp'd  brothers,  that  only  privileged 

feelers  may  be  intimate  where  they  are, 
The    curious   roamer   the  hand   roaming  all  over  the  body,  the 

bashful  withdrawing  of  flesh  where  the  fingers  soothingly 

pause  and  edge  themselves, 
The  limpid  liquid  within  the  young  man, 
The  vex'd  corrosion  so  pensive  and  so  painful, 
The  torment,  the  irritable  tide  that  will  not  be  at  rest, 
The  like  of  the  same  I  feel,  the  like  of  the  same  in  others, 
The  young  man  that  flushes  and  flushes,  and  the  young  woman 

that  flushes  and  flushes, 
The  young  man  that  wakes  deep  at  night,  the  hot  hand  seeking  to 

repress  what  would  master  him, 
The  mystic  amorous  night,  the  strange  half-welcome  pangs,  visions, 

sweats, 
The    pulse   pounding   through    palms    and    trembling    encircling 

fingers,  the  young  man  all  color'd,  red,  ashamed,  angry  ; 


CHILDREN  OF  ADAM.  91 

The  souse  upon  me  of  my  lover  the  sea,  as  I  lie  willing  and  naked, 
The  merriment  of  the  twin  babes  that  crawl  over  the  grass  in  the 

sun,  the  mother  never  turning  her  vigilant  eyes  from  them, 
The  walnut-trunk,  the  walnut-husks,  and  the  ripening  or  ripen'd 

long-round  walnuts, 

The  continence  of  vegetables,  birds,  animals, 
The  consequent  meanness  of  me  should  I  skulk  or  find  myself 

indecent,   while  birds  and  animals   never  once  skulk   or 

find  themselves  indecent, 
The  great  chastity  of  paternity,  to  match  the  great  chastity  of 

maternity, 
The  oath  of  procreation  I   have  sworn,  my  Adamic  and   fresh 

daughters, 
The  greed  that  eats  me  day  and  night  with  hungry  gnaw,  ti 

saturate  what  shall  produce  boys  to  fill  my  place  when 

am  through, 

The  wholesome  relief,  repose,  content, 
And  this  bunch  pluck'd  at  random  from  myself, 
It  has  done  its  work  —  I  toss  it  carelessly  to  fall  where  it  may. 


ONE    HOUR   TO   MADNESS   AND   JOY. 

ONE  hour  to  madness  and  joy  !  O  furious  !  O  confine  me  not ! 

(What  is  this  that  frees  me  so  in  storms? 

What  do  my  shouts  amid  lightnings  and  raging  winds  mean  ?) 

O  to  drink  the  mystic  deliria  deeper  than  any  other  man  ! 

0  savage  and  tender  achings  !    (I  bequeath   them   to   you   my 

children, 

1  tell  them  to  you,  for  reasons,  O  bridegroom  and  bride.) 

• 

O  to  be  yielded  to  you  whoever  you  are,  and  you  to  be  yielded  to 

me  in  defiance  of  the  world  ! 
O  to  return  to  Paradise  !  O  bashful  and  feminine  ! 
O  to  draw  you  to  me,  to  plant  on  you  for  the  first  time  the  lips  of 

a  determin'd  man. 

O  the  puzzle,  the  thrice-tied  knot,  the  deep  and  dark  pool,  all 

untied  and  illumin'd  ! 

O  to  speed  where  there  is  space  enough  and  air  enough  at  last  ! 
To  be  absolv'd  from  previous  ties  and  conventions,  I  from  mine 

and  you  from  yours  ! 
To  find  a  new  unthought-of  nonchalance  with  the  best  of  Nature  ! 


92  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

To  have  the  gag  remov'd  from  one's  mouth  ! 

To  have  the  feeling  to-day  or  any  day  I  am  sufficient  as  I  am. 

O  something  unprov'd  !  something  in  a  trance  ! 

To  escape  utterly  from  others'  anchors  and  holds  ! 

To  drive  free  !  to  love  free  !  to  dash  reckless  and  dangerous  ! 

To  court  destruction  with  taunts,  with  invitations  ! 

To  ascend,  to  leap  to  the  heavens  of  the  love  indicated  to  me  ! 

To  rise  thither  with  my  inebriate  soul ! 

To  be  lost  if  it  must  be  so  ! 

To  feed  the  remainder  of  life  with  one  hour  of  fulness  and  freedom 

With  one  brief  hour  of  madness  and  joy. 


OUT  OF  THE  ROLLING  OCEAN  THE  CROWD. 

Our  of  the  rolling  ocean  the  crowd  came  a  drop  gently  to  me, 

Whispering  I  love  you,  before  long  I  die, 

I  have  traveled  a  long  way  merely  to  look  on  you  to  touch  you, 

For  I  could  not  die  till  I  once  looked  on  you, 

For  1 fear 'd  I  might  afterward  lose  you. 

Now  we  have  met,  we  have  look'd,  we  are  safe, 

Return  in  peace  to  the  ocean  my  love, 

I  too  am  part  of  that  ocean  my  love,  we  are  not  so  much  sepa 
rated, 

Behold  the  great  rondure,  the  cohesion  of  all,  how  perfect ! 

But  as  for  me,  for  you,  the  irresistible  sea  is  to  separate  us, 

As  for  an  hour  carrying  us  diverse,  yet  cannot  carry  us  diverse  for 
ever ; 

Be  not  impatient  —  a  little  space  —  know  you  I  salute  the  air,  the 
ocean  and  the  land, 

Every  day  at  sundown  for  your  dear  sake  my  love. 


AGES  AND  AGES  RETURNING  AT  INTERVALS. 

AGES  and  ages  returning  at  intervals, 

Undestroy'd,  wandering  immortal, 

Lusty,  phallic,  with  the  potent  original  loins,  perfectly  sweet, 

I,  chanter  of  Adamic  songs, 

Through  the  new  garden  the  West,  the  great  cities  calling, 

Deliriate,  thus  prelude  what  is  generated,  offering  these,  offering 

myself, 

Bathing  myself,  bathing  my  songs  in  Sex, 
Offspring  of  my  loins. 


CHILDREN  OF  ADAM.  93 

WE   TWO,    HOW   LONG    WE   WERE    FOOL'D. 

WE  two,  how  long  \ve  were  fool'd, 

Now  transmuted,  we  swiftly  escape  as  Nature  escapes, 

We  are  Nature,  long  have  we  been  absent,  but  now  we  return, 

We  become  plants,  trunks,  foliage,  roots,  bark, 

We  are  bedded  in  the  ground,  we  are  rocks, 

We  are  oaks,  we  grow  in  the  openings  side  by  side, 

We  browse,  we  are  two  among  the  wild  herds  spontaneous  as 

any, 

We  are  two  fishes  swimming  in  the  sea  together, 
\Ve  are  what   locust  blossoms  are,  we  drop  scent  around  lanes 

mornings  and  evenings, 

We  are  also  the  coarse  smut  of  beasts,  vegetables,  minerals, 
We  are  two  predatory  hawks,  we  soar  above  and  look  down, 
We  are  two  resplendent  suns,  we  it  is  who  balance  ourselves  orbic 

and  stellar,  we  are  as.  two  comets, 
We  prowl  fang'd  and  four-footed  in  the  woods,  we  spring  on 

prey, 

WTe  are  two  clouds  forenoons  and  afternoons  driving  overhead, 
We  are  seas  mingling,  we  are  two  of  those  cheerful  waves  rolling 

over  each  other  and  internetting  each  other, 
We  are  what  the  atmosphere  is,  transparent,  receptive,  pervious, 

impervious, 
We  are  snow,  rain,  cold, '  darkness,  we  are   each   product   and 

influence  of  the  globe, 
We  have  circled  and  circled  till  we  have  arrived  home  again,  we 

two, 
We  have  voided  all  but  freedom  and  all  but  our  own  joy. 


O    HYMEN!   O    HYMENEE! 

O  HYMEN  !  O  hymenee  !  why  do  you  tantalize  me  thus  ? 
O  why  sting  me  for  a  swift  moment  only? 
Why  can  you  not  continue  ?  O  why  do  you  now  cease  ? 
Is  it  because  if  you  continued   beyond   the   swift   moment  you 
would  soon  certainly  kill  me  ? 


I   AM    HE   THAT   ACHES   WITH    LOVE. 

I  AM  he  that  aches  with  amorous  love ; 

Does  the  earth  gravitate?  does  not  all  matter,  aching,  attract  all 

matter  ? 
So  the  body  of  me  to  all  I  meet  or  know. 


94  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

NATIVE    MOMENTS. 

NATIVE  moments  — 'when  you  come  upon  me  —  ah  you  are  here 

now, 

Give  me  now  libidinous  joys  only, 

Give  me  the  drench  of  my  passions,  give  me  life  coarse  and  rank, 
To-day  I  go  consort  with  Nature's  darlings,  to-night  too, 
I  am  for  those  who  believe  in  loose  delights,  I  share  the  midnight 

orgies  of  young  men, 

I  dance  with  the  dancers  and  drink  with  the  drinkers, 
The  echoes  ring  with  our  indecent  calls,  I  pick  out   some   low 

person  for  my  dearest  friend, 
He  shall  be  lawless,  rude,  illiterate,  he  shall  be  one  condemn'd  by 

others  for  deeds  done, 
I  will  play  a  part  no  longer,  why  should  I  exile  myself  from  my 

companions  ? 

0  you  shunn'd  persons,  I  at  least  do  not  shun  you, 

1  come  forthwith  in  your  midst,  I  will  be  your  poet, 
I  will  be  more  to  you  than  to  any  of  the  rest. 


ONCE    I    PASS'D    THROUGH    A    POPULOUS    CITY. 

ONCE  I  pass'd  through  a  populous  city  imprinting  my  brain  for 
future  use  with  its  shows,  architecture,  customs,  traditions, 

Yet  now  of  all  that  city  I  remember  only  a  woman  I  casually  met 
there  who  detain'd  me  for  love  of  me, 

Day  by  day  and  night  .by  night  we  were  together  —  all  else  has 
long  been  forgotten  by  me, 

I  remember  I  say  only  that  woman  who  passionately  clunj  to  me, 

Again  we  wander,  we  love,  we  separate  again, 

Again  she  holds  me  by  the  hand,  I  must  not  go, 

I  see  her  close  beside  me  with  silent  lips  sad  and  tremulous. 

I  HEARD  YOU  SOLEMN-SWEET  PIPES  OF  THE  ORGAN'. 

I  HEARD  you  solemn-sweet  pipes  of  the  organ  as  last  Sunday  mom 

I  pass'd  the  church, 
Winds  of  autumn,  as  I  walk'd  the  woods  at  dusk  I  heard  your 

long-stretch'd  sighs  up  above  so  mournful, 
I  heard  the  perfect  Italian  tenor  singing  at  the  opera,  I  heard  the 

soprano  in  the  midst  of  the  quartet  singing ; 
Heart  of  my  love  !  you  too  I  heard  murmuring  low  through  one 

of  the  wrists  around  my  head, 
Heard  the  pulse  of  you  when  all  was  still  ringing  little  bells  last 

night  under  my  ear. 


CALAMUS.  95 

FACING   WEST   FROM    CALIFORNIA'S    SHORES. 

FACING  west  from  California's  shores, 

Inquiring,  tireless,  seeking  what  is  yet  unfound, 

I,  a  child,  very  old,  over  waves,  towards  the  house  of  maternity, 

the  land  of  migrations,  look  afar, 

Look  off  the  shores  of  my  Western  sea,  the  circle  almost  circled  ; 
For  starting  westward  from  Hindustan,  from  the  vales  of  Kash- 

mere, 
From  Asia,  from  the  north,  from  the  God,  the  sage,  and  the 

hero, 

From  the  south,  from  the  flowery  peninsulas  and  the  spice  islands, 
Long  having  wander'd  since,  round  the  earth  having  wander'd, 
Now  I  face  home  again,  very  pleas'd  and  joyous, 
(But  where  is  what  I  started  for  so  long  ago? 
And  why  is  it  yet  unfound  ?) 


AS   ADAM   EARLY   IN   THE   MORNING. 

As  Adam  early  in  the  morning, 

Walking  forth  from  the  bower  refresh'd  with  sleep, 

Behold  me  where  I  pass,  hear  my  voice,  approach, 

Touch  me,  touch  the  palm  of  your  hand  to  my  body  as  I  pass, 

Be  not  afraid  of  my  body. 


CALAMUS. 


IN    PATHS    UNTRODDEN. 

IN  paths  untrodden, 

In  the  growth  by  margins  of  pond-waters, 

Escaped  from  the  life  that  exhibits  itself, 

From  all  the  standards  hitherto  publish'd,  from   the   pleasures, 

profits,  conformities, 

Which  too  long  I  was  offering  to  feed  my  soul, 
Clear  to  me  now  standards  not  yet  publish'd,  clear  to  me  that  my 

soul, 

That  the  soul  of  the  man  I  speak  for  rejoices  in  comrades, 
He -re  by  myself  away  from  the  clank  of  the  world, 
Tallying  and  talk'd  to  here  by  tongues  aromatic, 


96  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

No  longer  abash'd,  (for  in  this  secluded  spot  I  can  respond  as  I 

would  not  dare  elsewhere,) 
Strong  upon  me  the  life  that  does  not  exhibit  itself,  yet  contains 

all  the  rest, 

Resolv'd  to  sing  no  songs  to-day  but  those  of  manly  attachment, 
Projecting  them  along  that  substantial  life, 
Bequeathing  hence  types  of  athletic  love, 
Afternoon  this  delicious  Ninth-month  in  my  forty-first  year, 
I  proceed  foi  all  who  are  or  have  been  young  men, 
To  tell  the  secret  of  my  nights  and  days, 
To  celebrate  the  need  of  comrades. 


SCENTED    HERBAGE    OF    MY   BREAST. 

SCENTED  herbage  of  my  breast, 

Leaves  from  you  I  glean,  I  write,  to  be  perused  best  afterwards, 
Tomb-leaves,  body-leaves  growing  up  above  me  above  death, 
Perennial  roots,  tall   leaves,  O  the  winter  shall  not  freeze  you 

delicate  leaves, 
Every  year  shall  you  bloom  again,  out  from  where  you  retired  you 

shall  emerge  again  ; 
O  I  do  not  know  whether  many  passing  by  will  discover  you  or 

inhale  your  faint  odor,  but  I  believe  a  few  will ; 
O  slender  leaves  !  O  blossoms  of  my  blood  !  I  permit  you  to  tell 

in  your  own  way  of  the  heart  that  is  under  you, 
O  I  do  not  know  what  you  mean  there  underneath  yourselves,  you 

are  not  happiness, 

You  are  often  more  bitter  than  I  can  bear,  you  burn  and  sting  me, 
Yet  you  are  beautiful  to  me  you  faint  tinged  roots,  you  make  me 

think  of  death, 
Death  is  beautiful  from  you,  (what  indeed  is  finally  beautiful  except 

death  and  love?) 
O  I  think  it  is  not  for  life  I  am  chanting  here  my  chant  of  lovers, 

I  think  it  must  be  for  death, 
For  how  calm,  how  solemn  it  grows  to  ascend  to  the  atmosphere 

of  lovers, 

Death  or  life  I  am  then  indifferent,  my  soul  declines  to  prefer, 
(I  am  not  sure  but  the  high  soul  of  lovers  welcomes  death  most,) 
Indeed  O  death,  I  think  now  these  leaves  mean  precisely  the  same 

as  you  mean, 
Grow  up  taller  sweet  leaves  that  I  may  see  !  grow  up  out  of  my 

breast ! 

Spring  away  from  the  conceal'd  heart  there  ! 
Do  not  fold  yourself  so  in  your  pink-tinged  roots  timid  leaves  1 


CALAMUS.  97 

Do  not  remain  down  there  so  ashamed,  herbage  of  my  breast ! 
Come  I  am  determin'd  to  unbare  this  broad  breast  of  mine,  I 

have  long  enough  stifled  and  choked  ; 
Emblematic  and  capricious  blades  I  leave  you,  now  you  serve  me 

not, 

I  will  say  what  I  have  to  say  by  itself, 
I  will  sound  myself  and  comrades  only,  I  will  never  again  utter  a 

call  only  their  call, 

I  will  raise  with  it  immortal  reverberations  through  the  States, 
I  will  give  an  example  to  lovers  to  take  permanent  shape  and 

will  through  the  States, 

Through  me  shall  the  words  be  said  to  make  death  exhilarating, 
Give  me  your  tone  therefore  O  death,  that  I  may  accord  with  it, 
•Give  me  yourself,  for  I  see  that  you  belong  to  me  now  above  all, 

and  are  folded  inseparably  together,  you  love  and  death  are, 
Nor  will  I  allow  you  to  balk  me  any  more  with  what  I  was  calling  life, 
For  now  it  is  convey'd  to  me  that  you  are  the  purports  essential, 
That  you  hide  in  these  shifting  forms  of  life,  for  reasons,  and  that 

they  are  mainly  for  you, 

That  you  beyond  them  come  forth  to  remain,  the  real  reality, 
That  behind  the  mask  of  materials  you  patiently  wait,  no  matter 

how  long, 

That  you  will  one  day  perhaps  take  control  of  all, 
'That  you  will  perhaps  dissipate  this  entire  show  of  appearance, 
That  may-be  you  are  what  it  is  all  for,  but  it  does  not  last  so  very 

long, 
But  you  will  last  very  long. 


WHOEVER   YOU  ARE    HOLDING   ME   NOW   IN    HAND. 

WHOEVER  you  are  holding  me  now  in  hand, 
Without  one  thing  all  will  be  useless, 
I  give  you  fair  warning  before  you  attempt  me  further, 
I  am  not  what  you  supposed,  but  far  different. 

Who  is  he  that  would  become  my  follower? 

Who  would  sign  himself  a  candidate  for  my  affections? 

The  way  is  suspicious,  the  result  uncertain,  perhaps  destructive, 
You  would  have  to  give  up  all  else,  I  alone  would  expect  to  be 

your  sole  and  exclusive  standard, 

Your  novitiate  would  even  then  be  long  and  exhausting, 
'The  whole  past  theory  of  your  life  and  all  conformity  to  the  lives 

around  you  would  have  to  be  abandon'd, 


98  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


Therefore  release  me  now  before  troubling  yourself  any  further,  let 

go  your  hand  from  my  shoulders, 
Put  me  down  and  depart  on  your  way. 

Or  else  by  stealth  in  some  wood  for  trial, 

Or  back  of  a  rock  in  the  open  air, 

(For  in  any  roof'd  room  of  a  house  I  emerge  not,  nor  in  com 
pany, 

And  in  libraries  I  lie  as  one  dumb,  a  gawk,  or  unborn,  or  dead,) 

But  just  possibly  with  you  on  a  high  hill,  first  watching  lest  any 
person  for  miles  around  approach  unawares, 

Or  possibly  with  you  sailing  at  sea,  or  on  the  beach  of  the  sea  or 
some  quiet  island, 

Here  to  put  your  lips  upon  mine  I  permit  you, 

With  the  comrade's  long-dwelling  kiss  or  the  new  husband's  kiss. 

For  I  am  the  new  husband  and  I  am  the  comrade. 

Or  if  you  will,  thrusting  me  beneath  your  clothing, 

Where  I  may  feel  the  throbs  of  your  heart  or  rest  upon  your 

hip, 

Carry  me  when  you  go  forth  over  land  or  sea ; 
For  thus  merely  touching  you  is  enough,  is  best, 
And  thus  touching  you  would  I  silently  sleep  and  be  carried 

eternally. 

But  these  leaves  conning  you  con  at  peril, 

For  these  leaves  and  me  you  will  not  understand, 

They  will   elude   you   at   first   and   still   more   afterward,   I   will 

certainly  elude  you, 
Even  while  you  should  think  you  had  unquestionably  caught  me, 

behold ! 
Already  you  see  I  have  escaped  from  you. 

For  it  is  not  for  what  I  have  put  into  it  that  I  have  written  this 

book, 

Nor  is  it  by  reading  it  you  will  acquire  it, 
Nor  do  those  know  me  best  who  admire  me  and  vauntingly  praise 

me, 
Nor  will  the  candidates  for  my  love  (unless  at  most  a  very  few) 

prove  victorious, 
Nor  will  my  poems  do  good  only,  they  will  do  just  as  much  evil, 

perhaps  more, 
For  all  is  useless  without  that  which  you  may  guess  at  many  times- 

and  not  hit,  that  which  I  hinted  at ; 
Therefore  release  me  and  depart  on  your  way. 


CALAMUS.  99 

FOR   YOU    O   DEMOCRACY. 

COME,  I  will  make  the  continent  indissoluble, 

I  will  make  the  most  splendid  race  the  sun  ever  shone  upon, 

I  will  make  divine  magnetic  lands, 

With  the  love  of  comrades, 

With  the  life-long  love  of  comrades. 

I  will  plant  companionship  thick  as  trees  along  all  the  rivers  of 
America,  and  along  the  shores  of  the  great  lakes,  and  all 
over  the  prairies, 

I  will  make  inseparable  cities  with  their  arms  about  each  other's 
necks, 

By  the  love  of  comrades, 

By  the  manly  love  of  comrades. 

For  you  these  from  me,  O  Democracy,  to  serve  you  rna  femme  ! 
For  you,  for  you  I  am  trilling  these  songs. 


THESE    I    SINGING    IN    SPRING. 

THESE  I  singing  in  spring  collect  for  lovers, 

(For  who  but  I  should  understand  lovers  and  all  their  sorrow  and 

joy? 

And  who  but  I  should  be  the  poet  of  comrades  ?) 
Collecting  I  traverse  the  garden  the  world,  but  soon  I  pass  the 

gates, 
Now  along  the  pond-side,  now  wading  in  a  little,  fearing  not  the 

wet, 
Now  by  the  post-and-rail  fences  where  the  old  stones  thrown  there, 

pick'd  from  the  fields,  have  accumulated. 
(Wild-flowers  and  vines  and  weeds  come  up  through  the  stones 

and  partly  cover  them,  beyond  these  I  pass,) 
Far,  far  in  the  forest,  or  sauntering  later  in  summer,  before  I  think 

where  I  go, 
Solitary,  smelling  the  earthy  smell,  stopping  now  and  then  in  the 

silence, 

Alone  I  had  thought,  yet  soon  a  troop  gathers  around  me, 
Some  walk  by  my  side  and  some  behind,  and  some  embrace  my 

arms  or  neck, 
They  the  spirits  of  dear  friends  dead  or  alive,  thicker  they  come, 

a  great  crowd,  and  I  in  the  middle, 
Collecting,  dispensing,  singing,  there  I  wander  with  them, 
Plucking  something  for  tokens,  tossing  toward  whoever  is  near  me, 
Here,  lilac,  with  a  branch  of  pine, 


IOO  I. KATES  OF   GRASS. 

Here,  out  of  my  pocket,  some  moss  which  I  pull'd  off  a  live-oak 

in  Florida  as  it  hung  trailing  down, 

Here,  some  pinks  and  laurel  leaves,  and  a  handful  of  sage, 
And  here  what  I  now  draw  from  the  water,  wading  in  the  pond- 
side, 
(O  here  I  last  saw  him  that  tenderly  loves  me,  and  returns  again 

never  to  separate  from  me, 
And  this,  O  this  shall  henceforth  be  the  token  of  comrades,  this 

calamus-root  shall, 

Interchange  it  youths  with  each  other  !  let  none  render  it  back  !) 
And  twigs  of  maple  and  a  bunch  of  wild  orange  and  chestnut, 
And  stems  of  currants  and  plum-blows,  and  the  aromatic  cedar, 
These  I  compass'd  around  by  a  thick  cloud  of  spirits, 
Wandering,  point  to  or  touch  as  I  pass,  or  throw  them  loosely 

from  me, 
Indicating  to  each  one  what  he  shall  have,  giving  something  to 

each  ; 

But  what  I  drew  from  the  water  by  the  pond-side,  that  I  reserve, 
I  will  give  of  it,  but  only  to  them  that  love  as  I  myself  am  capable 

of  loving. 

NOT   HEAVING    FROM    MY   RIBB'D   BREAST   ONLY. 

Nor  heaving  from  my  ribb'd  breast  only, 

Not  in  sighs  at  night  in  rage  dissatisfied  with  myself, 

Not  in  those  long-drawn,  ill-supprest  sighs, 

Not  in  many  an  oath  and  promise  broken, 

Not  in  my  wilful  and  savage  soul's  volition, 

Not  in  the  subtle  nourishment  of  the  air, 

Not  in  this  beating  and  pounding  at  my  temples  and  wrists, 

Not  in  the  curious  systole  and  diastole  within  which  will  one  day 

cease, 

Not  in  many  a  hungry  wish  told  to  the  skies  only, 
Not  in  cries,  laughter,  defiances,  thrown  from  me  when  alone  far 

in  the  wilds, 

Not  in  husky  pantings  through  clinch'd  teeth, 
Not  in  sounded  and  resounded  words,  chattering  words,  echoes, 

dead  words, 

Not  in  the  murmurs  of  my  dreams  while  I  sleep, 
Nor  the  other  murmurs  of  these  incredible  dreams  of  every  day, 
Nor  in  the  limbs  and  senses  of  my  body  that  take  you  and  dismiss 

you  continually  —  not  there, 

Not  in  any  or  all  of  them  O  adhesiveness  !  O  pulse  of  my  life  ! 
Need  I  that  you  exist  and  show  yourself  any  more  than  in  these 

songs. 


CALAMUS.  101 

OF   THE   TERRIBLE    DOUBT   OF   APPEARANCES. 

OF  the  terrible  doubt  of  appearances, 

Of  the  uncertainty  after  all,  that  we  may  be  deluded, 

That  may-be  reliance  and  hope  are  but  speculations  after  all, 

That  may-be  identity  beyond  the  grave  is  a  beautiful  fable  only, 

May-be  the   things    I    perceive,  the  animals,  plants,  men,   hills, 

shining  and  flowing  waters, 
The  skies  of  day  and  night,  colors,  densities,  forms,  may-be  these 

are   (as  doubtless  they  are)  only  apparitions,  and  the  real 

something  has  yet  to  be  known, 
(How  often  they  dart  out  of  themselves  as  if  to  confound  me  and 

mock  me  ! 
How  often  I  think  neither  I  know,  nor  any  man  knows,  aught  of 

them,) 
May-be  seeming  to  me  what  they  are  (as  doubtless  they  indeed 

but  seem)  as  from  my  present  point  of  view,  and  might 

prove   (as   of  course   they  would)   nought   of  what   they 

appear,  or  nought  anyhow,  from  entirely  changed   points 

of  view ; 
To  me  these  and  the  like  of  these  are  curiously  answer'd  by  my 

lovers,  my  dear  friends, 
When  he  whom  I  love  travels  with  me  or  sits  a  long  while  holding 

me  by  the  hand, 
When   the  subtle  air,  the  impalpable,  the  sense  that  words  and 

reason  hold  not,  surround  us  and  pervade  us, 
Then   I   am   charged  with  untold  and  untellable  wisdom,  I  am 

silent,  I  require  nothing  further, 
I  cannot  answer  the  question  of  appearances  or  that  of  identity 

beyond  the  grave, 

But  I  walk  or  sit  indifferent,  I  am  satisfied, 
He  ahold  of  my  hand  has  completely  satisfied  me. 


THE    BASE    OF   ALL   METAPHYSICS. 

AND  now  gentlemen, 

A  word  I  give  to  remain  in  your  memories  and  minds, 

As  base  and  finale  too  for  all  metaphysics. 

(So  to  the  students  the  old  professor, 
At  the  close  of  his  crowded  course.) 

Having  studied  the  new  and  antique,  the  Greek  and  Germanic 

systems, 
Kant  having  studied  and  stated,  Fichte  and  Schelling  and  Hegel, 


IO2  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Stated  the  lore  of  Plato,  and  Socrates  greater  than  Plato, 

And  greater  than  Socrates  sought  and  stated,  Christ  divine  having 

studied  long, 

I  see  reminiscent  to-day  those  Greek  and  Germanic  systems, 
See  the  philosophies  all,  Christian  churches  and  tenets  see, 
Yet  underneath  Socrates  clearly  see,  and  underneath  Christ  the 

divine  I  see, 
The  dear  love  of  man  for  his  comrade,  the  attraction  of  friend  to 

friend, 

Of  the  well-married  husband  and  wife,  of  children  and  parents, 
Of  city  for  city  and  land  for  land. 


RECORDERS    AGES    HENCE. 

RECORDERS  ages  hence, 

Come,  I  will  take  you  down  underneath  this  impassive  exterior,  I 
will  tell  you  what  to  say  of  me, 

Publish  my  name  and  hang  up  my  picture  as  that  of  the  tenderest 
lover, 

The  friend  the  lover's  portrait,  of  whom  his  friend  his  lover  was 
fondest, 

Who  was  not  proud  of  his  songs,  but  of  the  measureless  ocean  of 
love  within  him,  and  freely  pour'd  it  forth, 

Who  often  walk'd  lonesome  walks  thinking  of  his  dear  friends,  his 
lovers, 

Who  pensive  away  from  one  he  lov'd  often  lay  sleepless  and  dissat 
isfied  at  night, 

Who  knew  too  well  the  sick,  sick  dread  lest  the  one  he  lov'd 
might  secretly  be  indifferent  to  him, 

Whose  happiest  days  were  far  away  through  fields,  in  woods,  on 
hills,  he  and  another  wandering  hand  in  hand,  they  twain 
apart  from  other  men, 

Who  oft  as  he  saunter'd  the  streets  curv'd  with  his  arm  the  shoul 
der  of  his  friend,  while  the  arm  of  his  friend  rested  upon 
him  also. 


WHEN    I    HEARD   AT   THE   CLOSE   OF   THE    DAY. 

WHEN  I  heard  at  the  close  of  the  day  how  my  name  had  been 
receiv'd  with  plaudits  in  the  capitol,  still  it  was  not  a  happy 
night  for  me  that  follow'd, 

And  else  when  I  carous'd,  or  when  my  plans  were  accomplish'd, 
still  I  was  not  happy, 


CALAMUS.  103 

But  the  day  when  I  rose  at  dawn  from  the  bed  of  perfect  health, 

refresh'd,  singing,  inhaling  the  ripe  breath  of  autumn, 
When  I  saw  the  full  moon  in  the  west  grow  pale  and  disappear  in 

the  morning  light, 
When  I  wander'd  alone  over  the  beach,  and  undressing  bathed, 

laughing  with  the  cool  waters,  and  saw  the  sun  rise, 
And  when  I  thought  how  my  dear  friend  my  lover  was  on  his  way 

coming,  O  then  I  was  happy, 
•O   then   each   breath   tasted  sweeter,  and  all  that  day  my  food 

nourish'd  me  more,  and  the  beautiful  day  pass'd  well, 
And  the  next  came  with  equal  joy,  and  with  the  next  at  evening 

came  my  friend, 
And  that  night  while  all  was  still  I  heard  the  waters  roll  slowly 

continually  up  the  shores, 
I  heard  the  hissing  rustle  of  the  liquid  and  sands  as  directed  to 

me  whispering  to  congratulate  me, 
For  the  one  I  love  most  lay  sleeping  by  me  under  the  same  cover 

in  the  cool  night, 
In  the  stillness  in  the  autumn  moonbeams  his  face  was  inclined 

toward  me, 
And  his  arm  lay  lightly  around  my  breast  —  and  that  night  I  was 

happy. 


ARE  YOU  THE  NEW  PERSON  DRAWN  TOWARD  ME? 

ARE  you  the  new  person  drawn  toward  me? 

To  begin  with  take  warning,  I  am  surely  far  different  from  what 

you  suppose ; 

Do  you  suppose  you  will  find  in  me  your  ideal? 
Do  you  think  it  so  easy  to  have  me  become  your  lover? 
Do  you  think  the  friendship  of  me  would  be  unalloy'd  satisfaction  ? 
Do  you  think  I  am  trusty  and  faithful? 
Do  you  see  no  further  than  this  fagade,  this  smooth  and  tolerant 

manner  of  me  ? 
Do  you  suppose  yourself  advancing  on  real  ground  toward  a  real 

heroic  man? 
Have  you  no  thought  O  dreamer  that  it  may  be  all  maya,  illusion? 


ROOTS    AND    LEAVES    THEMSELVES   ALONE. 

ROOTS  and  leaves  themselves  alone  are  these, 

.Scents  brought  to  men   and  women    from   the  wild  woods   and 
pond-side, 


104  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


Breast-sorrel  and  pinks  of  love,  fingers  that  wind  around  tighter 

than  vines, 
Gushes  from  the  throats  of  birds  hid  in  the  foliage  of  trees  as  the 

sun  is  risen, 
Breezes  of  land  and  love  set  from  living  shores  to  you  on  the  living 

sea,  to  you  O  sailors  ! 
Frost-mellow'd  berries  and  Third-month   twigs   offer'd   fresh   to 

young  persons  wandering  out  in  the  fields  when  the  winter 

breaks  up, 

Love-buds  put  before  you  and  within  you  whoever  you  are, 
Buds  to  be  unfolded  on  the  old  terms, 
If  you  bring  the  warmth  of  the  sun  to  them  they  will  open  and 

bring  form,  color,  perfume,  to  you, 
If  you  become  the  aliment  and  the  wet  they  will  become  flowers, 

fruits,  tall  branches  and  trees. 


NOT   HEAT    FLAMES    UP   AND   CONSUMES. 

Nor  heat  flames  up  and  consumes, 

Not  sea-waves  hurry  in  and  out, 

Not  the  air  delicious  and  dry,  the  air  of  ripe  summer,  bears  lightly 
along  white  down-balls  of  myriads  of  seeds, 

Wafted,  sailing  gracefully,  to  drop  where  they  may ; 

Not  these,  O  none  of  these  more  than  the  flames  of  me,  consum 
ing,  burning  for  his  love  whom  I  love, 

O  none  more  than  I  hurrying  in  and  out ; 

Does  the  tide  hurry,  seeking  something,  and  never  give  up  ?  O  I 
the  same, 

O  nor  down-balls  nor  perfumes,  nor  the  high  rain-emitting  clouds,. 
are  borne  through  the  open  air, 

Any  more  than  my  soul  is  borne  through  the  open  air, 

Wafted  in  all  directions  O  love,  for  friendship,  for  you. 


TRICKLE    DROPS. 

TRICKLE  drops  !  my  blue  veins  lea /ing  ! 

O  drops  of  me  !  trickle,  slow  drops, 

Candid  from  me  falling,  drip,  bleeding  drops, 

From  wounds  made  to  free  you  whence  you  were  prison'd, 

From  my  face,  from  my  forehead  and  lips, 

From  my  breast,  from  within  where  I  was  conceal'd,  press  forth 

red  drops,  confession  drops, 
Stain  every  page,  stain  every  song  I  sing,  every  word  I  say,  bloody 

drops, 


CALAMUS.  105 

Let  them  know  your  scarlet  heat,  let  them  glisten, 
Saturate  them  with  yourself  all  ashamed  and  wet, 
Glow  upon  all  I  have  written  or  shall  write,  bleeding  drops, 
Let  it  all  be  seen  in  your  light,  blushing  drops. 

CITY  OF   ORGIES. 

CITY  of  orgies,  walks  and  joys, 

City  whom  that  I  have  lived  and  sung  in  your  midst  will  one  day 
make  you  illustrious, 

Not  the  pageants  of  you,  not  your  shifting  tableaus,  your  specta 
cles,  repay  me, 

Not  the  interminable  rows  of  your  houses,  nor  the  ships  at  the 
wharves, 

Nor  the  processions  in  the  streets,  nor  the  bright  windows  with 
goods  in  them, 

Nor  to  converse  with  learn'd  persons,  or  bear  my  share  in  the  soiree 
or  feast ; 

Not  those,  but  as  I  pass  O  Manhattan,  your  frequent  and  swift 
flash  of  eyes  offering  me  love, 

Offering  response  to  my  own  —  these  repay  me, 

Lovers,  continual  lovers,  only  repay  me. 


BEHOLD    THIS    SWARTHY    FACE. 

BEHOLD  this  swarthy  face,  these  gray  eyes, 

This  beard,  the  white  wool  unclipt  upon  my  neck, 

My  brown  hands  and  the  silent  manner  of  me  without  charm ; 

Yet  comes  one  a  Manhattanese  and  ever  at  parting  kisses  me 

lightly  on  the  lips  with  robust  love, 
And  I  on  the  crossing  of  the  street  or  on  the  ship's  deck  give  a 

kiss  in  return, 

We  observe  that  salute  of  American  comrades  land  and  sea, 
We  are  those  two  natural  and  nonchalant  persons. 


I    SAW    IN    LOUISIANA   A    LIVE-OAK   GROWING. 

I  SAW  in  Louisiana  a  live-oak  growing, 

All  alone  stood  it  and  the  moss  hung  down  from  the  branches, 

Without  any  companion  it  grew  there  uttering  joyous  leaves  of 

dark  green, 

And  its  look,  rude,  unbending,  lusty,  made  me  think  of  myself, 
But  I  wonder'd  how  it  could  utter  joyous  leaves  standing  alone 

there  without  its  friend  near,  for  I  knew  I  could  not, 


106  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


And  I  broke  off  a  twig  with  a  certain  number  of  leaves  upon  it. 

and  twined  around  it  a  little  moss, 

And  brought  it  away,  and  I  have  placed  it  in  sight  in  my  room, 
It  is  not  needed  to  remind  me  as  of  my  own  dear  friends, 
(For  I  believe  lately  I  think  of  little  else  than  of  them,) 
Yet  it  remains  to  me  a  curious  token,  it  makes  me  think  of  manly 

love; 
For  all  that,  and  though  the  live-oak  glistens  there  in  Louisiana 

solitary  in  a  wide  flat  space, 

Uttering  joyous  leaves  all  its  life  without  a  friend  a  lover  near, 
I  know  very  well  I  could  not. 


TO   A   STRANGER. 

PASSING  stranger !  you  do  not  know  how  longingly  I  look,  upon 

you, 
You  must  be  he  I  was  seeking,  or  she  I  was  seeking,  (it  comes  to 

me  as  of  a  dream,) 

I  have  somewhere  surely  lived  a  life  of  joy  with  you. 
All  is  recall'd  as  we  flit  by  each  other,  fluid,  affectionate,  chaste, 

matured, 

You  grew  up  with  me,  were  a  boy  with  me  or  a  girl  with  me, 
I  ate  with  you  and  slept  with  you,  your  body  has  become  not  yours 

only  nor  left  my  body  mine  only, 
You  give  me  the  pleasure  of  your  eyes,  face,  flesh,  as  we  pass,  you 

take  of  my  beard,  breast,  hands,  in  return, 
I  am  not  to  speak  to  you,  I  am  to  think  of  you  when  I  sit  alone 

or  wake  at  night  alone, 

I  am  to  wait,  I  do  not  doubt  I  am  to  meet  you  again, 
I  am  to  see  to  it  that  I  do  not  lose  you. 


THIS    MOMENT   YEARNING   AND    THOUGHTFUL. 

THIS  moment  yearning  and  thoughtful  sitting  alone, 

It  seems  to  me  there  are  other  men  in  other  lands  yearning  and 

thoughtful, 
It  seems  to  me  I  can  look  over  and  behold  them  in  Germany, 

Italy,  France,  Spain, 
Or  far,  far  away,  in  China,  or  in  Russia  or  Japan,  talking  other 

dialects, 
And  it  seems  to  me  if  I  could  know  those  men  I  should  become 

attached  to  them  as  I  do  to  men  in  my  own  lands, 

0  I  know  we  should  be  brethren  and  lovers, 

1  know  I  should  be  happy  with  them. 


CALAMUS.  107 

I    HEAR    IT   WAS    CHARGED   AGAINST   ME. 

I  HEAR  it  was  charged  against  me  that  I  sought  to  destroy  institu 
tions, 

But  really  I  am  neither  for  nor  against  institutions, 

(What  indeed  have  I  in  common  with  them?  or  what  with  the 
destruction  of  them?) 

Only  I  will  establish  in  the  Mannahatta  and  in  every  city  of  these 
States  inland  and  seaboard, 

And  in  the  fields  and  woods,  and  above  every  keel  little  or  large 
that  dents  the  water, 

Without  edifices  or  rules  or  trustees  or  any  argument, 

The  institution  of  the  dear  love  of  comrades. 


THE    PRAIRIE-GRASS    DIVIDING. 

THE  prairie-grass  dividing,  its  special  odor  breathing, 

I  demand  of  it  the  spiritual  corresponding, 

Demand  the  most  copious  and  close  companionship  of  men, 

Demand  the  blades  to  rise  of  words,  acts,  beings, 

Those  of  the  open  atmosphere,  coarse,  sunlit,  fresh,  nutritious, 

Those  that  go  their  own  gait,  erect,  stepping  with  freedom  and 

command,  leading  not  following, 
Those  with  a  never-quell'd  audacity,  those  with  sweet  and  lusty 

flesh  clear  of  taint, 
Those  that  look  carelessly  in  the  faces  of  Presidents  and  governors, 

as  to  say  Who  are  you  ? 
Those   of   earth-born   passion,   simple,   never   constrain'd,  never 

obedient, 
Those  of  inland  America. 


WHEN    I    PERUSE    THE   CONQUER'D    FAME. 

WHEN  I  peruse  the  conquer'd  fame  of  heroes  and  the  victories 

of  mighty  generals,  I  do  not  envy  the  generals, 
Nor  the  President  in  his  Presidency,  nor  the  rich  in  his   great 

house, 
But  when  I  hear  of  the  brotherhood  of  lovers,  how  it  was  with 

them, 
How  together  through  life,  through  dangers,  odium,  unchanging, 

long  and  long, 
Through  youth  and  through  middle  and  old  age,  how  unfaltering, 

how  affectionate  and  faithful  they  were, 
Then  I  am  pensive  —  I  hastily  walk  away  fill'd  with  the  bitterest 

envy. 


io8  LEATES  OF  GRASS. 


WE   TWO    BOYS    TOGETHER   CLINGING. 

WE  two  boys  together  clinging, 

One  the  other  never  leaving, 

Up  and  down  the  roads  going,  North  and  South  excursions 
making, 

Power  enjoying,  elbows  stretching,  fingers  clutching, 

Arni'd  and  fearless,  eating,  drinking,  sleeping,  loving, 

No  law  less  than  ourselves  owning,  sailing,  soldiering,  thieving, 
threatening, 

Misers,  menials,  priests  alarming,  air  breathing,  water  drinking,  on 
the  turf  or  the  sea-beach  dancing, 

Cities  wrenching,  ease  scorning,  statutes  mocking,  feebleness  chas 
ing, 

Fulfilling  our  foray. 


A   PROMISE   TO   CALIFORNIA. 

A  PROMISE  to  California, 

Or  inland  to  the  great  pastoral  Plains,  and  on  to  Puget  sound  and 

Oregon  ; 
Sojourning  east  a  while  longer,  soon  I  travel  toward  you,  to  remain, 

to  teach  robust  American  love, 
For  I  know  very  well  that  I  and  robust  love  belong  among  you, 

inland,  and  along  the  Western  sea ; 
For  these  States  tend  inland  and  toward  the  Western  sea,  and  I 

will  also. 


HERE   THE    FRAILEST   LEAVES    OF   ME. 

HERE  the  frailest  leaves  of  me  and  yet  my  strongest  lasting, 
Here  I  shade  and  hide  my  thoughts,  I  myself  do  not  expose  them, 
And  yet  they  expose  me  more  than  all  my  other  poems. 


NO    LABOR-SAVING    MACHINE. 

No  labor-saving  machine, 

Nor  discovery  have  I  made, 

Nor  will  I  be  able  to  leave  behind  me  any  wealthy  bequest  to, 

found  a  hospital  or  library, 

Nor  reminiscence  of  any  deed  of  courage  for  America, 
Nor  literary  success  nor  intellect,  nor  book  for  the  book-shelf, 
But  a  few  carols  vibrating  through  the  air  I  leave, 
For  comrades  and  lovers. 


CALAMUS.  109 


A   GLIMPSE. 

A  GLIMPSE  through  an  interstice  caught, 

Of  a  crowd  of  workmen  and  drivers  in  a  bar-room  around    the 

stove  late  of  a  winter  night,  and  I  unremark'd  seated  in  a 

corner, 
Of  a  youth  who  loves  me  and  whom  I  love,  silently  approaching 

and  seating  himself  near,  that  he  may  hold  me  by  the  hand, 
A  long  while  amid  the  noises  of  coming  and  going,  of  drinking 

and  oath  and  smutty  jest. 
There  we  two,  content,  happy  in  being  together,  speaking  little, 

perhaps  not  a  word. 


A    LEAF    FOR   HAND    IN    HAND. 

A  LEAF  for  hand  in  hand  ; 

You  natural  persons  old  and  young  ! 

You  on  the  Mississippi  and  on  all  the  branches  and  bayous  of  the 

Mississippi ! 

You  friendly  boatmen  and  mechanics  !  you  roughs  ! 
You  twain  !  and  all  processions  moving  along  the  streets  ! 
I  wish  to  infuse  myself  among  you  till  I  see  it  common  for  you  to 

walk  hand  in  hand. 


EARTH,    MY    LIKENESS. 

EARTH,  my  likeness, 

Though  you  look  so  impassive,  ample  and  spheric  there, 
I  now  suspect  that  is  not  all ; 

I  now  suspect  there  is  something  fierce  in  you  eligible  to  burst  forth. 
For  an  athlete  is  enamour'd  of  me,  and  I  of  him, 
But  toward  him  there  is  something  fierce  and  terrible  in  me  eligi 
ble  to  burst  forth, 
I  dare  not  tell  it  in  words,  not  even  in  these  songs. 


I    DREAM'D    IN   A    DREAM. 

I  DREAM'D  in  a  dream  I  saw  a  city  invincible  to  the  attacks  of  the 

whole  of  the  rest  of  the  earth, 
I  dream'd  that  was  the  new  city  of  Friends, 
Nothing  was  greater  there  than  the  quality  of  robust  love,  it  led 

the  rest, 

It  was  seen  every  hour  in  the  actions  of  the  men  of  that  city, 
And  in  all  their  looks  and  words. 


HO  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 


WHAT   THINK   YOU    I    TAKE    MY    PEN    IN    HAND^ 

WHAT  think  you  I  take  my  pen  in  hand  to  record  ? 

The    battle-ship,  perfect-model'd,  majestic,  that   I   saw  pass   the 

offing  to-day  under  full  sail? 
The  splendors  of  the  past  day  ?  or  the  splendor  of  the  night  that 

envelops  me  ? 
Or  the  vaunted  glory  and  growth  of  the  great  city  spread  around 

me  ?  —  no ; 
But  merely  of  two  simple  men  I  saw  to-day  on  the  pier  in  the 

midst  of  the  crowd,  parting  the  parting  of  dear  friends, 
The  one  to  remain  hung  on  the  other's   neck   and   passionately 

kiss'd  him, 
While  the  one  to  depart  tightly  prest  the  one  to  remain  in  his- 

arms. 


TO   THE  EAST  AND   TO   THE   WEST. 

To  the  East  and  to  the  West, 

To  the  man  of  the  Seaside  State  and  of  Pennsylvania, 

To  the  Kanadian  of  the  north,  to  the  Southerner  I  love, 

These  with  perfect  trust  to  depict  you  as  myself,  the  germs  are  in: 

all  men, 
I  believe  the  main  purport  of  these  States  is  to  found  a  superb 

friendship,  exalte,  previously  unknown, 
Because  I  perceive  it  waits,  and  has  been  always  waiting,  latent  ia 

all  men. 


SOMETIMES   WITH   ONE   I    LOVE. 

SOMETIMES  with  one  I  love  I  fill  myself  with  rage  for  fear  I  effuse- 

unreturn'd  love, 
But  now  I  think  there  is  no  unreturn'd  love,  the  pay  is  certain  one 

way  or  another, 

(I  loved  a  certain  person  ardently  and  my  love  was  not  return'd,. 
Yet  out  of  that  I  have  written  these  songs.) 


TO  A   WESTERN    BOY. 

MANY  things  to  absorb  I  teach  to  help  you  become  eleve  of  mine ; 

Yet  if  blood  like  mine  circle  not  in  your  veins, 

If  you  be  not  silently  selected  by  lovers  and  do  not  silently  select 

lovers, 
Of  what  use  is  it  that  you  seek  to  become  eleve  of  mine  ? 


CALAMUS.  in 

FAST   ANCHOR'D    ETERNAL   O    LOVE! 

FAST-ANCHOR'D  eternal  O  love  !  O  woman  I  love  ! 

0  bride  !  O  wife  !  more  resistless  than  I  can  tell,  the  thought  of 

you  ! 

Then  separate,  as  disembodied  or  another  born, 
Ethereal,  the  last  athletic  reality,  my  consolation, 

1  ascend,  I  float  in  the  regions  of  your  love  O  man, 

0  sharer  of  my  roving  life. 

AMONG    THE    MULTITUDE. 

AMONG  the  men  and  women  the  multitude, 

1  perceive  one  picking  me  oUt  by  secret  and  divine  signs, 
Acknowledging   none   else,   not   parent,  wife,   husband,   brother, 

child,  any  nearer  than  I  am, 
Some  are  baffled,  but  that  one  is  not  —  that  one  knows  me. 

Ah  lover  and  perfect  equal, 

I  meant  that  you  should  discover  me  so  by  faint  indirections, 

And  1  when  I  meet  you  mean  to  discover  you  by  the  like  in  you. 

O   YOU   WHOM    I    OFTEN   AND    SILENTLY   COME. 

O  YOU  whom  I  often  and  silently  come  where  you  are  that  I  may 
be  with  you, 

As  I  walk  by  your  side  or  sit  near,  or  remain  in  the  same  room 
with  you, 

Little  you  know  the  subtle  electric  fire  that  for  your  sake  is  play 
ing  within  me. 

THAT   SHADOW   MY   LIKENESS. 

THAT  shadow  my  likeness  that  goes  to  and  fro  seeking  a  liveli 
hood,  chattering,  chaffering, 

How  often  I  find  myself  standing  and  looking  at  it  where  it 
flits, 

How  often  I  question  and  doubt  whether  that  is  really  me ; 

But  among  my  lovers  and  caroling  these  songs, 

O  I  never  doubt  whether  that  is  really  me. 

FULL   OF   LIFE    NOW. 

FULL  of  life  now,  compact,  visible, 

I,  forty  years  old  the  eighty-third  year  of  the  States, 


112  LEAVES   OF   GRASS. 

To  one  a  century  hence  or  any  number  of  centuries  hence, 
To  you  yet  unborn  these,  seeking  you. 

When  you  read  these  I  that  was  visible  am  become  invisible, 
Now  it  is  you,  compact,  visible,  realizing  my  poems,  seeking  me, 
Fancying  how  happy  you  were  if  I  could  be  with  you  and  become 

your  comrade  ; 
Be  it  as  if  I  were  with  you.     (Be  not  too  certain  but  I  am  now 

with  you.) 


SALUT  AU   MONDE! 


O  TAKE  my  hand  Walt  Whitman  ! 
Such  gliding  wonders  !  such  sights  and  sounds  ! 
Such  join'd  unended  links,  each  hook'd  to  the  next, 
Each  answering  all,  each  sharing  the  earth  with  all. 

What  widens  within  you  Walt  Whitman  ? 

What  waves  and  soils  exuding? 

What  climes  ?  what  persons  and  cities  are  here  ? 

Who  are  the  infants,  some  playing,  some  slumbering? 

Who  are  the  girls  ?  who  are  the  married  women  ? 

Who  are  the  groups  of  old  men  going  slowly  with  their  arms  about 

each  other's  necks? 

What  rivers  are  these  ?  what  forests  and  fruits  are  these  ? 
What  are  the  mountains  call'd  that  rise  so  high  in  the  mists  ? 
What  myriads  of  dwellings  are  they  fill'd  with  dwellers  ? 


Within  me  latitude  widens,  longitude  lengthens, 

Asia,  Africa,  Europe,  are  to  the  east  —  America  is  provided  for  in 

the  west, 

Banding  the  bulge  of  the  earth  winds  the  hot  equator, 
Curiously  north  and  south  turn  the  axis-ends, 
Within  me  is  the  longest  day,  the  sun  wheels  in  slanting  rings,  it 

does  not  set  for  months, 
Stretch'd  in  due  time  within  me  the  midnight  sun  just  rises  above 

the  horizon  and  sinks  again, 

Within  me  zones,  seas,  cataracts,  forests,  volcanoes,  groups, 
Malaysia,  Polynesia,  and  the  great  West  Indian  islands. 


SALUT  AU  MONDE /  113 


3 

What  do  you  hear  Walt  Whitman  ? 

I  hear  the  workman  singing  and  the  farmer's  wife  singing, 

I  hear  in  the  distance  the  sounds  of  children  and  of  animals  early 

in  the  day, 

I  hear  emulous  shouts  of  Australians  pursuing  the  wild  horse, 
I  hear  the  Spanish  dance  with  castanets  in  the  chestnut  shade,  to 

the  rebeck  and  guitar, 
I  hear  continual  echoes  from  the  Thames, 
I  hear  fierce  French  liberty  songs, 
I   hear  of  the   Italian  boat-sculler  the  musical  recitative  of  old 

poems, 
I  hear  the  locusts  in  Syria  as  they  strike  the  grain  and  grass  with 

the  showers  of  their  terrible  clouds, 
I  hear  the  Coptic  refrain  toward  sundown,  pensively  falling  on  the 

breast  of  the  black  venerable  vast  mother  the  Nile, 
I  hear  the  chirp  of  the  Mexican  muleteer,  and  the  bells  of  the 

mule, 

I  hear  the  Arab  muezzin  calling  from  the  top  of  the  mosque, 
I  hear  the  Christian  priests  at  the  altars  of  their  churches,  I  hear 

the  responsive  base  and  soprano, 
I  hear  the  cry  of  the  Cossack,  and  the  sailor's  voice  putting  to  sea 

at  Okotsk, 
I  hear  the  wheeze  of  the  slave-coffle  as  the  slaves  march  on,  as 

the  husky  gangs  pass  on  by  twos  and  threes,  fasten'd  together 

with  wrist-chains  and  ankle-chains, 
I  hear  the  Hebrew  reading  his  records  and  psalms, 
I  hear  the  rhythmic  myths  of  the  Greeks,  and  the  strong  legends 

of  the  Romans, 
I  hear  the  tale  of  the  divine  life  and  bloody  death  of  the  beautiful 

God  the  Christ, 
I  hear  the  Hindoo  teaching  his  favorite  pupil  the  loves,  wars, 

adages,  transmitted  safely  to  this  day  from  poets  who  wrote 

three  thousand  years  ago. 


What  do  you  see  Walt  Whitman  ?4 

Who  are  they  you  salute,  and  that  one  after  another  salute  you  ? 

I  see  a  great  round  wonder  rolling  through  space, 

I  see  diminute  farms,  hamlets,  ruins,  graveyards,  jails,  factories, 

palaces,  hovels,  huts  of  barbarians,  tents  of  nomads  upon 

the  surface, 


H4  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

I  see  the  shaded  part  on  one  side  where  the  sleepers  are  sleeping, 

and  the  sunlit  part  on  the  other  side, 
I  see  the  curious  rapid  change  of  the  light  and  shade, 
I  see  distant  lands,  as  real  and  near  to  the  inhabitants  of  them  as 

my  land  is  to  me. 

I  see  plenteous  waters, 

I  see  mountain  peaks,  I  see  the  sierras  of  Andes  where  they  range, 

I  see  plainly  the  Himalayas,  Chian  Shahs,  Altays,  Ghauts, 

I  see  the  giant  pinnacles  of  Elbruz,  Kazbek,  Bazardjusi, 

I  see  the  Styrian  Alps,  and  the  Karnac  Alps, 

I  see   the  Pyrenees,   Balks,  Carpathians,  and   to  the  north  the 

Dofrafields,  and  off  at  sea  mount  Hecla, 
I  see  Vesuvius  and  Etna,  the  mountains  of  the  Moon,  and  the 

Red  mountains  of  Madagascar, 
I  see  the  Lybian,  Arabian,  and  Asiatic  deserts, 
I  see  huge  dreadful  Arctic  and  Antarctic  icebergs, 
I  see  the  superior  oceans  and  the  inferior  ones,  the  Atlantic  and 

Pacific,  the  sea  of  Mexico,  the  Brazilian  sea,  and  the  sea 

of  Peru, 

The  waters  of  Hindustan,  the  China  sea,  and  the  gulf  of  Guinea, 
The  Japan  waters,  the  beautiful  bay  of  Nagusaki  land-lock'd  in  its 

mountains, 
The  spread  of  the  Baltic,  Caspian,  Bothnia,  the  British  shores,  and 

the  bay  of  Biscay, 
The  clear-sunn'd  Mediterranean,  and  from  one  to  another  of  its 

islands, 
The  White  sea,  and  the  sea  around  Greenland. 

I  behold  the  mariners  of  the  world, 

Some  are  in  storms,  some  in  the  night  with  the  watch  on  the  look 
out, 
Some  drifting  helplessly,  some  with  contagious  diseases. 

I  behold  the  sail  and  steamships  of  the  world,  some  in  clusters  in 

port,  some  on  their  voyages, 
Some  double  the  cape  of  Storms,  some  cape  Verde,  others  capes 

Guardafui,  Bon,  or  Baj adore, 
Others  Dondra  head,  others  pass  the  straits  of  Sunda,  others  cape 

Lopatka,  others  Behring's  straits, 
Others  cape  Horn,  others  sail  the  gulf  of  Mexico  or  along  Cuba 

or  Hayti,  others  Hudson's  bay  or  Baffin's  bay, 
Others  pass  the  straits  of  Dover,  others  enter  the  Wash,  others  the 

firth  of  Solway,  others  round  cape  Clear,  others  the  Land's 

End, 


SALUT  AU  MONDE  >  1 1 5 

Others  traverse  the  Zuyder  Zee  or  the  Scheld, 

Others  as  comers  and  goers  at  Gibraltar  or  the  Dardanelles, 

Others  sternly  push  their  way  through  the  northern  winter -packs, 

Others  descend  or  ascend  the  Obi  or  the  Lena, 

Others  the  Niger  or  the  Congo,  others  the  Indus,  the  Burampooter 

and  Cambodia, 

Others  wait  steam'd  up  ready  to  start  in  the  ports  of  Australia, 
Wait  at  Liverpool,  Glasgow,  Dublin,  Marseilles,  Lisbon,  Naples, 

Hamburg,  Bremen,  Bordeaux,  the  Hague,  Copenhagen, 
Wait  at  Valparaiso,  Rio  Janeiro,  Panama. 

5 

I  see  the  tracks  of  the  railroads  of  the  earth, 
I  see  them  in  Great  Britain,  I  see  them  in  Europe, 
I  see  them  in  Asia  and  in  Africa. 

I  see  the  electric  telegraphs  of  the  earth, 

I  see  the  filaments  of  the  news  of  the  wars,  deaths,  losses,  gains, 
passions,  of  my  race. 

I  see  the  long  river-stripes  of  the  earth, 

I  see  the  Amazon  and  the  Paraguay, 

I  see  the  four  great  rivers  of  China,  the  Amour,  the  Yellow  River, 

the  Yiang-tse,  and  the  Pearl, 
I  see  where  the  Seine  flows,  and  where  the  Danube,  the  Loire,  the 

Rhone,  and  the  Guadalquiver  flow, 
I  see  the^  windings  of  the  Volga,  the  Dnieper,  the  Oder, 
I  see  the  Tuscan  going  down  the  Arno,  and  the  Venetian  along 

the  Po, 
I  see  the  Greek  seaman  sailing  out  of  Egina  bay. 

6 

I  see  the  site  of  the  old  empire  of  Assyria,  and  that  of  Persia,  and 

that  of  India, 
I  see  the  falling  of  the  Ganges  over  the  high  rim  of  Saukara. 

I  see  the  place  of  the  idea  of  the  Deity  incarnated  by  avatars  in 

human  forms, 
I  see  the  spots  of  the  successions  of  priests  on  the  earth,  oracles, 

sacrificers,   brahmins,  sabians,  llamas,  monks,  muftis,    ex- 

horters, 
I  see  where  druids  walk'd  the  groves  of  Mona,  I  see  the  mistletoe 

and  vervain, 
I  see  the  temples  of  the  deaths  of  the  bodies  of  Gods,  I  see  the 

old  signifiers. 


Ii6  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


I  see  Christ  eating  the  bread  of  his  last  supper  in  the  midst  of 
youths  and  old  persons, 

I  see  where  the  strong  divine  young  man  the  Hercules  toil'd  faith 
fully  and  long  and  then  died, 

I  see  the  place  of  the  innocent  rich  life  and  hapless  fate  of  the 
beautiful  nocturnal  son,  the  full-limb'd  Bacchus, 

I  see  Kneph,  blooming,  drest  in  blue,  with  the  crown  of  feathers 
on  his  head, 

I  see  Hermes,  unsuspected,  dying,  well-belov'd,  saying  to  the 
people  Do  not  weep  for  me, 

This  is  not  my  true  country,  I  have  lived  banished  from  my  true 
country,  I  now  go  back  there, 

I  return  to  the  celestial  sphere  where  every  one  goes  in  his  turn. 


I  see  the  battle-fields  of  the  earth,  grass  grows  upon  them  and 

blossoms  and  corn, 
I  see  the  tracks  of  ancient  and  modern  expeditions. 

I  see  the  nameless  masonries,  venerable  messages  of  the  unknown 
events,  heroes,  records  of  the  earth. 

I  see  the  places  of  the  sagas, 

I  see  pine-trees  and  fir-trees  torn  by  northern  blasts, 

I  see  granite  bowlders  and  cliffs,  I  see  green  meadows  and  lakes, 

I  see  the  burial-cairns  of  Scandinavian  warriors, 

I  see  them  raised  high  with  stones  by  the  marge  of  restless  oceans, 
that  the  dead  men's  spirits  when  they  wearied  of  their  quiet 
graves  might  rise  up  through  the  mounds  and  gaze  on  the 
tossing  billows,  and  be  refresh'd  by  storms,  immensity, 
liberty,  action. 

I  see  the  steppes  of  Asia, 

I  see  the  tumuli  of  Mongolia,  I  see  the  tents  of  Kalmucks  and 

Baskirs, 

I  see  the  nomadic  tribes  with  herds  of  oxen  and  cows, 
I  see  the  table-lands  notch'd  with  ravines,  I  see  the  jungles  and 

deserts, 
I  see  the  camel,  the  wild  steed,  the  bustard,  the  fat-tail'd  sheep, 

the  antelope,  and  the  burrowing  wolf. 

I  see  the  highlands  of  Abyssinia, 

I  see  flocks  of  goats  feeding,  and  see  the  fig-tree,  tamarind,  date, 

And  see  fields  of  teff- wheat  and  places  of  verdure  and  gold. 


SALUT  AU  MONDE /  1 1 7 

I  see  the  Brazilian  vaquero, 

I  see  the  Bolivian  ascending  mount  Sorata, 

I  see  the  Wacho  crossing  the  plains,  I  see  the  incomparable  rider 

of  horses  with  his  lasso  on  his  arm, 
I  see  over  the  pampas  the  pursuit'of  wild  cattle  for  their  hides. 

8 

I  see  the  regions  of  snow  and  ice, 
I  see  the  sharp-eyed  Samoiede  and  the  Finn, 
I  see  the  seal-seeker  in  his  boat  poising  his  lance, 
I  see  the  Siberian  on  his  slight-built  sledge  drawn  by  dogs, 
I  see  the  porpoise-hunters,  I  see  the  whale-crews  of  the  south  Pa 
cific  and  the  north  Atlantic, 

I  see  the  cliffs,  glaciers,  torrents,  valleys,  of  Switzerland  —  I  mark 
the  long  winters  and  the  isolation. 

I  see  the  cities  of  the  earth  and  make  myself  at  random  a  part  of 

them, 

I  am  a  real  Parisian, 

I  am  a  habitan  of  Vienna,  St.  Petersburg,  Berlin,  Constantinople, 
I  am  of  Adelaide,  Sidney,  Melbourne, 

I  am  of  London,  Manchester,  Bristol,  Edinburgh,  Limerick, 
I  am  of  Madrid,  Cadiz,  Barcelona,  Oporto,  Lyons,  Brussels,  Berne, 

Frankfort,  Stuttgart,  Turin,  Florence, 
I  belong  in  Moscow,  Cracow,  Warsaw,  or  northward  in  Christiania 

or  Stockholm,  or  in  Siberian  Irkutsk,  or  in  some  street  in 

Iceland, 
I  descend  upon  all  those  cities,  and  rise  from  them  again. 


I  see  vapors  exhaling  from  unexplored  countries, 
I  see  the  savage  types,  the  bow  and  arrow,  the  poison'd  splint,  the 
fetich,  and  the  obi. 

I  see  African  and  Asiatic  towns, 

I  see  Algiers,  Tripoli,  Derne,  Mogadore,  Timbuctoo,  Monrovia, 
I  see  the  swarms  of  Pekin,  Canton,  Benares,  Delhi,  Calcutta,  Tokio, 
I  see  the  Kruman  in  his  hut,  and  the  Dahoman  and  Ashantee-man 

in  their  huts, 

I  see  the  Turk  smoking  opium  in  Aleppo, 
I  see  the  picturesque  crowds  at  the  fairs  of  Khiva  and  those  of 

Herat, 
I  see  Teheran,  I  see  Muscat  and  Medina  and  the  intervening  sands, 

I  see  the  caravans  toiling  onward, 


liS  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

I  see  Egypt  and  the  Egyptians,  I  see  the  pyramids  and  obelisks, 
I  look  on  chisell'd  histories,  records  of  conquering  kings,  dynasties, 

cut  in  slabs  of  sand-stone,  or  on  granite-blocks, 
I  see  at  Memphis  mummy-pits  containing  mummies  embalm'd, 

swathed  in  linen  cloth,  lying  there  many  centuries, 
I  look  on  the  fall'n  Theban,  the  large-ball'd  eyes,  the  side-drooping 

neck,  the  hands  folded  across  the  breast. 

I  see  all  the  menials  of  the  earth,  laboring, 

I  see  all  the  prisoners  in  the  prisons, 

I  see  the  defective  human  bodies  of  the  earth, 

The  blind,  the  deaf  and  dumb,  idiots,  hunchbacks,  lunatics, 

The  pirates,  thieves,  betrayers,  murderers,  slave-makers  of  the  earth. 

The  helpless  infants,  and  the  helpless  old  men  and  women. 

I  see  male  and  female  everywhere, 

I  see  the  serene  brotherhood  of  philosophs, 

I  see  the  constructiveness  of  my  race, 

I  see  the  results  of  the  perseverance  and  industry  of  my  race, 

I  see  ranks,  colors,  barbarisms,  civilizations,  I  go  among  them,  I 

mix  indiscriminately, 
And  I  salute  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth. 

ii 

You  whoever  you  are  ! 

You  daughter  or  son  of  England  ! 

You  of  the  mighty  Slavic  tribes  and  empires  !  you  Russ  in  Russia  ! 

You  dim-descended,  black,  divine-soul'd  African,  large,  fine- 
headed,  nobly-form'd,  superbly  destin'd,  on  equal  terms 
with  me  ! 

You  Norwegian  !  Swede  !  Dane  !  Icelander  !  you  Prussian  ! 

You  Spaniard  of  Spain  !  you  Portuguese  ! 

You  Frenchwoman  and  Frenchman  of  France  ! 

You  Beige  !  you  liberty-lover  of  the  Netherlands  !  (you  stock 
whence  I  myself  have  descended  ;) 

You  sturdy  Austrian  !  you  Lombard  !  Hun  !  Bohemian  !  farmer  of 
Styria  ! 

You  neighbor  of  the  Danube  ! 

You  working-man  of  the  Rhine,  the  Elbe,  or  the  Weser !  you 
working- woman  too  ! 

You  Sardinian  !  you  Bavarian  !  Swabian  1  Saxon  !  Wallachian  ! 
Bulgarian  ! 

You  Roman  !  Neapolitan  !  you  Greek  ! 

You  lithe  matador  in  the  arena  at  Seville  ! 

You  mountaineer  living  lawlessly  on  the  Taurus  or  Caucasus  ! 


SALUT  AU  MONDE /  1 1 9 

You  Bokh  horse-herd  watching  your  mares  and  stallions  feeding ! 

You  beautiful-bodied  Persian  at  full  speed  in  the  saddle  shooting 
arrows  to  the  mark  ! 

You  Chinaman  and  Chinawoman  of  China  !  you  Tartar  of  Tartary  ! 

You  women  of  the  earth  subordinated  at  your  tasks  ! 

You  Jew  journeying  in  your  old  age  through  every  risk  to  stand 
once  on  Syrian  ground  ! 

You  other  Jews  waiting  in  all  lands  for  your  Messiah  1 

You  thoughtful  Armenian  pondering  by  some  stream  of  the  Eu 
phrates  !  you  peering  amid  the  ruins  of  Nineveh !  you 
ascending  mount  Ararat ! 

You  foot-worn  pilgrim  welcoming  the  far-away  sparkle  of  the 
minarets  of  Mecca  ! 

You  sheiks  along  the  stretch  from  Suez  to  Bab-el-mandeb  ruling 
your  families  and  tribes  ! 

You  olive-grower  tending  your  fruit  on  fields  of  Nazareth,  Damas 
cus,  or  lake  Tiberias  ! 

You  Thibet  trader  on  the  wide  inland  or  bargaining  in  the  shops 
of  Lassa ! 

You  Japanese  man  or  woman  !  you  liver  in  Madagascar,  Ceylon, 
Sumatra,  Borneo  ! 

All  you  continentals  of  Asia,  Africa,  Europe,  Australia,  indifferent 
of  place  ! 

All  you  on  the  numberless  islands  of  the  archipelagoes  of  the  sea  ! 

And  you  of  centuries  hence  when  you  listen  to  me  ! 

And  you  each  and  everywhere  whom  I  specify  not,  but  include 
just  the  same  ! 

Health  to  you !  good  will  to  you  all,  from  me  and  America  sent ! 

Each  of  us  inevitable, 

Each  of  us  limitless  —  each  of  us  with  his  or  her  right  upon  the 

earth, 

Each  of  us  allow'd  the  eternal  purports  of  the  earth, 
Each  of  us  here  as  divinely  as  any  is  here. 


You  Hottentot  with  clicking  palate  !  you  woolly-hair'd  hordes  ! 

You  own'd  persons  dropping  sweat-drops  or  blood-drops  ! 

You  human  forms  with  the  fathomless  ever-impressive  counte 
nances  of  brutes  ! 

You  poor  koboo  whom  the  meanest  of  the  rest  look  down  upon 
for  all  your  glimmering  language  and  spirituality  ! 

You  dwarf 'd  Kamtschatkan,  Greenlander,  Lapp  ! 

You  Austral  negro,  naked,  red,  sooty,  with  protrusive  lip,  groveling, 
seeking  your  food  ! 


I2O  LEASES  OF  GXASS. 

You  Caffre,  Berber,  Soudanese  ! 

You  haggard,  uncouth,  untutor'd  Bedowee  ! 

You  plague-swarms  in  Madras,  Nankin,  Kaubul,  Cairo  ! 

You  benighted  roamer  of  Amazonia  !  you  Patagonian  !  you  Feejee- 

man ! 

I  do  not  prefer  others  so  very  much  before  you  either, 
I  do  not  say  one  word  against  you,  away  back  there  where  you 

stand, 
(You  will  come  forward  in  due  time  to  my  side.) 

13 

My  spirit  has  pass'd  in  compassion  and  determination  around  the 

whole  earth, 
I  have  look'd  for  equals  and  lovers  and  found  them  ready  for  me 

in  all  lands, 
I  think  some  divine  rapport  has  equalized  me  with  them. 

You  vapors,  I  think  I  have  risen  with  you,  moved  away  to  distant 
continents,  and  fallen  down  there,  for  reasons, 

I  think  I  have  blown  with  you  you  winds ; 

You  waters  I  have  finger'd  every  shore  with  you, 

I  have  run  through  what  any  river  or  strait  of  the  globe  has  run 
through, 

I  have  taken  my  stand  on  the  bases  of  peninsulas  and  on  the  high 
embedded  rocks,  to  cry  thence  : 

Saluf  au  monde  ! 

What  cities  the  light  or  warmth  penetrates  I  penetrate  those  cities 

myself, 
All  islands  to  which  birds  wing  their  way  I  wing  my  way  myself. 

Toward  you  all,  in  America's  name, 

I  raise  high  the  perpendicular  hand,  I  make  the  signal, 

To  remain  after  me  in  sight  forever, 

For  all  the  haunts  and  homes  of  men. 


SONG  OF  THE  OPEN  ROAD. 


AFOOT  and  light-hearted  I  take  to  the  open  road, 

Healthy,  free,  the  world  before  me, 

The  long  brown  path  before  me  leading  wherever  I  choose. 


SO.VG  OF  THE  OPEN  ROAD.  121 

Henceforth  I  ask  not  good-fortune,  I  myself  am  good-fortune, 
Henceforth  I  whimper  no  more,  postpone  no  more,  need  nothing, 
Done  with  indoor  complaints,  libraries,  querulous  criticisms, 
Strong  and  content  I  travel  the  open  road. 

The  earth,  that  is  sufficient, 

I  do  not  want  the  constellations  any  nearer, 

I  know  they  are  very  well  where  they  are, 

I  know  they  suffice  for  those  who  belong  to  them. 

(Still  here  I  carry  my  old  delicious  burdens, 

I  carry  them,  men  and  women,  I  carry  them  with  me  wherever  I  go, 

I  swear  it  is  impossible  for  me  to  get  rid  of  them, 

I  am  fill'd  with  them,  and  I  will  fill  them  in  return.) 


You  road  I  enter  upon  and  look  around,  I  believe  you  are  not  all 

that  is  here, 
I  believe  that  much  unseen  is  also  here. 

Here  the  profound  lesson  of  reception,  nor  preference  nor  denial, 
The  black  with  his  woolly  head,  the  felon,  the  diseas'd,  the  illiterate 

person,  are  not  denied  ; 
The  birth,  the  hasting  after  the  physician,  the  beggar's  tramp,  the 

drunkard's  stagger,  the  laughing  party  of  mechanics, 
The  escaped  youth,  the  rich  person's  carriage,  the  fop,  the  eloping 

couple, 
The  early  market-man,  the  hearse,  the  moving  of  furniture  into  the 

town,  the  return  back  from  the  town, 

They  pass,  I  also  pass,  any  thing  passes,  none  can  be  interdicted, 
None  but  are  accepted,  none  but  shall  be  dear  to  me. 


You  air  that  serves  me  with  breath  to  speak  ! 

You  objects  that  call  from  diffusion  my  meanings  and  give  them 

shape  ! 

You  light  that  wraps  me  and  all  things  in  delicate  equable  showers  ! 
You  paths  worn  in  the  irregular  hollows  by  the  roadsides  ! 
I  believe  you  are  latent  with  unseen  existences,  you  are  so  dear 

to  me. 

You  flagg'd  walks  of  the  cities  !  you  strong  curbs  at  the  edges  ! 
You  ferries !  you  planks  and  posts  of  wharves  !  you  timber-lined 
sides !  you  distant  ships  ! 


122  LEAVES  OF  CRASS. 

You  rows  of  nouses  !  you  window-pierc'd  facades  !  you  roofs  ! 
You  porches  and  entrances  !  you  copings  and  iron  guards  ! 
You  windows  whose  transparent  shells  might  expose  so  much  ! 
You  doors  and  ascending  steps  !  you  arches  ! 
You  gray  stones  of  interminable  pavements  !  you  trodden  crossings  ! 
From  all  that  has  touch'd  you  I  believe  you  have  imparted   to 

yourselves,  and  now  would  impart  the  same  secretly  to  me, 
From  the  living  and  the  dead  you  have  peopled  your  impassive 

surfaces,  and'  the   spirits   thereof  would   be   evident  and 

amicable  with  me. 


The  earth  expanding  right  hand  and  left  hand, 

The  picture  alive,  every  part  in  its  best  light, 

The  music  falling  in  where  it  is  wanted,  and  stopping  where  it  is 

not  wanted, 
The  cheerful  voice  of  the  public  road,  the  gay  fresh  sentiment  of 

the  road. 

O  highway  I  travel,  do  you  say  to  me  .Do  not  leave  me  ? 
Do  you  say  Venture  not — if  you  leave  me  you  are  lost? 
Do  you  say  /  am  already  prepared,  I  am  well-beaten  and  un 
dented,  adhere  to  me  ? 

0  public  road,  I  say  back  I  am  not  afraid  to  leave  you,  yet  I  love 

you, 

You  express  me  better  than  I  can  express  myself, 
You  shall  be  more  to  me  than  my  poem. 

1  think  heroic  deeds  were  all  conceiv'd  in  the  open  air,  and  all 

free  poems  also, 

I  think  I  could  stop  here  myself  and  do  miracles, 

I  think  whatever  I  shall  meet  on  the  road  I  shall  like,  and  who 
ever  beholds  me  shall  like  me, 

I  think  whoever  I  see  must  be  happy. 

5 

From  this  hour  I  ordain  myself  loos'd  of  limits  and  imaginary 

lines, 

Going  where  I  list,  my  own  master  total  and  absolute, 
Listening  to  others,  considering  well  what  they  say, 
Pausing,  searching,  receiving,  contemplating, 
Gently,  but  with  undeniable  will,  divesting  myself  of  the   holds 

that  would  hold  me. 


SONG  OF  THE  OPEN  ROAD.          123 

I  inhale  great  draughts  of  space, 

The  east  and  the  west  are  mine,  and  the  north  and  the  south  are 
mine. 

I  am  larger,  better  than  I  thought, 

I  did  not  know  I  held  so  much  goodness. 

All  seems  beautiful  to  me, 

I  can  repeat  over  to  men  and  women  You  have  done  such  good 

to  me  I  would  do  the  same  to  you, 
I  will  recruit  for  myself  and  you  as  I  go, 
I  will  scatter  myself  among  men  and  women  as  I  go, 
I  will  toss  a  new  gladness  and  roughness  among  them, 
Whoever  denies  me  it  shall  not  trouble  me, 
Whoever  accepts  me  he  or  she  shall  be  blessed  and  shall  bless  me. 

6 

Now  if  a  thousand  perfect  men  were  to  appear  it  would  not  amaze 

me, 
Now  if  a  thousand  beautiful  forms  of  women  appear'd  it  would 

not  astonish  me. 

Now  I  see  the  secret  of  the  making  of  the  best  persons, 

It  is  to  grow  in  the  open  air  and  to  eat  and  sleep  with  the  earth. 

Here  a  great  personal  deed  has  room, 

(Such  a  deed  seizes  upon  the  hearts  of  the  whole  race  of  men, 
Its  effusion  of  strength  and  will  overwhelms  law  and  mocks   all 
authority  and  all  argument  against  it.) 

Here  is  the  test  of  wisdom, 

Wisdom  is  not  finally  tested  in  schools, 

Wisdom   cannot   be   pass'd   from   one    having  it  to  another  not 

having  it, 

Wisdom  is  of  the  soul,  is  not  susceptible  of  proof,  is  its  own  proof, 
Applies  to  all  stages  and  objects  and  qualities  and  is  content, 
Is  the  certainty  of  the  reality  and  immortality  of  things,  and  the 

excellence  of  things ; 
Something  there  is  in  the  float  of  the  sight  of  things  that  provokes 

it  out  of  the  soul. 

Now  I  re-examine  philosophies  and  religions, 

They  may  prove  well  in  lecture-rooms,  yet  not  prove  at  all  under 

the  spacious  clouds  and  along  the  landscape  and  flowing 

currents. 


124  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Here  is  realization, 

Here  is  a  man  tallied  —  he  realizes  here  what  he  has  in  him, 
The  past,  the  future,  majesty,  love  —  if  they  are  vacant  of  you, 
you  are  vacant  of  them. 

Only  the  kernel  of  every  object  nourishes ; 

Where  is  he  who  tears  off  the  husks  for  you  and  me  ? 

Where  is  he  that  undoes  stratagems  and  envelopes  for  you  and  me  ? 

Here  is  adhesiveness,  it  is  not  previously  fashion'd,  it  is  apropos ; 
Do  you  know  what  it  is  as  you  pass  to  be  loved  by  strangers  ? 
Do  you  know  the  talk  of  those  turning  eye-balls  ? 


Here  is  the  efflux  of  the  soul, 

The  efflux  of  the  soul   comes   from  within   through   embower'd 

gates,  ever  provoking  questions, 
These  yearnings  why  are  they?  these  thoughts  in   the    darkness 

why  are  they? 
Why  are  there  men  and  women  that  while  they  are  nigh  me  the 

sunlight  expands  my  blood? 

Why  when  they  leave  me  do  my  pennants  of  joy  sink  flat  and  lank? 
\Vhy  are  there  trees  I  never  walk  under  but  large  and  melodious 

thoughts  descend  upon  me? 
(I  think  they  hang  there  winter  and  summer  on  those  trees  and 

always  drop  fruit  as  I  pass  ; ) 

What  is  it  I  interchange  so  suddenly  with  strangers  ? 
What  with  some  driver  as  I  ride  on  the  seat  by  his  side  ? 
What  with  some  fisherman  drawing  his  seine  by  the  shore  as  I 

walk  by  and  pause  ? 
What   gives   me  to  be  free  to  a  woman's  and  man's  good-will? 

what  gives  them  to  be  free  to  mine  ? 


The  efflux  of  the  soul  is  happiness,  here  is  happiness, 
I  think  it  pervades  the  open  air,  waiting  at  all  times, 
Now  it  flows  unto  us,  we  are  rightly  charged. 

Here  rises  the  fluid  and  attaching  character, 

The  fluid  and  attaching  character  is  the  freshness  and  sweetness 

of  man  and  woman, 
(The  herbs  of  the  morning  sprout  no  fresher  and  sweeter  every 

day  out  of  the  roots  of  themselves,  than  it  sprouts  fresh 

and  sweet  continually  out  of  itself.) 


SONG  OF  THE  OPEN  ROAD. 


Toward  the  fluid  and  attaching  character  exudes  the  sweat  of  the 

love  of  young  and  old, 

From  it  falls  distill'd  the  charm  that  mocks  beauty  and  attainments, 
Toward  it  heaves  the  shuddering  longing  ache  of  contact. 

9 

Allons  !  whoever  you  are  come  travel  with  me  ! 
Traveling  with  me  you  find  what  never  tires. 

The  earth  never  tires, 

The  earth  is  rude,  silent,  incomprehensible  at  first,  Nature  is  rude 

and  incomprehensible  at  first, 

Be  not  discouraged,  keep  on,  there  are  divine  things  well  envelop'd, 
I  swear  to  you  there  are  divine  things  more  beautiful  than  words 

can  tell. 

Allons !  we  must  not  stop  here, 

However  sweet  these  laid-up  stores,  however  convenient  this  dwell 
ing  we  cannot  remain  here, 

However  shelter 'd  this  port  and  however  calm  these  waters  we 
must  not  anchor  here, 

However  welcome  the  hospitality  that  surrounds  us  we  are  per 
mitted  to  receive  it  but  a  little  while. 


Allons !  the  inducements  shall  be  greater, 
We  will  sail  pathless  and  wild  seas, 

We  will  go  where  winds  blow,  waves  dash,  and  the  Yankee  clipper 
speeds  by  under  full  sail. 

Allons  !  with  power,  liberty,  the  earth,  the  elements, 
Health,  defiance,  gayety,  self-esteem,  curiosity ; 
Allons  !  from  all  formules  ! 
From  your  formules,  O  bat-eyed  and  materialistic  priests. 

The  stale  cadaver  blocks  up  the  passage  —  the  burial  waits  no 
longer. 

Allons  !  yet  take  warning  ! 

He  traveling  with  me  needs  the  best  blood,  thews,  endurance, 
None  may  come  to  the  trial  till  he  or  she  bring  courage  and  health, 
Come  not  here  if  you  have  already  spent  the  best  of  yourself, 
Only  those  may  come  who  come  in  sweet  and  determin'd  bodies, 
No  diseas'd  person,  no  rum-drinker  or  venereal  taint  is  permitted 
here. 


126  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

(I  and  mine  do  not  convince  by  arguments,  similes,  rhymes, 
We.  convince  by  our  presence.) 

ii 

Listen  !  I  will  be  honest  with  you, 

I  do  not  offer  the  old  smooth  prizes,  but  offer  rough  new  prizes, 

These  are  the  days  that  must  happen  to  you  : 

You  shall  not  heap  up  what  is  call'd  riches, 

You  shall  scatter  with  lavish  hand  all  that  you  earn  or  achieve, 

You  but  arrive  at  the  city  to  which  you  were  destin'd,  you  hardly 

settle  yourself  to  satisfaction  before  you  are  call'd  by  an 

irresistible  call  to  depart, 
You  shall  be  treated  to  the  ironical  smiles  and  mockings  of  those 

who  remain  behind  you, 
What  beckonings  of  love  you  receive  you  shall  only  answer  with 

passionate  kisses  of  parting, 
You  shall  not  allow  the  hold  of  those  who  spread  their  reach'd 

hands  toward  you. 


Aliens  !  after  the  great  Companions,  and  to  belong  to  them  ! 
They  too  are  on  the  road  —  they  are  the  swift  and  majestic  men  — 

they  are  the  greatest  women, 
Enjoyers  of  calms  of  seas  and  storms  of  seas, 
Sailors  of  many  a  ship,  walkers  of  many  a  mile  of  land, 
Habitues  of  many  distant  countries,  habitues  of  far-distant  dwellings, 
Trusters  of  men  and  women,  observers  of  cities,  solitary  toilers, 
Pausers  and  contemplators  of  tufts,  blossoms,  shells  of  the  shore, 
Dancers  at  wedding-dances,  kissers  of  brides,  tender  helpers  of 

children,  bearers  of  children, 
Soldiers  of  revolts,  slanders  by  gaping  graves,  lowerers-down  of 

coffins, 
Journeyers  over  consecutive  seasons,  over  the  years,  the  curious 

years  each  emerging  from  that  which  preceded  it, 
Journeyers  as  with  companions,  namely  their  own  diverse  phases, 
Forth-steppers  from  the  latent  unrealized  baby-days, 
Journeyers   gayly   with   their   own   youth,  Journeyers   with   their 

bearded  and  well-grain'd  manhood, 

Journeyers  with  their  womanhood,  ample,  unsurpass'd,  content, 
Journeyers  with  their  own  sublime  old  age  of  manhood  or  woman 
hood, 
Old  age,  calm,  expanded,  broad  with  the  haughty  breadth  of  the 

universe, 
Old  age,  flowing  free  with  the  delicious  near-by  freedom  of  death. 


OF    THE   OPE  AT  ROAD.  \2"J 


'3 

Aliens  !  to  that  which  is  endless  as  it  was  beginningless, 

To  undergo  much,  tramps  of  days,  rests  of  nights, 

To  merge  all  in  the  travel  they  tend  to,  and  the  days  and  nights 

they  tend  to, 

Again  to  merge  them  in  the  start  of  superior  journeys, 
To  see  nothing  anywhere  but  what  you  may  reach  it  and  pass  it, 
To  conceive  no  time,  however  distant,  but  what  you  may  reach  it 

and  pass  it, 
To  look  up  or  down  no  road  but  it  stretches  and  waits  for  you, 

however  long  but  it  stretches  and  waits  for  you, 
To  see  no  being,  not  God's  or  any,  but  you  also  go  thither, 
To  see  no  possession  but  you  may  possess  it,  enjoying  all  without 

labor  or  purchase,  abstracting  the  feast  yet  not  abstracting 

one  particle  of  it, 
To  take  the  best  of  the  farmer's  farm  and  the  rich  man's  elegant 

villa,  and  the  chaste  blessings  of  the  well-married  couple, 

and  the  fruits  of  orchards  and  flowers  of  gardens, 
To  take  to  your  use  out  of  the  compact  cities  as  you  pass  through, 
To  carry  buildings  and  streets  with  you  afterward  wherever  you  go, 
To  gather  the  minds  of  men  out  of  their  brains  as  you  encounter 

them,  to  gather  the  love  out  of  their  hearts, 
To  take  your  lovers  on  the  road  with  you,  for  all  that  you  leave 

them  behind  you, 
To  know  the  universe  itself  as  a  road,  as  many  roads,  as  roads  for 

traveling  souls, 

All  parts  away  for  the  progress  of  souls, 

All  religion,  all  solid  things,  arts,  governments  —  all  that  was  or  is 
apparent  upon  this  globe  or  any  globe,  falls  into  niches  and 
corners  before  the  procession  of  souls  along  the  grand  roads 
of  the  universe. 

Of  the  progress  of  the  souls  of  men  and  women  along  the  grand 
roads  of  the  universe,  all  other  progress  is  the  needed 
emblem  and  sustenance. 

Forever  alive,  forever  forward, 

Stately,  solemn,  sad,  withdrawn,  baffled,  mad,   turbulent,  feeUe, 

dissatisfied, 

Desperate,  proud,  fond,  sick,  accepted  by  men,  rejected  by  men, 
They  go  !  they  go  !  I  know  that  they  go,  but  I  know  not  where 

they  go, 
But  I  know  that  they  go  toward   the   best  —  toward   something 

great. 


128  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Whoever  you  are,  come  forth  !  or  man  or  woman  come  forth  ! 
You    must   not   stay  sleeping   and   dallying   there   in  the  house, 
though  you  built  it,  or  though  it  has  been  built  for  you. 

Out  of  the  dark  confinement !  out  from  behind  the  screen  ! 
It  is  useless  to  protest,  I  know  all  and  expose  it. 

Behold  through  you  as  bad  as  the  rest, 

Through  the  laughter,  dancing,  dining,  supping,  of  people, 

Inside    of  dresses   and   ornaments,  inside    of  those  wash'd    and 

trimm'd  faces, 
Behold  a  secret  silent  loathing  and  despair. 

No  husband,  no  wife,  no  friend,  trusted  to  hear  the  confession, 
Another  self,  a  duplicate  of  every  one,  skulking  and  hiding  it  goes, 
Formless  and  wordless  through  the  streets  of  the  cities,  polite  and 

bland  in  the  parlors, 

In  the  cars  of  railroads,  in  steamboats,  in  the  public  assembly, 
Home  to  the  houses  of  men  and  women,  at  the  table,  in  the  bed 
room,  everywhere, 
Smartly  attired,  countenance  smiling,  form  upright,  death  under 

the  breast-bones,  hell  under  the  skull-bones, 
Under  the  broadcloth  and  gloves,  under  the  ribbons  and  artificial 

flowers, 

Keeping  fair  with  the  customs,  speaking  not  a  syllable  of  itself, 
Speaking  of  any  thing  else  but  never  of  itself. 

14 

Aliens  !  through  struggles  and  wars  ! 
The  goal  that  was  named  cannot  be  countermanded. 

Have  the  past  struggles  succeeded? 

What  has  succeeded  ?  yourself  ?  your  nation  ?  Nature  ? 

Now  understand  me  well  —  it  is  provided  in  the  essence  of  things 
that  from  any  fruition  of  success,  no  matter  what,  shall 
come  forth  something  to  make  a  greater  struggle  necessary. 

My  call  is  the  call  of  battle,  I  nourish  active  rebellion, 
He  going  with  me  must  go  well  arm'd, 

He  going  with  me  goes  often  with  spare  diet,  poverty,  angry 
enemies,  desertions. 

15 

Aliens !  the  road  is  before  us  ! 

It  is  safe  —  I  have  tried  it  —  my  own  feet  have  tried  it  well  —  be 
not  detain'd  ! 


CROSSING  BROOKLYN  FERRY.  129 

Let  the  paper  remain  on  the  desk  unwritten,  and  the  book  on  the 

shelf  unopen'd  ! 
Let  the   tools  remain   in   the  workshop  !  let   the   money  remain 

unearn'd  ! 

Let  the  school  stand  !  mind  not  the  cry  of  the  teacher  ! 
Let  the  preacher  preach  in  his  pulpit !  let  the  lawyer  plead  in  the 

court,  and  the  judge  expound  the  law. 

Camerado,  I  give  you  my  hand  ! 

I  give  you  my  love  more  precious  than  money, 

I  give  you  myself  before  preaching  or  law ; 

Will  you  give  me  yourself  ?  will  you  come  travel  with  me  ? 

Shall  we  stick  by  each  other  as  long  as  we  live  ? 


CROSSING  BROOKLYN  FERRY. 


FLOOD-TIDE  below  me  !  I  see  you  face  to  lace  ! 
Clouds   of  the  west  —  sun  there  half  an  hour  high  —  I  see  you 
also  face  to  face. 

Crowds  of  men  and  women  attired  in  the  usual  costumes,  how 
curious  you  are  to  me  ! 

On  the  ferry-boats  the  hundreds  and  hundreds  that  cross,  return 
ing  home,  are  more  curious  to  me  than  you  suppose, 

And  you  that  shall  cross  from  shore  to  shore  years  hence  are 
more  to  me,  and  more  in  my  meditations,  than  you  might 
suppose. 

2 

The  impalpable  sustenance  of  me  from  all  things  at  all  hours  of 

the  day, 
The   simple,  compact,  well-join'd   scheme,  myself  disintegrated, 

every  one  disintegrated  yet  part  of  the  scheme, 
The  similitudes  of  the  past  and  those  of  the  future, 
The  glories  strung  like  beads  on  my  smallest  sights  and  hearings, 

on  the  walk  in  the  street  and  the  passage  over  the  river, 
The  current  rushing  so  swiftly  and  swimming  with  me  far  away, 
The  others  that  are  to  follow  me,  the  ties  between  me  and  them, 
The  certainty  of  others,  the  life,  love,  sight,  hearing  of  others. 

Others  will  enter  the  gates  of  the  ferry  and  cross  from  shore  to 
shore, 


130  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Others  will  watch  the  run  of  the  flood-tide, 

Others  will  see  the  shipping  of  Manhattan  north  and  west,  and 
the  heights  of  Brooklyn  to  the  south  and  east, 

Others  will  see  the  islands  large  and  small ; 

Fifty  years  hence,  others  will  see  them  as  they  cross,  the  sun  half 
an  hour  high, 

A  hundred  years  hence,  or  ever  so  many  hundred  years  hence, 
others  will  see  them, 

Will  enjoy  the  sunset,  the  pouring-in  of  the  flood-tide,  the  falling- 
back  to  the  sea  of  the  ebb-tide. 


It  avails  not,  time  nor  place  —  distance  avails  not, 

I  am  with  you,  you  men  and  women  of  a  generation,  or  ever  so 

many  generations  hence, 

Just  as  you  feel  when  you  look  on  the  river  and  sky,  so  I  felt, 
Just  as  any  of  you  is  one  of  a  living  crowd,  I  was  one  of  a  crowd, 
Just  as  you  are  refresh'd  by  the  gladness  of  the  river  and   the 

bright  flow,  I  was  refresh'd, 
Just  as  you  stand  and. lean  on  the  rail,  yet  hurry  with  the  swift 

current,  I  stood  yet  was  hurried, 
Just  as  you  look  on  the  numberless  masts  of  ships  and  the  thick- 

stemm'd  pipes  of  steamboats,  I  look'd. 

I  too  many  and  many  a  time  cross1  d  the  river  of  old, 

Watched  the  Twelfth-month  sea-gulls,  saw  them  high  in  the  air 

floating  with  motionless  wings,  oscillating  their  bodies, 
Saw  how  the  glistening  yellow  lit  up  parts  of  their  bodies  and  left 

the  rest  in  strong  shadow, 
Saw  the  slow-wheeling  circles  and  the  gradual  edging  toward  the 

south, 

Saw  the  reflection  of  the  summer  sky  in  the  water, 
Had  my  eyes  dazzled  by  the  shimmering  track  of  beams, 
Look'd  at  the  fine  centrifugal  spokes  of  light  round -the  shape  of 

my  head  in  the  sunlit  water, 

Look'd  on  the  haze  on  the  hills  southward  and  south-westward, 
Look'd  on  the  vapor  as  it  flew  in  fleeces  tinged  with  violet, 
Look'd  toward  the  lower  bay  to  notice  the  vessels  arriving, 
Saw  their  approach,  saw  aboard  those  that  were  near  me, 
Saw  the  white  sails  of  schooners  and  sloops,  saw  the  ships  at  anchor, 
The  sailors  at  work  in  the  rigging  or  out  astride  the  spars, 
The  round  masts,  the  swinging  motion  of  the  hulls,  the  slender 

serpentine  pennants, 

The  large  and  small  steamers  in  motion,  the  pilots  in  their  pilot 
houses, 


CROSSMG  BROOKL  vx  FERR Y.  131 

The  white  wake  left  by  the  passage,  the  quick  tremulous  whirl  of 

the  wheels, 

The  flags  of  all  nations,  the  falling  of  them  at  sunset, 
The  scallop-edged  waves  in  the   twilight,  the   ladled   cups,  the 

frolicsome  crests  and  glistening, 
The  stretch  afar  growing  dimmer  and  dimmer,  the  gray  walls  of 

the  granite  storehouses  by  the  docks, 
On  the  river  the  shadowy  group,  the  big  steam-tug  closely  flank'd 

on  each  side   by  the   badges,   the   hay-boat,  the  belated 

lighter, 
On  the  neighboring  shore  the  fires  from  the  foundry  chimneys 

burning  high  and  glaringly  into  the  night, 
Casting  their  flicker  of  black  contrasted  with  wild  red  and  yellow 

light  over  the  tops  of  houses,  and  down  into  the  clefts  of 

streets. 

4 

These  and  all  else  were  to  me  the  same  as  they  are  to  you, 
I  loved  well  those  cities,  loved  well  the  stately  and  rapid  river, 
The  men  and  women  I  saw  were  all  near  to  me, 
Others  the  same  —  others  who  look  back  on  me  because  I  look'd 

forward  to  them, 
(The  time  will  come,  though  I  stop  here  to-day  and  to-night.) 

5 

What  is  it  then  between  us  ? 

What  is  the  count  of  the  scores  or  hundreds  of  years  between  us  ? 

Whatever  it  is,  it  avails  not  —  distance  avails  not,  and  place  avails 

not, 

I  too  lived,  Brooklyn  of  ample  hills  was  mine, 
I  too  walk'd  the  streets  of  Manhattan  island,  and  bathed  in  the 

waters  around  it, 

I  too  felt  the  curious  abrupt  questionings  stir  within  me, 
In  the  day  among  crowds  of  people  sometimes  they  came  upon  me, 
In  my  walks  home  late  at  night  or  as  I  lay  in  my  bed  they  came 

upon  me, 

I  too  had  been  struck  from  the  float  forever  held  in  solution, 
I  too  had  receiv'd  identity  by  my  body, 
That  I  was  I  knew  was  of  my  body,  and  what  I  should  be  I  knew 

I  should  be  of  my  body. 

6 

It  is  not  upon  you  alone  the  dark  patches  fall, 
The  dark  threw  its  patches  down  upon  me  also, 


132  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

The  best  I  had  done  seem'd  to  me  blank  and  suspicious, 

My  great  thoughts  as  I  supposed  them,  were  they  not  in  reality 

meagre  ? 

Nor  is  it  you  alone  who  know  what  it  is  to  be  evil, 
I  am  he  who  knew  what  it  was  to  be  evil, 
I  too  knitted  the  old  knot  of  contrariety, 
Blabb'd,  blush'd,  resented,  lied,  stole,  grudg'd, 
Had  guile,  anger,  lust,  hot  wishes  I  dared  not  speak, 
Was  wayward,  vain,  greedy,  shallow,  sly,  cowardly,  malignant, 
The  wolf,  the  snake,  the  hog,  not  wanting  in  me, 
The  cheating  look,  the  frivolous  word,  the  adulterous  wish,  not 

wanting, 
Refusals,  hates,  postponements,  meanness,  laziness,  none  of  these 

wanting, 

Was  one  with  the  rest,  the  days  and  haps  of  the  rest, 
Was  call'd  by  my  nighest  name  by  clear  loud  voices  of  young  men 

as  they  saw  me  approaching  or  passing, 
Felt  their  arms  on  my  neck  as  I  stood,  or  the  negligent  leaning  of 

their  flesh  against  me  as  I  sat, 
Saw  many  I  loved  in  the  street  or  ferry-boat  or  public  assembly, 

yet  never  told  them  a  word, 
Lived  the  same  life  with  the  rest,  the  same  old  laughing,  gnawing, 

sleeping, 

Play'd  the  part  that  still  looks  back  on  the  actor  or  actress, 
The  same  old  role,  the  role  that  is  what  we  make  it,  as  great  as  \ve 

like, 
Or  as  small  as  we  like,  or  both  great  and  small. 

7 

Closer  yet  I  approach  you, 
What  thought  you  have  of  me  now,  I  had  as  much  of  you  —  I  laid 

in  my  stores  in  advance, 
I  consider'd  long  and  seriously  of  you  before  you  were  born. 

Who  was  to  know  what  should  come  home  to  me  ? 
Who  knows  but  I  am  enjoying  this  ? 

Who  knows,  for  all  the  distance,  but  I  am  as  good  as  looking  at 
you  now,  for  all  you  cannot  see  me  ? 

8 

Ah,  what  can  ever  be  more  stately  and  admirable  to  me  than  mast- 

hemm'd  Manhattan  ? 

River  and  sunset  and'  scallop-edg'd  waves  of  flood-tide  ? 
The  sea-gulls  oscillating  their  bodies,  the  hay-boat  in  the  twilight, 

and  the  belated  lighter? 


CROSSING  BROOKLYN  FERRY.  133 

What  gods  can  exceed  these  that"  clasp  me  by  the  hand,  and  with 
voices  I  love  call  me  promptly  and  loudly  by  my  nighest 
name  as  I  approach? 

What  is  more  subtle  than  this  which  ties  me  to  the  woman  or  man 
that  looks  in  my  face? 

Which  fuses  me  into  you  now,  and  pours  my  meaning  into  you? 

We  understand  then  do  we  not? 

What  I  promis'd  without  mentioning  it,  have  you  not  accepted  ? 
What  the  study  could  not  teach  —  what  the  preaching  could  not 
accomplish  is  accomplish'd,  is  it  not  ? 

9 

Flow  on,  river !  flow  with  the  flood-tide,  and  ebb  with  the  ebb 
tide  ! 

Frolic  on,  crested  and  scallop-edg'd  waves  ! 
Gorgeous  clouds  of  the  sunset !  drench  with  your  splendor  me,  or 

the  men  and  women  generations  after  me  ! 
Cross  from  shore  to  shore,  countless  crowds  of  passengers  ! 
Stand  up,  tall  masts  of  Mannahatta  !  stand  up,  beautiful  hills  of 

Brooklyn  ! 

Throb,  baffled  and  curious  brain  !  throw  out  questions  and  answers  ! 
Suspend  here  and  everywhere,  eternal  float  of  solution  ! 
Gaze,  loving  and  thirsting  eyes,  in  the  house  or  street  or  public 

assembly  ! 
Sound  out,  voices  of  young  men  !  loudly  and  musically  call  me  by 

my  nighest  name  ! 

Live,  old  life  !  play  the  part  that  looks  back  on  the  actor  or  actress  ! 
Play  the  old  role,  the  role  that  is  great  or  small  according  as  one 

makes  it !  • 
Consider,  you  who  peruse  me,  whether  I  may  not  in  unknown 

ways  be  looking  upon  you  ; 
Be  firm,  rail  over  the  river,  to  support  those  who  lean  idly,  yet 

haste  with  the  hasting  current ; 
Fly  on,  sea-birds  !  fly  sideways,  or  wheel  in  large  circles  high  in 

the  air ; 
Receive  the  summer  sky,  you  water,  and  faithfully  hold 'it  till  all 

downcast  eyes  have  time  to  take  it  from  you  ! 
Diverge,  fine  spokes  of  light,  from  the  shape  of  my  head,  or  any 

one's  head,  in  the  sunlit  water  ! 
Come  on,  ships  from  the  lower  bay  !  pass  up  or  down,  white-sail'd 

schooners,  sloops,  lighters  ! 

Flaunt  away,  flags  of  all  nations  !  be  duly  lower'd  at  sunset  ! 
Burn  high  your  fires,  foundry  chimneys  !  cast  black  shadows  at 

nightfall !  cast  red  and  yellow  light  over  the  tops  of  the 

houses ! 


134  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Appearances,  now  or  henceforth,  indicate  what  you  are, 

You  necessary  film,  continue  to  envelop  the  soul, 

About  my  body  for  me,  and  your  body  for  you,  be  hung  our 

divinest  aromas, 
Thrive,  cities  —  bring  your  freight,  bring  your  shows,  ample  and 

sufficient  rivers, 

Expand,  being  than  which  none  else  is  perhaps  more  spiritual, 
Keep  your  places,  objects  than  which  none  else  is  more  lasting. 

You  have  waited,  you  always  wait,  you  dumb,  beautiful  ministers, 

We  receive  you  with  free  sense  at  last,  and  are  insatiate  hence 
forward, 

Not  you  any  more  shall  be  able  to  foil  us,  or  withhold  yourselves 
from  us, 

We  use  you,  and  do  not  cast  you  aside  —  we  plant  you  perma 
nently  within  us, 

We  fathom  you  not  —  we  love  you  —  there  is  perfection  in  you  also, 

You  furnish  your  parts  toward  eternity, 

Great  or  small,  you  furnish  your  parts  toward  the  soul. 


SONG  OF  THE  ANSWERER. 


Now  list  to  my  morning's  romanza,  I  tell  the  signs  of  the  Answerer, 
To  the  cities  and  farms  I  sing  as  they  spread  in  the  sunshine 
before  me. 

A  young  man  comes  to  me  bearing  a  message  from  his  brother, 
How  shall  the  young  man  know  the  whether  and  when  of  his 

brother  ? 
Tell  him  to  send  me  the  signs. 

And  I  stand  before  the  young  man  face  to  face,  and  take  his  right 
hand  in  my  left  hand  and  his  left  hand  in  my  right  hand, 

And  I  answer  for  his  brother  and  for  men,  and  I  answer  for  him 
that  answers  for  all,  and  send  these  signs. 

Him  all  wait  for,  him  all  yield  up  to,  his  word  is  decisive  and  final, 
Him  they  accept,  in  him  lave,  in  him  perceive  themselves  as  amid 

light, 
Him  they  immerse  and  he  immerses  them. 


SONG  OF  THE  ANSWERER.  135 

Beautiful   women,   the   haughtiest  nations,    laws,  the   landscape, 

people,  animals, 
The  profound  earth  and  its  attributes  and  the  unquiet  ocean,  (so 

tell  I  my  morning's  romanza,) 
All  enjoyments  and  properties  and  money,  and  whatever  money 

will  buy, 
The  best  farms,  others  toiling  and  planting  and  he  unavoidably 

reaps, 
The  noblest  and  costliest  cities,  others  grading  and  building  and 

he  domiciles  there, 
Nothing  for  any  one  but  what  is  for  him,  near  and  far  are  for  him, 

the  ships  in  the  offing, 
The  perpetual  shows  and  marches  on  land  are  for  him  if  they  are 

for  anybody. 

He  puts  things  in  their  attitudes, 
He  puts  to-day  out  of  himself  with  plasticity  and  love, 
He  places  his  own  times,  reminiscences,  parents,  brothers   and 
sisters,  associations,  employment,  politics,  so  that  the  rest 
never   shame   them   afterward,  nor  assume   to   command 
them. 

He  is  the  Answerer, 

What  can  be  answer'd  he  answers,  and  what  cannot  be  answer'd 
he  shows  how  it  cannot  be  answer'd. 

A  man  is  a  summons  and  challenge, 

(It  is  vain  to  skulk  —  do  you  hear  that  mocking  and  laughter?  do 
you  hear  the  ironical  echoes?) 

Books,  friendships,  philosophers,  priests,  action,  pleasure,  pride, 
beat  up  and  down  seeking  to  give  satisfaction, 

He  indicates  the  satisfaction,  and  indicates  them  that  beat  up  and 
down  also. 

\ 

Whichever  the  sex,  whatever  the  season  or  place,  he  may  go  freshly 

and  gently  and  safely  by  day  or  by  night, 
He  has  the  pass-key  of  hearts,  to  him  the  response  of  the  prying 

of  hands  on  the  knobs. 

His  welcome  is  universal,  the  flow  of  beauty  is  not  more  welcome 

or  universal  than  he  is, 
The  person  he  favors  by  day  or  sleeps  with  at  night  is  blessed. 

Every  existence  has  its  idiom,  every  thing  has  an  idiom  and  tongue, 


136  LEATES  OF  CRASS. 

He  resolves  all  tongues  into  his  own  and  bestows  it  upon  men,  and 
any  man  translates,  and  any  man  translates  himself  also, 

One  part  does  not  counteract  another  part,  he  is  the  joiner,  he 
sees  how  they  join. 

He  says  indifferently  and   alike  How  are  you  friend?   to  the 

President  at  his  levee, 
And  he  says    Good-day  my  brother,  to  Cudge  that  hoes   in   the 

sugar-field, 
And  both  understand  him  and  know  that  his  speech  is  right. 

He  walks  with  perfect  ease  in  the  capitol, 

He  walks  among  the  Congress,  and  one  Representative  says  to 
another,  Here  is  our  equal  appearing  and  new. 

Then  the  mechanics  take  him  for  a  mechanic, 

And  the  soldiers  suppose  him  to  be  a  soldier,  and  the  sailors  that 

he  has  follow'd  the  sea, 
And  the  authors  take  him  for  an  author,  and  the  artists  for  an 

artist, 

And  the  laborers  perceive  he  could  labor  with  them  and  love  them, 
No  matter  what  the  work  is,  that  he  is  the  one  to  follow  it  or  has 

follow'd  it, 
No  matter  what  the  nation,  that  he  might  find  his  brothers  and 

sisters  there. 

The  English  believe  he  comes  of  their  English  stock, 
A  Jew  to  the  Jew  he  seems,  a  Russ  to  the  Russ,  usual  and  near, 
removed  from  none. 

Whoever  he  looks  at  in  the  traveler's  coffee-house  claims  him, 
The  Italian  or  Frenchman  is  sure,  the  German  is  sure,  the  Spaniard 

is  sure,  and  the  island  Cuban  is  sure, 

The  engineer,  the  deck-hand  on  the  great  lakes,  or  on  the  Missis 
sippi  or  St.  Lawrence  or  Sacramento,  or  Hudson  or  Pau- 
manok  sound,  claims  him. 

The  gentleman  of  perfect  blood  acknowledges  his  perfect  blood, 
The  insulter,  the  prostitute,  the  angry  person,   the  beggar,  see 

themselves  in  the  ways  of  him,  he  strangely  transmutes  them, 
They  are  not  vile  any  more,  they  hardly  know  themselves  they  are 

so  grown. 


The  indications  and  tally  of  time, 

Perfect  sanity  shows  the  master  among  philosophs, 


SO+VG  OF  THE  ANSWERER.  137 


Time,  always  without  break,  indicates  itself  in  parts, 
What  always  indicates  the  poet  is  the  crowd  of  the  pleasant  com 
pany  of  singers,  and  their  words, 

The  words  of  the  singers  are  the  hours  or  minutes  of  the  light  or 
dark,  but  the  words  of  the  maker  of  poems  are  the  general 
light  and  dark, 

The  maker  of  poems  settles  justice,  reality,  immortality, 
His  insight  and  power  encircle  things  and  the  human  race, 
He  is  the  glory  and  extract  thus  far  of  things  and  of  the  human 
race. 

The  singers  do  not  beget,  only  the  Poet  begets, 

The  singers  are  welcom'd,  understood,  appear  often  enough,  but 

rare  has  the  day  been,  likewise  the  spot,  of  the  birth  of  the 

maker  of  poems,  the  Answerer, 
(Not  every  century  nor  every  five  centuries  has  contain'd  such  a 

day,  for  all  its  names.) 

The  singers  of  successive  hours  of  centuries  may  have  ostensible 
names,  but  the  name  of  each  of  them  is  one  of  the  singers, 

The  name  of  each  is,  eye-singer,  ear-singer,  head-singer,  sweet- 
singer,  night-singer,  parlor-singer,  love-singer,  weird-singer, 
or  something  else. 

All  this  time  and  at  all  times  wait  the  words  of  true  poems, 

The  words  of  true  poems  do  not  merely  please, 

The  true  poets  are  not  followers  of  beauty  but  the  august  masters 

of  beauty  ; 
The  greatness  of  sons  is  the  exuding  of  the  greatness  of  mothers 

and  fathers, 
The  words  of  true  poems  are  the  tuft  and  final  applause  of  science. 

Divine  instinct,  breadth  of  vision,  the  law  of  reason,  health,  rudeness 

of  body,  withdrawnness, 
Gayety,  sun-tan,  air-sweetness,  such  are  some  of  the  words  of  poems. 

The  sailor  and  traveler  underlie  the  maker  of  poems,  the  Answerer, 
The  builder,  geometer,  chemist,  anatomist,  phrenologist,  artist,  all 
these  underlie  the  maker  of  poems,  the  Answerer. 

The  words  of  the  true  poems  give  you  more  than  poems, 

They  give  you  to  form  for  yourself  poems,  religions,  politics,  war, 

peace,  behavior,  histories,  essays,  daily  life,  and  every  thing 

else, 
They  balance  ranks,  colors,  races,  creeds,  and  the  sexes, 


138  •  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

They  do  not  seek  beauty,  they  are  sought, 

Forever  touching  them  or  close  upon  them  follows  beauty,  longing, 
fain,  love-sick. 

They  prepare  for  death,  yet  are  they  not  the  finish,  but  rather  the 

outset, 

They  bring  none  to  his  or  her  terminus  or  to  be  content  and  full, 
Whom  they  take  they  take  into  space  to  behold  the  birth  of  stars, 

to  learn  one  of  the  meanings, 
To  launch  off  with  absolute  faith,  to  sweep  through  the  ceaseless 

rings  and  never  be  quiet  again. 


OUR  OLD  FEUILLAGE. 

ALWAYS  our  old  feuillage  ! 

Always  Florida's  green  peninsula  —  always  the  priceless  delta  of 

Louisiana  —  always  the  cotton-fields  of  Alabama  and  Texas, 
Always  California's  golden  hills  and  hollows,  and  the  silver  moun 
tains  of  New  Mexico  —  always  soft-breath'd  Cuba, 
Always  the  vast  slope  drain'd  by  the  Southern  sea,  inseparable  with 

the  slopes  drain'd  by  the  Eastern  and  Western  seas, 
The  area  the  eighty-third  year  of  these  States,  the  three  and  a  half 

millions  of  square  miles, 
The  eighteen  thousand  miles  of  sea-coast  and  bay-coast  on  the 

main,  the  thirty  thousand  miles  of  river  navigation, 
The  seven  millions  of  distinct  families  and  the  same  number  of 

dwellings  —  always  these,  and  more,  branching  forth  into 

numberless  branches, 
Always  the  free  range  and  diversity  —  always  the  continent  of 

Democracy ; 
Always  the  prairies,  pastures,  forests,  vast  cities,  travelers,  Kanada, 

the  snows ; 
Always  these  compact  lands  tied  at  the  hips  with  the  belt  stringing 

the  huge  oval  lakes  ; 
Always  the  West  with  strong  native  persons,  the  increasing  density 

there,  the  habitans,  friendly,  threatening,  ironical,  scorning 

invaders ; 
All  sights,  South,  North,  East  —  all  deeds,  promiscuously  done  at 

all  times, 

All  characters,  movements,  growths,  a  few  noticed,  myriads  unno 
ticed, 
Through  Mannahatta's  streets  I  walking,  these  things  gathering, 


OUR  OLD  FEUILLAGE.         •  139 

On  interior  rivers  by  night  in  the  glare  of  pine  knots,  steamboats 

wooding  up, 
Sunlight  by  day  on  the  valley  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  on  the 

valleys  of  the  Potomac  and  Rappahannock,  and  the  valleys 

of  the  Roanoke  and  Delaware, 
In  their  northerly  wilds  beasts  of  prey  haunting  the  Adirondacks 

the  hills,  or  lapping  the  Saginaw  waters  to  drink, 
In  a  lonesome  inlet  a  sheldrake  lost  from  the  flock,  sitting  on  the 

water  rocking  silently, 
In  farmers'  barns  oxen  in  the  stable,  their  harvest  labor  done,  they 

rest  standing,  they  are  too  tired, 
Afar  on  arctic  ice  the  she-walrus  lying  drowsily  while  her  cubs  play 

around, 
The  hawk  sailing  where  men  have  not  yet  sail'd,  the  farthest  polar 

sea,  ripply,  crystalline,  open,  beyond  the  floes, 
White  drift  spooning  ahead  where  the  ship  in  the  tempest  dashes, 
On  solid  land  what  is  done  in  cities  as  the  bells  strike  midnight 

together, 
In  primitive  woods  the  sounds  there  also  sounding,  the  howl  of  the 

wolf,  the  scream  of  the  panther,  and  the  hoarse  bellow  of 

the  elk, 
In  winter  beneath  the  hard  blue  ice  of  Moosehead  lake,  in  summer 

visible  through  the  clear  waters,  the  great  trout  swimming, 
In  lower  latitudes  in  warmer  air  in  the  Carolinas  the  large  black 

buzzard  floating  slowly  high  beyond  the  tree  tops, 
Below,  the  red   cedar  festoon'd  with    tylandria,  the   pines    and 

cypresses  growing  out  of  the  white  sand  that  spreads  far 

and  flat, 
Rude  boats  descending  the  big  Pedee,  climbing  plants,  parasites 

with  color'd  flowers  and  berries  enveloping  huge  trees, 
The  waving  drapery  on  the  live-oak  trailing  long  and  low,  noise 
lessly  waved  by  the  wind, 
The  camp  of  Georgia  wagoners  just  after  dark,  the  supper-fires 

and  the  cooking  and  eating  by  whites  and  negroes, 
Thirty  or  forty  great   wagons,  the    mules,  cattle,  horses,  feeding 

from  troughs, 

The  shadows,  gleams,  up  under  the  leaves  of  the  old  sycamore- 
trees,  the  flames  with  the  black  smoke  from  the  pitch-pine 

curling  and  rising ; 

Southern  fishermen  fishing,  the  sounds  and  inlets  of  North  Caro 
lina's   coast,  the  shad-fishery  and  the  herring-fishery,  the 

large   sweep-seines,  the   windlasses   on    shore    work'd    by 

horses,  the  clearing,  curing,  and  packing-houses ; 
Deep  in  the  forest  in  piney  woods  turpentine  dropping  from  the 

incisions  in  the  trees,  there  are  the  turpentine  works, 


140  ,          LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

There  are  the  negroes  at  work  in  good  health,  the  ground  in  all 
directions  is  cover'd  wij,h  pine  straw ; 

In  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  slaves  busy  in  the  coalings,  at  the 
forge,  by  the  furnace-blaze,  or  at  the  corn-shucking, 

In  Virginia,  the  planter's  son  returning  after  a  long  absence,  joy 
fully  welcom'd  and  kiss'd  by  the  aged  mulatto  nurse, 

On  rivers  boatmen  safely  moor'd  at  nightfall  in  their  boats  under 
shelter  of  high  banks, 

Some  of  the  younger  men  dance  to  the  sound  of  the  banjo  or 
fiddle,  others  sit  on  the  gunwale  smoking  and  talking ; 

Late  in  the  afternoon  the  mocking-bird,  the  American  mimic, 
singing  in  the  Great  Dismal  Swamp, 

There  are  the  greenish  waters,  the  resinous  odor,  the  plenteous 
moss,  the  cypress-tree,  and  the  juniper-tree  ; 

Northward,  young  men  of  Mannahatta,  the  target  company  from 
an  excursion  returning  home  at  evening,  the  musket-muz 
zles  all  bear  bunches  of  flowers  presented  by  women ; 

Children  at  play,  or  on  his  father's  lap  a  young  boy  fallen  asleep, 
(how  his  lips  move  !  how  he  smiles  in  his  sleep  !) 

The  scout  riding  on  horseback  over  the  plains  west  of  the  Missis 
sippi,  he  ascends  a  knoll  and  sweeps  his  eyes  around ; 

California  life,  the  miner,  bearded,  dress'd  in  his  rude  costume, 
the  stanch  California  friendship,  the  sweet  air,  the  graves 
one  in  passing  meets  solitary  just  aside  the  horse-path  ; 

Down  in  Texas  the  cotton-field,  the  negro-cabins,  drivers  driving 
mules  or  oxen  before  rude  carts,  cotton  bales  piled  on 
banks  and  wharves ; 

Encircling  all,  vast-darting  up  and  wide,  the  American  Soul,  w^th 
equal  hemispheres,  one  Love,  one  Dilation  or  Pride  ; 

In  arriere  the  peace-talk  with  the  Iroquois  the  aborigines,  the 
calumet,  the  pipe  of  good-will,  arbitration,  and  indorse 
ment, 

The  sachem  blowing  the  smoke  first  toward  the  sun  and  then 
toward  the  earth, 

The  drama  of  the  scalp-dance  enacted  with  painted  faces  and 
guttural  exclamations, 

The  setting  out  of  the  war-party,  the  long  and  stealthy  march, 

The  single  file,  the  swinging  hatchets,  the  surprise  and  slaughter 
of  enemies ; 

All  the  acts,  scenes,  ways,  persons,  attitudes  of  these  States, 
reminiscences,  institutions, 

All  these  States  compact,  every  square  mile  of  these  States  without 
excepting  a  particle  ; 

Me  pleas'd,  rambling  in  lanes  and  country  fields,  Paumanok's 
fields, 


OUR  OLD  FEUILLAGE.  141 


Observing  the  spiral  flight  of  two  little  yellow  butterflies  shuffling 
between  each  other,  ascending  high  in  the  air, 

The  darting  swallow,  the  destroyer  of  insects,  the  fall  traveler 
southward  but  returning  northward  early  in  the  spring, 

The  country  boy  at  the  close  of  the  day  driving  the  herd  of  cows 
and  shouting  to  them  as  they  loiter  to  browse  by  the  road 
side, 

The  city  wharf,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Charleston,  New 
Orleans,  San  Francisco, 

The  departing  ships  when  the  sailors  heave  at  the  capstan ; 

Evening  —  me  in  my  room  —  the  setting  sun, 

The  setting  summer  sun  shining  in  my  open  window,  showing  the 
swarm  of  flies,  suspended,  balancing  in  the  air  in  the  centre 
of  the  room,  darting  athwart,  up  and  down,  casting  swift 
shadows  in  specks  on  the  opposite  wall  where  the  shine  is ; 

The  athletic  American  matron  speaking  in  public  to  crowds  of 
listeners, 

Males,  females,  immigrants,  combinations,  the  copiousness,  the 
individuality  of  the  States,  each  for  itself — the  money 
makers, 

Factories,  machinery,  the  mechanical  forces,  the  windlass,  lever, 
pulley,  all  certainties, 

The  certainty  of  space,  increase,  freedom,  futurity, 

In  space  the  sporades,  the  scatter'd  islands,  the  stars  —  on  the 
firm  earth,  the  lands,  my  lands, 

O  lands  !  all  so  dear  to  me  —  what  you  are,  (whatever  it  is,)  I 
putting  it  at  random  in  these  songs,  become  a  part  of  that, 
whatever  it  is, 

Southward  there,  I  screaming,  with  wings  slow  flapping,  with  the 
myriads  of  gulls  wintering  along  the  coasts  of  Florida, 

Otherways  there  atwixt  the  banks  of  the  Arkansaw,  the  Rio 
Grande,  the  Nueces,  the  Brazos,  the  Tombigbee,  the  Red 
River,  the  Saskatchawan  or  the  Osage,  I  with  the  spring 
waters  laughing  and  skipping  and  running, 

Northward,  on  the  sands,  on  some  shallow  bay  of  Paumanok,  I 
with  parties  of  snowy  herons  wading  in  the  wet  to  seek 
worms  and  aquatic  plants, 

Retreating,  triumphantly  twittering,  the  king-bird,  from  piercing 
the  crow  with  its  bill,  for  amusement  —  and  I  triumphantly 
twittering, 

The  migrating  flock  of  wild  geese  alighting  in  autumn  to  refresh 
themselves,  the  body  of  the  flock  feed,  the  sentinels  out 
side  move  around  with  erect  heads  watching,  and  are  from 
time  to  time  reliev'd  by  other  sentinels  —  and  I  feeding 
and  taking  turns  with  the  rest, 


142  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

In  Kanadian  forests  the  moose,  large  as  an  ox,  corner'd  by 
hunters,  rising  desperately  on  his  hind-feet,  and  plunging 
with  his  fore-feet,  the  hoofs  as  sharp  as  knives — and  I, 
plunging  at  the  hunters,  corner'd  and  desperate, 

In  the  Mannahatta,  streets,  piers,  shipping,  store-houses,  and  the 
countless  workmen  working  in  the  shops, 

And  I  too  of  the  Mannahatta,  singing  thereof — and  no  less  in 
myself  than  the  whole  of  the  Mannahatta  in  itself, 

Singing  the  song  of  These,  my  ever-united  lands  —  my  body  no 
more  inevitably  united,  part  to  part,  and  made  out  of  a 
thousand  diverse  contributions  one  identity,  any  more  than 
my  lands  are  inevitably  united  and  made  ONE  IDENTITY  ; 

Nativities,  climates,  the  grass  of  the  great  pastoral  Plains, 

Cities,  labors,  death,  animals,  products,  war,  good  and  evil  — 
these  me, 

These  affording,  in  all  their  particulars,  the  old  feuillage  to  me 
and  to  America,  how  can  I  do  less  than  pass  the  clew  of 
the  union  of  them,  to  afford  the  like  to  you  ? 

Whoever  you  are  !  how  can  I  but  offer  you  divine  leaves,  that  you 
also  be  eligible  as  I  am? 

How  can  I  but  as  here  chanting,  invite  you  for  yourself  to  collect 
bouquets  of  the  incomparable  feuillage  of  these  States? 


A  SONG  OF  JOYS. 

O  TO  make  the  most  jubilant  song  ! 

Full  of  music  —  full  of  manhood,  womanhood,  infancy  ! 

Full  of  common  employments  —  full  of  grain  and  trees. 

O  for  the  voices  of  animals  —  O  for  the  swiftness  and  balance  of 

fishes  ! 

O  for  the  dropping  of  raindrops  in  a  song  ! 
O  for  the  sunshine  and  motion  of  waves  in  a  song  ! 

0  the  joy  of  my  spirit  —  it  is  uncaged  —  it  darts  like  lightning  ! 
It  is  not  enough  to  have  this  globe  or  a  certain  time, 

1  will  have  thousands  of  globes  and  all  time. 

O  the  engineer's  joys  !  to  go  with  a  locomotive  ! 

To  hear  the  hiss  of  steam,  the  merry  shriek,  the  steam-whistle,  the 

laughing  locomotive  ! 
To  push  with  resistless  way  and  speed  off  in  the  distance. 


A  SONG  OF  JOYS.  143 


O  the  gleesome  saunter  over  fields  and  hillsides ! 

The  leaves  and  flowers  of  the  commonest  weeds,  the  moist  fresh 

stillness  of  the  woods, 
The  exquisite  smell  of  the  earth  at  daybreak,  and  all  through  the 

forenoon. 

O  the  horseman's  and  horsewoman's  joys  ! 

The  saddle,  the  gallop,  the  pressure  upon  the  seat,  the  cool  gurgling 
by  the  ears  and  hair. 

0  the  fireman's  joys  ! 

1  hear  the  alarm  at  dead  of  night, 

I  hear  bells,  shouts  !  I  pass  the  crowd,  I  run  ! 
The  sight  of  the  flames  maddens  me  with  pleasure. 

O  the  joy  of  the  strong-brawn'd  fighter,  towering  in  the  arena  in 
perfect  condition,  conscious  of  power,  thirsting  to  meet  his 
opponent. 

O  the  joy  of  that  vast  elemental  sympathy  which  only  the  human 
soul  is  capable  of  generating  and  emitting  in  steady  and 
limitless  floods. 

O  the  mother's  joys  ! 

The  watching,  the  endurance,  the  precious  love,  the  anguish,  the 
patiently  yielded  life. 

O  the  joy  of  increase,  growth,  recuperation, 

The  joy  of  soothing  and  pacifying,  the  joy  of  concord  and  harmony. 

O  to  go  back  to  the  place  where  I  was  born, 

To  hear  the  birds  sing  once  more, 

To  ramble  about  the  house  and  barn  and  over  the  fields  once  more, 

And  through  the  orchard  and  along  the  old  lanes  once  more. 

0  to  have  been  brought  up  on  bays,  lagoons,  creeks,  or  along  the 

coast, 

To  continue  and  be  employ'd  there  all  my  life, 
The  briny  and  damp  smell,  the  shore,  the  salt  weeds  exposed  at 

low  water, 
The  work  of  fishermen,  the  work  of  the  eel-fisher  and  clam-fisher ; 

1  come  with  my  clam-rake  and  spade,  I  come  with  my  eel-spear, 
Is  the  tide  out?  I  join  the  group  of  clam-diggers  on  the  flats, 

I  laugh  and  work  with  them,  I  joke  at  my  work  like  a  mettlesome 
young  man ; 


144  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

In  winter  I  take  my  eel-basket  and  eel-spear  and  travel  out  on  foot 
on  the  ice —  I  have  a  small  axe  to  cut  holes  in  the  ice, 

Behold  me  well-clothed  going  gayly  or  returning  in  the  afternoon, 
my  brood  of  tough  boys  accompanying  me, 

My  brood  of  grown  and  part-grown  boys,  who  love  to  be  with  no 
one  else  so  well  as  they  love  to  be  with  me, 

By  day  to  work  with  me,  and  by  night  to  sleep  with  me. 

Another  time  in  warm  weather  out  in  a  boat,  to  lift  the  lobster-pots 
where  they  are  sunk  with  heavy  stones,  (I  know  the 
buoys,) 

0  the  sweetness  of  the  Fifth-month  morning  upon  the  water  as  I 

row  just  before  sunrise  toward  the  buoys, 

1  pull  the  wicker  pots  up  slantingly,  the  dark  green  lobsters  are 

desperate  with  their  claws  as    I    take  them  out,  I    insert 

wooden  pegs  in  the  joints  of  their  pincers, 
I  go  to  all  the  places  one  after  another,  and  then  row  back  to  the 

shore, 
There  in  a  huge  kettle  of  boiling  water  the  lobsters  shall  be  boil'd 

till  their  color  becomes  scarlet. 

Another  time  mackerel-taking, 

Voracious,  mad  for  the  hook,  near  the  surface,  they  seem  to  fill  the 

water  for  miles ; 
Another  time  fishing  for  rock-fish  in  Chesapeake  bay,  I  one  of  the 

brown-faced  crew ; 
Another  time  trailing  for  blue-fish  off  Paumanok,  I  stand  with 

braced  body, 
My  left  foot  is  on  the  gunwale,  my  right  arm  throws  far  out  the 

coils  of  slender  rope, 
In  sight  around  me  the  quick  veering  and  darting  of  fifty  skiffs, 

my  companions. 

O  boating  on  the  rivers, 

The   voyage   down   the   St.   Lawrence,  the   superb   scenery,  the 

steamers, 
The  ships  sailing,  the  Thousand  Islands,  the  occasional  timber-raft 

and  the  raftsmen  with  long-reaching  sweep-oars, 
The  little  huts  on  the  rafts,  and  the  stream  of  smoke  when  they 

cook  supper  at  evening. 

(O  something  pernicious  and  dread  ! 
Something  far  away  from  a  puny  and  pious  life  ! 
Something  unproved  !  something  in  a  trance  ! 
Something  escaped  from  the  anchorage  and  driving  free.) 


A  SONG  OF  JOYS. 


O  to  work  in  mines,  or  forging  iron, 

Foundry  casting,  the  foundry  itself,  the  rude  high  roof,  the  ample 

and  shadow'd  space, 
The  furnace,  the  hot  liquid  pour'd  out  and  running. 

O  to  resume  the  joys  of  the  soldier  \ 

To  feel  the  presence  of  a  brave  commanding  officer  —  to  feel  his 

sympathy  \ 

To  behold  his  calmness  —  to  be  warm'd  in  the  rays  of  his  smile  I 
To  go  to  battle  —  to  hear  the  bugles  play  and  the  drums  beat  \ 
To  hear  the  crash  of  artillery — to  see  the  glittering  of  the  bayonets 

and  musket-barrels  in  the  sun  \ 
To  see  men  fall  and  die  and  not  complain  I 
To  taste  the  savage  taste  of  blood  —  to  be  so  devilish  I 
To  gloat  so  over  the  wounds  and  deaths  of  the  enemy. 

0  the  whaleman's  joys  \  O  I  cruise  my  old  cruise  again  \ 

1  feel  the  ship's  motion  under  me,  I  feel  the  Atlantic  breezes  fan 

ning  me, 
I  hear  the  cry  again  sent  down  from  the  mast-head,  There  —  she 

blows  ! 
Again  I  spring  up  the  rigging  to  look  with  the  rest  —  we  descend, 

wild  with  excitement, 

I  leap  in  the  lower'd  boat,  we  row  toward  our  prey  where  he  lies, 
We  approach  stealthy  and  silent,  I  see  the  mountainous   mass, 

lethargic,  basking, 
I  see  the  harpooneer  standing  up,  I  see  the  weapon  dart  from  his 

vigorous  arm ; 

0  swift  again  far  out  in  the  ocean  the  wounded  whale,  settling, 

running  to  windward,  tows  me, 
Again  I  see  him  rise  to  breathe,  we  row  close  again, 

1  see  a  lance  driven  through  his  side,  press'd  deep,  turn'd  in 

the  wound, 
Again  we  back  off,  I  see  him  settle  again,  the  life  is  leaving  him 

fast, 
As  he  rises  he  spouts  blood,  I  see  him  swim  in  circles  narrower 

and  narrower,  swiftly  cutting  the  water  —  I  see  him  die, 
He  gives  one  convulsive  leap  in  the  centre  of  the  circle,  and  then 

falls  flat  and  still  in  the  bloody  foam. 

O  the  old  manhood  of  me,  my  noblest  joy  of  all  \ 

My  children  and  grand-children,  my  white  hair  and  beard, 

My  largeness,  calmness,  majesty,  out  of  the  long  stretch  of  my  life. 

O  ripen 'd  joy  of  womanhood  \  O  happiness  at  last  \ 


146  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

I  am  more  than  eighty  years  of  age,  I  am  the  most  venerable 

mother, 

How  clear  is  my  mind  —  how  all  people  draw  nigh  to  me  ! 
What  attractions  are  these  beyond  any  before  ?  what  bloom  more 

than  the  bloom  of  youth? 
What  beauty  is  this  that  descends  upon  me  and  rises  out  of  me  ? 

O  the  orator's  joys  ! 

To  innate  the  chest,  to  roll  the  thunder  of  the  voice  out  from  the 

ribs  and  throat, 

To  make  the  people  rage,  weep,  hate,  desire,  with  yourself, 
To  lead  America  —  to  quell  America  with  a  great  tongue. 

O  the  joy  of  my  soul  leaning  pois'd  on  itself,  receiving  identity 

through  materials  and  loving  them,  observing  characters 

and  absorbing  them, 
My  soul  vibrated  back  to  me  from  them,  from  sight,  hearing,  touch, 

reason,  articulation,  comparison,  memory,  and  the  like, 
The  real  life  of  my  senses  and  flesh  transcending  my  senses  and  flesh, 
My  body  done  with  materials,  my  sight  done  with  my  material  eyes, 
Proved  to  me  this  day  beyond  cavil  that  it  is  not  my  material  eyes 

which  finally  see, 
Nor  my  material  body  which  finally  loves,  walks,  laughs,  shouts, 

embraces,  procreates, 

O  the  farmer's  joys ! 

Ohioan's,  Illinoisian's,  Wisconsinese',  Kanadian's,  lowan's,  Kan- 

sian's,  Missourian's,  Oregonese'  joys  I 
To  rise  at  peep  of  day  and  pass  forth  nimbly  to  work, 
To  plough  land  in  the  fall  for  winter-sown  crops, 
To  plough  land  in  the  spring  for  maize, 
To  train  orchards,  to  graft  the  trees,  to  gather  apples  in  the  fall. 

O  to  bathe  in  the  swimming-bath,  or  in  a  good  place  along  shore, 
To  splash  the  water  I  to  walk  ankle-deep,  or  race  naked  along  the 
shore, 

O  to  realize  space ! 

The  plenteousness  of  all,  that  there  are  no  bounds, 
To  emerge  and  b'e  of  the  sky,  of  the  sun  and  moon  and  flying 
clouds,  as  one  with  them, 

O  the  joy  of  a  manly  self-hood  ! 

To  be  servile  to  none,  to  defer  to  none,  not  to  any  tyrant  known 
or  unknown, 


A  Soxc  OF  JOYS.  147 

To  walk  with  erect  carriage,  a  step  springy  and  elastic, 
To  look  with  calm  gaze  or  with  a  flashing  eye, 
To  speak  with  a  full  and  sonorous  voice  out  of  a  broad  chest, 
To  confront  with  your  personality  all  the  other  personalities  of  the 
earth. 

Know'st  thou  the  excellent  joys  of  youth? 

Joys  of  the  dear  companions  and  of  the  merry  word  and  laughing 

face? 

Joy  of  the  glad  light-beaming  day,  joy  of  the  wide-breath'd  games? 
Joy  of  sweet  music,  joy  of  the  lighted  ball-room  and  the  dancers  ? 
Joy  of  the  plenteous  dinner,  strong  carouse  and  drinking? 

Yet  O  my  soul  supreme  ! 

Know'st  thou  the  joys  of  pensive  thought? 

Joys  of  the  free  and  lonesome  heart,  the  tender,  gloomy  heart? 

Joys  of  the  solitary  walk,  the  spirit  bow'd  yet  proud,  the  suffering 

and  the  struggle  ? 
The  agonistic  throes,  the  ecstasies,  joys  of  the  solemn  musings  day 

or  night  ? 

Joys  of  the  thought  of  Death,  the  great  spheres  Time  and  Space? 
Prophetic  joys  of  better,  loftier  love's  ideals,  the  divine  wife,  the 

sweet,  eternal,  perfect  comrade  ? 
Joys  all  thine  own  undying  one,  joys  worthy  thee  O  soul. 

O  while  I  live  to  be  the  ruler  of  life,  not  a  slave, 

To  meet  life  as  a  powerful  conqueror, 

No  fumes,  no  ennui,  no  more  complaints  or  scornful  criticisms, 

To  these  proud  laws  of  the  air,  the  water  and  the  ground,  proving 

my  interior  soul  impregnable, 
And  nothing  exterior  shall  ever  take  command  of  me. 

For  not  life's  joys  alone  I  sing,  repeating  —  the  joy  of  death  ! 
The  beautiful  touch  of  Death,  soothing  and  benumbing  a  few 

moments,  for  reasons, 
Myself  discharging  my  excrementitious   body  to   be  burn'd,    or 

render'd  to  powder,  or  buried, 
My  real  body  doubtless  left  to  me  for  other  spheres, 
My  voided  body  nothing  more  to  me,  returning  to  the  purifications, 

further  offices,  eternal  uses  of  the  earth. 

O  to  attract  by  more  than  attraction  ! 

How  it  is  I  know  not  —  yet  behold  !  the  something  which  obeys 

none  of  the  rest, 
It  is  offensive,  never  defensive  —  yet  how  magnetic  it  draws. 


148  LEATES  OF  GRASS. 

O  to  struggle  against  great  odds,  to  meet  enemies  undaunted  ! 
To  be  entirely  alone  with  them,  to  find  how  much  one  can  stand  ! 
To  look  strife,  torture,  prison,  popular  odium,  face  to  face  ! 
To  mount  the  scaffold,  to  advance  to  the  muzzles  of  guns  with 

perfect  nonchalance  ! 
To  be  indeed  a  God  !  ' 

O  to  sail  to  sea  in  a  ship  ! 

To  leave  this  steady  unendurable  land, 

To  leave  the  tiresome  sameness  of  the  streets,  the  sidewalks  and 

the  houses, 

To  leave  you  O  you  solid  motionless  land,  and  entering  a  ship, 
To  sail  and  sail  and  sail ! 

O  to  have  life  henceforth  a  poem  of  new  joys  ! 

To  dance,  clap  hands,  exult,  shout,  skip,  leap,  roll  on,  float  on  ! 

To  be  a  sailor  of  the  world  bound  for  all  ports, 

A  ship  itself,  (see  indeed  these  sails  I  spread  to  the  sun  and  air,) 

A  swift  and  swelling  ship  full  of  rich  words,  full  of  joys. 


SONG  OF  THE  BROAD-AXE. 


WEAPON  shapely,  naked,  wan, 

Head  from  the  mother's  bowels  drawn, 

Wooded  flesh  and  metal  bone,  limb  only  one  and  lip  only  one, 

Gray-blue  leaf  by  red-heat  grown,  helve  produced  from  a  little 

seed  sown, 

Resting  the  grass  amid  and  upon, 
To  be  lean'd  and  to  lean  on. 

Strong  shapes  and  attributes  of  strong  shapes,  masculine  trades, 

sights  and  sounds, 

Long  varied  train  of  an  emblem,  dabs  of  music, 
Fingers  of  the  organist  skipping  staccato  over  the   keys   of  the 

great  organ. 


Welcome  are  all  earth's  lands,  each  for  its  kind, 
Welcome  are  lands  of  pine  and  oak, 
Welcome  are  lands  of  the  lemon  and  fig, 
Welcome  are  lands  of  gold, 


Sows  of  THE  BROAD-AXE.  149 

Welcome  are  lands  of  wheat  and  maize,  welcome  those  of  the 

grape, 

Welcome  are  lands  of  sugar  and  rice, 
Welcome  the  cotton-lands,  welcome   those   of  the  white   potato 

and  sweet  potato, 

Welcome  are  mountains,  flats,  sands,  forests,  prairies, 
Welcome  the  rich  borders  of  rivers,  table-lands,  openings, 
Welcome  the  measureless  grazing-lands,  welcome  the  teeming  soil 

of  orchards,  flax,  honey,  hemp  ; 

Welcome  just  as  much  the  other  more  hard-faced  lands, 
Lands  rich  as  lands  of  gold  or  wheat  and  fruit  lands, 
Lands  of  mines,  lands  of  the  manly  and  rugged  ores^ 
Lands  of  coal,  copper,  lead,  tin,  zinc, 
Lands  of  iron  —  lands  of  the  make  of  the  axe. 


The  log  at  the  wood-pile,  the  axe  supported  by  it, 

The  sylvan  hut,  the  vine  over  the  doorway,  the  space  clear'd  for  a 

garden, 
The  irregular  tapping  of  rain  down  on  the  leaves  after  the  storm 

is  lull'd, 

The  wailing  and  moaning  at  intervals,  the  thought  of  the  sea, 
The  thought  of  ships  struck  in  the  storm  and  put  on  their  beam 

ends,  and  the  cutting  away  of  masts, 
The  sentiment  of  the  huge  timbers  of  old-fashion'd  houses  and 

barns, 
The  remember'd   print  or  narrative,  the  voyage  at  a  venture  of 

men,  families,  goods, 

The  disembarkation,  the  founding  of  a  new  city, 
The  voyage  of  those  who  sought  a  New  England  and  found  it,  the 

outset  anywhere, 

The  settlements  of  the  Arkansas,  Colorado,  Ottawa,  Willamette, 
The  slow  progress,  the  scant  fare,  the  axe,  rifle,  saddle-bags ; 
The  beauty  of  all  adventurous  and  daring  persons, 
The   beauty  of  wood-boys   and   wood-men   with  their  clear  un- 

trimm'd  faces, 
The   beauty   of  independence,   departure,   actions   that  rely  on 

themselves, 

The  American  contempt  for  statutes  and  ceremonies,  the  bound 
less  impatience  of  restraint, 
The  loose  drift  of  character,  the  inkling  through  random  types, 

the  solidification ; 
The  butcher  in  the  slaughter-house,  the  hands  aboard  schooners 

and  sloops,  the  raftsman,  the  pioneer, 


150  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Lumbermen  in  their  winter  camp,  daybreak  in  the  woods,  stripes 

of  snow  on  the  limbs  of  trees,  the  occasional  snapping, 
The  glad  clear  sound  of  one's  own  voice,  the  merry  song,  the 

natural  life  of  the  woods,  the  strong  day's  work, 
The  blazing  fire  at  night,  the  sweet  taste  of  supper,  the  talk,  the 

bed  of  hemlock-boughs  and  the  bear-skin  ; 
The  house-builder  at  work  in  cities  or  anywhere, 
The  preparatory  jointing,  squaring,  sawing,  mortising, 
The  hoist-up  of  beams,  the  push  of  them  in  their  places,  laying 

them  regular, 
Setting  the  studs  by  their  tenons  in  the  mortises  according  as  they 

were  prepared, 
The  blows  of  mallets  and  hammers,  the   attitudes  of  the   men, 

their  curv'd  limbs, 
Bending,  standing,  astride  the  beams,  driving  in  pins,  holding  on 

by  posts  and  braces, 

The  hooic'd  arm  over  the  plate,  the  other  arm  wielding  the  axe, 
The  floor-men  forcing  the  planks  close  to  be  nail'd, 
Their  postures  bringing  their  weapons  downward  on  the  bearers, 
The  echoes  resounding  through  the  vacant  building ; 
The  huge  storehouse  carried  up  in  the  city  well  under  way, 
The  six  framing-men,  two  in  the  middle  and  two  at  each  end, 

carefully  bearing  on   their  shoulders   a   heavy  stick  for  a 

cross-beam, 
The  crowded  line  of  masons  with   trowels   in   their  right   hands 

rapidly  laying  the  long  side-wall,  two   hundred  feet  from 

front  to  rear, 
The   flexible  rise  and  fall  of  backs,  the  continual   click   of  the 

trowels  striking  the  bricks, 
The  bricks  one   after  another  each   laid   so  workmanlike   in   its 

place,  and  set  with  a  knock  of  the  trowel-handle, 
The  piles  of  materials,  the  mortar  on  the  mortar-boards,  and  the 

steady  replenishing  by  the  hod-men  ; 
Spar-makers  in  the   spar-yard,  the   swarming  row  of  well-grown 

apprentices, 
The  swing  of  their  axes  on  the  square-hew'd  log  shaping  it  toward 

the  shape  of  a  mast, 

The  brisk  short  crackle  of  the  steel  driven  slantingly  into  the  pine, 
The  butter-color'd  chips  flying  off  in  great  flakes  and  slivers, 
The  limber  motion  of  brawny  young  arms  and  hips  in  easy  cos 
tumes, 
The   constructor   of  wharves,   bridges,  piers,   bulk-heads,   floats, 

stays  against  the  sea ; 
The  city  fireman,  the  fire  that  suddenly  bursts  forth  in  the  close- 

pack'd  square, 


OF  THE  BROAD-AXE.  151 

The  arriving  engines,  the  hoarse  shouts,  the  nimble  stepping  and 

daring, 
The  strong  command  through  the  fire-trumpets,  the  falling  in  line, 

the  rise  and  fall  of  the  arms  forcing  the  water, 
The  slender,  spasmic,  blue-white  jets,  the  bringing  to  bear  of  the 

h'ooks  and  ladders  and  their  execution, 
The  crash  and  cut   away  of  connecting  wood-work,  or  through 

floors  if  the  fire  smoulders  under  them, 
The  crowd  with   their  lit   faces  watching,  the   glare   and   dense 

shadows ; 

The  forger  at  his  forge-furnace  and  the  user  of  iron  after"  him, 
The  maker  of  the  axe  large  and  small,  and  the  welder  and  tem- 

perer, 
The  chooser  breathing  his  breath  on  the  cold  steel  and  trying  the 

edge  with  his  thumb, 
The  one  who  clean-shapes  the  handle  and  sets  it  firmly  in  the 

socket ; 

The  shadowy  processions  of  the  portraits  of  the  past  users  also, 
The  primal  patient  mechanics,  the  architects  and  engineers, 
The  far-off  Assyrian  edifice  and  Mizra  edifice, 
The  Roman  lictors  preceding  the  consuls, 
The  antique  European  warrior  with  his  axe  in  combat, 
The  uplifted  arm,  the  clatter  of  blows  on  the  helmeted  head, 
The  death-howl,  the  limpsy  tumbling  body,  the  rush  of  friend  and 

foe  thither, 

The  siege  of  revolted  lieges  determin'd  for  liberty, 
The  summons  to  surrender,  the  battering  at  castle  gates,  the  truce 

and  parley, 

The  sack  of  an  old  city  in  its  time, 
The   bursting   in   of  mercenaries   and   bigots   tumultuously  and 

disorderly, 

Roar,  flames,  blood,  drunkenness,  madness, 
Goods  freely  rifled  from  houses  and  temples,  screams  of  women  in 

the  gripe  of  brigands, 
Craft  and  thievery  of  camp-followers,  men  running,  old  persons 

despairing, 

The  hell  of  war,  the  cruelties  of  creeds, 
The  list  of  all  executive  deeds  and  words  just  or  unjust, 
The  power  of  personality  just  or  unjust. 

4 
Muscle  and  pluck  forever  ! 

What  invigorates  life  invigorates  death, 

And  the  dead  advance  as  much  as  the  living  advance, 

And  the  future  is  no  more  uncertain  than  the  present, 


152  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

For  the  roughness  of  the  earth  and  of  man  encloses  as  much  as 

the  delicatesse  of  the  earth  and  of  man, 
And  nothing  endures  but  personal  qualities. 

What  do  you  think  endures  ? 

Do  you  think  a  great  city  endures? 

Or  a  teeming  manufacturing  state  ?  or  a  prepared  constitution  ?  or 

the  best  built  steamships  ? 
Or  hotels  of  granite  and  iron?  or  any  chef-d'oeuvres  of  engineering, 

forts,  armaments? 

Away  !  these  are  not  to  be  cherish'd  for  themselves, 

They  fill  their  hour,  the  dancers  dance,  the  musicians  play  for 

them, 

The  show  passes,  all  does  well  enough  of  course, 
All  does  very  well  till  one  flash  of  defiance. 

A  great  city  is  that  which  has  the  greatest  men  and  women, 
If  it  be  a  few  ragged  huts  it  is  still  the  greatest  city  in  the  whole 
world. 


The  place  where  a  great  city  stands  is  not  the  place  of  stretch'd 
wharves,  docks,  manufactures,  deposits  of  produce  merely, 

Nor  the  place  of  ceaseless  salutes  of  new-comers  or  the  anchor- 
lifters  of  the  departing, 

Nor  the  place  of  the  tallest  and  costliest  buildings  or  shops  selling 
goods  from  the  rest  of  the  earth, 

Nor  the  place  of  the  best  libraries  and  schools,  nor  the  place  where 
money  is  plentiest, 

Nor  the  place  of  the  most  numerous  population. 

Where  the  city  stands  with  the  brawniest  breed  of  orators  and 

bards, 
Where  the  city  stands  that  is  belov'd  by  these,  and  loves  them  in 

return  and  understands  them, 
Where  no  monuments  exist  to  heroes  but  in  the  common  words 

and  deeds, 

Where  thrift  is  in  its  place,  and  prudence  is  in  its  place, 
Where  the  men  and  women  think  lightly  of  the  laws, 
Where  the  slave  ceases,  and  the  master  of  slaves  ceases, 
Where  the  populace  rise  at  once  against  the  never-ending  audacity 

of  elected  persons, 
Where  fierce  men  and  women  pour  forth  as  the  sea  to  the  whistle 

of  death  pours  its  sweeping  and  unript  waves, 


OF    THE  BROAD-AXE,  I  53 


Where  outside  authority  enters  always  after  the  precedence  of 

inside  authority, 
Where  the  citizen  is  always  the  head  and  ideal,  and  President, 

Mayor,  Governor  and  what  not,  are  agents  for  pay, 
Where  children  are  taught  to  be  laws  to  themselves,  and  to  depend 

on  themselves, 

Where  equanimity  is  illustrated  in  affairs, 
Where  speculations  on  the  soul  are  encouraged, 
Where  women  walk  in  public  processions  in  the  streets  the  same 

as  the  men, 
Where  they  enter  the  public  assembly  and  take  places  the  same  as 

the  men ; 

Where  the  city  of  the  faithfulest  friends  stands, 
Where  the  city  of  the  cleanliness  of  the  sexes  stands, 
Where  the  city  of  the  healthiest  fathers  stands, 
Where  the  city  of  the  best-bodied  mothers  stands, 
There  the  great  city  stands. 

6 

How  beggarly  appear  arguments  before  a  defiant  deed  ! 
How  the  floridness  of  the  materials  of  cities  shrivels  before  a  man's 
or  woman's  look  ! 

All  waits  or  goes  by  default  till  a  strong  being  appears  ; 

A  strong  being  is  the  proof  of  the  race  and  of  the  ability  of  the 

universe, 

When  he  or  she  appears  materials  are  overaw'd, 
The  dispute  on  the  soul  stops, 
The  old  customs  and  phrases  are  confronted,  turn'd  back,  or  laid 

away. 

What  is  your  money-making  now?  what  can  it  do  now? 

What  is  your  respectability  now? 

What  are  your  theology,  tuition,  society,  traditions,  statute-books, 

now? 

Where  are  your  jibes  of  being  now? 
Where  are  your  cavils  about  the  soul  now? 


A  sterile  landscape  covers  the  ore,  there  is  as  good  as  the  best  for 
all  the  forbidding  appearance, 

There  is  the  mine,  there  are  the  miners, 

The  forge-furnace  is  there,  the  melt  is  accomplish'd,  the  hammers- 
men  are  at  hand  with  their  tongs  and  hammers, 

What  always  served  and  always  serves  is  at  hand. 


LEASES  OF  GRASS. 


Than  this  nothing  has  better  served,  it  has  served  all, 

Served  the  fluent-tongued  and  subtle-sensed  Greek,  and  long  ere 

the  Greek, 

Served  in  building  the  buildings  that  last  longer  than  any, 
Served  the  Hebrew,  the  Persian,  the  most  ancient  Hindustanee, 
Served  the  mound-raiser  on  the  Mississippi,  served  those  whose 

relics  remain  in  Central  America, 
Served  Albic  temples  in  woods  or  on  plains,  with  unhewn  pillars 

and  the  druids, 
Served  the  artificial  clefts,  vast,  high,  silent,  on  the  snow-cover'd 

hills  of  Scandinavia, 
Served  those  who  time  out  of  mind  made  on  the  granite  walls 

rough  sketches  of  the  sun,  moon,  stars,  ships,  ocean  waves, 
Served  the  paths  of  the  irruptions  of  the  Goths,  served  the  pas 

toral  tribes  and  nomads, 

Served  the  long  distant  Kelt,  served  the  hardy  pirates  of  the  Baltic, 
Served  before  any  of  those  the  venerable  and  harmless  men  of 

Ethiopia, 
Served  the  making  of  helms  for  the  galleys  of  pleasure  and  the 

making  of  those  for  war, 

Served  all  great  works  on  land  and  all  great  works  on  the  sea, 
For  the  mediaeval  ages  and  before  the  mediaeval  ages, 
Served  not  the  living  only  then  as  now,  but  served  the'  dead. 

8 

I  see  the  Euiopean  headsman, 

He  stands  mask'd,  clothed  in  red,  with  huge  legs  and  strong  naked 

arms, 
And  leans  on  a  ponderous  axe. 

(Whom  have  you  slaughter'd  lately  European  headsman? 
Whose  is  that  blood  upon  you  so  wet  and  sticky  ?) 

I  see  the  clear  sunsets  of  the  martyrs, 

I  see  from  the  scaffolds  the  descending  ghosts, 

Ghosts   of  dead   lords,   uncrown'd   ladies,   impeach'd   ministers, 

rejected  kings, 
Rivals,  traitors,  poisoners,  disgraced  chieftains  and  the  rest. 

I  see  those  who'  in  any  land  have  died  for  the  good  cause, 
The  seed  is  spare,  nevertheless  the  crop  shall  never  run  out, 
(Mind  you  O  foreign  kings,  O  priests,  the  crop  shall  never  run  out.) 

I  see  the  blood  Wash'd  entirely  away  from  the  axe, 
Both  blade  and  helve  are  clean, 


SONG  OF  THE  BROAD-AXE.  155 

They  spirt  no  more  the  blood  of  European  nobles,  they  clasp  no 
more  the  necks  of  queens. 

I  see  the  headsman  withdraw  and  become  useless, 

I  see  the  scaffold  untrodden  and  mouldy,  I  see  no  longer  any  axe 

upon  it, 
I  see  the  mighty  and  friendly  emblem  of  the  power  of  my  own 

race,  the  newest,  largest  race. 


(America  !  I  do  not  vaunt  my  love  for  you, 
I  have  what  I  have.) 

The  axe  leaps  ! 

The  solid  forest  gives  fluid  utterances, 
They  tumble  forth,  they  rise  and  form, 
Hut,  tent,  landing,  survey, 
Flail,  plough,  pick,  crowbar,  spade, 
Shingle,  rail,  prop,  wainscot,  jamb,  lath,  panel,  gable, 
Citadel,   ceiling,   saloon,   academy,   organ,    exhibition-house,    li 
brary, 

Cornice,  trellis,  pilaster,  balcony,  window,  turret,  porch, 
Hoe,  rake,  pitchfork,  pencil,  wagon,  staff,  saw,  jack-plane,  mallet, 

wedge,  rounce, 

Chair,  tub,  hoop,  table,  wicket,  vane,  sash,  floor, 
Work-box,  chest,  string'd  instrument,  boat,  frame,  and  what  not, 
Capitols  of  States,  and  capitol  of  the  nation  of  States, 
Long  stately  rows  in  avenues,  hospitals  for  orphans  or  for  the  poor 

or  sick, 
Manhattan  steamboats  and  clippers  taking  the  measure  of  all  seas. 

The  shapes  arise  ! 

Shapes  of  the  using  of  axes  anyhow,  and  the  users  and  all  that 

neighbors  them, 
Cutters  down  of  wood  and  haulers  of  it  to  the  Penobscot  or  Ken- 

nebec, 
Dwellers  in  cabins  among  the  Californian  mountains  or  by  the  little 

lakes,  or  on  the  Columbia, 
Dwellers  south  on  the  banks  of  the  Gila  or  Rio  Grande,  friendly 

gatherings,  the  characters  and  fun, 
Dwellers  along  the  St.  Lawrence,  or  north  in  Kanada,  or  down  by 

the  Yellowstone,  dwellers  on  coasts  and  off  coasts, 
Seal-fishers,  whalers,  arctic  seamen  breaking  passages  through  the 

ice. 


156  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

The  shapes  arise  ! 

Shapes  of  factories,  arsenals,  foundries,  markets, 

Shapes  of  the  two-threaded  tracks  of  railroads, 

Shapes  of  the  sleepers  of  bridges,  vast  frameworks,  girders,  arches, 

Shapes  of  the  fleets  of  barges,  tows,  lake  and  canal  craft,  river  craft, 

Ship-yards  and  dry-docks  along  the  Eastern  and  Western  seas,  and 
in  many  a  bay  and  by-place, 

The  live-oak  kelsons,  the  pine  planks,  the  spars,  the  hackmatack- 
roots  for  knees, 

The  ships  themselves  on  their  ways,  the  tiers  of  scaffolds,  the 
workmen  busy  outside  and  inside, 

The  tools  lying  around,  the  great  auger  and  little  auger,  the  adze, 
bolt,  line,  square,  gouge,  and  bead-plane. 

10 

The  shapes  arise  ! 

The  shape  measur'd,  saw'd,  jack'd,  join'd,  stain'd, 
The  coffin-shape  for  the  dead  to  lie  within  in  his  shroud, 
The  shape  got  out  in  posts,  in  the  bedstead  posts,  in  the  posts  of 

the  bride's  bed, 
The  shape  of  the  little  trough,  the  shape  of  the  rockers  beneath, 

the  shape  of  the  babe's  cradle, 

The  shape  of  the  floor-planks,  the  floor-planks  for  dancers'  feet, 
The  shape  of  the  planks  of  the  family  home,  the  home  of  the 

friendly  parents  and  children, 
The  shape  of  the  roof  of  the  home  of  the  happy  young  man  and 

woman,  the  roof  over  the  well-married  young  man  and 

woman, 
The  roof  over  the  supper  joyously  cook'd  by  the  chaste  wife,  and 

joyously  eaten  by  the  chaste  husband,  content  after  his 

day's  work. 

The  shapes  arise  ! 

The  shape  of  the  prisoner's  place  in  the  court-room,  and  of  him 
or  her  seated  in  the  place, 

The  shape  of  the  liquor-bar  lean'd  against  by  the  young  rum- 
drinker  and  the  old  rum-drinker, 

The  shape  of  the  shamed  and  angry  stairs  trod  by  sneaking  foot 
steps, 

The  shape  of  the  sly  settee,  and  the  adulterous  unwholesome 
couple, 

The  shape  of  the  gambling-board  with  its  devilish  winnings  and 
losings, 

The  shape  of  the  step-ladder  for  the  convicted  and  sentenced 
murderer,  the  murderer  with  haggard  face  and  pinion'd  arms, 


So.vc  OF  THE  EXPOSITION.  157 

The  sheriff  at  hand  with  his  deputies,  the  silent  and  white-lipp'd 
crowd,  the  dangling  of  the  rope. 

The  shapes  arise  ! 

Shapes  of  doors  giving  many  exits  and  entrances, 
The  door  passing  the  dissever'd  friend. flush'd  and  in  haste, 
The  door  that  admits  good  news  and  bad  news, 
The  door  whence  the  son  left  home  confident  and  puff'd  up, 
The  door  he  enter'd  again  from  a  long  and  scandalous  absence, 
diseas'd,  broken  down,  without  innocence,  without  means. 

ii 

Her  shape  arises, 

She  less  guarded  than  ever,  yet  more  guarded  than  ever, 

The  gross  and  soil'd  she  moves  among  do  not  make  her  gross  and 

soil'd, 

She  knows  the  thoughts  as  she  passes,  nothing  is  conceal'd  from  her, 
She  is  none  the  less  considerate  or  friendly  therefor, 
She  is  the  best  belov'd,  it  is  without  exception,  she  has  no  reason 

to  fear  and  she  does  not  fear, 
Oaths,  quarrels,  hiccupp'd  songs,  smutty  expressions,  are  idle  to 

her  as  she  passes, 

She  is  silent,  she  is  possess'd  of  herself,  they  do  not  offend  her, 
She  receives  them  as  the  laws  of  Nature  receive  them,  she  is  strong,, 
She  too  is  a  law  of  Nature  —  there  is  no  law  stronger  than  she  is. 

12 

The  main  shapes  arise  ! 

Shapes  of  Democracy  total,  result  of  centuries, 

Shapes  ever  projecting  other  shapes, 

Shapes  of  turbulent  manly  cities, 

Shapes  of  the  friends  and  home-givers  of  the  whole  earth, 

Shapes  bracing  the  earth  and  braced  with  the  whole  earth. 


SONG  OF  THE  EXPOSITION. 


(An  little  recks  the  laborer, 

How  near  his  work  is  holding  him  to  God, 

The  loving  Laborer  through  space  and  time.) 

After  all  not  to  create  only,  or  found  only, 


158  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

But  to  bring  perhaps  from  afar  what  is  already  founded, 

To  give  it  our  own  identity,  average,  limitless,  free, 

To  fill  the  gross  the  torpid  bulk  with  vital  religious  fire, 

Not  to  repel  or  destroy  so  much  as  accept,  fuse,  rehabilitate, 

To  obey  as  well  as  command,  to  follow  more  than  to  lead, 

These  also  are  the  lessons  of  our  New  World  ; 

While  how  little  the  New  after  all,  how  much  the  Old,  Old  World  ! 

Long  and  long  has  the  grass  been  growing, 
Long  and  long  has  the  rain  been  falling, 
Long  has  the  globe  been  rolling  round. 


Come  Muse  migrate  from  Greece  and  Ionia, 

Cross  out  please  those  immensely  overpaid  accounts, 

That  matter  of  Troy  and  Achilles'  wrath,  and  ^Eneas',  Odysseus' 

wanderings, 
Placard  "  Removed  "  and  "  To  Let "  on  the  rocks  of  your  snowy 

Parnassus, 
Repeat  at  Jerusalem,  place  the  notice  high  on  Jaffa's  gate  and  on 

Mount  Moriah, 
The  same  on  the  walls  of  your  German,  French   and   Spanish 

castles,  and  Italian  collections, 
For  know  a  better,  fresher,  busier  sphere,  a  wide,  untried  domain 

awaits,  demands  you. 

3 

Responsive  to  our  summons, 

Or  rather  to  her  long-nurs'd  inclination, 

Join'd  with  an  irresistible,  natural  gravitation, 

She  comes  !  I  hear  the  rustling  of  her  gown, 

I  scent  the  odor  of  her  breath's  delicious  fragrance, 

I  mark  her  step  divine,  her  curious  eyes  a-turning,  rolling, 

Upon  this  very  scene. 

The  dame  of  dames  !  can  I  believe  then, 

Those  ancient   temples,  sculptures  classic,  could  none   of  them 

retain  her? 
Nor  shades  of  Virgil  and  Dante,  nor  myriad  memories,  poems, 

old  associations,  magnetize  and  hold  on  to  her  ? 
But  that  she's  left  them  all — and  here? 

Ves,  if  you  will  allow  me  to  say  so, 

I,  my  friends,  if  you  do  not,  can  plainly  see  her, 


SONG  OF  THE  EXPOSITION:  159 


The  same  undying  soul  of  earth's,  activity's,  beauty's,  heroism's 

expression, 
Out  from  her  evolutions  hither  come,  ended  the  strata  of  her 

former  themes, 

Hidden  and  cover'd  by  to-day's,  foundation  of  to-day's, 
Ended,  deceas'd  through  time,  her  voice  by  Castaly's  fountain, 
Silent  the  broken-lipp'd  Sphynx  in  Egypt,  silent  all  those  century- 
baffling  tombs, 
Ended  for  aye  the  epics  of  Asia's,  Europe's  helmeted  warriors, 

ended  the  primitive  call  of  the  muses, 

Calliope's  call  forever  closed,  Clio,  Melpomene,  Thalia  dead, 
Ended  the  stately  rhythmus  of  Una  and  Oriana,  ended  the  quest 

of  the  holy  Graal, 

Jerusalem  a  handful  of  ashes  blown  by  the  wind,  extinct, 
The  Crusaders'  streams  of  shadowy  midnight  troops  sped  with  the 

sunrise, 

Amadis,  Tancred,  utterly  gone,  Charlemagne,  Roland,  Oliver  gone, 
Palmerin,  ogre,  departed,  vamsh'd  the  turrets  that  Usk  from  its 

waters  reflected, 
Arthur  vanish'd  with  all  his   knights,  Merlin   and   I^ancelot   and 

Galahad,  all  gone,  dissolv'd  utterly  like  an  exhalation ; 
Pass'd  !  pass'd  !  for  us,  forever  pass'd,  that  once  so  mighty  world, 

now  void,  inanimate,  phantom  world, 
Embroider'd,  dazzling,  foreign  world,  with  all  its  gorgeous  legends, 

myths, 
Its  kings  and   castles   proud,  its   priests   and  warlike   lords   and 

courtly  dames, 

Pass'd  to  its  charnel  vault,  coffin'd  with  crown  and.  armor  on, 
Blazon'd  with  Shakspere's  purple  page, 
And  dirged  by  Tennyson's  sweet  sad  rhyme. 

I  say  I  see,  my  friends,  if  you  do  not,,  the  illustrious  emigr£, 
(having  it  is  true  in  her  day,  although  the  same,  changed, 
journey'd  considerable,) 

Making  directly  for  this  rendezvous,  vigorously  clearing  a  path  for 
herself,  striding  through  the  confusion, 

By  thud  of  machinery  and  shrill  steam-whistle  undismay'd, 

Bluff  d  not  a  bit  by  drain-pipe,  gasometers,  artificial  fertilizers, 

Smiling  and  pleas'd  with  palpable  intent  to  stay, 

She's  here,  install'd  amid  the  kitchen  ware  ! 

4 

But  hold  —  don't  I  forget  my  manners  ? 

To  introduce  the  stranger,  (what  else  indeed  do  I  live  to  chant 
for?)  to  thee  Columbia; 


160  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

In  liberty's  name  welcome  immortal !  clasp  hands, 
And  ever  henceforth  sisters  dear  be  both. 

Fear  not  O  Muse  !  truly  new  ways  and  days  receive,  surround  you, 
I  candidly  confess  a  queer,  queer  race,  of  novel  fashion, 
And  yet  the  same  old  human  race,  the  same  within,  without, 
Faces  and  hearts  the  same,  feelings  the  same,  yearnings  the  same, 
The  same  old  love,  beauty  and  use  the  same. 

5 
We  do  not  blame  thee  elder  World,  nor  really  separate  ourselves 

from  thee, 

(Would  the  son  separate  himself  from  the  father?) 
Looking   back   on   thee,    seeing   thee    to    thy   duties,  grandeurs, 

through  past  ages  bending,  building, 
We  build  to  ours  to-day. 

Mightier  than  Egypt's  tombs, 
Fairer  than  Grecia's,  Roma's  temples, 
Prouder  than  Milan's  statued,  spired  cathedral, 
More  picturesque  than  Rhenish  castle-keeps, 
We  plan  even  now  to  raise,  beyond  them  all, 
Thy  great  cathedral  sacred  industry,  no  tomb, 
A  keep  for  life  for  practical  invention. 

As  in  a  waking  vision, 

E'en  while  I  chant  I  see  it  rise,  I  scan   and   prophesy  outside 

and  in, 
Its  manifold  ensemble. 

Around  a  palace,  loftier,  fairer,  ampler  than  any  yet, 

Earth's  modern  wonder,  history's  seven  outstripping, 

High  rising  tier*  on  tier  with  glass  and  iron  facades, 

Gladdening  the  sun  and  sky,  enhued  in  cheerfulest  hues, 

Bronze,  lilac,  robin's-egg,  marine  and  crimson, 

Over  whose  golden  roof  shall  flaunt,  beneath  thy  banner  Freedom, 

The  banners  of  the  States  and  flags  of  every  land, 

A  brood  of  lofty,  fair,  but  lesser  palaces  shall  cluster. 

Somewhere  within  their  walls  shall  all  that  fonvards  perfect  human 

life  be  started, 
Tried,  taught,  advanced,  visibly  exhibited. 

Not  only  all  the  world  of  works,  trade,  products, 

But  all  the  workmen  of  the  world  here  to  be  represented. 


SONG  OF  THE  EXPOSITION.  161 

Here  shall  you  trace  in  flowing  operation, 

In  every  state  of  practical,  busy  movement,  the  rills  of  civilization, 

Materials  here  under  your  eye  shall  change  their  shape  as  if  by 

magic, 

The  cotton  shall  be  pick'd  almost  in  the  very  field, 
Shall  be  dried,  clean'd,  ginn'd,  baled,  spun  into  thread  and  cloth 

before  you, 
You  shall  see  hands  at  work  at  all  the  old  processes  and  all  the 

new  ones, 
You  shall  see  the  various  grains  and  how  flour  is  made  and  then 

bread  baked  by  the  bakers, 
You  shall  see  the  crude  ores  of  California  and  Nevada  passing  on 

and  on  till  they,  become  bullion, 

You  shall  watch  how  the  printer  sets  type,  and  learn  what  a  com 
posing-stick  is, 
You  shall  mark  in  amazement  the  Hoe  press  whirling  its  cylinders, 

shedding  the  printed  leaves  steady  and  fast, 
The  photograph,  model,  watch,  pin,  nail,  shall  be  created  before 

you. 

In  large  calm  hallsra  stately  museum  shall  teach  you  the  infinite 

lessons  of  minerals, 
In   another,   woods,    plants,  vegetation   shall   be   illustrated  —  in 

another  animals,  animal  life  and  development. 

One  stately  house  shall  be  the  music  house, 
Others  for  other  arts  —  learning,  the  sciences,  shall  all  be  here, 
None  shall  be  slighted,  none  but  shall  here  be  honor'd,  help'd, 
exampled. 


(This,  this    and   these,   America,    shall   be  your  pyramids    and 

obelisks,  • 

Your  Alexandrian  Pharos,  gardens  of  Babylon, 
Your  temple  at  Olympia.) 

The  male  and  female  many  laboring  not, 
Shall  ever  here  confront  the  laboring  many, 
With  precious  benefits  to  both,  glory  to  all, 
To  thee  America,  and  thee  eternal  Muse. 

And  here  shall  ye  inhabit. powerful  Matrons  1 

In  your  vast  state  vaster  than  all  the  old, 

Echoed  through  long,  long  centuries  to  come, 

To  sound  of  different,  prouder  songs,  with  stronger  themes, 


1 62  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Practical,  peaceful  life,  the  people's  life,  the  People  themselves, 
Lifted,  illumin'd,  bathed  in  peace  —  elate,  secure  in  peace. 


Away  with  themes  of  war  !  away  with  war  itself ! 

Hence  from  my  shuddering  sight  to  never  more  return  that  show 

of  blacken'd,  mutilated  corpses  \ 
That  hell  unpent  and  raid  of  blood,  fit  for  wild  tigers  or  for  lop- 

tongued  wolves,  not  reasoning  men, 
And  in  its  stead  speed  industry's  campaigns, 
With  thy  undaunted  armies,  engineering, 
Thy  pennants  labor,  loosen'd  to  the  breeze, 
Thy  bugles  sounding  loud  and  clear. 

Away  with  old  romance  ! 

Away  with  novels,  plots  and  plays  of  foreign  courts, 

Away  with  love-verses  sugar'd  in  rhyme,  the  intrigues,  amours  of 

idlers, 
Fitted  for  only  banquets  of  the  night  where  dancers  to  late  music 

slide, 

The  unhealthy  pleasures,  extravagant  dissipations  of  the  few, 
With  perfumes,  heat  and  wine,  beneath  the  dazzling  chandeliers. 

To  you  ye  reverent  sane  sisters, 

I  raise  a  voice  for  far  superber  themes  for  poets  and  for  art, 

To  exalt  the  present  and  the  real, 

To  teach  the  average  man  the  glory  of  his  daily  walk  and  trade, 

To  sing  in  songs  how  exercise  and  chemical  life  are  never  to  be 
baffled, 

To  manual  work  for  each  and  all,  to  plough,  hoe,  dig, 

To  plant  and  tend  the  tree,  the  berry,  vegetables,  flowers, 

For  every  man  to  see  to  it  that  he  really  do  something,  for  every 
woman  too ; 

To  use  the  hammer  and  the  saw,  (rip,  or  cross-cut,) 

To  cultivate  a  turn  for  carpentering,  plastering,  painting, 

To  work  as  tailor,  tailoress,  nurse,  hostler,  porter, 

To  invent  a  little,  something  ingenious,  to  aid  the  washing,  cook 
ing,  cleaning, 

And  hold  it  no  disgrace  to  take  a  hand  at  them  themselves. 

I  say  I  bring  thee  Muse  to-day  and  here, 

All  occupations,  duties  broad  and  close, 

Toil,  healthy  toil  and  sweat,  endless,  without  cessation, 

The  old,  old  practical  burdens,  interests,  joys, 


of  THE  EXPOSITION.  163 


The  family,  parentage,  childhood,  husband  and  wife, 

The  house-comforts,  the  house  itself  and  all  its  belongings, 

Food  and  its  preservation,  chemistry  applied  to  it, 

Whatever  forms  the  average,  strong,  complete,  sweet-blooded  man 

or  woman,  the  perfect  longeve  personality, 

And  helps  its  present  life  to  health  and  happiness,  and  shapes  its  soul, 
For  the  eternal  real  life  to  come. 

With  latest  connections,  works,  the  inter-  transportation  of  the  world, 

Steam-power,  the  great  express  lines,  gas,  petroleum, 

These  triumphs  of  our  time,  the  Atlantic's  delicate  cable, 

The  Pacific  railroad,  the  Suez  canal,  the  Mont  Cenis  and  Gothard 

and  Hoosac  tunnels,  the  Brooklyn  bridge, 
This  earth  all  spann'd  with  iron  rails,  with   lines   of  steamships 

threading  every  sea, 
Our  own  rondure,  the  current  globe  I  bring, 

3 

And  thou  America, 
Thy  offspring  towering  e'er  so  high,  yet  higher  Thee  above  all 

towering, 

With  Victory  on  thy  left,  and  at  thy  right  hand  Law  ; 
Thou  Union  holding  all,  fusing,  absorbing,  tolerating  all, 
Thee,  ever  thee,  I  sing. 

Thou,  also  thou,  a  World, 

With  all  thy  wide  geographies,  manifold,  different,  distant, 
Rounded  by  thee  in  one  —  one  common  orbic  language, 
One  common  indivisible  destiny  for  All. 

And  by  the  spells  which  ye  vouchsafe  to  those  your  ministers  in 

earnest, 
I  here  personify  and  call  my  themes,  to  make  them  pass  before  ye. 

Behold,  America  !  (and  thou,  ineffable  guest  and  sister  !) 
For  thee  come  trooping  up  thy  waters  and  thy  lands  ; 
Behold  !  thy  fields  and  farms,  thy  far-off  woods  and  mountains, 
As  in  procession  coming. 

Behold,  the  sea  itself, 

And  on  its  limitless,  heaving  breast,  the  ships  ; 

See,  where  their  white  sails,  bellying  in  the  wind,  speckle  the  green 

and  blue, 

See,  the  steamers  coming  and  going,  steaming  in  or  out  of  port, 
See,  dusky  and  undulating,  the  long  pennants  of  smoke. 


164  LEAI-ES  OF  GRASS. 

Behold,  in  Oregon,  far  in  the  north  and  west, 

Or  in  Maine,  far  in  the  north  and  east,  thy  cheerful  axemen, 

Wielding  all  day  their  axes. 

Behold,  on  the  lakes,  thy  pilots  at  their  wheels,  thy  oarsmen, 
How  the  ash  writhes  under  those  muscular  arms  ! 

'3 

There  by  the  furnace,  and  there  by  the  anvil, 
Behold  thy  sturdy  blacksmiths  swinging  their  sledges, 
Overhand  so  steady,  overhand  they  turn  and  fall  with  joyous  clank, 
Like  a  tumult  of  laughter. 

Mark  the  spirit  of  invention  everywhere,  thy  rapid  patents, 
Thy  continual  workshops,  foundries,  risen  or  rising, 
See,  from  their  chimneys  how  the  tall  flame-fires  stream. 

Mark,  thy  interminable  farms,  North,  South, 

Thy  wealthy  daughter-states,  Eastern  and  Western, 

The  varied   products  of  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Missouri,  Georgia, 

Texas,  and  the  rest, 

Thy  limitless  crops,  grass,  wheat,  sugar,  oil,  corn,  rice,  hemp,  hops, 
Thy   barns   all   fill'd,  the    endless   freight-train   and   the  bulging 

storehouse, 

The  grapes  that  ripen  on  thy  vines,  the  apples  in  thy  orchards, 
Thy  incalculable  lumber,  beef,  pork,  potatoes,  thy  coal,  thy  gold 

and  silver, 
The  inexhaustible  iron  in  thy  mines. 

All  thine  O  sacred  Union  ! 

Ships,  farms,  shops,  barns,  factories,  mines, 

City  and  State,  North,  South,  item  and  aggregate, 

We  dedicate,  dread  Mother,  all  to  thee  ! 

Protectress  absolute,  thou  !  bulwark  of  all ! 

For  well  we  know  that  while  thou  givest  each  and  all,  (generous 

as  God,) 

Without  thee  neither  all  nor  each,  nor  land,  home, 
Nor  ship,  nor  mine,  nor  any  here  this  day  secure, 
Nor  aught,  nor  any  day  secure. 

9 

And  thou,  the  Emblem  waving  over  all ! 
Delicate  beauty,  a  word  to  thee,  (it  may  be  salutary,) 
Remember  thou  hast  not  always  been  as*here  to-day  so  comfortably 
eusovereign'd, 


SOSSG  of  THE  REDWOOD-TREE. 


i6s 


In  other  scenes  than  these  have  I  observ'd  thee  flag, 
Not  quite  so  trim  and  whole  and  freshly  blooming  in  folds  of  stain 
less  silk, 

But  I  have  seen  thee  bunting,  to  tatters  torn  upon  thy  splinter'd  staff, 
Or  clutch'd  to  some  young  color-bearer's  breast  with  desperate  hands, 
Savagely  struggled  for,  for  life  or  death,  fought  over  long, 
'Mid  cannons'  thunder-crash  and  many  a  curse  and  groan  and  yell, 

and  rifle-volleys  cracking  sharp, 
And  moving  masses  as  wild  demons  surging,  and  lives  as. nothing 

risk'd, 
For  thy  mere  remnant  grimed  with  dirt  and  smoke  and  sopp'd  in 

blood, 
For  sake  of  that,  my  beauty,  and  that  thou  might'st  dally  as  now 

secure  up  there, 
Many  a  good  man  have  I  seen  go  under. 

Now  here  and  these  and  hence  in  peace,  all  thine  O  Flag  ! 
And  here  and  hence  for  thee,  O  universal  Muse  !  and  thou  for  them  ! 
And  here  and  hence  O  Union,  all  the  work  and  workmen  thine  ! 
None  separate  from  thee  —  henceforth  One  only,,  we  and  thou, 
(For  the   blood   of    the   children,   what   is   it,   only   the    blood 

maternal  ? 
And  lives  and  works,  what  are  they  all  at  last,  except  the  roads  to 

faith  and  death  ?) 

While  we  rehearse  our  measureless  wealth,  it  is  for  thee,  dear 
Mother,  ^ 

We  own  it  all  and  several  to-day  indissoluble  in  thee ; 

Think  not  our  chant,  our  show,  merely  for  products  gross  or  lucre 
—  it  is  for  thee,  the  soul  in  thee,  electric,  spiritual ! 

Our  farms,  inventions,  crops,  we  own  in  thee  !  cities  and  States  in 
thee  ! 

Our  freedom  all  in  thee  !  our  very  lives  in  thee  ! 


SONG  OF  THE  REDWOOD-TREE. 


A  CALIFORNIA  song, 

A  prophecy  and  indirection,  a  thought  impalpable  to  breathe  as  air, 
A  chorus  of  dryads,  fading,  departing,  or  hamadryads  departing, 
A  murmuring,  fateful,  giant  voice,  out  of  the  earth  and  sky, 
Voice  _of  a  mighty  dying  tree  in  the  redwood  forest  dense. 


1 66  LEA  FES  OF  GRASS. 


Farewell  my  brethren, 

Farewell  O  earth  and  sky,  farewell  ye  neighboring  waters, 

My  time  has  ended,  my  term  has  come. 

Along  the  northern  coast, 

Just  back  from  the  rock-bound  shore  and  the  caves, 

In  the  saline  air  from  the  sea  in  the  Mendocino  country, 

With  the  surge  for  base  and  accompaniment  low  and  hoarse, 

With  crackling  blows  of  axes  sounding  musically  driven  by  strong 

arms, 
Riven  deep  by  the  sharp  tongues  of  the  axes,  there  in  the  redwood 

forest  dense, 
I  heard  the  mighty  tree  its  death-chant  chanting. 

The  choppers  heard  not,  the  camp  shanties  echoed  not, 

The  quick-ear'd  teamsters  and  chain  and  jack-screw  men  heard 

not, 
As  the  wood-spirits  came  from  their  haunts  of  a  thousand  years  to 

join  the  refrain, 
But  in  my  soul  I  plainly  heard. 

Murmuring  out  of  its  myriad  leaves, 
Down  from  its  lofty  top  rising  two  hundred  feet  high, 
Out  of  its  stalwart  trunk  and  limbs,  out  of  its  foot-thick  bark, 
That  chant  of  the  seasons  and  time,  chant  not  of  the  past  only 
but  the  future. 

You  untold  life  of  me, 

And  all  you  venerable  and  innocent  joys, 

Perennial  hardy  life  of  me  with  joys  *mid  rain  and  many  a 

summer  sun, 

And  the  white  snows  and  night  and  the  wild  winds  ; 
O  the  great  patient  rugged  joys,  my  sour*  strong  joys  vnreck^d  by 

man, 
(For  know  I  bear  the  soul  befitting  me,  I  too  have  consciousness, 

identity, 

And  all  the  rocks  and  mountains  have,  and  all  the  earth?) 
yoys  of  the  life  befitting  me  and  brothers  wine, 
Our  time,  our  term  has  come. 

Nor  yield  we  mournfully  majestic  brothers, 

We  who  have  grandly  filFd  our  time ; 

With  Nature^s  calm  content,  with  tacit  huge  delight, 

We  welcome  what  we  wrought  for  through  the  pastt 

And  leave  the  field  for  them. 


SONG  OF  THE  REDWOOD-TREE.  167 

For  them  predicted  long, 

For  a  superber  race,  they  too  to  grandly  fill  their  time, 

For  them  we  abdicate,  in  them  ourselves  ye  forest  kings  ! 

In    them    these   skies   and  airs,  these   mountain  peaks,  Shasta, 

Nevadas, 
These  huge  precipitous  cliffs,   this  amplitude,   these  valleys,  far 

Yosemite, 
To  be  in  them  absorbed,  assimilated. 

Then  to  a  loftier  strain, 
Still  prouder,  more  ecstatic  rose  the  chant, 
As  if  the  heirs,  the  deities  of  the  West, 
Joining  with  master-tongue  bore  part. 

Not  wan  from  Asia's  fetiches, 

Nor  red  from  Europe's  old  dynastic  slaughter-house, 

{Area  of  murder-plots  of  thrones,  with  scent  left  yet  of  wars  and 

scaffolds  everywhere^) 
But  come  from  Nature's  long  and  harmless  throes,  peacefully 

builded  thence, 

These  virgin  lands,  lands  of  the  Western  shore, 
To  the  new  culminating  man,  to  you,  the  empire  new, 
You  promised  long,  we  pledge,  we  dedicate. 

You  occult  deep,  •volitions, 

You  average  spiritual  manhood,  purpose  of  all,  pots' d  on  yourself, 

giving  not  taking  law, 
You  womanhood  diirine,  mistress  and  source  of  all,  whence  life 

and  love  and  aught  that  conies  from  life  and  love, 
You  unseen  moral  essence  of  all  the  vast  materials  of  America, 

(age  upon  age  working  in  death  the  same  as  life,} 
You  that,  sometimes  known,  oftener  unknown,  really  shape  and 

mould  the  New  World,  adjusting  it  to  Time  and  Space, 
You  hidden  national  will  lying  in  your  abysms,  concealed  but  ever 

alert, 

You  past  and  present  purposes  tenaciously  pursited,  may-be  uncon 
scious  of  yourselves, 

Unswetv'd  by  all  the  passing  errors,  perturbations  of  the  surface  ; 
You  vital,   universal,  deathless  germs,  beneath   all  creeds,  arts, 

statutes,  literatures, 
Here  build  your  homes  for  good,  establish  here,  these  areas  entire, 

lands  of  the  Western  shore, 
We  pledge,  we  dedicate  to  you. 

For  man  of  you,  your  characteristic  race, 


1 68  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Here  may  he  hardy,  sweet,  gigantic  grow,  here  tower  proportion 
ate  to  Nature, 

Here  climb  the  vast  pure  spaces  unconfincd,  unchecked  by  wall  or 
roof, 

Here  laugh  with  storm  or  sun,  here  joy,  here  patiently  inure, 

Here  heed  himself,  unfold  himself,  (iwt  others'  formulas  heed,) 
here  fill  his  time, 

To  duly  fall,  to  aid,  unreck'd  at  last, 

To  disappear,  to  serve. 

Thus  on  the  northern  coast, 

In  the  echo  of  teamsters'  calls  and  the  clinking  chains,  and  the 

music  of  choppers'  axes, 
The  falling  trunk  and  limbs,  the  crash,  the  muffled  shriek,  the 

groan, 
Such  words  combined  from  the  redwood-tree,  as  of  voices  ecstatic. 

ancient  and  rustling, 

The  century-lasting,  unseen  dryads,  singing,  withdrawing, 
All  their  recesses  of  forests  and  mountains  leaving, 
From  the  Cascade  range  to  the  Wahsatch,  or  Idaho  far,  or  Utah, 
To  the  deities  of  the  modern  henceforth  yielding, 
The  chorus  and  indications,  the  vistas  of  coming  humanity,  the 

settlements,  features  all, 
In  the  Mendocino  woods  I  caught. 


The  flashing  and  golden  pageant  of  California, 
The  sudden  and  gorgeous  drama,  the  sunny  and  ample  lands, 
The  long  and  varied  stretch  from  Puget  sound  to  Colorado  south, 
Lands  bathed  in  sweeter,  rarer,  healthier  air,  valleys  and  mountain 

cliffs, 
The  fields  of  Nature  long  prepared  and  fallow,  the  silent,  cyclic 

chemistry, 

The  slow  and  steady  ages  plodding,  the  unoccupied  surface  ripen 
ing,  the  rich  ores  forming  beneath  ; 
At  last  the  New  arriving,  assuming,  taking  possession, 
A  swarming  and  busy  race  settling  and  organizing  everywhere, 
Ships  coming  in  from  the  whole  round  world,  and  going  out  to 

the  whole  world, 

To  India  and  China  and  Australia  and  the  thousand  island  para 
dises  of  the  Pacific, 
Populous  cities,  the  latest  inventions,  the  steamers  on  the  rivers, 

the  railroads,  with  many  a  thrifty  farm,  with  machinery, 
And  wool  and  wheat  and  the  grape,  and  diggings  of  yellow  gold. 


A  SONG  FOR  OCCUPATIONS.  169 


But  more  in  you  than  these,  lands  of  the  Western  shore, 

(These  but  the  means,  the  implements,  the  standing-ground,) 

I  see  in  you,  certain  to  come,  the  promise  of  thousands  of  years, 

till  now  deferr'd, 
Promis'd  to  be  fulfill'd,  our  common  kind,  the  race. 

The  new  society  at  last,  proportionate  to  Nature, 

In  man  of  you,  more  than  your  mountain  peaks  or  stalwart  trees 

imperial, 
In  woman  more,  far  more,  than  all  your  gold  or  vines,  or  even 

vital  air. 

Fresh  come,  to  a  new  world  indeed,  yet  long  prepared, 

I  see  the  genius  of  the  modern,  child  of  the  real  and  ideal, 

Clearing  the  ground  for  broad  humanity,  the  true  America,  heir 

of  the  past  so  grand, 
To  build  a  grander  future. 


A  SONG  FOR  OCCUPATIONS. 


A  SONG  for  occupations  ! 

In  the  labor  of  engines  and  trades  and  the  labor  of  fields  I  find 

the  developments, 
And  find  the  eternal  meanings. 

Workmen  and  Workwomen  ! 

Were  all  educations  practical  and  ornamental  well  display'd  out 

of  me,  what  would  it  amount  to  ? 
Were  I  as  the  head  teacher,  charitable  proprietor,  wise  statesman, 

what  would  it  amount  to  ? 
Were  I  to  you  as  the  boss  employing  and  paying  you,  would  that 

satisfy  you? 

The  learn'd,  virtuous,  benevolent,  and  the  usual  terms, 
A  man  like  me  and  never  the  usual  terms. 

Neither  a  servant  nor  a  master  I, 

I  take  no  sooner  a  large  price  than  a  small  price,  I  will  have  my 

own  whoever  enjoys  me, 
I  will  be  even  with  you  and  you  shall  be  even  with  me. 


170  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

If  you  stand  at  work  in  a  shop  I  stand  as  nigh  as  the  nighest  in 

the  same  shop, 
If  you  bestow  gifts  on  your  brother  or  dearest  friend  I  demand  as 

good  as  your  brother  or  dearest  friend, 
If  your  lover,  husband,  wife,  is  welcome  by  day  or  night,  I  must 

be  personally  as  welcome, 
If  you  become  degraded,  criminal,  ill,  then  I  become  so  for  your 

sake, 
If  you  remember  your  foolish  and  outlaw'd  deeds,  do  you  think 

I  cannot  remember  my  own  foolish  and  outlaw'd  deeds  ? 
If  you  carouse  at  the  table  I  carouse  at  the  opposite  side  of  the 

table, 
If  you  meet  some  stranger  in  the  streets  and  love  him  or  her,  why 

I  often  meet  strangers  in  the  street  and  love  them. 

Why  what  have  you  thought  of  yourself? 

Is  it  you  then  that  thought  yourself  less? 

Is  it  you  that  thought  the  President  greater  than  you  ? 

Or  the  rich  better  off  than  you  ?  or  the  educated  wiser  than  you  ? 

(Because  you  are  greasy  or  pimpled,  or  were  once  drunk,  or  a 

thief, 

Or  that  you  are  diseas'd,  or  rheumatic,  or  a  prostitute, 
Or  from  frivolity  or  impotence,  or  that  you  are  no  scholar  and 

never  saw  your  name  in  print, 
Do  you  give  in  that  you  are  any  less  immortal?) 


Souls  of  men  and  women  !  it  is  not  you  I  call  unseen,  unheard, 

untouchable  and  untouching, 
It  is  not  you  I  go  argue  pro  and  con  about,  and  to  settle  whether 

you  are  alive  or  no, 
I  own  publicly  who  you  are, if  nobody  else  owns. 

Grown,  half-grown  and  babe,  of  this  country  and  every  country,  in 
doors  and  out-doors,  one  just  as  much  as  the  other,  I  see, 
And  all  else  behind  or  through  them. 

The  wife,  and  she  is  not  one  jot  less  than  the  husband, 
The  daughter,  and  she  is  just  as  good  as  the  son, 
The  mother,  and  she  is  every  bit  as  much  as  the  father. 

Offspring  of  ignorant  and  poor,  boys  apprenticed  to  trades, 
Young  fellows  working  on  farms  and  old  fellows  working  on  farms, 
Sailor-men,  merchant-men,  coasters,  immigrants, 


A  SONG  FOR  OCCUPATIONS.  I/I 

All  these  I  see,  but  nigher  and  farther  the  same  I  see, 
None  shall  escape  me  and  none  shall  wish  to  escape  me. 

I  bring  what  you  much  need  yet* always  have, 
Not  money,  amours,  dress,  eating,  erudition,  but  as  good, 
I  send  no  agent  or  medium,  offer  no  representative  of  value,  but 
offer  the  value  itself. 

There  is  something  that  comes  to  one  now  and  perpetually, 

It  is  not  what  is  printed,  preach'd,  discussed,  it  eludes  discussion 

and  print, 

It  is  not  to  be  put  in  a  book,  it  is  not  in  this  book, 
It  is  for  you  whoever  you  are,  it  is  no  farther  from  you  than  your 

hearing  and  sight  are  from  you, 
It  is  hinted  by  nearest,  commonest,  readiest,  it  is  ever  provoked 

by  them. 

You  may  read  in  many  languages,  yet  read  nothing  about  it, 

You  may  read  the  President's  message  and  read  nothing  about  it 

there, 
Nothing  in  the  reports  from  the    State    department   or  Treasury 

department,  or  in  the  daily  papers  or  weekly  papers, 
Or  in   the   census   or  revenue    returns,    prices   current,   or  any 

accounts  of  stock. 


The  sun  and  stars  that  float  in  the  open  air, 

The  apple-shaped  earth  and  we  upon  it,  surely  the  drift  of  them 

is  something  grand, 
I  do  not  know  what  it  is  except  that  it  is  grand,  and  that  it  is 

happiness, 
And  that  the  enclosing  purport  of  us  here  is  not  a  speculation  or 

bon-mot  or  reconnoissance, 
And  that  it  is  not  something  which  by  luck  may  turn  out  well  for 

us,  and  without  luck  must  be  a  failure  for  us, 
And   not   something  which   may  yet   be   retracted   in   a  certain 

contingency. 

The  light  and  shade,  the  curious  sense  of  body  and  identity,  the 
greed  that  with  perfect  complaisance  devours  all  things, 

The  endlesfe  pride  and  outstretching  of  man,  unspeakable  joys 
and  sorrows, 

The  wonder  every  one  sees  in  every  one  else  he  sees,  and  the 
wonders  that  fill  each  minute  of  time  forever, 

What  have  you  reckon'd  them  for,  camerado  ? 


I/3  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 

Have  you  reckon'd  them  for  your  trade  or  farm-work?  or  for  the 

profits  of  your  store  ? 
Or  to  achieve  yourself  a  position  ?  or  to  fill  a  gentleman's  leisure, 

or  a  lady's  leisure  ? 

Have  you  reckon'd  that  the  landscape  took  substance  and  form 
that  it  might  be  painted  in  a  picture  ? 

Or  men  and  women  that  they  might  be  written  of,  and  songs  sung  ? 

Or  the  attraction  of  gravity,  and  the  great  laws  and  harmonious 
combinations  and  the  fluids  of  the  air,  as  subjects  for  the 
savans  ? 

Or  the  brown  land  and  the  blue  sea  for  maps  and  charts? 

Or  the  stars  to  be  put  in  constellations  and  named  fancy  names  ? 

Or  that  the  growth  of  seeds  is  for  agricultural  tables,  or  agricul 
ture  itself  ? 

Old  institutions,  these  arts,  libraries,  legends,  collections,  and  the 
practice  handed  along  in  manufactures,  will  we  rate  them 
so  high? 

Will  we  rate  our  cash  and  business  high?  I  have  no  objection, 
I   rate   them   as   high   as  the  highest  —  then  a  child  born  of  a 
woman  and  man  I  rate  beyond  all  rate. 

We  thought  our  Union  grand,  and  our  Constitution  grand, 
I  do  not  say  they  are  not  grand  and  good,  for  they  are, 
I  am  this  day  just  as  much  in  love  with  them  as  you, 
Then  I  am  in  love  with  You,  and  with  all  my  fellows  upon  the 
earth. 

We  consider  bibles  and  religions  divine  —  I  do  not  say  they  are 

not  divine, 
I  say  they  have  all  grown  out  of  you,  and  may  grow  out  of  you 

still, 

It  is  not  they  who  give  the  life,  it  is  you  who  give  the  life, 
Leaves  are  not  more  shed  from  the  trees,  or  trees  from  the  earth, 

than  they  are  shed  out  of  you. 

4 

The  sum  of  all  known  reverence  I  add  up  in  you  whoever  you  are, 
The  President  is  there  in  the  White  House  for  you,  it  is  not  you 

who  are  here  for  him,  • 

The  Secretaries  act  in  their  bureaus  for  you,  not  you  here  for  them, 
The  Congress  convenes  every  Twelfth- month  for  you, 
Laws,  courts,  the  forming  of  States,  the  charters  of  cities,  the 

going  and  coming  of  commerce  and  mails,  are  all  for  you., 


A  SONG  FOR  OCCUPATIONS.  173 

List  close  my  scholars  dear, 

Doctrines,  politics  and  civilization  exurge  from  you, 

Sculpture  and  monuments  and  any  thing  inscribed  anywhere  are 

tallied  in  you, 
The  gist  of  histories  and  statistics  as  far  back  as  the  records  reach 

is  in  you  this  hour,  and  myths  and  tales  the  same, 
If  you  were  not  breathing  and  walking  here,  where  would  they 

all  be? 
The  most  renown'd  poems  would  be  ashes,  orations  and  plays 

would  be  vacuums. 

All  architecture  is  what  you  do  to  it  when  you  look  upon  it, 
(Did  you  think  it  was  in  the  white  or  gray  stone?  or  the  lines  of 
the  arches  and  cornices  ?) 

All  music  is  what  awakes  from  you  when  you  are  reminded  by  the 

instruments, 
It  is  not  the  violins  and  the  cornets,  it  is  not  the  oboe  nor  the 

beating  drums,  nor  the  score  of  the  baritone  singer  singing 

his  sweet  romanza,  nor  that  of  the  men's  chorus,  nor  that 

of  the  women's  chorus, 
It  is  nearer  and  farther  than  they. 

S 

Will  the  whole  come  back  then  ? 
Can  each  see  signs  of  the  best  by  a  look  in  the  looking-glass  ?  is 

there  nothing  greater  or  more  ? 
Does  all  sit  there  with  you,  with  the  mystic  unseen  soul  ? 

Strange  and  hard  that  paradox  true  I  give, 
Objects  gross  and  the  unseen  soul  are  one. 

House-building,  measuring,  sawing  the  boards, 

Blacksmithing,  glass-blowing,  nail-making,  coopering,  tin-roofing, 

shingle-dressing, 
Ship-joining,  dock-building,  fish-curing,  flagging  of  sidewalks  by 

flaggers, 
The  pump,  the  pile-driver,  the  great  derrick,  the  coal-kiln  and 

brick-kiln, 
Coal-mines  and  all  that  is  down  there,  the  lamps  in  the  darkness, 

echoes,  songs,  what  meditations,  what  vast  native  thoughts 

looking  through  smutch'd  faces, 
Iron-works,  forge-fires  in  the  mountains  or  by  river-banks,  men 

around  feeling  the  melt  with  huge  crowbars,  lumps  of  ore, 

the  due  combining  of  ore,  limestone,  coal, 


174  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


The  blast-furnace  and  the  puddling-furnace,  the  loup-liimp  at  the 
bottom  of  the  melt  at  last,  the  rolling-mill,  the  stumpy 
bars  of  pig-iron,  the  strong  clean-shaped  T-rail  for  rail 
roads, 

Oil-works,  silk-works,  white-lead-works,  the  sugar-house,  steam- 
saws,  the  great  mills  and  factories, 

Stone-cutting,  shapely  trimmings  for  facades  or  window  or  door- 
lintels,  the  mallet,  the  tooth-chisel,  the  jib  to  protect  the 
thumb, 

The  calking-iron,  the  kettle  of  boiling  vault-cement,  and  the  fire 
under  the  kettle, 

The  cotton-bale,  the  stevedore's  hook,  the  saw  and  buck  of  the 
sawyer,  the  mould  of  the  moulder,  the  working-knife  of 
the  butcher,  the  ice-saw,  and  all  the  work  with  ice, 

The  work  and  tools  of  the  rigger,  grappler,  sail-maker,  block- 
maker, 

Goods  of  gutta-percha,  papier-mache,  colors,  brushes,  brush- 
making,  glazier's  implements, 

The  veneer  and  glue-pot,  the  confectioner's  ornaments,  the 
decanter  and  glasses,  the  shears  and  flat-iron, 

The  awl  and  knee-strap,  the  pint  measure  and  quart  measure,  the 
counter  and  stool,  the  writing-pen  of  quill  or  metal,  the 
making  of  all  sorts  of  edged  tools, 

The  brewery,  brewing,  the  malt,  the  vats,  every  thing  that  is  done 
by  brewers,  wine-makers,  vinegar-makers, 

Leather-dressing,  coach-making,  boiler-making,  rope-twisting,  dis 
tilling,  sign-painting,  lime-burning,  cotton-picking,  electro 
plating,  electrotyping,  stereotyping, 

Stave-machines,  planing-machines,  reaping-machines,  ploughing- 
machines,  thrashing-machines,  steam  wagons, 

The  cart  of  the  carman,  the  omnibus,  the  ponderous  dray, 

Pyrotechny,  letting  off  color'd  fireworks  at  night,  fancy  figures  and 
jets; 

Beef  on  the  butcher's  stall,  the  slaughter-house  of  the  butcher,  the 
butcher  in  his  killing-clothes, 

The  pens  of  live  pork,  the  killing-hammer,  the  hog-hook,  the 
scalder's  tub,  gutting,  the  cutter's  cleaver,  the  packer's  maul, 
and  the  plenteous  winterwork  of  pork-packing, 

Flour-works,  grinding  of  wheat,  rye,  maize,  rice,  the  barrels  and 
the  half  and  quarter  barrels,  the  loaded  barges,  the  high 
piles  on  wharves  and  levees, 

The  men  and  the  work  of  the  men  on  ferries,  railroads,  coasters, 
fish-boats,  canals ; 

The  hourly  routine  of  your  own  or  any  man's  life,  the  shop,  yard, 
store,  or  factory, 


A  SONG  FOR  OCCUPATION'S.  175 

These  shows  all  near  you  by  day  and  night  —  workman  !  whoever 
you  are,  your  daily  life  ! 

In  that  and  them  the  heft  of  the  heaviest  —  in  that  and  them  far 
more  than  you  estimated,  (and  far  less  also,) 

In  them  realities  for  you  and  me,  in  them  poems  for  you  and  me, 

In  them,  not  yourself —  you  and  your  soul  enclose  all  things,  re 
gardless  of  estimation, 

In  them  the  development  good  —  in  them  all  themes,  hints,  possi 
bilities. 

I  do  not  affirm  that  what  you  see  beyond  is  futile,  I  do  not  advise 

you  to  stop, 

I  do  not  say  leadings  you  thought  great  are  nof  great, 
But  I  say  that  none  lead  to  greater  than  these  lead  to. 


Will  you  seek  afar  off?  you  surely  come  back  at  last, 

In  things  best  known  to  you  finding  the  best,  or  as  good  as  the 

best, 

In  folks  nearest  to  you  finding  the  sweetest,  strongest,  lovingest, 
Happiness,  knowledge,  not  in  another  place  but  this  place,  not  for 

another  hour  but  this  hour, 
Man  in  the  first   you    see    or  touch,   always   in   friend,  brother, 

nighest  neighbor  —  woman  in  mother,  sister,  wife, 
The  popular  tastes  and  employments  taking  precedence  in  poems 

or  anywhere, 
You  workwomen  and  workmen  of  these  States  having  your  own 

divine  and  strong  life, 
And  all  else  giving  place  to  men  and  women  like  you. 

When  the  psalm  sings  instead  of  the  singer, 

When  the  script  preaches  instead  of  the  preacher, 

When  the  pulpit  descends  and  goes  instead  of  the  carver  that 

carved  the  supporting  desk, 
When  I  can  touch  the  body  of  books  by  night  or  by  day,  and 

when  they  touch  my  body  back  again, 
When  a  university  course  convinces  like  a  slumbering  woman  and 

child  convince, 
When  the  minted  gold  in  the  vault  smiles  like  the  night-watchman's 

daughter, 
When  warrantee  deeds  loafe  in  chairs  opposite  and  are  my  friendly 

companions, 
1  intend  to  reach  them  my  hand,  and  make  as  much  of  them  as 

I  do  of  men  and  women  like  you. 


176  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

A  SONG  OF  THE  ROLLING  EARTH. 


A  SONG  of  the  rolling  earth,  and  of  words  according, 

Were  you  thinking  that  those  were  the  words,  those  upright  lines? 

those  curves,  angles,  dots? 
No,  those  are  not  the  words,  the  substantial  words  are  in  the 

ground  and  sea,  4 

They  are  in  the  air,  they  are  in  you. 

Were  you  thinking  Jhat  those  were  the  words,  those  delicious  sounds 

out  of  your  friends'  mouths  ? 
No,  the  real  words  are  more  delicious  than  they. 

Human  bodies  are  words,  myriads  of  words, 

(In  the  best  poems  re-appears  the  body,  man's  or  woman's,  well- 
shaped,  natural,  gay, 

Every  part  able,  active,  receptive,  without  shame  or  the  need  of 
shame.) 

Air,  soil,  water,  fire  —  those  are  words, 

I  myself  am  a  word  with  them  —  my  qualities  interpenetrate  with 

theirs  —  my  name  is  nothing  to  them, 
Though  it  were  told  in  the  three  thousand  languages,  what  would 

air,  soil,  water,  fire,  know  of  my  name  ? 

A  healthy  presence,  a  friendly  or  commanding  gesture,  are  words, 

sayings,  meanings, 
The  charms  that  go  with  the  mere  looks  of  some  men  and  women, 

are  sayings  and  meanings  also. 

The  workmanship  of  souls  is  by  those  inaudible  words  of  the  earth, 
The  masters  know  the  earth's  words  and  use  them  more  than 
audible  words. 

Amelioration  is  one  of  the  earth's  words, 
The  earth  neither  lags  nor  hastens, 

It  has  all  attributes,  growths,  effects,  latent  in  itself  from  the  jump, 
It  is  not  half  beautiful  only,  defects  and  excrescences  show  just  as 
much  as  perfections  show. 

The  earth  does  not  withhold,  it  is  generous  enough, 
The  truths  of  the  earth  continually  wait,  they  are  not  so  conceal'd 
either, 


A  SONG  OF  THE  ROLLING  EARTH.  177 

They  are  calm,  subtle,  untransmissible  by  print, 

They  are  imbued  through  all  things  conveying  themselves  willingly, 

Conveying  a  sentiment  and  invitation,  I  utter  and  utter, 

I  speak  not,  yet  if  you  hear  me  not  of  what  avail  am  I  to  you  ? 

To  bear,  to  better,  lacking  these  of  what  avail  am  I  ? 

(Accouche  !  accouchez ! 

Will  you  rot  your  own  fruit  in  yourself  there  ? 

Will  you  squat  and  stifle  there  ?) 

The  earth  does  not  argue, 

Is  not  pathetic,  has  no  arrangements, 

Does  not  scream,  haste,  persuade,  threaten,  promise, 

Makes  no  discriminations,  has  no  conceivable  failures, 

Closes  nothing,  refuses  nothing,  shuts  none  out, 

Of  all  the  powers,  objects,  states,  it  notifies,  shuts  none  out. 

The  earth  does  not  exhibit  itself  nor  refuse  to  exhibit  itself,  pos 
sesses  still  underneath, 

Underneath  the  ostensible  sounds,  the  august  chorus  of  heroes,  the 
wail  of  slaves, 

Persuasions  of  lovers,  curses,  gasps  of  the  dying,  laughter  of  young 
people,  accents  of  bargainers, 

Underneath  these  possessing  words  that  never  fail. 

To  her  children  the  words  of  the  eloquent  dumb  great  mother 

never  fail, 
The  true  words  do  not  fail,  for  motion  does  not  fail  and  reflection 

does  not  fail, 
Also  the  day  and  night  do  not  fail,  and  the  voyage  we  pursue  does 

not  fail. 

Of  the  interminable  sisters, 

Of  the  ceaseless  cotillons  of  sisters, 

Of  the  centripetal  and  centrifugal  sisters,  the  elder  and  younger 

sisters, 
The  beautiful  sister  we  know  dances  on  with  the  rest. 

With  her  ample  back  towards  every  beholder, 

With  the  fascinations  of  youth  and  the  equal  fascinations  of  age, 

Sits  she  whom  I  too  love  like  the  rest,  sits  undisturb'd, 

Holding  up  in  her  hand  what  has  the  character  of  a  mirror,  while 

her  eyes  glance  back  from  it, 
Glance  as  she  sits,  inviting  none,  denying  none, 
Holding  a  mirror  day  and  night  tirelessly  before  her  own  face. 


178  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Seen  at  hand  or  seen  at  a  distance, 
Duly  the  twenty-four  appear  in  public  every  day, 
Duly  approach  and  pass  with  their  companions  or  a  companion, 
Looking  from  no  countenances  of  their  own,  but  from  the  counte 
nances  of  those  who  are  with  them, 

From  the  countenances  of  children  or  women  or  the  manly  coun 
tenance, 

From  the  open  countenances  of  animals  or  from  inanimate  things, 
From  the  landscape  or  waters  or  from  the  exquisite  apparition  of 

the  sky, 

From  our  countenances,  mine  and  yours,  faithfully  returning  them, 
Every  day  in  public  appearing  without  fail,  but  never  twice  with 
the  same  companions. 

Embracing  man,  embracing  all,  proceed  the  three  hundred  and 

sixty-five  resistlessly  round  the  sun ; 
Embracing  all,  soothing,  supporting,  follow  close  three  hundred 

and  sixty-five  offsets  of  the  first,  sure  and  necessary  as  they. 

Tumbling  on  steadily,  nothing  dreading, 

Sunshine,  storm,  cold,  heat,  forever  withstanding,  passing,  carrying, 

The  soul's  realization  and  determination  still  inheriting, 

The  fluid  vacuum  around  and  ahead  still  entering  and  dividing, 

No  balk  retarding,  no  anchor  anchoring,  on  no  rock  striking, 

Swift,  glad,  content,  unbereav'd,  nothing  losing, 

Of  all  able  and  ready  at  any  time  to  give  strict  account, 

The  divine  ship  sails  the  divine  sea. 


Whoever  you  are  !  motion  and  reflection  are  especially  for  you, 
The  divine  ship  sails  the  divine  sea  for  you. 

Whoever  you  are  !  you  are  he  or  she  for  whom  the  earth  is  solid 

and  liquid, 

You  are  he  or  she  for  whom  the  sun  and  moon  hang  in  the  sky, 
For  none  more  than  you  are  the  present  and  the  past, 
For  none  more  than  you  is  immortality. 

Each  man  to  himself  and  each  woman  to  herself,  is  the  word  of 

the  past  and  present,  and  the  true  word  of  immortality ; 
No  one  can  acquire  for  another  —  not  one, 
Not  one  can  grow  for  another  —  not  one. 

The  song  is  to  the  singer,  and  comes  back  most  to  him, 
The  teaching  is  to  the  teacher,  and  comes  back  most  to  him, 


A  SONG  OF  THE  ROLLING  EARTH.  179 

The  murder  is  to  the  murderer,  and  comes  back  most  to  him, 

The  theft  is  to  the  thief,  and  comes  back  most  to  him, 

The  love  is  to  the  lover,  and  comes  back  most  to  him, 

The  gift  is  to  the  giver,  and  comes  back  most  to  him —  it  cannot 

fail, 
The  oration  is  to  the  orator,  the  acting  is  to  the  actor  and  actress 

not  to  the  audience, 
And  no  man  understands  any  greatness  or  goodness  but  his  own, 

or  the  indication  of  his  own. 

3 

I  swear  the  earth  shall  surely  be  complete  to  him  or  her  who  shall 

be  complete, 
The  earth  remains  jagged  and  broken  only  to  him  or  her  who 

remains  jagged  and  broken. 

I  swear  there  is  no  greatness  or  power  that  does  not  emulate 

those  of  the  earth, 
There  can  be  no  theory  of  any  account  unless  it  corroborate  the 

theory  of  the  earth, 
No  politics,  song,  religion,  behavior,  or  what  not,  is  of  account, 

unless  it  compare  with  the  amplitude  of  the  earth, 
Unless  it  face  the  exactness,  vitality,  impartiality,  rectitude  of  the 

earth. 

I  swear  I  begin  to  see  love  with  sweeter  spasms  than  that  which 

responds  love, 
It  is  that  which  contains   itself,  which   never  invites   and   never 

refuses. 

'I  swear  I  begin  to  see  little  or  nothing  in  audible  words, 

All  merges  toward  the  presentation  of  the  unspoken  meanings 
of  the  earth, 

Toward  him  who  sings  the  songs  of  the  body  and  of  the  truths 
of  the  earth, 

Toward  him  who  makes  the  dictionaries  of  words  that  print  can 
not  touch. 

I  swear  I  see  what  is  better  than  to  tell  the  best, 
It  is  always  to  leave  the  best  untold. 

When  I  undertake  to  tell  the  best  I  find  I  cannot, 
My  tongue  is  ineffectual  on  its  pivots, 
My  breath  will  not  be  obedient  to  its  organs, 
I  become  a  dumb  man. 


l8o  LEATES  OF  GRASS. 

The  best  of  the  earth  cannot  be  told  anyhow,  all  or  any  is  best, 
It  is  not  what  you  anticipated,  it  is  cheaper,  easier,  nearer, 
Things  are  not  dismiss 'd  from  the  places  they  held  before, 
The  earth  is  just  as  positive  and  direct  as  it  was  before, 
Facts,  religions,  improvements,  politics,  trades,  are  as  real  as  before, 
But  the  soul  is  also  real,  it  too  is  positive  and  direct, 
No  reasoning,  no  proof  has  establish'd  it, 
Undeniable  growth  has  establish'd  it. 

4 

These  to  echo  the  tones  of  souls  and  the  phrases  of  souls, 
( If  they  did  not  echo  the  phrases  of  souls  what  were  they  then  ? 
If  they  had  not  reference  to  you  in  especial  what  were  they  then  ?) 

I  swear  I  will  never  henceforth  have  to  do  with  the  faith  that  tells 

the  best, 
I  will  have  to  do  only  with  that  faith  that  leaves  the  best  untold. 

Say  on,  sayers  !  sing  on,  singers  ! 
Delve  !  mould  !  pile  the  words  of  the  earth ! 
Work  on,  age  after  age,  nothing  is  to  be  lost, 
It  may  have  to  wait  long,  but  it  will  certainly  come  in  use, 
When  the  materials  are  all  prepared  and  ready,  the  architects  shall 
appear. 

I  swear  to  you  the  architects  shall  appear  without  fail, 

I  swear  to  you  they  will  understand  you  and  justify  you, 

The  greatest  among  them  shall  be  he  who  best  knows  you,  and 

encloses  all  and  is  faithful  to  all, 
He  and  the  rest  shall  not  forget  you,  they  shall  perceive  that  you 

are  not  an  iota  less  than  they, 
You  shall  be  fully  glorified  in  them. 


YOUTH,  DAY,  OLD  AGE  AND  NIGHT. 

YOUTH,  large,  lusty,  loving — youth  full  of  grace,  force,  fascination, " 
Do  you  know  that  Old  Age  may  come  after  you  with  equal  grace, 
force,  fascination? 

Day  full-blown  and  splendid  —  day  of  the  immense  sun,  action, 

ambition,  laughter, 
The   Night  follows  close  with  millions   of  suns,  and  sleep  and 

restoring  darkness. 


B:RDS  OF  PASSAGE.  181 

BIRDS  OF   PASSAGE. 


SONG   OF   THE   UNIVERSAL. 

i 

COME  said  the  Muse, 

Sing  me  a  song  no  poet  yet  has  chanted, 

Sing  me  the  universal. 

In  this  broad  earth  of  ours, 
Amid  the  measureless  grossness  and  the  slag, 
Enclosed  and  safe  within  its  central  heart, 
Nestles  the  seed  perfection. 

By  every  life  a  share  or  more  or  less, 

None  born  but  it  is  born,  conceal'd  or  unconceal'd  the  seed  is 
waiting. 


Lo  !  keen-eyed  towering  science, 

As  from  tall  peaks  the  modern  overlooking, 

Successive  absolute  fiats  issuing. 

Yet  again,  lo  !  the  soul,  above  all  science, 

For  it  has  history  gather'd  like  husks  around  the  globe, 

For  it  the  entire  star-myriads  roll  through  the  sky. 

In  spiral  routes  by  long  detours, 
(As  a  much-tacking  ship  upon  the  sea,) 
For  it  the  partial  to  the  permanent  flowing, 
For  it  the  real  to  the  ideal  tends. 

For  it  the  mystic  evolution, 

Not  the  right  only  justified,  what  we  call  evil  also  justified. 

Forth  from  their  masks,  no  matter  what, 

From  the  huge  festering  trunk,  from  craft  and  guile  and  tears, 

Health  to  emerge  and  joy,  joy  universal. 

Out  of  the  bulk,  the  morbid  and  the  shallow, 

Out  of  the  bad  majority,  the  varied  countless  frauds  of  men  and 

states, 

Electric,  antiseptic  yet,  cleaving,  suffusing  all, 
Only  the  good  is  universal. 


• 
1.82  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


Over  the  mountain-growths  disease  and  sorrow, 
An  uncaught  bird  is  ever  hovering,  hovering, 
High  in  the  purer,  happier  air. 

From  imperfection's  murkiest  cloud, 
Darts  always  forth  one  ray  of  perfect  light, 
One  flash  of  heaven's  glory. 

To  fashion's,  custom's  discord, 
To  the  mad  Babel-din,  the  deafening  orgies, 
Soothing  each  lull  a  strain  is  heard,  just  heard, 
From  some  far  shore  the  final  chorus  sounding. 

O  the  blest  eyes,  the  happy  hearts, 

That  see,  that  know  the  guiding  thread  so  fine, 

Along  the  mighty  labyrinth. 


And  thou  America, 

For  the  scheme's  culmination,  its  thought  and  its  reality, 

For  these  (not  for  thyself)  thou  hast  arrived. 

Thou  too  surroundest  all, 

Embracing  carrying  welcoming  all,  thou  too  by  pathways  broad 

and  new, 
To  the  ideal  tendest. 

The  measur'd  faiths  of  other  lands,  the  grandeurs  of  the  past, 
Are  not  for  thee,  but  grandeurs  of  thine  own, 
Deific  faiths  and  amplitudes,  absorbing,  comprehending  all, 
All  eligible  to  all. 

All,  all  for  immortality, 

Love  like  the  light  silently  wrapping  all, 

Nature's  amelioration  blessing  all, 

The  blossoms,  fruits  of  ages,  orchards  divine  and  certain, 

Forms,  objects,  growths,  humanities,  to  spiritual  images  ripening. 

Give  me  O  God  to  sing  that  thought, 

Give  me,  give  him  or  her  I  love  this  quenchless  faith, 

In  Thy  ensemble,  whatever  else  withheld  withhold  not  from  us, 

Belief  in  plan  of  Thee  enclosed  in  Time  and  Space, 

Health,  peace,  salvation  universal. 


BIRDS  OF  PASSAGE.  183 


Is  it  a  dream  ? 

Nay  but  the  lack  of  it  the  dream, 

And  failing  it  life's  lore  and  wealth  a  dream, 

And  all  the  world  a  dream. 


PIONEERS!    O   PIONEERS! 

COME  my  tan-faced  children, 
Follow  well  in  order,  get  your  weapons  ready, 
Have  you  your  pistols  ?  have  you  your  sharp-edged  axes  ? 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

For  we  cannot  tarry  here, 

We  must  march  my  darlings,  we  must  bear  the  brunt  of  danger, 
We  the  youthful  sinewy  races,  all  the  rest  on  us  depend, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

O  you  youths,  Western  youths, 

So  impatient,  full  of  action,  full  of  manly  pride  and  friendship, 
Plain  I  see  you  Western  youths,  see  you  tramping  with  the  fore 
most, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

Have  the  elder  races  halted  ? 
Do  they  droop  and  end  their  lesson,  wearied  over  there  beyond 

the  seas? 
We  take  up  the  task  eternal,  and  the  burden  and  the  lesson, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

All  the  past  we  leave  behind, 

We  debouch  upon  a  newer  mightier  world,  varied  world, 
Fresh  and  strong  the  world  we  seize,  world  of  labor  and  the  marcji, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

We  detachments  steady  throwing, 

Down  the  edges,  through  the  passes,  up  the  mountains  steep, 
Conquering,  holding,  daring,  venturing  as  we  go  the  unknown  ways, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

We  primeval  forests  felling, 
We  the  rivers  stemming,  vexing  we  and  piercing  deep  the  mines 

within, 
We  the  surface  broad  surveying,  we  the  virgin  soil  upheaving, 

Pioneers !  O  pioneers  ! 


184  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Colorado  men  are  we, 
From  the  peaks  gigantic,  from  the  great  sierras  and  the  high 

plateaus, 
From  the  mine  and  from  the  gully,  from  the  hunting  trail  we  come, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

From  Nebraska,  from  Arkansas, 
Central  inland  race  are  we,  from  Missouri,  with  the  continental 

blood  intervein'd, 
All   the  hands  of  comrades  clasping,  all   the  Southern,  all  the 

Northern, 
Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

O  resistless  restless  race  ! 
O  beloved  race  in  all !  O  my  breast  aches  with  tender  love  for  all ! 

0  I  mourn  and  yet  exult,  I  am  rapt  with  love  for  all, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

Raise  the  mighty  mother  mistress, 
Waving  high  the  delicate  mistress,  over  all  the  starry  mistress, 

(bend  your  heads  all,) 
Raise  the  fang'd  and  warlike  mistress,  stern,  impassive,  weapon 'd 

mistress, 
Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

See  my  children,  resolute  children, 

By  those  swarms  upon  our  rear  we  must  never  yield  or  falter, 
Ages  back  in  ghostly  millions  frowning  there  behind  us  urging, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

On  and  on  the  compact  ranks, 

With  accessions  ever  waiting,  with  the  places  of  the  dead  quickly 
fill'd, 

1  hrough  the  battle,  through  defeat,  moving  yet  and  never  stopping, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

O  to  die  advancing  on  ! 

Are  there  some  of  us  to  droop  and  die?  has  the  hour  come? 
Then  upon  the  march  we  fittest  die,  soon  and  sure  the  gap  is  fill'd. 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

All  the  pulses  of  the  world, 

Falling  in  they  beat  for  us,  with  the  Western  movement  beat, 
Holding  single  or  together,  steady  moving  to  the  front,  all  for  us, 

Pioneers !  O  pioneers  ! 


OF  PASSAGE.  18 


Life's  involv'd  and  varied  pageants, 
All  the  forms  and  shows,  all  the  workmen  at  their  work, 
All  the  seamen  and  the  landsmen,  all  the  masters  with  their  slaves, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

All  the  hapless  silent  lovers, 

All  the  prisoners  in  the  prisons,  all  the  righteous  and  the  wicked, 
All  the  joyous,  all  the  sorrowing,  all  the  living,  all  the  dying, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

I  too  with  my  soul  and  body, 
We,  a  curious  trio,  picking,  wandering  on  our  way, 
Through  these  shores   amid   the   shadows,  with   the   apparitions 
pressing, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

Lo,  the  darting  bowling  orb  ! 

Lo,  the  brother  orbs  around,  all  the  clustering  sons  and  planets, 
All  the  dazzling  days,  all  the  mystic  nights  with  dreams, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

These  are  of  us,  they  are  with  us, 
All  for  primal  needed  work,  while  the  followers  there  in  embryo 

wait  behind, 
We  to-day's  procession  heading,  we  the  route  for  travel  clearing, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

O  you  daughters  of  the  West  ! 

O  you  young  and  elder  daughters  !  O  you  mothers  and  you  wives  ! 
Never  must  you  be  divided,  in  our  ranks  you  move  united, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

Minstrels  latent  on  the  prairies  ! 
(Shrouded  bards  of  other  lands,  you  may  rest,  you  have  done 

your  work,) 
Soon  I  hear  you  coming  warbling,  soon  you  rise  and  tramp  amid  us, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

Not  for  delectations  sweet, 

Not  the  cushion  and  the  slipper,  not  the  peaceful  and  the  studious, 
Not  the  riches  safe  and  palling,  not  for  us  the  tame  enjoyment, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

Do  the  feasters  gluttonous  feast? 

Do  the  corpulent  sleepers  sleep  ?  have  they  lock'd  and  bolted  dcors  ? 
Still  be  ours  the  diet  hard,  and  the  blanket  on  the  ground, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 


186  LEAI-ES  or  GRASS. 

Has  the  night  descended  ? 
Was  the  road  of  late  so  toilsome  ?  did  we  stop  discouraged  nodding 

on  our  way  ? 
Yet  a  passing  hour  I  yield  you  in  your  tracks  to  pause  oblivious, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

Till  with  sound  of  trumpet, 
Far,  far  off  the  daybreak  call  —  hark  !  how  loud  and  clear  I  hear 

it  wind, 
Swift  !  to  the  head  of  the  army  !  —  swift !  spring  to  your  places, 

Pioneers  !  O  pioneers  ! 

TO   YOU. 

WHOEVER  you  are,  I  fear  you  are  walking  the  walks  of  dreams, 
I  fear  these  supposed  realities  are  to  melt  from  under  your  feet 

and  hands, 
Even   now   your   features,  joys,   speech,   house,  trade,  manners, 

troubles,  follies,  costume,  crimes,  dissipate  away  from  you, 
Your  true  soul  and  body  appear  before  me. 
They  stand  forth   out  of  affairs,  *but  of  commerce,  shops,  work, 

farms,  clothes,  the  house,  buying,  selling,  eating,  drinking, 

suffering,  dying. 

Whoever  you  are,  now  I  place  my  hand  upon  you,  that  you  be  my 

poem, 

I  whisper  with  my  lips  close  to  your  ear, 
I  have  loved  many  women  and  men,  but  I  love  none  better  than 

you. 

0  I  have  been  dilatory  and  dumb, 

1  should  have  made  my  way  straight  to  you  long  ago, 

I  should  have  blabb'd  nothing  but  you,  I  should  have  chanted 
nothing  but  you. 

I  will  leave  all  and  come  and  make  the  hymns  of  you, 

None  has  understood  you,  but  I  understand  you. 

None  has  done  justice  to  you,  you  have  not  done  justice  to  your 
self, 

None  but  has  found  you  imperfect,  I  only  find  no  imperfection  in 
you, 

None  but  would  subordinate  you,  I  only  am  he  who  will  never 
consent  to  subordinate  you, 

I  only  am  he  who  places  over  you  no  master,  owner,  better,  God, 
beyond  what  waits  intrinsically  in  yourself. 


BIRDS  OF  PASSAGE.  187 

Painters  have  painted  their  swarming  groups  and  the  centre-figure 
of  all, 

From  the  head  of  the  centre-figure  spreading  a  nimbus  of  gold- 
color'd  light, 

But  I  paint  myriads  of  heads,  but  paint  no  head  without  its  nim 
bus  of  gold-color'd  light, 

From  my  hand  from  the  brain  of  every  man  and  woman  it  streams, 
effulgently  flowing  forever. 

0  I  could  sing  such  grandeurs  and  glories  about  you  ! 

You   have  not  known  what  you  are,  you  have  slumber'd  upon 

yourself  all  your  life, 

Your  eyelids  have  been  the  same  as  closed  most  of  the  time, 
What  you  have  done  returns  already  in  mockeries, 
(Your  thrift,  knowledge,  prayers,  if  they  do  not  return  in  mock 
eries,  what  is  their  return  ?) 

The  mockeries  are  not  you, 

Underneath  them  and  within  them  I  see  you  lurk, 

1  pursue  you  where  none  else  has  pursued  you, 

Silence,  the  desk,  the  flippant  expression,  the  night,  the  accustom'd 
routine,  if  these  conceal  you  from  others  or  from  yourself, 
they  do  not  conceal  you  from  me, 

The  shaved  face,  the  unsteady  eye,  the  impure  complexion,  if  these 
balk  others  they  do  not  balk  me, 

The  pert  apparel,  the  deform 'd  attitude,  drunkenness,  greed,  pre 
mature  death,  all  these  I  part  aside. 

There  is  no  endowment  in  man  or  woman  that  is  not  tallied  in 

you, 
There  is  no  virtue,  no  beauty  in  man  or  woman,  but  as  good  is  in 

you, 

No  pluck,  no  endurance  in  others,  but  as  good  is  in  you, 
No  pleasure  waiting  for  others,  but  an  equal  pleasure  waits  for  you. 

As  for  me,  I  give  nothing  to  any  one  except  I  give  the  like  care 
fully  to  you, 

I  sing  the  songs  of  the  glory  of  none,  not  God,  sooner  than  I 
sing  the  songs  of  the  glory  of  you. 

Whoever  you  are  !  claim  your  own  at  any  hazard  ! 
These  shows  of  the  East  and  West  are  tame  compared  to  you, 
These   immense    meadows,   these    interminable   rivers,   you    are 
immense  and  interminable  as  they, 


1 88  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

These  furies,  elements,  storms,  motions  of  Nature,  throes  of  appar 
ent  dissolution,  you  are  he  or  she  who  is  master  or  mistress 
over  them, 

Master  or  mistress  in  your  own  right  over  Nature,  elements,  pain, 
passion,  dissolution. 

The  hopples  fall  from  your  ankles,  you  find  an  unfailing  sufficiency, 
Old   or  young,  male  or  female,  rude,  low,  rejected  by  the  rest, 

whatever  you  are  promulges  itself, 
Through  birth,  life,  death,  burial,  the  means  are  provided,  nothing 

is  scanted, 
Through  angers,  losses,  ambition,  ignorance,  ennui,  what  you  are 

picks  its  way. 

FRANCE, 

The  i8M  Year  of  these  States. 

A  GREAT  year  and  place. 

A  harsh  discordant  natal  scream  out-sounding,  to  touch  the 
mother's  heart  closer  than  any  yet. 

I  walk'd  the  shores  of  my  Eastern  sea, 

Heard  over  the  waves  the  little  voice, 

Saw  the  divine  infant  where  she  woke  mournfully  wailing,  amid  the 

roar  of  cannon,  curses,  shouts,  crash  of  falling  buildings, 
Was  not  so  sick  from  the  blood  in  the  gutters  running,  nor  from 

the   single   corpses,  nor  those  in  heaps,  nor  those  borne 

away  in  the  tumbrils, 
Was  not  so  desperate  at  the  battues  of  death  —  was  not  so  shock'd 

at  the  repeated  fusillades  of  the  guns. 

Pale,  silent,  stern,  what  could  I  say  to  that  long-accrued  retribu 
tion? 

Could  I  wish  humanity  different  ? 
Could  I  wish  the  people  made  of  wood  and  stone  ? 
Or  that  there  be  no  justice  in  destiny  or  time  ? 

O  Liberty  !  O  mate  for  me  ! 

Here  too  the  blaze,  the  grape-shot  and  the  axe,  in  reserve,  to 

fetch  them  out  in  case  of  need, 

Here  too,  though  long  represt,  can  never  be  destroy'd, 
Here  too  could  rise  at  last  murdering  and  ecstatic, 
Here  too  demanding  full  arrears  of  vengeance. 

Hence  I  sign  this  salute  over  the  sea, 

And  I  do  not  deny  that  terrible  red  birth  and  baptism, 


BfRDS  OF  PASSAGE.  189 

But  remember  the  little  voice  that  I  heard  wailing,  and  wait  with 

perfect  trust,  no  matter  how  long, 
And  from  to-day  sad  and  cogent  I  maintain  the  bequeath'd  cause, 

as  for  all  lands, 

And  I  send  these  words  to  Paris  with  my  love, 
And  I  guess  some  chansonniers  there  will  understand  them, 
For  I  guess  there  is  latent  music  yet  in  France,  floods  of  it, 
O    I    hear  already  the  bustle  of  instruments,  they  will  soon  be 

drowning  all  that  would  interrupt  them, 

0  I  think  the  east  wind  brings  a  triumphal  and  free  march, 
It  reaches  hither,  it  swells  me  to  joyful  madness, 

1  will  run  transpose  it  in  words,  to  justify  it, 
I  will  yet  sing  a  song  for  you  ma  femme. 


MYSELF   AND    MINE. 

MYSELF  and  mine  gymnastic  ever, 

To  stand  the  cold  or  heat,  to  take  good  aim  with  a  gun,  to  sail  a 

boat,  to  manage  horses,  to  beget  superb  children, 
To  speak  readily  and  clearly,  to  feel  at  home  among   common 

people, 
And  to  hold  our  own  in  terrible  positions  on  land  and  sea. 

Not  for  an  embroiderer, 

(There  will  always  be  plenty  of  embroiderers,  I  welcome  them  also,) 

But  for  the  fibre  of  things  and  for  inherent  men  and  women. 

Not  to  chisel  ornaments. 

But  to  chisel  with  free  stroke  the  heads  and  limbs  of  plenteous 

supreme  Gods,  that  the  States  may  realize  them  walking 

and  talking. 

Let  me  have  my  own  way, 

Let  others  promulge  the  laws,  I  will  make  no  account  of  the  laws, 

Let   others   praise  eminent  men  and  hold  up  peace,  I  hold  up 

agitation  and  conflict, 
I  praise  no  eminent  man,  I  rebuke  to  his  face  the  one  that  was 

thought  most  worthy. 

( Who  are  you  ?  and  what  are  you  secretly  guilty  of  all  your  life  ? 
Will  you  turn  aside  all  your  life?  will  you  grub  and  chatter  all 

your  life  ? 
And  who   are  you,   blabbing  by  rote,   years,  pages,  languages, 

reminiscences, 


190  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Unwitting  to-day  that  you  do  not  know  how  to  speak  properly  a 
single  word?) 

Let  others  finish  specimens,  I  never  finish  specimens, 
I  start  them  by  exhaustless  laws  as  Nature  does,  fresh  and  modern 
continually. 

I  give  nothing  as  duties, 

What  others  give  as  duties  I  give  as  living  impulses, 

(Shall  I  give  the  heart's  action  as  a  duty  ?) 

Let  others  dispose  of  questions,  I  dispose  of  nothing,  I  arouse 

unanswerable  questions, 

Who  are  they  I  see  and  touch,  and  what  about  them  ? 
What  about  these  likes  of  myself  that  draw  me  so  close  by  tender 

directions  and  indirections? 

I  call  to  the  world  to  distrust  the   accounts   of  my  friends,  but 

listen  to  my  enemies,  as  I  myself  do, 
I  charge  you  forever  reject  those  who  would  expound  me,  for  I 

cannot  expound  myself, 

I  charge  that  there  be  no  theory  or  school  founded  out  of  me, 
I  charge  you  to  leave  all  free,  as  I  have  left  all  free. 

After  me,  vista  ! 

0  I  see  life  is  not  short,  but  immeasurably  long, 

1  henceforth  tread  the  world  chaste,  temperate,  an  early  riser,  a 

steady  grower, 
Every  hour  the  semen  of  centuries,  and  still  of  centuries. 

I  must  follow  up  these  continual  lessons  of  the  air,  water,  earth, 
I  perceive  I  have  no  time  to  lose. 


YEAR  OF   METEORS. 
(1859-60.) 

YEAR  of  meteors  !  brooding  year  ! 

I  would  bind  in  words  retrospective  some  of  your  deeds  and  signs, 

I  would  sing  your  contest  for  the  i  pth  Presidentiad, 

I  would  sing  how  an  old  man,  tall,  with  white  hair,  mounted  the  \ 

scaffold  in  Virginia, 

(I  was  at  hand,  silent  I  stood  with  teeth  shut  close,  I  watch'd, 
I  stood  very  near  you  old  man  when  cool  and  indifferent,  but 

trembling  with  age  and  your  unheal'd  wounds  you  mounted 

the  scaffold ;) 


BIRDS  OF  PASSAGE.  191 

I  would  sing  in  my  copious  song  your  census  returns  of  the  States, 
The  tables  of  population  and  products,  I  would  sing  of  your  ships 

and  their  cargoes, 
The  proud  black  ships  of  Manhattan  arriving,  some  fill'd  with 

immigrants,  some  from  the  isthmus  with  cargoes  of  gold, 
Songs  thereof  would  I  sing,  to  all  that  hitherward  comes  would  I 

welcome  give, 
And  you  would  I  sing,  fair  stripling  !  welcome  to  you  from  me, 

young  prince  of  England  ! 
(Remember  you  surging  Manhattan's  crowds  as  you  pass'd  with 

your  cortege  of  nobles  ? 

There  in  the  crowds  stood  I,  and  singled  you  out  with  attachment ;) 
Nor  forget  I  to  sing  of  the  wonder,  the  ship  as  she  swam  up  my 

bay, 
Well-shaped  and  stately  the  Great  Eastern  swam  up  my  bay,  she 

was  600  feet  long, 
Her  moving  swiftly  surrounded  by  myriads  of  small  craft  I  forget 

not  to  sing ; 
Nor  the  comet  that  came  unannounced  out  of  the  north  flaring  in 

heaven, 

Nor  the  strange  huge  meteor-procession  dazzling  and  clear  shoot 
ing  over  our  heads, 
(A  moment,  a  moment  long  it  sail'd  its  balls  of  unearthly  light 

over  our  heads, 

Then  departed,  dropt  in  the  night,  and  was  gone  ;) 
Of  such,  and  fitful  as  they,  I  sing  —  with  gleams  from  them  would 

I  gleam  and  patch  these  chants, 
Your  chants,  O  year  all  mottled  with  evil  and  good  —  year  of 

forebodings  ! 
Year  of  comets  and  meteors  transient  and  strange  —  lo  !  even  here 

one  equally  transient  and  strange  ! 
As  I  flit  through  you  hastily,  soon  to  fall  and  be  gone,  what  is  this 

chant, 
What  am  I  myself  but  one  of  your  meteors  ? 

WITH   ANTECEDENTS. 

i 

WITH  antecedents, 

With  my  fathers  and   mothers   and  the  accumulations  of  past 

ages, 
With  all  which,  had  it  not  been,  I  would  not  now  be  here,  as  I 

am, 

With  Egypt,  India,  Phenicia,  Greece  and  Rome, 
With  the  Kelt,  the  Scandinavian,  the  Alb  and  the  Saxon, 


192  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

With  antique  maritime  ventures,  laws,  artisanship,  wars  and  jour 
neys, 

With  the  poet,  the  skald,  the  saga,  the  myth,  and  the  oracle, 

With  the  sale  of  slaves,  with  enthusiasts,  with  the  troubadour,  the 
crusader,  and  the  monk, 

With  those  old  continents  whence  we  have  come  to  this  new 
continent, 

With  the  fading  kingdoms  and  kings  over  there, 

With  the  fading  religions  and  priests, 

With  the  small  shores  we  look  back  to  from  our  own  large  and 
present  shores, 

With  countless  years  drawing  themselves  onward  and  arrived  at 
these  years, 

You  and  me  arrived  —  America  arrived  and  making  this  year, 

This  year  !  sending  itself  ahead  countless  years  to  come. 


0  but  it  is  not  the  years  —  it  is  I,  it  is  You, 
We  touch  all  laws  and  tally  all  antecedents, 

We  are  the  skald,  the  oracle,  the  monk  and  the  knight,  we  easily 

include  them  and  more, 
We  stand  amid  time  beginningless  and  endless,  we  stand  amid  evil 

and  good, 

All  swings  around  us,  there  is  as  much  darkness  as  light, 
The  very  sun  swings  itself  and  its  system  of  planets  around  us, 
Its  sun,  and  its  again,  all  swing  around  us. 

As  for  me,  (torn,  stormy,  amid  these  vehement  days,) 

1  have  the  idea  of  all,  and  am  all  and  believe  in  all, 

I  believe  materialism  is  true  and  spiritualism  is  true,  I  reject  no 
part. 

(Have  I  forgotten  any  part?  any  thing  in  the  past? 
Come   to   me  whoever   and   whatever,   till  I    give  you   recogni 
tion.) 

I  respect  Assyria,  China,  Teutonia,  and  the  Hebrews, 

I  adopt  each  theory,  myth,  god,  and  demi-god, 

I  see  that  the  old  accounts,  bibles,  genealogies,  are  true,  without 

exception, 

I  assert  that  all  past  days  were  what  they  must  have  been, 
And  that  they  could  no-how  have  been  better  than  they  were, 
And  that  to-day  is  what  it  must  be,  and  that  America  is, 
And  that  to-day  and  America  could  no-how  be  better  than  they 

are. 


A  BROADWAY  PAGEANT. 


In   the   name   of  these   States  and  in  your  and  my  name,  the 

Past, 
And  in  the  name  of  these  States  and  in  your  and  my  name,  the 

Present  time. 

I  know  that  the  past  was  great  and  the  future  will  be  great, 
And  I  know  that  both  curiously  conjoint  in  the  present  time, 
(For  the  sake  of  him  I  typify,  for  the  common  average  man's 

sake,  your  sake  if  you  are  he,) 
And  that  where  I  am  or  you  are  this  present  day,  there  is  the 

centre  of  all  days,  all  races, 
And  there  is  the  meaning  to  us  of  all  that  has  ever  come  of  races 

and  days,  or  ever  will  come. 


A  BROADWAY  PAGEANT. 


OVER  the  Western  sea  hither  from  Niphon  come, 
Courteous,  the  swart-cheek'd  two-sworded  envoys, 
Leaning  back  in  their  open  barouches,  bare-headed,  impassive, 
Ride  to-day  through  Manhattan. 

Libertad  !  I  do  not  know  whether  others  behold  what  I  behold, 

In  the  procession  along  with  the  nobles  of  Niphon,  the  errand- 
bearers, 

Bringing  up  the  rear,  hovering  above,  around,  or  in  the  ranks 
marching, 

But  I  will  sing  you  a  song  of  what  I  behold  Libertad. 

When  million-footed  Manhattan  unpent  descends  to  her  pavements, 

When  the  thunder-cracking  guns  arouse  me  with  the  proud  roar 
I  love, 

When  the  round-mouth'd  guns  out  of  the  smoke  and  smell  I  love 
spit  their  salutes, 

When  the  fire-flashing  guns  have  fully  alerted  me,  and  heaven- 
clouds  canopy  my  city  with  a  delicate  thin  haze, 

When  gorgeous  the  countless  straight  stems,  the  forests  at  the 
wharves,  thicken  with  colors, 

When  every  ship  richly  drest  carries  her  flag  at  the  peak, 

When  pennants  trail  and  street-festoons  hang  from  the  windows, 


194  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

When  Broadway  is  entirely  given  up  to  foot-passengers  and  foot- 
standers,  when  the  mass  is  densest. 

When  the  facades  of  the  houses  are  alive  with  people,  when  eyes 
gaze  riveted  tens  of  thousands  at  a  time, 

When  the  guests  from  the  islands  advance,  when  the  pageant 
moves  forward  visible, 

When  the  summons  is  made,  when  the  answer  that  waited  thou 
sands  of  years  answers, 

I  too  arising,  answering,  descend  to  the  pavements,  merge  with 
the  crowd,  and  gaze  with  them. 

2 

Superb-faced  Manhattan  ! 

Comrade  Americanos  !  to  us,  then  at  last  the  Orient  comes. 

To  us,  my  city, 

Where  our  tall-topt  marble  and  iron  beauties  range  on  opposite 

sides,  to  walk  in  the  space  between, 
To-day  our  Antipodes  comes. 

The  Originatress  comes, 

The  nest  of  languages,  the  bequeather  of  poems,  the  race  of  eld, 

Florid  with  blood,  pensive,  rapt  with  musings,  hot  with  passion, 

Sultry  with  perfume,  with  ample  and  flowing  garments, 

With  sunburnt  visage,  with  intense  soul  and  glittering  eyes, 

The  race  of  Brahma  comes. 

See  my  cantabile  !  these  and  more  are  flashing  to  us  from  the 

procession, 
As  it  moves  changing,  a  kaleidoscope  divine  it  moves  changing 

before  us. 

For  not  the  envoys  nor  the  tann'd  Japanee  from  his  island  only, 
Lithe  and  silent  the  Hindoo  appears,  the  Asiatic  continent  itself 

appears,  the  past,  the  dead, 

The  murky  night-morning  of  wonder  and  fable  inscrutable, 
The  envelop'd  mysteries,  the  old  and  unknown  hive-bees, 
The  north,  the  sweltering  south,  eastern  Assyria,  the  Hebrews,  the 

ancient  of  ancients, 
Vast  desolated  cities,  the  gliding  present,  all  of  these  and  more  are 

in  the  pageant-procession. 

Geography,  the  world,  is  in  it, 

The  Great  Sea,  the  brood  of  islands,  Polynesia,  the  coast  beyond, 
The  coast  you  henceforth  are  facing — you  Libertad  !  from  your 
Western  golden  shores, 


A  BROADWAY  PAGEANT.  195 

The  countries  there  with  their  populations,  the  millions  en-masse 

are  curiously  here, 
The  swarming  market-places,  the  temples  with  idols  ranged  along 

the  sides  or  at  the  end,  bonze,  brahmin,  and  llama, 
Mandarin,  farmer,  merchant,  mechanic,  and  fisherman, 
The  singing-girl  and  the  dancing-girl,  the   ecstatic   persons,  the 

secluded  emperors, 
Confucius  himself,  the  great  poets  and  heroes,  the  warriors,  the 

castes,  all, 

Trooping  up,  crowding  from  all  directions,  from  the  Altay  moun 
tains, 
From  Thibet,  from   the  four  winding   and   far-flowing  rivers   of 

China, 
From  the  southern  peninsulas  and  the  demi-continental  islands, 

from  Malaysia, 
These  and  whatever  belongs  to  them  palpable  show  forth  to  me, 

and  are  seiz'd  by  me, 

And  I  am  seiz'd  by  them,  and  friendlily  held  by  them, 
Till  as  here  them  all  I  chant,  Libertad  !  for  themselves  and  for 

you. 

For  I  too  raising  my  voice  join  the  ranks  of  this  pageant, 

I  am  the  chanter,  I  chant  aloud  over  the  pageant, 

I  chant  the  world  on  my  Western  sea, 

I  chant  copious  the  islands  beyond,  thick  as  stars  in  the  sky, 

I  chant  the  new  empire  grander  than  any  before,  as  in  a  vision  it 

comes  to  me, 

I  chant  America  the  mistress,  I  chant  a  greater  supremacy, 
I  chant  projected  a  thousand  blooming  cities  yet  in  time  on  those 

groups  of  sea-islands, 

My  sail-ships  and  steam-ships  threading  the  archipelagoes, 
My  stars  and  stripes  fluttering  in  the  wind, 
Commerce  opening,  the  sleep  of  ages  having  done  its  work,  races 

reborn,  refresh'd, 
Lives,  works  resumed  —  the  object  I  know  not  —  but  the  old,  the 

Asiatic  renew'd  as  it  must  be, 
Commencing  from  this  day  surrounded  by  the  world. 

3 

And  you  Libertad  of  the  world  ! 
You  shall  sit  in  the  middle  well-pois'd  thousands  and  thousands  of 

years, 

As  to-day  from  one  side  the  nobles  of  Asia  come  to  you, 
As  to-morrow  from  the  other  side  the  queen  of  England  sends  her 

eldest  son  to  you. 


196  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


The  sign  is  reversing,  the  orb  is  enclosed, 
The  ring  is  circled,  the  journey  is  done, 

The  box-lid  is  but  perceptibly  open'd,  nevertheless  the  perfume 
pours  copiously  out  of  the  whole  box. 

Young  Libertad  !  with  the  venerable  Asia,  the  all-mother, 
Be  considerate  with  her  now  and  ever  hot  Libertad,  for  you  are  all, 
Bend  your  proud  neck  to  the  long-off  mother  now  sending  mes 
sages  over  the  archipelagoes  to  you, 
Bend  your  proud  neck  low  for  once,  young  Libertad. 

Were  the  children  straying  westward  so  long?  so  wide  the  tramping? 
Were  the  precedent  dim  ages  debouching  westward  from  Paradise 

so  long? 
Were   the   centuries   steadily  footing   it   that  way,  all   the  while 

unknown,  for  you,  for  reasons  ? 

They  are  justified,  they  are  accomplish'd,  they  shall  now  be  turn'd 
the  other  way  also,  to  travel  toward  you  thence, 

They  shall  now  also  march  obediently  eastward  for  your  sake 
Libertad. 


SEA-DRIFT. 


OUT   OF  THE   CRADLE   ENDLESSLY   ROCKING. 

Our  of  the  cradle  endlessly  rocking, 

Out  of  the  mocking-bird's  throat,  the  musical  shuttle, 

Out  of  the  Ninth-month  midnight, 

Over  the  sterile  sands  and  the  fields  beyond,  where  the  child 
leaving  his  bed  wander'd  alone,  bareheaded,  barefoot, 

Down  from  the  shower'd  halo, 

Up  from  the  mystic  play  of  shadows  twining  and  twisting  as  if 
they  were  alive, 

Out  from  the  patches  of  briers  and  blackberries, 

From  the  memories  of  the  bird  that  chanted  to  me, 

From  your  memories  sad  brother,  from  the  fitful  risings  and  fall 
ings  I  heard, 

From  under  that  yellow  half-moon  late-risen  and  swollen  as  if  with 
tears, 


SEA-DRIFT.  197 

From  those  beginning  notes  of  yearning  and  love  there  in  the  mist, 

From  the  thousand  responses  of  my  heart  never  to  cease, 

From  the  myriad  thence-arous'd  words, 

From  the  word  stronger  and  more  delicious  than  any, 

From  such  as  now  they  start  the  scene  revisiting, 

As  a  flock,  twittering,  rising,  or  overhead  passing, 

Borne  hither,  ere  all  eludes  me,  hurriedly, 

A  man,  yet  by  these  tears  a  little  boy  again, 

Throwing  myself  on  the  sand,  confronting  the  waves. 

I,  chanter  of  pains  and  joys,  uniter  of  here  and  hereafter, 

Taking  all  hints  to  use  them,  but  swiftly  leaping  beyond  them, 

A  reminiscence  sing. 

Once  Paumanok, 

When   the  lilac-scent  was  in  the  air  and  Fifth-month  grass  was 

growing, 

Up  this  seashore  in  some  briers, 
Two  feather'd  guests  from  Alabama,  two  together, 
And  their  nest,  and  four  light-green  eggs  spotted  with  brown, 
And  every  day  the  he-bird  to  and  fro  near  at  hand, 
And   every  day  the   she-bird   crouch'd  on  her  nest,  silent,  with 

bright  eyes, 
And  every  day  I,  a  curious  boy,  never  too  close,  never  disturbing 

them, 
Cautiously  peering,  absorbing,  translating. 

Shine  !  shine  !  shine  ! 

Pour  down  your  warmth,  great  sun  f 

While  we  bask,  we  two  together. 

Two  together  ! 

Winds  blow  south*  or  winds  blow  north, 
Day  come  white,  or  night  come  black, 
Home,  or  rivers  and  mountains  from  home, 
Singing  all  time,  minding  no  time, 
While  we  two  keep  together. 

Till  of  a  sudden, 

May-be  kill'd,  unknown  to  her  mate, 

One  forenoon  the  she-bird  crouch'd  not  on  the  nest, 

Nor  return'd  that  afternoon,  nor  the  next, 

Nor  ever  appear'd  again. 

And  thenceforward  all  summer  in  the  sound  of  the  sea, 
And  at  night  under  the  full  of  the  moon  in  calmer  weather, 


198  LEATES  OF  GRASS. 

Over  the  hoarse  surging  of  the  sea, 

Or  flitting  from  brier  to  brier  by  day, 

I  saw,  I  heard  at  intervals  the  remaining  one,  the  he-bird, 

The  solitary  guest  from  Alabama. 

Blow  !  blow  !  bloiv  ! 

Blow  up  sea-winds  along  Paumanok's  shore  ; 

1  wait  and  I  wait  till  you  blow  my  mate  to  me, 

Yes,  when  the  stars  glisten 'd, 

All  night  long  on  the  prong  of  a  moss-scallop'd  stake, 

Down  almost  amid  the  slapping  waves, 

Sat  the  lone  singer  wonderful  causing  tears. 

TT  11>J  f 

He  call  d  on  his  mate, 

He  pour'd  forth  the  meanings  which  I  of  all  men  know. 

Yes  my  brother  I  know, 

The  rest  might  not,  but  I  have  treasur'd  every  note, 

For  more  than  once  dimly  down  to  the  beach  gliding, 

Silent,  avoiding  the  moonbeams,  blending  myself  with  the  shadows, 

Recalling  now  the  obscure  shapes,  the  echoes,  the  sounds   and 

sights  after  their  sorts, 

The  white  arms  out  in  the  breakers  tirelessly  tossing, 
I,  with  bare  feet,  a  child,  the  wind  wafting  my  hair, 
Listen'd  long  and  long. 

Listen 'd  to  keep,  to  sing,  now  translating  the  notes, 
Following  you  my  brother. 

Soothe .'  soothe  !  soothe  / 

Close  on  its  wave  soothes  the  wave  behind, 

And  again  another  behind  embracing  and  lapping,  every  one  close, 

But  my  love  soothes  not  me,  not  me. 

Low  hangs  the  moon,  it  rose  late, 

Jt  is  lagging  —  O  I  think  it  is  heavy  with  love,  with  love. 

O  madly  the  sea  pushes  upon  the  land, 
With  love,  with  love. 

O  night 7  do  I  not  see  my  love  fluttering  out  among  the  breakers  ? 
What  is  that  little  black  thing  I  see  there  in  the  white  t 

Loud!  loud!  loud 7 

Loud  I  call  to  you,  my  love  ! 


SEA-DRIFT.  199 

High  and  clear  I  shoot  my  voice  over  the  waves, 
Surely  you  must  know  who  is  here,  is  here, 
You  must  know  ivho  I  am,  my  love. 

Low-hanging  moon  ! 

What  is  that  dusky  spot  in  your  brown  yellow  ? 

O  it  is  the  shape,  the  shape  of  my  mate  ! 

O  moon  do  not  keep  her  from  me  any  longer. 

Land!  land!   O  land ! 

Whichever  way  I  turn,  O  I  think  you  could  give  me  my  mate 

back  again  if  you  only  would, 
For  I  am  almost  sure  1  see  her  dimly  whichever  way  I  look. 

O  rising  stars  ! 

Perhaps  the  one  I  want  so  much  will  rise,  will  rise  with  some 
of  you. 

O  throat  >   O  trembling  throat ! 

Sound  clearer  through  the  atmosphere  ! 

Pierce  the  woods,  the  earth, 

Somewhere  listening  to  catch  you  must  be  the  one  I  want. 

Shake  out  carols  ! 

Solitary  here,  the  nighfs  carols  ! 

Carols  of  lonesome  love  !  deaths  carols  ! 

Carols  tinder  that  lagging,  yellow,  waning  moon  ! 

O  under  that  moon  where  she  droops  almost  down  into  the  sea  / 

O  reckless  despairing  carols. 

But  soft !  sink  low  ! 
Soft !  let  me  just  murmur, 

And  do  you  wait  a  moment  you  husky-noised  sea, 
For  somewhere  I  believe  I  heard  my  mate  responding  to  me, 
So  faint,  I  must  be  still,  be  still  to  listen, 

But  not  altogether  still,  for  then  she  might  not  come  immediately 
to  me. 

Hither  my  love  ! 

Here  I  am  .'  here  ! 

With  this  just-sustain*  d  note  I  announce  myself  to  you, 

This  gentle  call  is  for  you  my  love,  for  you. 

Do  not  be  decoy' d  elsewhere, 

That  is  the  whistle  of  the  wind,  it  is  not  my  voice, 


2OO  LEA  res  OF  GRASS. 

That  is  the  fluttering,  the  fluttering  of  the  spray, 
Those  are  the  shadows  of  leaves. 

O  darkness  !   O  in  vain  ! 

O  I  am  very  sick  and  sorrowful. 

O  brown  halo  in  the  sky  near  the  moon,  drooping  upon  the  sea  / 

O  troubled  reflection  in  the  sea  ! 

O  throat!   O  throbbing  heart! 

And  I  singing  uselessly,  uselessly  all  the  night. 

O  past !   O  happy  life  !   O  songs  of  joy  ! 
In  the  air,  in  the  woods,  over  fields, 
Loved !  loved!  loved !  loved !  loved! 
But  my  mate  no  more,  no  more  with  me  / 
We  two  together  no  more. 

The  aria  sinking, 

All  else  continuing,  the  stars  shining, 

The  winds  blowing,  the  notes  of  the  bird  continuous  echoing, 

With  angry  moans  the  fierce  old  mother  incessantly  moaning, 

On  the  sands  of  Paumanok's  shore  gray  and  rustling, 

The  yellow  half-moon  enlarged,  sagging  down,  drooping,  the  face 

of  the  sea  almost  touching, 
The  boy  ecstatic,  with  his  bare  feet  the  waves,  with  his  hair  the 

atmosphere  dallying, 
The  love  in  the  heart  long  pent,  now  loose,  now  at  last  tumultu- 

ously  bursting, 

The  aria's  meaning,  the  ears,  the  soul,  swiftly  depositing, 
The  strange  tears  down  the  cheeks  coursing, 
The  colloquy  there,  the  trio,  each  uttering, 
The  undertone,  the  savage  old  mother  incessantly  crying, 
To  the  boy's  soul's  questions  sullenly  timing,  some  drown'd  secret 

hissing, 
To  the  outsetting  bard. 

Demon  or  bird  !   (said  the  boy's  soul,) 

Is  it  indeed  toward  your  mate  you  sing  ?  or  is  it  really  to  me  ? 

For  I,  that  was  a   child,  my  tongue's  use  sleeping,  now  I  have 

heard  you, 

Now  in  a  moment  I  know  what  I  am  for,  I  awake, 
And  already  a  thousand  singers,  a  thousand  songs,  clearer,  louder 

and  more  sorrowful  than  yours, 
A  thousand  warbling  echoes  have  started  to  life  within  me,  never 

to  die. 


SEA-DRIFT.  2OI 

O  you  singer  solitary,  singing  by  yourself,  projecting  me, 

O   solitary  me  listening,  never  more  shall  I  cease  perpetuating 

you, 

Never  more  shall  I  escape,  never  more  the  reverberations, 
Never  more  the  cries  of  unsatisfied  love  be  absent  from  me, 
Never  again  leave  me  to  be  the  peaceful  child  I  was  before  what 

there  in  the  night, 

By  the  sea  under  the  yellow  and  sagging  moon, 
The  messenger  there  arous'd,  the  fire,  the  sweet  hell  within, 
The  unknown  want,  the  destiny  of  me. 

O  give  me  the  clew  !  (it  lurks  in  the  night  here  somewhere,) 
O  if  I  am  to  have  so  much,  let  me  have  more  ! 

A  word  then,  (for  I  will  conquer  it,) 
The  word  final,  superior  to  all, 
Subtle,  sent  up  —  what  is  it  ?  —  I  listen  ; 

Are   you   whispering   it,   and   have  been  all  the  time,  you  sea- 
waves  ? 
Is  that  it  from  your  liquid  rims  and  wet  sands  ? 

Whereto  answering,  the  sea, 

Delaying  not,  hurrying  not, 

Whisper'd  me  through  the  night,  and  very  plainly  before  day 
break, 

Lisp'd  to  me  the  low  and  delicious  word  death, 

And  again  death,  death,  death,  death, 

Hissing  melodious,  neither  like  the  bird  nor  like  my  arous'd  child's 
heart, 

But  edging  near  as  privately  for  me  rustling  at  my  feet, 

Creeping  thence  steadily  up  to  my  ears  and  laving  me  softly  all 
over, 

Death,  death,  death,  death,  death. 

Which  I  do  not  forget, 

But  fuse  the  song  of  my  dusky  demon  and  brother, 

That  he  sang  to  me  in  the  moonlight  on  Paumanok  s  gray  beach, 

With  the  thousand  responsive  songs  at  random, 

My  own  songs  awaked  from  that  hour, 

And  with  them  the  key,  the  word  up  from  the  waves, 

The  word  of  the  sweetest  song  and  all  songs, 

That  strong  and  delicious  word  which,  creeping  to  my  feet, 

(Or  like  some  old  crone  rocking   the  cradle,,  swathed  in  sweet 

garments,  bending  aside,) 
The  sea  whisper'd  me. 


202  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

AS   I   EBB'D   WITH   THE   OCEAN    OF   LIFE, 


As  I  ebb'cl  with  the  ocean  of  life, 
As  I  wended  the  shores  I  know, 

As  I  walk'd  where  the  ripples  continually  wash  you  Paumanok, 
Where  they  rustle  up  hoarse  and  sibilant, 
Where  the  fierce  old  mother  endlessly  cries  for  her  castaways, 
I  musing  late  in  the  autumn  day,  gazing  off  southward, 
Held  by  this  electric  self  out  of  the  pride  of  which  I  utter  poems, 
Was  seiz'd  by  the  spirit  that  trails  in  the  lines  underfoot, 
The  rim,  the  sediment  that  stands  for  all  the  water  and  all  the 
land  of  the  globe. 

Fascinated,  my  eyes  reverting  from   the  south,  dropt,  to  follow 

those  slender  windrows, 

Chaff,  straw,  splinters  of  wood,  weeds,  and  the  sea-gluten, 
Scum,  scales  from  shining  rocks,  leaves  of  salt-lettuce,  left  by  the 

tide, 

Miles  walking,  the  sound  of  breaking  waves  the  other  side  of  me, 
Paumanok  there  and  then  as  I  thought  the  old  thought  of  likenesses, 
These  you  presented  to  me  you  fish-shaped  island, 
As  I  wended  the  shores  I  know, 
As  I  walk'd  with  that  electric  self  seeking  types. 


As  I  wend  to  the  shores  I  know  not, 

As  I  list  to  the  dirge,  the  voices  of  men  and  women  wreck'd, 

As  I  inhale  the  impalpable  breezes  that  set  in  upon  me, 

As  the  ocean  so  mysterious  rolls  toward  me  closer  anil  closer, 

I  too  but  signify  at  the  utmost  a  little  wash'd-up  drift, 

A  few  sands  and  dead  leaves  to  gather, 

Gather,  and  merge  myself  as  part  of  the  sands  and  drift. 

O  baffled,  balk'd,  bent  to  the  very  earth, 

Oppress'd  with  myself  that  I  have  dared  to  open  my  mouth, 

Aware  now  that  amid  all  that  blab  whose  echoes  recoil  upon  me  I 

have  not  once  had  the  least  idea  who  or  what  I  am, 
But  that  before  all  my  arrogant  poems  the  real  Me  stands  yet 

untouch'd,  untold,  altogether  unreach'd, 
Withdrawn  far,  mocking  me  with  mock-congratulatory  signs  and 

bows, 

With  peals  of  distant  ironical  laughter  at  every  word  I  have  written, 
Pointing  in  silence  to  these  songs,  and  then  to  the  sand  beneath. 


SEA-DRIFT.  203 

I  perceive  I  have  not  really  understood  any  thing,  not  a  single 

object,  and  that  no  man  ever  can, 
Nature  here  in  sight  of  the  sea  taking  advantage  of  me  to  dart 

upon  me  and  sting  me, 
Because  I  have  dared  to  open  my  mouth  to  sing  at  all. 


You  oceans  both,  I  close  with  you, 

We  murmur  alike  reproachfully  rolling  sands  and  drift,  knowing 

not  why, 
These  little  shreds  indeed  standing  for  you  and  me  and  all 

You  friable  shore  with  trails  of  debris, 

You  fish-shaped  island,  I  take  what  is  underfoot, 

What  is  yours  is  mine  my  father. 

I  too  Paumanok, 

I  too  have  bubbled  up,  floated  the  measureless  float,  and  been 

wash'd  on  your  shores, 
I  too  am  but  a  trail  of  drift  and  debris, 
I  too  leave  little  wrecks  upon  you,  you  fish-shaped  island. 

I  throw  myself  upon  your  breast  my  father, 
I  cling  to  you  so  that  you  cannot  unloose  me, 
I  hold  you  so  firm  till  you  answer  me  something. 

Kiss  me  my  father, 

Touch  me  with  your  lips  as  I  touch  those  I  love, 
Breathe  to  me  while  I  hold  you  close  the  secret  of  the  murmuring 
I  envy. 

4 

Ebb,  ocean  of  life,  (the  flow  will  return,) 
Cease  not  your  moaning  you  fierce  old  mother, 
Endlessly  cry  for  your  castaways,  but  fear  not,  deny  not  me, 
Rustle  not  up  so  hoarse  and  angry  against  my  feet  as  I  touch  you 
or  gather  from  you. 

7  mean  tenderly  by  you  and  all, 

i  gather  for  myself  and  for  this  phantom  looking  down  where  we 
lead,  and  following  me  and  mine. 

Me  and  mine,  loose  windrows,  little  corpses, 

Froth,  snowy  white,  and  bubbles, 

(See,  from  my  dead  lips  the  ooze  exuding  at  last, 


204  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

See"  the  prismatic  colors  glistening  and  rolling,) 

Tufts  of  straw,  sands,  fragments, 

Buoy'd  hither  from  many  moods,  one  contradicting  another, 

From  the  storm,  the  long  calm,  the  darkness,  the  swell, 

Musing,  pondering,  a  breath,  a  briny  tear,  a  dab  of  liquid  or  soil, 

Up  just  as  much  out  of  fathomless  workings  fermented  and  thrown, 

A  limp  blossom  or  two,  torn,  just  as  much  over  waves  floating, 

drifted  at  random, 

Just  as  much  for  us  that  sobbing  dirge  of  Nature, 
Just  as  much  whence  we  come  that  blare  of  the  cloud-trumpets, 
We,  capricious,  brought  hither  we  know  not  whence,  spread  out 

before  you, 

You  up  there  walking  or  sitting, 
Whoever  you  are,  we  too  lie  in  drifts  at  your  feet. 


TEARS. 

TEAKS  !  tears  !  tears  ! 

In  the  night,  in  solitude,  tears, 

On  the  white  shore  dripping,  dripping,  suck'd  in  by  the  sand, 

Tears,  not  a  star  shining,  all  dark  and  desolate, 

Moist  tears  from  the  eyes  of  a  muffled  head ; 

O  who  is  that  ghost?  that  form  in  the  dark,  with  tears? 

What  shapeless  lump  is  that,  bent,  crouch'd  there  on  the  sand? 

Streaming  tears,  sobbing  tears,  throes,  choked  with  wild  cries ; 

O  storm,  embodied,  rising,  careering  with  swift  steps  along  the 
beach  ! 

O  wild  and  dismal  night  storm,  with  wind  —  O  belching  and  des 
perate  ! 

O  shade  so  sedate  and  decorous  by  day,  with  calm  countenance 
and  regulated  pace, 

But  away  at  night  as  you  fly,  none  looking  —  O  then  the  unloosen'd 
ocean, 

Of  tears  !  tears  !  tears  ! 


TO   THE   MAN-OF-WAR-BIRD. 

THOU  who  hast  slept  all  night  upon  the  storm, 

Waking  renew'd  on  thy  prodigious  pinions, 

(Burst  the  wild  storm  ?  above  it  thou  ascended'st, 

And  rested  on  the  sky,  thy  slave  that  cradled  thee,) 

Now  a  blue  point,  far,  far  in  heaven  floating, 

As  to  the  light  emerging  here  on  deck  I  watch  thee, 

(Myself  a  speck,  a  point  on  the  world's  floating  vast.) 


SEA-DRIFT.  205 

Far,  far  at  sea, 

After  the  night's  fierce  drifts  have  strewn  the  shore  with  wrecks, 

With  re-appearing  day  as  now  so  happy  and  serene, 

The  rosy  and  elastic  dawn,  the  flashing  sun, 

The  limpid  spread  of  air  cerulean, 

Thou  also  re-appearest. 

Thou  born  to  match  the  gale,  (thou  art  all  wings,) 

To  cope  with  heaven  and  earth  and  sea  and  hurricane, 

Thou  ship  of  air  that  never  furl'st  thy  sails, 

Days,  even  weeks  untired  and  onward,  through  spaces,  realms 

gyrating, 

At  dusk  that  look'st  on  Senegal,  at  morn  America, 
That  sport'st  amid  the  lightning- flash  and  thunder-cloud, 
In  them,  in  thy  experiences,  had'st  thou  my  soul, 
What  joys  !  what  joys  were  thine  ! 


ABOARD   AT   A   SHIP'S   HELM. 

ABOARD  at  a  ship's  helm, 

A  young  steersman  steering  with  care. 

Through  fog  on  a  sea-coast  dolefully  ringing, 

An  ocean-bell  —  O  a  warning  bell,  rock'd  by  the  waves. 

O  you  give  good  notice  indeed,  you  bell  by  the  sea-reefs  ringing, 
Ringing,  ringing,  to  warn  the  ship  from  its  wreck-place. 

For  as  on  the  alert  O  steersman,  you  mind  the  loud  admonition, 
The  bows  turn,  the  freighted  ship  tacking  speeds  away  under  her 

gray  sails, 
The  beautiful  and  noble  ship  with  all  her  precious  wealth  speeds 

away  gayly  and  safe. 

But  O  the  ship,  the  immortal  ship  !  O  ship  aboard  the  ship  ! 
Ship  of  the  body,  ship  of  the  soul,  voyaging,  voyaging,  voyaging. 


ON   THE   BEACH   AT  NIGHT. 

ON  the  beach  at  night, 
Stands  a  child  with  her  father, 
Watching  the  east,  the  autumn  sky. 

Up  through  the  darkness, 


206  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


While  ravening  clouds,  the  burial  clouds,  in  black  masses  spreading, 

Lower  sullen  and  fast  athwart  and  down  the  sky, 

Amid  a  transparent  clear  belt  of  ether  yet  left  in  the  east, 

Ascends  large  and  calm  the  lord-star  Jupiter, 

And  nigh  at  hand,  only  a  very  little  above, 

Swim  the  delicate  sisters  the  Pleiades. 

From  the  beach  the  child  holding  the  hand  of  her  father, 
Those  burial-clouds  that  lower  victorious  soon  to  devour  all, 
Watching,  silently  weeps. 

Weep  not,  child, 

Weep  not,  my  darling, 

With  these  kisses  let  me  remove  your  tears, 

The  ravening  clouds  shall  not  long  be  victorious, 

They  shall  not  long  possess  the  sky,  they  devour  the  stars  only  in 

apparition, 
Jupiter  shall  emerge,  be  patient,  watch  again  another  night,  the 

Pleiades  shall  emerge, 
They  are  immortal,  all  those  stars  both  silvery  and  golden  shall 

shine  out  again, 
The  great  stars  and  the  little  ones  shall  shine  out  again,  they 

endure, 
The  vast  immortal  suns  and  the  long-enduring  pensive  moons 

shall  again  shine. 

Then  dearest  child  mournest  thou  only  for  Jupiter  ? 
Considerest  thou  alone  the  burial  of  the  stars  ? 

Something  there  is, 

<  With  my  lips  soothing  thee,  adding  I  whisper, 

I  give  thee  the  first  suggestion,  the  problem  and  indirection,) 

Something  there  is  more  immortal  even  than  the  stars, 

(Many  the  burials,  many  the  days  and  nights,  passing  away,) 

Something  that  shall  endure  longer  even  than  lustrous  Jupiter, 

Longer  than  sun  or  any  revolving  satellite, 

Or  the  radiant  sisters  the  Pleiades. 


THE   WORLD   BELOW  THE  BRINE. 

THE  world  below  the  brine, 

Forests  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  the  branches  and  leaves, 
Sea-lettuce,  vast  lichens,  strange  flowers  and  seeds,  the  thick  tangle, 
openings,  and  pink  turf, 


SEA-DRIFT.  207 

Different  colors,  pale  gray  and  green,  purple,  white,  and  gold,  the 

play  of  light  through  the  water, 
Dumb  swimmers  there  among  the  rocks,  coral,  gluten,  grass,  rushes, 

and  the  aliment  of  the  swimmers, 
Sluggish  existences  grazing  there  suspended,  or  slowly  crawling 

close  to  the  bottom, 
The  sperm-whale  at  the  surface  blowing  air  and  spray,  or  disporting 

with  his  flukes, 
The  leaden-eyed  shark,  the  walrus,  the  turtle,  the  hairy  sea-leopard, 

and  the  sting-ray, 
Passions  there,  wars,  pursuits,  tribes,  sight  in  those  ocean-depths, 

breathing  that  thick-breathing  air,  as  so  many  do, 
The  change  thence  to  the  sight  here,  and  to  the  subtle  air  breathed 

by  beings  like  us  who  walk  this  sphere, 
The  change  onward  from  ours  to  that  of  beings  who  walk  other 

spheres. 


ON  THE  BEACH  AT  NIGHT  ALONE. 

Ox  the  beach  at  night  alone, 

As  the  old  mother  sways  her  to  and  fro  singing  her  husky  song, 
As  I  watch  the  bright  stars  shining,  I  think  a  thought  of  the  clef 
of  the  universes  and  of  the  future. 

A  vast  similitude  interlocks  all, 

All  spheres,  grown,  ungrown,  small,  large,  suns,  moons,  planets, 

All  distances  of  place  however  wide, 

All  distances  of  time,  all  inanimate  forms, 

All  souls,  all  living  bodies  though  they  be  ever  so  different,  or  in 

different  worlds, 
All  gaseous,  watery,  vegetable,  mineral  processes,  the  fishes,  the 

brutes, 

All  nations,  colors,  barbarisms,  civilizations,  languages, 
All  identities  that  have  existed  or  may  exist  on  this  globe,  or  any 

globe, 

All  lives  and  deaths,  all  of  the  past,  present,  future, 
This  vast  similitude  spans  them,  and  always  has  spann'd, 
And  shall  forever  span  them  and  compactly  hold  and  enclose  them. 


SONG   FOR  ALL  SEAS,  ALL  SHIPS. 

i 

TO-DAY  a  rude  brief  recitative, 

Of  ships  sailing  the  seas,  each  with  its  special  flag  or  ship-signal, 


208  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Of  unnamed  heroes  in  the  ships  —  of  waves  spreading  and  spread 
ing  far  as  the  eye  can  reach, 

Of  dashing  spray,  and  the  winds  piping  and  blowing, 
And  out  of  these  a  chant  for  the  sailors  of  all  nations, 
Fitful,  like  a  surge. 

Of  sea-captains  young  or  old,  and  the  mates,  and  of  all  intrepid 

sailors, 
Of  the  few,  very  choice,  taciturn,  whom  fate  can  never  surprise 

nor  death  dismay, 

Pick'd  sparingly  without  noise  by  thee  old  ocean,  chosen  by  thee, 
Thou  sea  that  pickest  and  cullest  the  race  in  time,  and  unitest 

nations, 

Suckled  by  thee,  old  husky  nurse,  embodying  thee, 
Indomitable,  untamed  as  thee. 

(Ever  the  heroes  on  water  or  on  land,  by  ones  or  twos  appearing, 
Ever  the  stock  preserv'd  and  never  lost,  though  rare,  enough  for 
seed  preserv'd.) 


Flaunt  out  O  sea  your  separate  flags  of  nations  ! 

Flaunt  out  visible  as  ever  the  various  ship-signals  ! 

But  do  you  reserve  especially  for  yourself  and  for  the  soul  of  man 

one  flag  above  all  the  rest, 
A  spiritual  woven  signal  for  all  nations,  emblem  of  man  elate  above 

death, 

Token  of  all  brave  captains  and  all  intrepid  sailors  and  mates, 
And  all  that  went  down  doing  their  duty, 

Reminiscent  of  them,  twined  from  all  intrepid  captains  young  or  old, 
A  pennant  universal,  subtly  waving  all  time,  o'er  all  brave  sailors, 
All  seas,  all  ships. 


PATROLING   BARNEGAT. 

WILD,  wild  the  storm,  and  the  sea  high  running, 
Steady  the  roar  of  the  gale,  with  incessant  undertone  muttering, 
Shouts  of  demoniac  laughter  fitfully  piercing  and  pealing, 
Waves,  air,  midnight,  their  savagest  trinity  lashing, 
Out  in  the  shadows  there  milk-white  combs  careering, 
On  beachy  slush  and  sand  spirts  of  snow  fierce  slanting, 
Where  through  the  murk  the  easterly  death-wind  breasting, 
Through  cutting  swirl  and  spray  watchful  and  firm  advancing, 
(That  in  the  distance  !  is  that  a  wreck  ?  is  the  red  signal  flaring  ?) 


BY  THE  ROADSIDE.  209 

Slush  and  sand  of  the  beach  tireless  till  daylight  wending, 
Steadily,  slowly,  through  hoarse  roar  never  remitting, 
Along  the  midnight  edge  by  those  milk-white  combs  careering, 
A  group  of  dim,  weird  forms,  struggling,  the  night  confronting, 
That  savage  trinity  warily  watching. 


AFTER   THE   SEA-SHIP. 

AFTER  the  sea-ship,  after  the  whistling  winds, 

After  the  white-gray  sails  taut  to  their  spars  and  ropes, 

Below,  a  myriad  myriad  waves  hastening,  lifting  up  their  necks, 

Tending  in  ceaseless  flow  toward  the  track  of  the  ship, 

Waves  of  the  ocean  bubbling  and  gurgling,  blithely  prying, 

Waves,  undulating  waves,  liquid,  uneven,  emulous  waves, 

Toward  that  whirling  current,  laughing  and  buoyant,  with  curves, 

Where  the  great  vessel  sailing  and  tacking  displaced  the  surface, 

Larger  and  smaller  waves  in  the  spread  of  the  ocean  yearnfully 

flowing, 
The  wake  of  the  sea-ship  after  she  passes,  flashing  and  frolicsome 

under  the  sun, 

A  motley  procession  with  many  a  fleck  of  foam  and  many  fragments, 
Following  the  stately  and  rapid  ship,  in  the  wake  following. 


BY  THE   ROADSIDE. 


A   BOSTON   BALLAD. 
(i854.) 

To  get  betimes  in  Boston  town  I  rose  this  morning  early, 

Here's  a  good  place  at  the  corner,  I  must  stand  and  see  the  show. 

Clear  the  way  there  Jonathan  ! 

Way  for  the  President's  marshal  —  way  for  the  government  cannon  ! 
Way  for  the   Federal   foot   and  dragoons,   (and   the   apparitions 
copiously  tumbling.) 

I  love  to  look  on  the  Stars  and  Stripes,  I  hope  the  fifes  will  pky 
Yankee  Doodle. 


2IO  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

How  bright  shine  the  cutlasses  of  the  foremost  troops  ! 

Every  man  holds  his  revolver,  marching  stiff  through  Boston  town. 

A  fog  follows,  antiques  of  the  same  come  limping, 
Some   appear  wooden-legged,  and   some  appear  bandaged   and 
bloodless. 

Why  this  is  indeed  a  show  —  it  has  called  the  dead  out  of  the 

earth  ! 

The  old  graveyards  of  the  hills  have  hurried  to  see  ! 
Phantoms  !  phantoms  countless  by  flank  and  rear  ! 
Cock'd  hats  of  mothy  mould  —  crutches  made  of  mist ! 
Arms  in  slings  — old  men  leaning  on  young  men's  shoulders. 

What  troubles  you  Yankee  phantoms?  what  is  all  this  chattering 

of  bare  gums? 
Does  the  ague  convulse  your  limbs?  do  you  mistake  your  crutches 

for  firelocks  and  level  them  ? 

If  you  blind  your  eyes  with  tears  you  will  not  see  the  President's 

marshal, 
If  you  groan  such  groans  you  might  balk  the  government  cannon. 

For  shame  old  maniacs  —  bring  down  those  toss'd  arms,  and  let 

your  white  hair  be, 
Here  gape  your  great  grandsons,  their  wives  gaze  at  them  from 

the  windows, 
See  how  well  dress'd,  see  how  orderly  they  conduct  themselves. 

Worse  and  worse  —  can't  you  stand  it?  are  you  retreating? 
Is  this  hour  with  the  living  too  dead  for  you  ? 

Retreat  then  —  pell-mell  \ 

To  your  graves  —  back  —  back  to  the  hills  old  limpers  ! 

I  do  not  think  you  belong  here  anyhow. 

But  there  is  one  thing  that  belongs  here  —  shall  I  tell  you  what  it 
is,  gentlemen  of  Boston? 

I  will  whisper  it  to  the  Mayor,  he  shall  send  a  committee  to 
England, 

They  shall  get  a  grant  from  the  Parliament,  go  with  a  cart  to  the 
royal  vault, 

Dig  out  King  George's  coffin,  unwrap  him  quick  from  the  grave- 
clothes,  box  up  his  bones  for  a  journey, 


BY  THE  ROADSIDE.  211 

Find  a  swift  Yankee  clipper  —  here  is  freight  for  you,  black-bellied 

clipper, 
Up  with  your  anchor  —  shake  out  your  sails  —  steer  straight  toward 

Boston  bay. 

Now  call  for  the  President's  marshal  again,  bring  out  the  govern 
ment  cannon, 

Fetch  home  the  roarers  from  Congress,  make  another  procession, 
guard  it  with  foot  and  dragoons. 

This  centre-piece  for  them  ; 

Look,  all  orderly  citizens  —  look  from  the  windows,  women  ! 

The  committee  open  the  box,  set  up  the  regal  ribs,  glue  those  that 

will  not  stay, 
Clap  the  skull  on  top  of  the  ribs,  and  clap  a  crown  on  top  of  the 

skull. 

You  have  got  your  revenge,  old  buster  —  the  crown  is  come  to  its 
own,  and  more  than  its  own. 

Stick  your  hands  in  your  pockets,  Jonathan  —  you  are  a  made 

man  from  this  day, 
You  are  mighty  cute  —  and  here  is  one  of  your  bargains. 


EUROPE, 

The  ?2et  and  7$d  Years  of  These  States. 

SUDDENLY  out  of  its  stale  and  drowsy  lair,  the  lair  of  slaves, 
Like  lightning  it  le'pt  forth  half  startled  at  itself, 
Its  feet  upon  the  ashes  and  the  rags,  its  hands  tight  to  the  throats 
of  kings. 

O  hope  and  faith  ! 

O  aching  close  of  exiled  patriots'  lives  ! 

O  many  a  sicken'd  heart ! 

Turn  back  unto  this  day  and  make  yourselves  afresh. 

And  you,  paid  to  defile  the  People  —  you  liars,  mark  ! 

Not  for  numberless  agonies,  murders,  lusts, 

For  court  thieving  in  its  manifold  mean  forms,  worming  from  his 

simplicity  the  poor  man's  wages, 
For  many  a  promise  sworn  by  royal  lips  and  broken  and  laugh'd 

at  in  the  breaking, 


212  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 

Then  in  their  power  not  for  all  these  did  the  blows  strike  revenge, 

or  the  heads  of  the  nobles  fall ; 
The  People  scorn'd  the  ferocity  of  kings. 

But  the  sweetness  of  mercy  brew'd   bitter  destruction,  and   the 

frighten'd  monarchs  come  back, 

Each  comes  in  state  with  his  train,  hangman,  priest,  tax-gatherer, 
Soldier,  lawyer,  lord,  jailer,  and  sycophant. 

Yet  behind  all  lowering  stealing,  lo,  a  shape, 

Vague  as  the  night,  draped  interminably,  head,  front  and  form,  in 

scarlet  folds, 

Whose  face  and  eyes  none  may  see, 

Out  of  its  robes  only  this,  the  red  robes  lifted  by  the  arm, 
One  finger  crook'd  pointed  high  over  the  top,  like  the  head  of  a 

snake  appears. 

Meanwhile   corpses   lie   in  new-made  graves,  bloody  corpses  of 

young  men, 
The  rope  of  the  gibbet  hangs  heavily,  the  bullets  of  princes  are 

flying,  the  creatures  of  power  laugh  aloud, 
And  all  these  things  bear  fruits,  and  they  are  good. 

• 

Those  corpses  of  young  men, 

Those  martyrs  that  hang  from  the  gibbets,  those  hearts  pierc'd  by 

the  gray  lead, 
Cold  and  motionless  as  they  seem  live  elsewhere  with  unslaugh- 

ter'd  vitality. 

They  live  in  other  young  men  O  kings  ! 

They  live  in  brothers  again  ready  to  defy  you, 

They  were  purified  by  death,  they  were  taught  and  exalted. 

Not  a  grave  of  the  murder'd  for  freedom  but  grows  seed  for  free 
dom,  in  its  turn  to  bear  seed, 

Which  the  winds  carry  afar  and  re-sow,  and  the  rains  and  the 
snows  nourish. 

Not  a  disembodied  spirit  can  the  weapons  of  tyrants  let  loose, 
But   it   stalks   invisibly   over   the    earth,  whispering,  counseling, 
cautioning. 

Liberty,  let  others  despair  of  you  —  I  never  despair  of  you. 

Is  the  house  shut?  is  the  master  away? 
Nevertheless,  be  ready,  be  not  weary  of  watching, 
He  will  soon  return,  his  messengers  come  anon. 


BY  THE  ROADSIDE.  213 

A   HAND-MIRROR. 

HOLD  it  up  sternly  —  see  this  it  sends  back,  (who  is  it?   is  it 

you?) 

Outside  fair  costume,  within  ashes  and  filth, 
No  more  a  flashing  eye,  no  more  a  sonorous  voice  or  springy 

step, 

Now  some  slave's  eye,  voice,  hands,  step, 

A  drunkard's  breath,  unwholesome  eater's  face,  venerealee's  flesh, 
Lungs  rotting  away  piecemeal,  stomach  sour  and  cankerous, 
Joints  rheumatic,  bowels  clogged  with  abomination, 
Blood  circulating  dark  and  poisonous  streams, 
Words  babble,  hearing  and  touch  callous, 
No  brain,  no  heart  left,  no  magnetism  of  sex ; 
Such  from  one  look  in  this  looking-glass  ere  you  go  hence, 
Such  a  result  so  soon  —  and  from  such  a  beginning  ! 


GODS. 

LOVER  divine  and  perfect  Comrade, 
Waiting  content,  invisible  yet,  but  certain, 
Be  thou  my  God. 

Thou,  thou,  the  Ideal  Man, 
Fair,  able,  beautiful,  content,  and  loving, 
Complete  in  body  and  dilate  in  spirit, 
Be  thou  my  God. 

O  Death,  (for  Life  has  served  its  turn,) 
Opener  and  usher  to  the  heavenly  mansion, 
Be  thou  my  God. 

Aught,  aught  of  mightiest,  best  I  see,  conceive,  or  know, 
(To  break  the  stagnant  tie  —  thee,  thee  to  free,  O  soul,) 
Be  thou  my  God. 

All  great  ideas,  the  races'  aspirations, 
AH  heroisms,  deeds  of  rapt  enthusiasts, 
Be  ye  my  Gods. 

Or  Time  and  Space, 

Or  shape  of  Earth  divine  and  wondrous, 
Or  some  fair  shape  I  viewing,  worship, 
Or  lustrous  orb  of  sun  or  star  by  night, 
Be  ye  my  Gods. 


214  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

GERMS. 

FORMS,  qualities,  lives,  humanity,  language,  thoughts, 

The  ones  known,  and  the  ones  unknown,  the  ones  on  the  stars, 

The  stars  themselves,  some  shaped,  others  unshaped, 

Wonders  as  of  those  countries,  the  soil,  trees,  cities,  inhabitants, 

whatever  they  may  be, 
Splendid  suns,  the  moons  and  rings,  the  countless  combinations 

and  effects, 
Such-like,  and   as   good   as  such-like,  visible  here  or  anywhere, 

stand  provided  for  in  a  handful  of  space,  which  I  extend 

my  arm  and  half  enclose  with  my  hand, 
That  containing  the  start  of  each  and  all,  the  virtue,  the  germs 

of  all. 

THOUGHTS. 

OF  ownership  —  as  if  one  fit  to  own  things  could  not  at  pleasure 

enter  upon  all,  and  incorporate  them  into  himself  or  herself; 
Of  vista  —  suppose  some  sight  in  arriere  through  the  formative 

chaos,  presuming  the  growth,  fulness,  life,  now  attain'd  on 

the  journey, 

(But  I  see  the  road  continued,  and  the  journey  ever  continued  ;) 
Of  what  was  once  lacking  on  earth,  and  in  due  time  has  become 

supplied  —  and  of  what  will  yet  be  supplied, 
Because  all  I  see  and  know  I  believe  to  have  its  main  purport  in 

what  will  yet  be  supplied. 


WHEN    I    HEARD    THE   LEARN'D   ASTRONOMER. 

WHEN  I  heard  the  learn'd  astronomer, 

When  the  proofs,  the  figures,  were  ranged  in  columns  before  me, 

When  I  was  shown  the  charts  and  diagrams,  to  add,  divide,  and 

measure  them, 
When  I  sitting  heard  the  astronomer  where  he  lectured  with  much 

applause  in  the  lecture-room, 
How  soon  unaccountable  I  became  tired  and  sick, 
Till  rising  and  gliding  out  I  wandej'd  off  by  myself, 
In  the  mystical  moist  night-air,  and  from  time  to  time, 
Look'd  up  in  perfect  silence  at  the  stars. 


PERFECTIONS. 

ONLY  themselves  understand  themselves  and  the  like  of  themselves, 
As  souls  only  understand  souls. 


BY  THE  ROADSIDE.  215 

O   ME!     O   LIFE! 

O  ME  !  O  life  !  of  the  questions  of  these  recurring, 

Of  the  endless  trains  of  the  faithless,  of  cities  fill'd  with  the 
foolish, 

Of  myself  forever  reproaching  myself,  (for  who  more  foolish  than 
I,  and  who  more  faithless?) 

Of  eyes  that  vainly  crave  the  light,  of  the  objects  mean,  of  the 
struggle  ever  renew'd, 

Of  the  poor  results  of  all,  of  the  plodding  and  sordid  crowds  I 
see  around  me, 

Of  the  empty  and  useless  years  of  the  rest,  with  the  rest  me  inter 
twined, 

The  question,  O  me  !  so  sad,  recurring  —  What  good  amid  these, 
Ome,  O  life? 

Answer. 

That  you  are  here  —  that  life  exists  and  identity, 

That  the  powerful  play  goes  on,  and  you  may  contribute  a  verse. 


TO   A   PRESIDENT. 

ALL  you  are  doing  and  saying  is  to  America  dangled  mirages, 
You  have  not  learn'd  of  Nature  —  of  the  politics  of  Nature  you 

have  not  learn'd  the  great  amplitude,  rectitude,  impartiality, 
You  have  not  seen  that  only  such  as  they  are  for  these  States, 
And  that  what  is  less  than  they  must  sooner  or  later  lift  off  from 

these  States. 


I    SIT   AND  LOOK   OUT. 

I  sir  and  look  out  upon  all  the  sorrows  of  the  world,  and  upon  all 

oppression  and  shame, 
I  hear  secret  convulsive  sobs  from  young  men  at   anguish  with 

themselves,  remorseful  after  deeds  done, 
I   see   in   low  life   the   mother  misused   by  her  children,  dying, 

neglected,  gaunt,  desperate, 
I  see  the  wife  misused  by  her  husband,  I   see   the   treacherous 

seducer  of  young  women, 
I  mark  the  ranklings  of  jealousy  and  unrequited  love  attempted  to 

be  hid,  I  see  these  sights  on  the  earth, 
I  see  the  workings  of  battle,  pestilence,  tyranny,  I  see  martyrs  and 

prisoners, 
I  observe  a  famine  at  sea,  I  observe  the  sailors  casting  lots  who 

shall  be  kill'd  to  preserve  the  lives  of  the  rest, 


216  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

I  observe  the  slights  and  degradations  cast  by  arrogant  persons 
upon  laborers,  the  poor,  and  upon  negroes,  and  the  like ; 

All  these  —  all  the  meanness  and  agony  without  end  I  sitting  look 
out  upon, 

See,  hear,  and  am  silent. 

TO   RICH   GIVERS. 

WHAT  you  give  me  I  cheerfully  accept, 

A  little  sustenance,  a  hut  and  garden,  a  little  money,  as  I  rendez 
vous  with  my  poems, 

A  traveler's  lodging  and  breakfast  as  I  journey  through  the  States, 
—  why  should  I  be  ashamed  to  own  such  gifts  ?  why  to 
advertise  for  them  ? 

For  I  myself  am  not  one  who  bestows  nothing  upon  man  and  woman, 

For  I  bestow  upon  any  man  or  woman  the  entrance  to  all  the  gifts 
of  the  universe. 


THE    DALLIANCE   OF   THE   EAGLES. 

SKIRTING  the  river  road,  (my  forenoon  walk,  my  rest,) 

Skyward  in  air  a  sudden  muffled  sound,  the  dalliance  of  the  eagles, 

The  rushing  amorous  contact  high  in  space  together, 

The  clinching  interlocking  claws,  a  living,  fierce,  gyrating  wheel, 

Four  beating  wings,  two  beaks,  a  swirling  mass  tight  grappling, 

In  tumbling  turning  clustering  loops,  straight  downward  falling, 

Till  o'er  the  river  pois'd,  the  twain  yet  one,  a  moment's  lull, 

A  motionless  still  balance  in  the  air,  then  parting,  talons  loosing, 

Upward  again  on  slow-firm  pinions  slanting,  their  separate  diverse 

flight, 
She  hers,  he  his,  pursuing. 

ROAMING   IN   THOUGHT. 
(After  reading  HEGEL.) 

Roaming  in  thought  over  the  Universe,  I  saw  the  little  that  is 
Good  steadily  hastening  towards  immortality, 

And  the  vast  all  that  is  call'd  Evil  I  saw  hastening  to  merge  itself 
and  become  lost  and  dead. 


A   FARM    PICTURE. 

THROUGH  the  ample  open  door  of  the  peaceful  country  barn, 
A  sunlit  pasture  field  with  cattle  and  horses  feeding, 
And  haze  and  vista,  and  the  far  horizon  fading  away. 


BY  THE  ROADSIDE.  2\"J 


A   CHILD'S   AMAZE. 

SILENT  and  amazed  even  when  a  little  boy, 

I  remember  I  heard  the  preacher  every  Sunday  put  God  in  his 

statements, 
As  contending  against  some  being  or  influence. 


THE    RUNNER. 

ON  a  flat  road  runs  the  well-train'd  runner, 
He  is  lean  and  sinewy  with  muscular  legs, 
He  is  thinly  clothed,  he  leans  forward  as  he  runs, 
With  lightly  closed  fists  and  arms  partially  rais'd. 


BEAUTIFUL   WOMEN. 

WOMEN  sit  or  move  to  and  fro,  some  old,  some  young, 
The  young  are  beautiful  —  but  the  old  are  more  beautiful  than  the 
young. 

MOTHER   AND    BABE. 

I  SEE  the  sleeping  babe  nestling  the  breast  of  its  mother, 
The  sleeping  mother  and  babe  —  hush'd,  I  study  them  long  and 
long. 

THOUGHT. 

OF  obedience,  faith,  adhesiveness  ; 

As  I  stand  aloof  and  look  there  is  to  me  something  profoundly 

affecting  in  large  masses  of  men  following  the  lead  of  those 

who  do  not  believe  in  men. 


VISOR'D. 

A  MASK,  a  perpetual  natural  disguiser  of  herself, 
Concealing  her  face,  concealing  her  form, 
Changes  and  transformations  every  hour,  every  moment, 
Falling  upon  her  even  when  she  sleeps. 

THOUGHT. 

OF  Justice  —  as  if  Justice  could  be  any  thing  but  the  same  ample 

law,  expounded  by  natural  judges  and  saviors, 
As  if  it  might  be  this  thing  or  that  thing,  according  to  decisions. 


2l8  LEAVES  OF  CRASS. 


GLIDING   O'ER  ALL. 

GLIDING  o'er  all,  through  all, 
Through  Nature,  Time,  and  Space, 
As  a  ship  on  the  waters  advancing, 
The  voyage  of  the  soul  —  not  life  alone, 
Death,  many  deaths  I'll  sing. 


HAST   NEVER   COME   TO   THEE  AN   HOUR. 

HAST  never  come  to  thee  an  hour, 

A  sudden  gleam  divine,  precipitating,  bursting  all  these  bubbles, 

fashions,  wealth? 

These  eager  business  aims  —  books,  politics,  art,  amours, 
To  utter  nothingness  ? 

THOUGHT. 

OF  Equality  —  as  if  it  harm'd  me,  giving  others  the  same  chances 
and  rights  as  myself — as  if  it  were  not  indispensable  to 
my  own  rights  that  others  possess  the  same. 


TO   OLD   AGE. 

I  SEE  in  you  the  estuary  that  enlarges  and  spreads  itself  grandly  as 
it  pours  in  the  great  sea. 

LOCATIONS   AND   TIMES. 

LOCATIONS  and  times  —  what  is  it  in  me  that  meets  them  all,  when 
ever  and  wherever,  and  makes  me  at  home  ? 

Forms,  colors,  densities,  odors  —  what  is  it  in  me  that  corresponds 
with  them? 

OFFERINGS. 

A  THOUSAND  perfect  men  and  women  appear, 

Around  each  gathers  a  cluster  of  friends,  and  gay  children  and 
youths,  with  offerings. 


TO   THE    STATES, 

To  Identify  the  i6th,  iff  A,  or  i&/i  Presidentiad. 

WHY  reclining,  interrogating?  why  myself  and  all  drowsing? 
What  deepening  twilight  —  scum  floating  atop  of  the  waters, 


DRUM-TAPS.  219 

Who  are  they  as  bats  and  night-dogs  askant  in  the  capitol  ? 
What  a  filthy  Presidentiad  !   (O  South,  your  torrid  suns  !  O  North, 

your  arctic  freezings  !) 
Are  these  really  Congressmen  ?  are  those-  the  great  Judges  ?  is  that 

the  President? 
Then  I  will  sleep  awhile  yet,  for  I  see  that  these  States  sleep,  for 

reasons ; 
(With  gathering  murk,  with  muttering  thunder  and  lambent  shoots 

we  all  duly  awake, 
South,  North,  East,  West,  inland  and  seaboard,  we  will  surely 

awake.) 


DRUM-TAPS. 


FIRST   O    SONGS    FOR   A   PRELUDE. 

FIRST  O  songs  for  a  prelude, 

Lightly  strike  on  the  stretch'd  tympanum  pride  and  joy  in  my  city, 

How  she  led  the  rest  to  arms,  how  she  gave  the  cue, 

How  at  once  with  lithe  limbs  unwaiting  a  moment  she  sprang, 

(O  superb  !  O  Manhattan,  my  own,  my  peerless  ! 

O  strongest  you  in  the  hour  of  danger,  in  crisis  !  O  truer  than  steel  !) 

How  you  sprang  —  how  you  threw  off  the  costumes  of  peace  with 

indifferent  hand, 
How  your  soft  opera-music  changed,  and  the  drum  and  fife  were 

heard  in  their  stead, 
How  you  led  to  the  war,  (that  shall  serve  for  our  prelude,  songs 

of  soldiers,) 
How  Manhattan  drum-taps  led. 

Forty  years  had  I  in  my  city  seen  soldiers  parading, 

Forty  years  as  a  pageant,  till  unawares  the  lady  of  this  teeming 

and  turbulent  city, 

Sleepless  amid  her  ships,  her  houses,  her  incalculable  wealth, 
With  her  million  children  around  her,  suddenly, 
At  dead  of  night,  at  news  from  the  south, 
Incens'd  struck  with  clinch'd  hand  the  pavement. 

A  shock  electric,  the  night  sustain 'd  it, 

Till  with  ominous  hum  our  hive  at  daybreak  pour'd  out  its  myriads. 


22O  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


From  the  houses  then  and  the  workshops,  and  through  all  the 

doorways, 
Leapt  they  tumultuous,  and  lo  !  Manhattan  arming. 

To  the  drum-taps  prompt, 
The  young  men  falling  in  and  arming, 

The   mechanics   arming,   (the  trowel,  the  jack-plane,  the  black 
smith's  hammer,  tost  aside  with  precipitation,) 
The  lawyer  leaving  his  office  and  arming,  the  judge  leaving  the 

court, 
The   driver  deserting   his  wagon   in   the   street,   jumping  down, 

throwing  the  reins  abruptly  down  on  the  horses'  backs, 
The  salesman  leaving  the  store,  the  boss,  book-keeper,  porter,  all 

leaving ; 

Squads  gather  everywhere  by  common  consent  and  arm, 
The  new  recruits,  even  boys,  the  old  men  show  them  how  to  wear 

their  accoutrements,  they  buckle  the  straps  carefully, 
Outdoors  arming,  indoors  arming,  the  flash  of  the  musket-barrels, 
The  white  tents  cluster  in  camps,  the  arm'd  sentries  around,  the 

sunrise  cannon  and  again  at  sunset, 
Arm'd  regiments   arrive   every  day,  pass   through   the   city,  and 

embark  from  the  wharves, 
(How  good  they  look  as  they  tramp  down  to  the  river,  sweaty, 

with  their  guns  on  their  shoulders  ! 
How  I  love  them  !  how  I  could  hug  them,  with  their  brown  faces 

and  their  clothes  and  knapsacks  cover'd  with  dust !) 
The  blood  of  the  city  up  —  arm'd  !  arm'd  !  the  cry  everywhere, 
The  flags  flung  out  from  the  steeples  of  churches  and  from  all  the 

public  buildings  and  stores, 
The  tearful  parting,  the  mother  kisses  her  son,  the  son  kisses  his 

mother, 
(Loth  is  the  mother  to  part,  yet  not  a  word  does  she  speak  to 

detain  him,) 
The  tumultuous  escort,  the  ranks  of  policemen  preceding,  clearing 

the  way, 
The  unpent  enthusiasm,  the  wild  cheers  of  the  crowd  for  their 

favorites, 
The  artillery,  the   silent   cannons   bright   as   gold,  drawn   along, 

rumble  lightly  over  the  stones, 
(Silent  cannons,  soon  to  cease  your  silence, 
Soon  unlimber'd  to  begin  the  red  business ;) 
All  the  mutter  of  preparation,  all  the  determin'd  arming, 
The  hospital  service,  the  lint,  bandages  and  medicines, 
The  women  volunteering  for  nurses,  the  work  begun  for  in  earnest, 

no  mere  parade  now ; 


DRUM-TAPS.  221 

War  !    an  arm'd  race  is  advancing  !   the  welcome   for  battle,  no 

turning  away ; 
War !  be  it  weeks,  months,  or  years,  an  arm'd  race  is  advancing 

to  welcome  it. 

Mannahatta  a-march  —  and  it's  O  to  sing  it  well ! 
It's  O  for  a  manly  life  in  the  camp. 

And  the  sturdy  artillery, 

The  guns  bright  as  gold,  the  work  for  giants,  to  serve  well  the  guns, 

Unlimber  them  !   (no  more  as  the  past  forty  years  for  salutes  for 

courtesies  merely, 
Put  in  something  now  besides  powder  and  wadding.) 

And  you  lady  of  ships,  you  Mannahatta, 

Old  matron  of  this  proud,  friendly,  turbulent  city, 

Often  in  peace  and  wealth  you  were  pensive  or  covertly  frown'd 

amid  all  your  children, 
But  now  you  smile  with  joy  exulting  old  Mannahatta. 


EIGHTEEN    SIXTY-ONE. 

ARM'D  year  —  year  of  the  struggle, 

No  dainty  rhymes  or  sentimental  love  verses  for  you  terrible  year, 

Not  you  as  some  pale  poetling  seated  at  a  desk  lisping  cadenzas 

piano, 
But  as  a  strong  man  erect,  clothed  in  blue   clothes,  advancing, 

carrying  a  rifle  on  your  shoulder, 
With  well-gristled  body  and  sunburnt  face  and  hands,  with  a  knife 

in  the  belt  at  your  side, 
As  I  heard  you  shouting  loud,  your  sonorous  voice  ringing  across 

the  continent, 

Your  masculine  voice  O  year,  as  rising  amid  the  great  cities, 
Amid  the  men  of  Manhattan  I  saw  you  as  one  of  the  workmen, 

the  dwellers  in  Manhattan, 
Or  with   large   steps   crossing   the   prairies   out   of  Illinois   and 

Indiana, 
Rapidly  crossing  the  West  with  springy  gait  and  descending  the 

Alleghanies, 
Or  down  from  the   great  lakes  or  in   Pennsylvania,  or  on   deck 

along  the  Ohio  river, 
Or  southward  along  the  Tennessee  or  Cumberland  rivers,  or  at 

Chattanooga  on  the  mountain  top, 
Saw  I  your  gait  and  saw  I  your  sinewy  limbs  clothed   in   blue, 

bearing  weapons,  robust  year, 


222  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Heard  your  determin'd  voice  launch'd  forth  again  and  again, 
Year  that  suddenly  sang  by  the  mouths  of  the  round-lipp'd  cannon, 
I  repeat  you,  hurrying,  crashing,  sad,  distracted  year. 

BEAT!   BEAT!    DRUMS! 

BEAT  !  beat !  drums  !  —  blow  !  bugles  !  blow  ! 

Through   the  windows  —  through   doors  —  burst   like   a   ruthless 

force, 

Into  the  solemn  church,  and  scatter  the  congregation, 
Into  the  school  where  the  scholar  is  studying ; 
Leave  not  the  bridegroom  quiet  —  no  happiness  must   he   have 

now  with  his  bride, 
Nor  the  peaceful  farmer  any  peace,  ploughing  his  field  or  gathering 

his  grain, 
So  fierce  you  whirr  and  pound  you  drums  —  so  shrill  you  bugles 

blow. 

Beat !  beat !  drums  !  —  blow  !  bugles  !  blow  ! 

Over  the  traffic   of  cities  —  over  the   rumble    of  wheels   in   the 

streets ; 
Are  beds  prepared  for  sleepers  at  night  in  the  houses  ?  no  sleepers 

must  sleep  in  those  beds, 
No  bargainers'  bargains  by  day  —  no   brokers    or  speculators  — 

would  they  continue? 

Would  the  talkers  be  talking?  would  the  singer  attempt  to  sing? 
Would  the  lawyer  rise  in  the  court  to  state  his  case  before  the 

judge? 
Then  rattle  quicker,  heavier  drums  —  you  bugles  wilder  blow. 

Beat !  beat !  drums  !  —  blow  !  bugles  !  blow  ! 

Make  no  parley — stop  for  no  expostulation, 

Mind  not  the  timid  —  mind  not  the  weeper  or  prayer, 

Mind  not  the  old  man  beseeching  the  young  man, 

Let  not  the  child's  voice  be  heard,  nor  the  mother's  entreaties, 

Make  even  the  trestles  to  shake  the  dead  where  they  lie  awaiting 

the  hearses, 
So  strong  you  thump  O  terrible  drums  —  so  loud  you  bugles  blow. 


FROM   PAUMANOK  STARTING   I    FLY   LIKE   A   BIRD. 

FROM  Paumanok  starting  I  fly  like  a  bird, 

Around  and  around  to  soar  to  sing  the  idea  of  all, 

To  the  north  betaking  myself  to  sing  there  arctic  songs, 


DRUM-TAPS.  223 

To  Kanada  till  I  absorb  Kanada  in  myself,  to  Michigan  then, 

To  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  to  sing  their  songs,   (they  are 

inimitable  ;) 
Then  to  Ohio  and  Indiana  to  sing  theirs,  to  Missouri  and  Kansas 

and  Arkansas  to  sing  theirs, 
To  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  to  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia  to  sing 

theirs, 
To  Texas  and  so  along  up  toward  California,  to  roam  accepted 

everywhere ; 

To  sing  first,  (to  the  tap  of  the  war-drum  if  need  be,) 
The  idea  of  all,  of  the  Western  world  one  and  inseparable, 
And  then  the  song  of  each  member  of  these  States. 


SONG   OF   THE   BANNER  AT   DAYBREAK. 

Poet. 

O  A  new  song,  a  free  song, 

Flapping,  flapping,  flapping,  flapping,  by  sounds,  by  voices  clearer, 

By  the  wind's  voice  and  that  of  the  drum, 

By  the  banner's  voice  and  child's  voice  and  sea's  voice  and  father's 

voice, 

Low  on  the  ground  and  high  in  the  air, 
On  the  ground  where  father  and  child  stand, 
In  the  upward  air  where  their  eyes  turn, 
Where  the  banner  at  daybreak  is  flapping. 

Words  \  book-words  !  what  are  you  ? 

Words  no  more,  for  hearken  and  see, 

My  song  is  there  in  the  open  air,  and  I  must  sing, 

With  the  banner  and  pennant  a-flapping. 

I'll  weave  the  chord  and  twine  in, 

Man's  desire  and  babe's  desire,  I'll  twine  them  in,  I'll  put  in  life, 
I'll  put  the  bayonet's  flashing  point,  I'll  let  bullets  and  slugs  whizz, 
(As  one  carrying  a  symbol  and  menace  far  into  the  future, 
Crying  with  trumpet  voice,  Arouse  and  beware!   Beware  and 

arouse  /) 

I'll  pour  the  verse  with  streams  of  blood,  full  of  volition,  full  of  joy, 
Then  loosen,  launch  forth,  to  go  and  compete, 
With  the  banner  and  pennant  a-flapping. 


Pennant. 

Come  up  here,  bard,  bard, 
Come  up  here,  soul,  soul, 


224  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Come  up  here,  dear  little  child, 

To  fly  in  the  clouds  and  winds  with  me,  and  play  with  the  measure 
less  light. 

Child. 

Father  what  is  that  in  the  sky  beckoning  to  me  with  long  finger  ? 
And  what  does  it  say  to  me  all  the  while  ? 

Father. 

Nothing  my  babe  you  see  in  the  sky, 

And  nothing  at  all  to  you  it  says  —  but  look  you  my  babe, 

Look  at  these  dazzling  things  in  the  houses,  and  see  you  the 

money-shops  opening, 
And  see  you  the  vehicles  preparing  to  crawl  along  the  streets  with 

goods ; 

These,  ah  these,  how  valued  and  toil'd  for  these  ! 
How  envied  by  all  the  earth. 

Poet. 

Fresh  and  rosy  red  the  sun  is  mounting  high, 

On  floats  the  sea  in  distant  blue  careering  through  its  channels, 

On  floats  the  wind  over  the  breast  of  the  sea  setting  in  toward 

land, 

The  great  steady  wind  from  west  or  west-by-south, 
Floating  so  buoyant  with  milk-white  foam  on  the  waters. 

But  I  am  not  the  sea  nor  the  red  sun, 

I  am  not  the  wind  with  girlish  laughter, 

Not  the  immense  wind  which  strengthens,  not  the  wind  which 

lashes, 

Not  the  spirit  that  ever  lashes  its  own  body  to  terror  and  death, 
But  I  am  that  which  unseen  comes  and  sings,  sings,  sings, 
Which  babbles  in  brooks  and  scoots  in  showers  on  the  land, 
Which  the  birds  know  in  the  woods  mornings  and  evenings, 
And  the  shore-sands  know  and  the  hissing  wave,  and  that  banner 

and  pennant, 
Aloft  there  flapping  and  flapping. 

Child. 

O  father  it  is  alive  —  it  is  full  of  people  —  it  has  children, 

0  now  it  seems  to  me  it  is  talking  to  its  children, 

1  hear  it  —  it  talks  to  me  —  O  it  is  wonderful ! 

O  it  stretches  —  it  spreads  and  runs  so  fast  —  O  my  father, 
tt  is  so  broad  it  covers  the  whole  sky. 


DRUM-  TAPS. 

Father. 

Cease,  cease,  my  foolish  babe, 

What  you  are  saying  is  sorrowful  to  me,  much  it  displeases  me ; 

Behold  with  the  rest  again  I  say,  behold  not  banners  and  pennants 

aloft, 
But  the  well-prepared  pavements  behold,  and  mark  the  solid-wall'd 

houses. 

Banner  and  Pennant. 

Speak  to  the  child  O  bard  out  of  Manhattan, 

To  our  children  all,  or  north  or  south  of  Manhattan, 

Point  this  day,  leaving  all  the  rest,  to  us  over  all  —  and  yet  we 

know  not  why, 

For  what  are  we,  mere  strips  of  cloth  profiting  nothing, 
Only  flapping  in  the  wind  ? 

Poet. 

I  hear  and  see  not  strips  of  cloth  alone, 

I  hear  the  tramp  of  armies,  I  hear  the  challenging  sentry, 

I  hear  the  jubilant  shouts  of  millions  of  men,  I  hear  Liberty  ! 

I  hear  the  drums  beat  and  the  trumpets  blowing, 

I  myself  move  abroad  swift-rising  flying  then, 

I  use  the  wings  of  the  land-bird  and  use  the  wings  of  the  sea-bird, 

and  look  down  as  from  a  height, 
I  do  not  deny  the  precious  results  of  peace,  I  see  populous  cities 

with  wealth  incalculable, 
I  see  numberless  farms,  I  see  the  farmers  working  in  their  fields 

or  barns, 
I  see  mechanics  working,  I  see   buildings  everywhere   founded, 

going  up,  or  finish'd, 
I  see  trains  of  cars  swiftly  speeding  along  railroad  tracks  drawn 

by  the  locomotives, 
I  see  the  stores,  depots,  of  Boston,  Baltimore,  Charleston,  New 

Orleans, 
I  see  far  in  the  West  the  immense  area  of  grain,  I  dwell  awhile 

hovering, 

I  pass  to  the  lumber  forests  of  the  North,  and  again  to  the  South 
ern  plantation,  and  again  to  California ; 
Sweeping  the  whole  I  see  the  countless  profit,  the  busy  gatherings, 

earn'd  wages, 
See  the  Identity  formed  out  of  thirty-eight  spacious  and  haughty 

States,  (and  many  more  to  come,) 

See  forts  on  the  shores  of  harbors,  see  ships  sailing  in  and  out ; 
Then   over  all,   (aye  !   aye  !)   my  little   and   lengthen'd  pennant 

shaped  like  a  sword, 


226  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Runs  swiftly  up  indicating  war  and  defiance  —  and  now  the  hal 
yards  have  rais'd  it, 

Side  of  my  banner  broad  and  blue,  side  of  my  starry  banner, 
Discarding  peace  over  all  the  sea  and  land. 

Banner  and  Pennant. 

Yet  louder,  higher,  stronger,  bard  !  yet  farther,  wider  cleave  ! 
No  longer  let  our  children  deem  us  riches  and  peace  alone, 
We  may  be  terror  and  carnage,  and  are  so  now, 
Not  now  are  we  any  one  of  these  spacious  and  haughty  States. 

(nor  any  five,  nor  ten,) 

Nor  market  nor  depot  we,  nor  money-bank  in  the  city, 
But  these  and  all,  and  the  brown  and  spreading   land,  and  the 

mines  below,  are  ours, 

And  the  shores  of  the  sea  are  ours,  and  the  rivers  great  and  small, 
And  the  fields  they  moisten,  and  the  crops  and  the  fruits  are  ours, 
Bays  and  channels  and  ships  sailing  in  and  out  are  ours  —  while 

we  over  all, 
Over  the  area  spread  below,  the  three  or  four  millions  of  square 

miles,  the  capitals, 

The  forty  millions  of  people,  —  O  bard  !  in  life  and  death  supreme, 
We,  even  we,  henceforth  flaunt  out  masterful,  high  up  above, 
Not  for  the  present  alone,  for  a  thousand  years  chanting  through 

you, 
This  song  to  the  soul  of  one  poor  little  child. 

Child, 

O  my  father  I  like  not  the  houses, 

They  will  never  to  me  be  any  thing,  nor  do  I  like  money, 

But  to  mount  up  there  I  would  like,  O  father  dear,  that  banner  I 

like, 
That  pennant  I  would  be  and  must  be. 

Father. 

Child  of  mine  you  fill  me  with  anguish, 

To  be  that  pennant  would  be  too  fearful, 

Little  you  know  what  it  is  this  day,  and  after  this  day,  forever, 

It  is  to  gain  nothing,  but  risk  and  defy  every  thing, 

Forward  to  stand  in  front  of  wars — and  O,  such  wars  !  —  what 

have  you  to  do  with  them  ? 
With  passions  of  demons,  slaughter,  premature  death  ? 

Bantter, 

Demons  and  death  then  I  sing, 

Put  in  all,  aye  all  will  I,  sword-shaped  pennant  for  war, 


DRUM-TAPS.  227 


And  a  pleasure  new  and  ecstatic,  and  the  prattled  yearning  of 

children, 
Blent  with  the  sounds  of  the  peaceful  land  and  the  liquid  wash 

of  the  sea, 

And  the  black  ships  fighting  on  the  sea  envelop'd  in  smoke, 
And  the  icy  cool  of  the  far,  far  north,  with  rustling  cedars  and 

pines, 
And  the  whirr  of  drums  and  the  sound  of  soldiers  marching,  and 

the  hot  sun  shining  south, 
And  the  beach-waves  combing  over  the   beach   on   my  Eastern 

shore,  and  my  Western  shore  the  same, 
And  all  between  those  shores,  and  my  ever  running  Mississippi 

with  bends  and  chutes, 
And  my  Illinois  fields,  and  my  Kansas  fields,  and  my  fields  of 

Missouri, 
The  Continent,  devoting  the  whole  identity  without  reserving  an 

atom, 
Pour  in  !  whelm  that  which  asks,  which  sings,  with  all  and  the 

yield  of  all, 

Fusing  and  holding,  claiming,  devouring  the  whole, 
No  more  with  tender  lip,  nor  musical  labial  sound, 
But  out  of  the  night  emerging  for  good,  our  voice  persuasive  no 

more, 
Croaking  like  crows  here  in  the  wind. 


Poet. 

My  limbs,  my  veins  dilate,  my  theme  is  clear  at  last, 

Banner  so  broad  advancing  out  of  the  night,  I  sing  you  haughty 

and  resolute, 
I   burst   through  where    I  waited  long,  too   long,  deafen'd  and 

blinded, 

My  hearing  and  tongue  are  come  to  me,  (a  little  child  taught  pie,) 
I  hear  from  above  O  pennant  of  war  your  ironical  call  and  demand, 
Insensate  !  insensate  !  (yet  I  at  any  rate  chant  you,)  O  banner  ! 
Not  houses  of  peace  indeed  are  you,  nor  any  nor  all  their  pros 
perity,  (if  need  be,  you  shall  again  have  every  one  of  those 

houses  to  destroy  them, 
You  thought  not  to  destroy  those  valuable  houses,  standing  fast, 

full  of  comfort,  built  with  money, 
May  they  stand  fast,  then  ?  not  an  hour  except  you  above  them 

and  all  stand  fast ;) 
O  banner,  not  money  so  precious  are  you,  not  farm  produce  you, 

nor  the  material  good  nutriment, 
Nor  excellent  stores,  nor  landed  on  wharves  from  the  ships, 


228  LEATES  OF  GRASS. 

Not  the  superb  ships  with  sail-power  or  steam-power,  fetching  and 
carrying  cargoes, 

Nor  machinery,  vehicles,  trade,  nor  revenues — but  you  as  hence 
forth  I  see  you, 

Running  up  out  of  the  night,  bringing  your  cluster  of  stars,  (ever- 
enlarging  stars,) 

Divider  of  daybreak  you,  cutting  the  air,  touch'd  by  the  sun, 
measuring  the  sky, 

(Passionately  seen  and  yearn'd  for  by  one  poor  little  child, 

While  others  remain  busy  or  smartly  talking,  forever  teaching 
thrift,  thrift ;) 

0  you  up  there  !  O  pennant !  where  you  undulate  like  a  snake 

hissing  so  curious, 
Out  of  reach,  an  idea  only,  yet  furiously  fought  for,  risking  bloody 

death,  loved  by  me, 
So  loved  —  O  you  banner  leading  the  day  with  stars  brought  from 

the  night  ! 
Valueless,  object  of  eyes,  over  all  and  demanding  all  —  (absolute 

owner  of  all)  —  O  banner  and  pennant ! 

1  too   leave   the   rest  —  great   as   it   is,  it  is   nothing  —  houses, 

machines  are  nothing  —  I  see  them  not, 
I  see  but  you,  O  warlike  pennant !  O  banner  so  broad,  with  stripes, 

I  sing  you  only, 
Flapping  up  there  in  the  wind. 


RISE   O   DAYS   FROM   YOUR  FATHOMLESS   DEEPS. 


RISE  O  days  from  your  fathomless  deeps,  till  you  loftier,  fiercer 

sweep, 
Long  for  my  soul  hungering  gymnastic  I  devour'd  what  the  earth 

gave  me, 
Long  I  roam'd  the  woods  of  the  north,  long  I  watch'd  Niagara 

pouring, 
I  travel'd  the  prairies  over  and  slept  on  their  breast,  I  cross'd  the 

Nevadas,  I  cross'd  the  plateaus, 
I  ascended  the  towering  rocks  along  the  Pacific,  I  sail'd  out  to 

sea, 

I  sail'd  through  the  storm,  I  was  refresh'd  by  the  storm, 
I  watch'd  with  joy  the  threatening  maws  of  the  waves, 
I  mark'd  the  white  combs  where  they  career'd  so  high,  curling 

over, 
I  heard  the  wind  piping,  I  saw  the  black  clouds, 


DRUM-TAPS.  229 

Saw  from  below  what  arose  and  mounted,  (O  superb  !  O  wild  as 

my  heart,  and  powerful  !) 

Heard  the  continuous  thunder  as  it  bellow'd  after  the  lightning, 
Noted  the  slender  and  jagged  threads  of  lightning  as  sudden  and 

fast  amid  the  din  they  chased  each  other  across  the  sky  ; 
These,  and  such  as  these,  I,  elate,  saw  —  saw  with  wonder,  yet 

pensive  and  masterful, 

All  the  menacing  might  of  the  globe  uprisen  around  me, 
Yet  there  with  my  soul  I  fed,  I  fed  content,  supercilious. 


Twas  well,  O  soul  — 'twas  a  good  preparation  you  gave  me, 

Now  we  advance  our  latent  and  ampler  hunger  to  fill, 

Now  we  go  forth  to  receive  what  the  earth  and  the   sea  never 

gave  us, 
Not  through  the  mighty  woods  we  go,  but  through  the  mightier 

cities, 

Something  for  us  is  pouring  now  more  than  Niagara  pouring, 
Torrents  of  men,  (sources  and  rills   of  the   Northwest   are  you 

indeed  inexhaustible?) 
What,  to  pavements  and  homesteads  here,  what  were  those  storms 

of  the  mountains  and  sea? 

What,  to  passions  I  witness  around  me  to-day  ?  was  the  sea  risen  ? 
Was  the  wind  piping  the  pipe  of  death  under  the  black  clouds  ? 
Lo  !  from  deeps  more  unfathomable,  something  more  deadly  and 

savage, 
Manhattan   rising,  advancing  with   menacing   front  —  Cincinnati, 

Chicago,  unchain'd ; 

Wrhat  was  that  swell  I  saw  on  the  ocean  ?  behold  what  comes  here, 
How  it  climbs  with  daring  feet  and  hands  —  how  it  dashes  ! 
How  the  true  thunder  bellows   after  the   lightning  —  how  bright 

the  flashes  of  lightning  ! 
How  Democracy  with  desperate  vengeful  port  strides  on,  shown 

through  the  dark  by  those  flashes  of  lightning  ! 
(Yet  a  mournful  wail  and  low  sob  I  fancied  I  heard  through  the 

dark, 
In  a  lull  of  the  deafening  confusion.) 


Thunder  on  !  stride  on,  Democracy  !  strike  with  vengeful  stroke  ! 
And  do  you  rise  higher  than  ever  yet  O  days,  O  cities  ! 
Crash  heavier,  heavier  yet  O  storms  !  you  have  done  me  good, 
My  soul  prepared  in  the  mountains  absorbs  your  immortal  strong 
nutriment, 


230  LEATES  or  GRASS. 

Long   had  I  walk'd  my  cities,  my  country  roads  through  farms, 

only  half  satisfied, 
One   doubt   nauseous   undulating   like   a   snake,  crawPd   on  the 

ground  before  me, 
Continually  preceding  my  steps,  turning  upon  me  oft,  ironically 

hissing  low  ; 
The  cities  I  loved  so  well  I  abandon'd  and  left,  I  sped  to  the 

certainties  suitable  to  me, 
Hungering,  hungering,  hungering,  for  primal  energies  and  Nature's 

dauntlessness, 

I  refresh 'd  myself  with  it  only,  I  could  relish  it  only, 
I  waited  the  bursting  forth  of  the  pent  fire  —  on  the  water  and  air 

I  waited  long ; 

But  now  I  no  longer  wait,  I  am  fully  satisfied,  I  am  glutted, 
I  have  witness'd   the  true  lightning,  I  have  witness'd   my  cities 

electric, 

I  have  lived  to  behold  man  burst  forth  and  warlike  America  rise, 
Hence  I  will  seek  no  more  the  food  of  the  northern  solitary  wilds, 
No  more  the  mountains  roam  or  sail  the  stormy  sea. 


VIRGINIA  — THE   WEST. 

THE  noble  sire  fallen  on  evil  days, 
I  saw  with  hand  uplifted,  menacing,  brandishing, 
(Memories  of  old  in  abeyance,  love  and  faith  in  abeyance,) 
The  insane  knife  toward  the  Mother  of  All. 

The  noble  son  on  sinewy  feet  advancing, 

I  saw,  out  of  the  land  of  prairies,  land  of  Ohio's  waters  and  of 

Indiana, 

To  the  rescue  the  stalwart  giant  hurry  his  plenteous  offspring, 
Drest  in  blue,  bearing  their  trusty  rifles  on  their  shoulders. 

Then  the  Mother  of  All  with  calm  voice  speaking, 

As   to   you  Rebellious,   (I   seemed  to  hear  her  say,)  why  strive 

against  me,  and  why  seek  my  life  ? 
When  you  yourself  forever  provide  to  defend  me? 
For  you  provided  me  Washington  —  and  now  these  also. 


CITY  OF   SHIPS. 

CITY  of  ships ! 

(O  the  black  ships  !  O  the  fierce  ships  ! 

O  the  beautiful  sharp-bow'd  steam-ships  and  sail-ships  !) 


DRUM-TAPS.  23 1 

City  of  the  world  !   (for  all  races  are  here, 

All  the  lands  of  the  earth  make  contributions  here  ;) 

City  of  the  sea  !  city  of  hurried  and  glittering  tides  ! 

City  whose  gleeful  tides  continually  rush  or  recede,  whirling  in 
and  out  with  eddies  and  foam  ! 

City  of  wharves  and  stores  —  city  of  tall  facades  of  marble  and 
iron  ! 

Proud  and  passionate  city  —  mettlesome,  mad,  extravagant  city  ! 

Spring  up  O  city  —  not  for  peace  alone,  but  be  indeed  yourself, 
warlike  ! 

Fear  not  —  submit  to  no  models  but  your  own  O  city  ! 

Behold  me  —  incarnate  me  as  I  have  incarnated  you  ! 

I  have  rejected  nothing  you  offer 'd  me  —  whom  you  adopted  I 
have  adopted, 

Good  or  bad  I  never  question  you  —  I  love  all  —  I  do  not  con 
demn  any  thing, 

I  chant  and  celebrate  all  that  is  yours  —  yet  peace  no  more, 

In  peace  I  chanted  peace,  but  now  the  drum  of  war  is  mine, 

War,  red  war  is  my  song  through  your  streets,  O  city  ! 


THE   CENTENARIAN'S   STORY. 

Volunteer  of  1861-2,  (at  Washington  Park,  Brooklyn,  assisting  the  Centenarian.) 

GIVE  me  your  hand  old  Revolutionary, 

The  hill-top  is  nigh,  but  a  few  steps,  (make  room  gentlemen,) 

Up  the  path  you  have  follow'd  me  well,  spite  of  your  hundred  and 

extra  years, 

You  can  walk  old  man,  though  your  eyes  are  almost  done, 
Your  faculties  serve  you,  and  presently  I  must  have  them  serve  me. 

Rest,  while  I  tell  what  the  crowd  around  us  means, 
On  the  plain  below  recruits  are  drilling  and  exercising, 
There  is  the  camp,  one  regiment  departs  to-morrow, 
Do  you  hear  the  officers  giving  their  orders  ? 
Do  you  hear  the  clank  of  the  muskets? 

Why  what  comes  over  you  now  old  man  ? 

Why  do  you  tremble  and  clutch  my  hand  so  convulsively  ? 

The  troops  are  but  drilling,  they  are  yet  surrounded  with  smiles, 

Around  them  at  hand  the  well-drest  friends  and  the  women, 

While  splendid  and  warm  the  afternoon  sun  shines  down, 

Green  the  midsummer  verdure  and    fresh    blows    the    dallying 

breeze, 
O'er  proud  and  peaceful  cities  and  arm  of  the  sea  between. 


232  LEAk'ES  OF  CRASS. 

But  drill  and  parade  are  over,  they  march  back  to  quarters, 
Only  hear  that  approval  of  hands  !  hear  what  a  clapping  ! 

As  wending  the  crowds  now  part  and  disperse  —  but  we  old  man, 
Not  for  nothing  have  I  brought  you  hither  —  we  must  remain, 
You  to  speak  in  your  turn,  and  I  to  listen  and  tell. 

The  Centenarian. 

When  I  clutch'd  your  hand  it  was  not  with  terror, 

But  suddenly  pouring  about  me  here  on  every  side, 

And  below  there  where  the  boys  were  drilling,  and  up  the  slopes 

they  ran, 
And  where  tents  are  pitch'd,  and  wherever  you  see  south  and 

south-east  and  south-west, 

Over  hills,  across  lowlands,  and  in  the  skirts  of  woods, 
And  along  the  shores,  in  mire  (now  fill'd  over)  came  again  and 

suddenly  raged, 
As  eighty-five  years  a-gone  no  mere  parade  receiv'd  with  applause 

of  friends, 
But  a  battle  which  I  took  part  in  myself —  aye,  long  ago  as  it  is, 

I  took  part  in  it, 
Walking  then  this  hilltop,  this  same  ground. 

Aye,  this  is  the  ground, 

My  blind  eyes  even  as  I  speak  behold  it  re-peopled  from  graves, 

The  years  recede,  pavements  and  stately  houses  disappear, 

Rude  forts  appear  again,  the  old  hoop'd  guns  are  mounted, 

I  see  the  lines  of  rais'd  earth  stretching  from  river  to  bay, 

I  mark  the  vista  of  waters,  I  mark  the  uplands  and  slopes ; 

Here  we  lay  encamp'd,  it  was  this  time  in  summer  also. 

As  I  talk  I  remember  all,  I  remember  the  Declaration, 

It  was  read  here,  the  whole  army  paraded,  it  was  read  to  us  here, 

By  his  staff  surrounded  the  General  stood  in  the  middle,  he  held 

up  his  unsheath'd  sword, 
It  glitter'd  in  the  sun  in  full  sight  of  the  army. 

Twas  a  bold  act  then  —  the  English  war-ships  had  just  arrived, 
We  could  watch  down  the  lower  bay  where  they  lay  at  anchor, 
And  the  transports  swarming  with  soldiers. 

A  few  days  more  and  they  landed,  and  then  the  battle. 

Twenty  thousand  were  brought  against  us, 
A  veteran  force  furnish'd  with  good  artillery. 


DRUM-TAPS.  233 

I  tell  not  now  the  whole  of  the  battle, 

But  one  brigade  early  in  the  forenoon  order'd  forward  to  engage 

the  red-coats, 

Of  that  brigade  I  tell,  and  how  steadily  it  march'd, 
And  how  long  and  well  it  stood  confronting  death. 

Who  do  you  think  that  was  marching  steadily  sternly  confronting 

death  ? 

It  was  the  brigade  of  the  youngest  men,  two  thousand  strong, 
Rais'd  in  Virginia  and  Maryland,  and  most  of  them  known  per 
sonally  to  the  General. 

Jauntily  forward  they  went  with  quick  step  toward  Gowanus'  waters, 
Till  of  a  sudden  unlook'd  for  by  defiles  through  the  woods,  gain'd 

at  night, 
The  British  advancing,  rounding  in  from  the  east,  fiercely  playing 

their  guns, 
That  brigade  of  the  youngest  was  cut  off  and  at  the  enemy's  mercy. 

The  General  watch'd  them  from  this  hill, 

They  made  repeated  desperate  attempts  to  burst  their  environment, 

Then  drew  close  together,  very  compact,  their  flag  flying  in  the 

middle, 
But  O  from  the  hills  how  the  cannon  were  thinning  and  thinning 

them  ! 

It  sickens  me  yet,  that  slaughter  ! 

I  saw  the  moisture  gather  in  drops  on  the  face  of  the  General. 

I  saw  how  he  wrung  his  hands  in  anguish. 

Meanwhile  the  British  manceuvr'd  to  draw  us  out  for  a  pitch'd 

battle, 
But  we  dared  not  trust  the  chances  of  a  pitch'd  battle. 

We  fought  the  fight  in  detachments, 

Sallying  forth  we  fought  at  several  points,  but  in  each  the  luck  was 

against  us, 
Our  foe  advancing,  steadily  getting  the  best  of  it,  push'd  us  back 

to  the  works  on  this  hill, 
Till  we  turn'd  menacing  here,  and  then  he  left  us. 

That  was  the  going  out  of  the  brigade  of  the  youngest  men,  two 

thousand  strong, 
Few  return 'd,  nearly  all  remain  in  Brooklyn. 


234       •  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 

That  and  here  my  General's  first  battle, 

No  women  looking  on  nor  sunshine  to  bask  in,  it  did  not  conclude 

with  applause, 
Nobody  clapp'd  hands  here  then. 

But  in  darkness  in  mist  on  the  ground  under  a  chill  rain, 

Wearied  that  night  we  lay  foil'd  and  sullen, 

While   scornfully  laugh'd   many  an  arrogant  lord  off  against  us 

encamp'd, 
Quite  within  hearing,  feasting,  clinking  wineglasses  together  over 

their  victory. 

So  dull  and  damp  and  another  day, 
But  the  night  of  that,  mist  lifting,  rain  ceasing, 
Silent  as  a  ghost  while  they  thought  they  were  sure  of  him,  my 
General  retreated. 

I  saw  him  at  the  river-side, 

Down  by  the  ferry  lit  by  torches,  hastening  the  embarcation  ; 

My  General  waited  till  the  soldiers  and  wounded  were  all  pass'd 

over, 
And  then,  (it  was  just  ere  sunrise,)  these  eyes  rested  on  him  for 

the  last  time. 

Every  one  else  seem'd  fill'd  with  gloom, 
Many  no  doubt  thought  of  capitulation. 

But  when  my  General  pass'd  me, 

As  he  stood  in  his  boat  and  look'd  toward  the  coming  sun, 

I  saw  something  different  from  capitulation. 

Terminus. 

Enough,  the  Centenarian's  story  ends, 
The  two,  the  past  and  present,  have  interchanged, 
I  myself  as  .connecter,  as  chansonnier  of  a  great  future,  am  now 
speaking. 

And  is  this  the  ground  Washington  trod  ? 

And  these  waters  I  listlessly  daily  cross,  are  these  the  waters  he 

cross 'd, 
\s  resolute  in  defeat  as  other  generals  in  their  proudest  triumphs  ? 

1  must  copy  the  story,  and  send  it  eastward  and  westward, 

I  must  preserve  that  look  as  it  beam'd  on  you  rivers  of  Brooklyn. 

See  —  as  the  annual  round  returns  the  phantoms  return, 
It  is  the  27th  of  August  and  the  British  have  landed, 


DRUM-TAPS.  235 


The  battle  begins  and  goes  against  us,  behold  through  the  smoke 
Washington's  face, 

The  brigade  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  have  march'd  forth  to  inter 
cept  the  enemy, 

They  are  cut  off,  murderous  artillery  from  the  hills  plays  upon 
them, 

Rank  after  rank  falls,  while  over  them  silently  droops  the  flag, 

Baptized  that  day  in  many  a  young  man's  bloody  wounds, 

In  death,  defeat,  and  sisters',  mothers'  tears. 

Ah,  hills  and  slopes  of  Brooklyn  !  I  perceive  you  are  more  valuable 

than  your  owners  supposed  ; 

In  the  midst  of  you  stands  an  encampment  very  old, 
Stands  forever  the  camp  of  that  dead  brigade. 


CAVALRY  CROSSING  A  FORD. 

A  LINE  in  long  array  where  they  wind  betwixt  green  islands, 
They  take  a  serpentine  course,  their  arms  flash  in  the  sun  —  hark 

to  the  musical  clank, 
Behold  the  silvery  river,  in  it  the  splashing  horses  loitering  stop  to 

drink, 
Behold  the  brown-faced  men,  each  group,  each  person  a  picture, 

the  negligent  rest  on  the  saddles, 
Some  emerge  on  the  opposite  bank,  others  are  just  entering  the 

ford  —  while, 

Scarlet  and  blue  and  snowy  white, 
The  guidon  flags  flutter  gayly  in  the  wind. 


BIVOUAC   ON   A   MOUNTAIN    SIDE. 

I  SEE  before  me  now  a  traveling  army  halting, 

Below  a  fertile  valley  spread,  with  barns   and  the   orchards   of 

summer, 
Behind,  the  terraced  sides  of  a  mountain,  abrupt,  in  places  rising 

high, 
Broken,  with  rocks,  with  clinging  cedars,  with  tall  shapes  dingily 

seen, 
The  numerous  camp-fires  scattef'd  near  and  far,  some  away  up  on 

the  mountain, 
The   shadowy  forms   of  men   and   horses,   looming,  large-sized, 

flickering, 
And  over  all  the  sky  —  the  sky !  far,  far  out  of  reach,  studded, 

breaking  out,  the  eternal  stars. 


236  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


AN   ARMY   CORPS   ON    THE    MARCH. 

WITH  its  cloud  of  skirmishers  in  advance, 

With  now  the  sound  of  a  single  shot  snapping  like  a  whip,  and 

now  an  irregular  volley, 
The  swarming  ranks  press  on  and  on,  the  dense  brigades  press 

on, 

Glittering  dimly,  toiling  under  the  sun  —  the  dust-cover'd  men, 
In  columns  rise  and  fall  to  the  undulations  of  the  ground, 
With  artillery  interspers'd  —  the  wheels  rumble,  the  horses  sweat, 
As  the  army  corps  advances. 


BY   THE   BIVOUACS    FITFUL   FLAME. 

BY  the  bivouac's  fitful  flame, 

A  procession  winding  around  me,  solemn  and  sweet  and  slow — but 

first  I  note, 
The   tents   of  the   sleeping  army,   the   fields'  and  woods'    dim 

outline, 

The  darkness  lit  by  spots  of  kindled  fire,  the  silence, 
Like  a  phantom  far  or  near  an  occasional  figure  moving, 
The  shrubs  and  trees,  (as  I  lift  my  eyes  they  seem  to  be  stealthily 

watching  me,) 
While   wind    in   procession    thoughts,   O   tender  and   wondrous 

thoughts, 
Of  life  and  death,  of  home  and  the  past  and  loved,  and  of  those 

that  are  far  away ; 

A  solemn  and  slow  procession  there  as  I  sit  on  the  ground, 
By  the  bivouac's  fitful  flame. 


COME   UP   FROM   THE   FIELDS   FATHER. 

COME  up  from  the  fields  father,  here's  a  letter  from  our  Pete, 
And  come  to  the  front  door  mother,  here's  a  letter  from  thy  dear 
son. 

Lo,  'tis  autumn, 

Lo,  where  the  trees,  deeper  green,  yellower  and  redder, 

Cool  and   sweeten   Ohio's  village's   with  leaves   fluttering  in  the 

moderate  wind, 
Where  apples  ripe  in  the  orchards  hang  and  grapes  on  the  trellis'd 

vines, 

(Smell  you  the  smell  of  the  grapes  on  the  vines  ? 
Smell  you  the  buckwheat  where  the  bees  were  lately  buzzing  ?) 


DRUM-TAPS.  237 

Above  all,  lo,  the  sky  so  calm,  so  transparent  after  the  rain,  and 

with  wondrous  clouds, 
Below  too,  all  calm,  all  vital  and  beautiful,  and  the  farm  prospers 

well. 

Down  in  the  fields  all  prospers  well, 

But  now  from  the  fields  come  father,  come  at  the  daughter's  call. 

And  come  to  the  entry  mother,  to  the  front  door  come  right  away. 

Fast    as   she   can    she    hurries,    something    ominous,  her   steps 

trembling, 
She  does  not  tarry  to  smooth  her  hair  nor  adjust  her  cap. 

Open  the  envelope  quickly, 

O  this  is  not  our  son's  writing,  yet  his  name  is  sign'd, 

O  a  strange  hand  writes  for  our  dear  son,  O  stricken  mother's  soul ! 

All  swims  before  her  eyes,  flashes  with  black,  she  catches  the  main 

words  only, 
Sentences  broken,  gunshot  wound  in  the  breast,  cavalry  skirmish, 

taken  to  hospital, 
At  present  low,  but  will  soon  be  better. 

Ah  now  the  single  figure  to  me, 

Amid  all  teeming  and  wealthy  Ohio  with  all  its  cities  and  farms, 

Sickly  white  in  the  face  and  dull  in  the  head,  very  faint, 

By  the  jamb  of  a  door  leans. 

Grieve   not  so,  dear  mother,    (the   just-grown   daughter   speaks 

through  her  sobs, 

The  little  sisters  huddle  around  speechless  and  dismay'd,) 
See,  dearest  mother,  the  letter  says  Pete  will  soon  be  better. 

Alas  poor  boy,  he  will  never  be  better,  (nor  may-be  needs  to  be 

better,  that  brave  and  simple  soul,) 
While  they  stand  at  home  at  the  door  he  is  dead  already, 
The  only  son  is  dead. 

But  the  mother  needs  to  be  better, 

She  with  thin  form  presently  drest  in  black, 

By  day  her  meals  untouch'd,  then  at  night  fitfully  sleeping,  often 

waking, 

In  the  midnight  waking,  weeping,  longing  with  one  deep  longing, 
O  that  she  might  withdraw  unnoticed,  silent  from  life  escape  and 

withdraw, 
To  follow,  to  seek,  to  be  with  her  dear  dead  son. 


238  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


VIGIL  STRANGE  I  KEPT  ON  THE  FIELD  ONE  NIGHT. 

VIGIL  strange  I  kept  on  the  field  one  night ; 

When  you  my  son  and  my  comrade  dropt  at  my  side  that  day, 

One  look  I  but  gave  which  your  dear  eyes  return'd  with  a  look  I 

shall  never  forget, 
One  touch  of  your  hand  to  mine  O  boy,  reach'd  up  as  you  lay  on 

the  ground, 

Then  onward  I  sped  in  the  battle,  the  even-contested  battle, 
Till  late  in  the  night  reliev'd  to  the  place  at  last  again  I  made  my 

way, 
Found  you  in  death  so  cold  dear  comrade,  found  your  body  son 

of  responding  kisses,  (never  again  on  earth  responding,) 
Bared  your  face  in  the  starlight,  curious  the  scene,  cool  blew  the 

moderate  night-wind, 

Long  there  and  then  in  vigil  I  stood,  dimly  around  me  the  battle 
field  spreading, 

Vigil  wondrous  and  vigil  sweet  there  in  the  fragrant  silent  night, 
But  not  a  tear  fell,  not  even  a  long-drawn  sigh,  long,  long  I  gazed, 
Then  on  the  earth  partially  reclining  sat  by  your  side  leaning  my 

chin  in  my  hands, 
Passing  sweet  hours,  immortal  and  mystic  hours  with  you  dearest 

comrade  —  not  a  tear,  not  a  word, 
Vigil  of  silence,  love  and  death,  vigil  for   you  my  son  and  my 

soldier, 

As  onward  silently  stars  aloft,  eastward  new  ones  upward  stole, 
Vigil  final  for  you  brave  boy,  (I  could  not  save  you,  swift  was  your 

death, 
I  faithfully  loved  you  and  cared  for  you  living,  I  think  we  shall 

surely  meet  again,) 
Till  at   latest   lingering   of  the  night,  indeed  just   as  the   dawn 

appear 'd, 

My  comrade  I  wrapt  in  his  blanket,  envelop'd  well  his  form, 
Folded  the  blanket  well,  tucking  it  carefully  over  head  and  care 
fully  under  feet, 
And  there  and  then  and  bathed  by  the  rising  sun,  my  son  in  his 

grave,  in  his  rude-dug  grave  I  deposited, 
Ending  my  vigil  strange  with  that,  vigil  of  night  and  battle-field 

dim, 
Vigil    for    boy    of   responding    kisses,    (never   again    on    earth 

responding,) 
Vigil  for  comrade  swiftly  slain,  vigil  I  never  forget,  how  as  day 

brighten'd, 
I  rose  from  the  chill  ground  and  folded  my  soldier  well  in  his 

blanket, 
And  buried  him  where  he  fell. 


DRUM-TAPS.  239 


A  MARCH  IN  THE  RANKS  HARD-PREST,  AND  THE 
ROAD  UNKNOWN. 

A  MARCH  in  the  ranks  hard-prest,  and  the  road  unknown, 
A  route  through  a  heavy  wood  with  muffled  steps  in  the  darkness, 
Our  army  foil'd  with  loss  severe,  and  the  sullen  remnant  retreating, 
Till  after  midnight  glimmer  upon  us  the  lights  of  a  dim-lighted 

building, 

We  come  to  an  open  space  in  the  woods,  and  halt  by  the  dim- 
lighted  building, 
'Tis  a  large  old  church  at  the  crossing  roads,  now  an  impromptu 

hospital, 
Entering  but  for  a  minute  I  see  a  sight  beyond  all  the  pictures  and 

poems  ever  made, 
Shadows  of  deepest,  deepest  black,  just  lit  by  moving  candles  and 

lamps, 
And  by  one  great  pitchy  torch  stationary  with  wild  red  flame  and 

clouds  of  smoke, 
By  these,  crowds,  groups  of  forms  vaguely  I  see  on  the  floor,  some 

in  the  pews  laid  down, 
At  my  feet  more  distinctly  a  soldier,  a  mere  lad,  in   danger  of 

bleeding  to  death,  (he  is  shot  in  the  abdomen,) 
I  stanch  the  blood  temporarily,  (the  youngster's  face  is  white  as 

a  lily,) 
Then   before    I  depart  I  sweep  my  eyes  o'er  the  scene  fain   to 

absorb  it  all, 
Faces,  varieties,  postures  beyond  description,  most  in  obscurity, 

some  of  them  dead, 
Surgeons  operating,  attendants  holding  lights,  the  smell  of  ether, 

the  odor  of  blood, 
The  crowd,  O  the  crowd  of  the  bloody  forms,  the  yard  outside 

also  fill'd, 
Some  on  the  bare  ground,  some  on  planks  or  stretchers,  some  in 

the  death-spasm  sweating, 

An  occasional  scream  or  cry,  the  doctor's  shouted  orders  or  calls, 
The  glisten  of  the  little  steel  instruments  catching  the  glint  of  the 

torches, 

These  I  resume  as  I  chant,  I  see  again  the  forms,  I  smell  the  odor, 
Then  hear  outside  the  orders  given,  fall  in,  my  men,  fall  in  ,• 
But  first  I  bend  to  the  dying  lad,  his  eyes  open,  a  half-smile  gives 

he  me, 
Then  the   eyes   close,  calmly  close,  and   I   speed   forth   to   the 

darkness, 

Resuming,  marching,  ever  in  darkness  marching,  on  in  the  ranks, 
The  unknown  road  still  marching. 


240  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

A    SIGHT    IN    CAMP    IN   THE    DAYBREAK   GRAY   AND 

DIM. 

A  SIGHT  in  camp  in  the  daybreak  gray  and  dim, 

As  from  my  tent  I  emerge  so  early  sleepless, 

As  slow  I  walk  in  the  cool  fresh  air  the  path  hear  by  the  hospital 

tent, 
Three  forms  I  see  on  stretchers  lying,  brought  out  there  untended 

lying, 

Over  each  the  blanket  spread,  ample  brownish  woolen  blanket, 
Gray  and  heavy  blanket,  folding,  covering  all. 

Curious  I  halt  and  silent  stand, 

Then  with  light  fingers  I  from  the  face  of  the  nearest  the  first  just 

lift  the  blanket ; 
Who  are  you  elderly  man  so  gaunt   and   grim,  with  well-gray'd 

hair,  and  flesh  all  sunken  about  the  eyes  ? 
Who  are  you  my  dear  comrade  ? 

Then  to  the  second  I   step  —  and  who   are  you   my  child   and 

darling  ? 
Who  are  you  sweet  boy  with  cheeks  yet  blooming? 

Then  to  the  third  —  a  face  nor  child  nor  old,  very  calm,  as  of 

beautiful  yellow-white  ivory ; 
Young  man  I  think  I  know  you  —  I  think  this  face  is  the  face 

of  the  Christ  himself, 
Dead  and  divine  and  brother  of  all,  and  here  again  he  lies. 


AS    TOILSOME    I    WANDER'D   VIRGINIA'S    WOODS. 

As  toilsome  I  wander'd  Virginia's  woods, 

To   the   music   of  rustling   leaves  kick'd  by  my  feet,   (for  'twas 

autumn,) 

I  mark'd  at  the  foot  of  a  tree  the  grave  of  a  soldier ; 
Mortally  wounded  he  and  buried  on  the  retreat,  (easily  all  could 

I  understand,) 
The  halt  of  a  mid-day  hour,  when  up  !  no  time  to  lose  —  yet  this 

sign  left, 

On  a  tablet  scrawl'd  and  nail'd  on  the  tree  by  the  grave, 
Bold,  cautious,  frue,  and  my  loving  comrade. 

Long,  long  I  muse,  then -on  my  way  go  wandering, 

Many  a  changeful  season  to  follow,  and  many  a  scene  of  life, 


DRUM-TAPS.  241 

Yet  at  times  through  changeful  season  and  scene,  abrupt,  alone, 
or  in  the  crowded  street, 

Comes  before  me  the  unknown  soldier's  grave,  comes  the  inscrip 
tion  rude  in  Virginia's  woods, 

Bold,  cautious,  true,  and  my  loving  comrade. 


NOT   THE   PILOT. 

NOT  the  pilot  has  charged  himself  to  bring  his  ship  into  port, 
though  beaten  back  and  many  times  baffled ; 

Not  the  pathfinder  penetrating  inland  weary  and  long, 

By  deserts  parch'd,  snows  chill'd,  rivers  wet,  perseveres  till  he 
reaches  his  destination, 

More  than  I  have  charged  myself,  heeded  or  unheeded,  to  com 
pose  a  march  for  these  States, 

For  a  battle-call,  rousing  to  arms  if  need  be,  years,  centuries 
hence. 


YEAR  THAT  TREMBLED  AND  REEL'D  BENEATH  ME. 

YEAR  that  trembled  and  reel'd  beneath  me  ! 

Your  summer   wind  was  warm    enough,  yet   the   air  I   breathed 

froze  me, 

A  thick  gloom  fell  through  the  sunshine  and  darken'd  me, 
Must  I  change  my  triumphant  songs  ?  said  I  to  myself, 
Must  I  indeed  learn  to  chant  the  cold  dirges  of  the  baffled? 
And  sullen  hymns  of  defeat? 


THE    WOUND-DRESSER. 

i 

Ax  old  man  bending  I  come  among  new  faces, 

Years  looking  backward  resuming  in  answer  to  children, 

Come  tell  us  old  man,  as  from  young  men  and  maidens  that  love 

me, 
(Arous'd   and  angry,  I'd  thought  to  beat  the  alarum,  and  urge 

relentless  war, 
But  soon  my  fingers  fail'd  me,  my  face  droop'd  and  I  resign'd 

myself, 
To  sit  by  the  wounded  and  soothe    them,  or  silently  watch  the 

dead ;) 
Years   hence   of  these   scenes,  of  these   furious   passions,   these 

chances, 


242  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


Of  unsurpass'd  heroes,  (was  one  side  so  brave?   the   other  was 

equally  brave ;) 

Now  be  witness  again,  paint  the  mightiest  armies  of  earth, 
Of  those  armies  so  rapid  so  wondrous  what  saw  you  to  tell  us  ? 
What  stays  with  you  latest  and  deepest?  of  curious  panics, 
Of  hard-fought  engagements  or  sieges  tremendous  what  deepest 

remains  ? 


0  maidens  and  young  men  I  love  and  that  love  me, 

What  you  ask  of  my  days  those  the  strangest  and  sudden  your 

talking  recalls, 
Soldier  alert  I  arrive  after  a  long  march  cover'd  with  sweat  and 

dust, 
In  the  nick  of  time  I  come,  plunge  in  the  fight,  loudly  shout  in 

the  rush  of  successful  charge, 
Enter  the  captur'd  works  —  yet  lo,  like  a  swift-running  river  they 

fade, 
Pass  "and  are  gone  they  fade  —  I  dwell  not  on  soldiers'  perils  or 

soldiers'  joys, 
(Both  I  remember  well  —  many  the  hardships,  few  the  joys,  yet  I 

was  content.) 

But  in  silence,  in  dreams'  projections, 

While  the  world  of  gain  and  appearance  and  mirth  goes  on, 

So  soon  what  is  over  forgotten,  and  waves  wash  the  imprints  off 

the  sand, 
With  hinged  knees  returning  I  enter  the  doors,  (while  for  you  up 

there, 
Whoever  you  are,  follow  without  noise  and  be  of  strong  heart.) 

Bearing  the  bandages,  water  and  sponge, 
Straight  and  swift  to  my  wounded  I  go, 
Where  they  lie  on  the  ground  after  the  battle  brought  in, 
Where  their  priceless  blood  reddens  the  grass  the  ground, 
Or  to  the  rows  of  the  hospital  tent,  or  under  the  roofd  hospital; 
To  the  long  rows  of  cots  up  and  down  each  side  I  return, 
To  each  and  all  one  after  another  I  draw  near,  not  one  do  I  miss, 
An  attendant  follows  holding  a  tray,  he  carries  a  refuse  pail, 
Soon  to  be  fill'd  with  clotted  rags  and  blood,  emptied,  and  fill'd 
again. 

1  onward  go,  I  stop, 

With  hinged  knees  and  steady  hand  to  dress  wounds, 
I  am  firm  with  each,  the  pangs  are  sharp  yet  unavoidable, 


DRUM-TAPS.  243 

One  turns  to  me  his  appealing  eyes  —  poor  boy !    I  never  knew 

you, 
Yet  I  think  I  could  not  refuse  this  moment  to  die  for  you,  if  that 

would  save  you. 

3 

On,  on  I  go,  (open  doors  of  time  !  open  hospital  doors  !) 

The  crush'd  head  I  dress,  (poor  crazed  hand  tear  not  the  bandage 

away,) 
The  neck  of  the  cavalry-man  with  the  bullet  through  and  through 

I  examine, 
Hard  the  breathing  rattles,  quite  glazed  already  the  eye,  yet  life 

struggles  hard, 

(Come  sweet  death  !  be  persuaded  O  beautiful  death ! 
In  mercy  come  quickly.) 

From  the  stump  of  the  arm,  the  amputated  hand, 

I  undo  the  clotted  lint,  remove  the  slough,  wash  off  the  matter 
and  blood, 

Back  on  his  pillow  the  soldier  bends  with  curv'd  neck  and  side- 
falling  head, 

His  eyes  are  closed,  his  ikce  is  pale,  he  dares  not  look  on  the 
bloody  stump, 

And  has  not  yet  look'd  on  it. 

I  dress  a  wound  in  the  side,  deep,  deep, 

But  a  day  or  two  more,  for  see  the  frame  all  wasted  and  sinking, 

And  the  yellow-blue  countenance  see. 

I  dress  the  perforated  shoulder,  the  foot  with  the  bullet-wound, 
Cleanse  the  one  with  a  gnawing  and  putrid  gangrene,  so  sicken 
ing,  so  offensive, 

While  the  attendant  stands  behind  aside  me  holding  the  tray  and 
pail. 

I  am  faithful,  I  do  not  give  out, 

The  fractur'd  thigh,  the  knee,  the  wound  in  the  abdomen, 
These  and  more  I  dress  with  impassive  hand,  (yet  deep  in  my 
breast  a  fire,  a  burning  flame.) 

4 

Thus  in  silence  in  dreams'  projections, 

Returning,  resuming,  I  thread  my  way  through  the  hospitals, 

The  hurt  and  wounded  I  pacify  with  soothing  hand, 

I  sit  by  the  restless  all  the  dark  night,  some  are  so  young, 


244  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


Some  suffer  so  much,  I  recall  the  experience  sweet  and  sad, 
(Many  a  soldier's  loving  arms  about  this  neck  have  cross'd  and 

rested, 
Many  a  soldier's  kiss  dwells  on  these  bearded  lips.) 


LONG,  too  long  America, 

Traveling  roads  all  even  and  peaceful  you  learn'd  from  joys  and 
prosperity  only, 

But  now,  ah  now,  to  learn  from  crises  of  anguish,  advancing,  grap 
pling  with  direst  fate  and  recoiling  not, 

And  now  to  conceive  and  show  to  the  world  what  your  children 
en- masse  really  are, 

(For  who  except  myself  has  yet  conceiv'd  what  your  children 
en-masse  really  are  ?) 


GIVE   ME   THE   SPLENDID   SILENT   SUN. 


GIVE  me  the  splendid  silent  sun  with  all  his  beams  full-dazzling, 

Give  me  juicy  autumnal  fruit  ripe  and  red  from  the  orchard, 

Give  me  a  field  where  the  unmow'd  grass  grows, 

Give  me  an  arbor,  give  me  the  trellis'd  grape, 

Give  me  fresh  com  and  wheat,  give  me  serene-moving  animals 

teaching  content, 
Give  me  nights  perfectly  quiet  as  on  high  plateaus  west  of  the 

Mississippi,  and  I  looking  up  at  the  stars, 
Give  me  odorous  at  sunrise  a  garden  of  beautiful  flowers  where  I 

can  walk  undisturb'd, 
Give  me  for  marriage  a  sweet-breath'd  woman  of  whom  I  should 

never  tire, 
Give  me  a  perfect  child,  give  me  away  aside  from  the  noise  of  the 

world  a  rural  domestic  life, 
Give  me  to  warble  spontaneous  songs  recluse  by  myself,  for  my 

own  ears  only, 
Give  me  solitude,  give  me  Nature,  give  me  again   O  Nature  your 

primal  sanities  ! 

These  demanding  to  have  them,  (tired  with  ceaseless  excitement, 

and  rack'd  by  the  war-strife,) 

These  to  procure  incessantly  asking,  rising  in  cries  from  my  heart, 
While  yet  incessantly  asking  still  I  adhere  to  my  city, 


DRUM-TAPS,  245 

Day  upon  day  and  year  upon  year  O  city,  walking  your  streets, 
Where  you  hold  me  enchain'd  a  certain  time  refusing  to  give  me 

up, 
Yet  giving  to  make  me  glutted,  enrich'd  of  soul,  you  give  me 

forever  faces ; 

(O  I  see  what  I  sought  to  escape,  confronting,  reversing  my  cries, 
I  see  my  own  soul  trampling  down  what  it  ask'd  for.) 


Keep  your  splendid  silent  sun, 

Keep    your    woods    O    Nature,    and   the   quiet   places   by   the 

woods, 
Keep  your  fields  of  clover  and  timothy,  and  your  corn-fields  and 

orchards, 
Keep  the  blossoming  buckwheat  fields  where  the  Ninth-month 

bees  hum ; 
Give  me  faces  and  streets  —  give  me  these  phantoms  incessant 

and  endless  along  the  trottoirs  ! 
Give  me  interminable  eyes  —  give  me  women  —  give  me  comrades 

and  lovers  by  the  thousand  ! 
Let  me  see  new  ones  every  day  —  let  me  hold  new  ones  by  the 

hand  every  day  ! 

Give  me  such  shows  —  give  me  the  streets  of  Manhattan  ! 
Give  me  Broadway,  with  the  soldiers  marching  —  give  me  the 

sound  of  the  trumpets  and  drums  ! 
(The  soldiers  in  companies  or  regiments  —  some  starting  away, 

flush'd  and  reckless, 
Some,  their  time  up,  returning  with  thinn'd  ranks,  young,  yet  very 

old,  worn,  marching,  noticing  nothing;) 
Give    me    the    shores    and    wharves    heavy- fringed   with   black 

ships  ! 

O  such  for  me  !  O  an  intense  life,  full  to  repletion  and  varied  ! 
The  life  of  the  theatre,  bar-room,  huge  hotel,  for  me  ! 
The  saloon  of  the  steamer  !  the  crowded  excursion  for  me  !  the 

torchlight  procession  ! 
The  dense  brigade  bound  for  the  war,  with  high  piled  military 

wagons  following ; 

People,  endless,  streaming,  with  strong  voices,  passions,  pageants, 
Manhattan  streets  with  their  powerful  throbs,  with  beating  drums 

as  now, 
The  endless  and  noisy  chorus,  the  rustle  and  clank  of  muskets, 

(even  the  sight  of  the  wounded,) 

Manhattan  crowds,  with  their  turbulent  musical  chorus  1 
Manhattan  faces  and  eyes  forever  for  me. 


246  LEASES  OF -GRASS. 


DIRGE    FOR   TWO   VETERANS. 

THE  last  sunbeam 

Lightly  falls  from  the  finish'd  Sabbath, 
On  the  pavement  here,  and  there  beyond  it  is  looking, 

Down  a  new-made  double  grave. 

Lo,  the  moon  ascending, 
Up  from  the  east  the  silvery  round  moon, 
Beautiful  over  the  house-tops,  ghastly,  phantom  moon, 

Immense  and  silent  moon. 

I  see  a  sad  procession, 

And  I  hear  the  sound  of  coming  full-key'd  bugles, 
All  the  channels  of  the  city  streets  they're  flooding, 

As  with  voices  and  with  tears. 

I  hear  the  great  drums  pounding, 
And  the  small  drums  steady  whirring, 
And  every  blow  of  the  great  convulsive  drums, 

Strikes  me  through  and  through. 

For  the  son  is  brought  with  the  father, 
(In  the  foremost  ranks  of  the  fierce  assault  they  fell, 
Two  veterans  son  and  father  dropt  together, 

And  the  double  grave  awaits  them.) 

Now  nearer  blow  the  bugles, 
And  the  drums  strike  more  convulsive, 
And  the  daylight  o'er  the  pavement  quite  has  faded, 

And  the  strong  dead-march  enwraps  me. 

In  the  eastern  sky  up-buoying, 
The  sorrowful  vast  phantom  moves  illumin'd, 
('Tis  some  mother's  large  transparent  face, 

In  heaven  brighter  growing.) 

O  strong  dead-march  you  please  me  ! 
O  moon  immense  with  your  silvery  face  you  soothe  me ! 
O  my  soldiers  twain  !  O  my  veterans  passing  to  burial ! 

What  I  have  I  also  give  you. 

The  moon  gives  you  light, 
And  the  bugles  and  the  drums  give  you  music, 
And  my  heart,  O  my  soldiers,  my  veterans, 

My  heart  gives  you  love. 


DRUM-TAPS.  247 


OVER  THE  CARNAGE  ROSE  PROPHETIC  A  VOICE. 

OVER  the  carnage  rose  prophetic  a  voice, 

Be  not  dishearten'd,  affection  shall  solve  the  problems  of  freedom 

yet, 

Those  who  love  each  other  shall  become  invincible, 
They  shall  yet  make  Columbia  victorious. 

Sons  of  the  Mother  of  All,  you  shall  yet  be  victorious, 
You  shall  yet  laugh  to  scorn  the  attacks  of  all  the  remainder  of 
the  earth. 

No  danger  shall  balk  Columbia's  lovers, 

If  need  be  a  thousand  shall  sternly  immolate  themselves  for  one. 

One  from  Massachusetts  shall  be  a  Missourian's  comrade, 

From  Maine  and  from  hot  Carolina,  and  another  an  Oregonese, 

shall  be  friends  triune, 
More  precious  to  each  other  than  all  the  riches  of  the  earth. 

To  Michigan,  Florida  perfumes  shall  tenderly  come, 

Not  the  perfumes  of  flowers,  but  sweeter,  and  wafted  beyond  death. 

It  shall  be  customary  in  the  houses  and  streets  to  see  manly 

affection, 

The  most  dauntless  and  rude  shall  touch  face  to  face  lightly, 
The  dependence  of  Liberty  shall  be  lovers, 
The  continuance  of  Equality  shall  be  comrades. 

These  shall  tie  you  and  band  you  stronger  than  hoops  of  iron, 
I,  ecstatic,  O  partners  !  O  lands  !  with  the  love  of  lovers  tie  you. 

(Were  you  looking  to  be  held  together  by  lawyers? 

Or  by  an  agreement  on  a  paper  ?  or  by  arms  ? 

Nay,  nor  the  world,  nor  any  living  thing,  will  so  cohere.) 


I    SAW   OLD   GENERAL  AT   BAY. 

I  SAW  old  General  at  bay, 

(Old  as  he  was,  his  gray  eyes  yet  shone  out  in  battle  like  stars,) 

His  small  force  was  now  completely  hemm'd  in,  in  his  works, 

He  call'd  for  volunteers  to  run  the  enemy's  lines,  a   desperate 

emergency, 
I  saw  a  hundred  and  more  step  forth  from  the  ranks,  but  two  or 

three  were  selected, 


248  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

I  saw  them  receive  their  orders  aside,  they  listen'd  with  care,  the 

adjutant  was  very  grave, 
I  saw  them  depart  with  cheerfulness,  freely  risking  their  lives. 


THE   ARTILLERYMAN'S   VISION. 

WHILE  my  wife  at  my  side  lies  slumbering,  and  the  wars  are  over 

long, 

And  my  head  on  the  pillow  rests  at  home,  and  the  vacant  mid 
night  passes, 
And  through  the  stillness,  through  the  dark,  I  hear,  just  hear,  the 

breath  of  my  infant, 

There  in  the  room  as  I  wake  from  sleep  this  vision  presses  upon  me  ; 
The  engagement  opens  there  and  then  in  fantasy  unreal, 
The  skirmishers  begin,  they  crawl  cautiously  ahead,  I   hear  the 

irregular  snap  !  snap  ! 
I  hear  the  sounds  of  the  different  missiles,  the  short  t-h-t!  t-h-t! 

of  the  rifle-balls, 
I  see  the  shells  exploding  leaving  small  white  clouds,  I  hear  the 

great  shells  shrieking  as  they  pass, 
The  grape  like  the   hum   and  whirr  of  wind  through  the  trees, 

(tumultuous  now  the  contest  rages,) 

All  the  scenes  at  the  batteries  rise  in  detail  before  me  again, 
The  crashing  and  smoking,  the  pride  of  the  men  in  their  pieces, 
The  chief-gunner  ranges  and  sights  his  piece  and  selects  a  fuse  of 

the  right  time, 
After  firing  I  see  him  lean  aside  and  look  eagerly  off  to  note  the 

effect ; 
Elsewhere  I  hear  the  cry  of  a  regiment  charging,   (the  young 

colonel  leads  himself  this  time  with  brandish'd  sword,) 
I  see  the  gaps  cut  by  the  enemy's  volleys,  (quickly  fill'd  up,  no 

delay,) 
I  breathe  the  suffocating  smoke,  then  the  flat  clouds  hover  low 

concealing  all ; 

Now  a  strange  lull  for  a  few  seconds,  not  a  shot  fired  on  either  side, 
Then  resumed  the  chaos  louder  than  ever,  with  eager  calls  and 

orders  of  officers, 
While  from  some  distant  part  of  the  field  the  wind  wafts  to  my 

ears  a  shout  of  applause,  (some  special  success,) 
And  ever  the  sound  of  the  cannon  far  or  near,  (rousing  even  in 

dreams  a  devilish  exultation  and  all  the  old  mad  joy  in  the 

depths  of  my  soul,) 
And  ever  the   hastening  of  infantry  shifting  positions,  batteries, 

cavalry,  moving  hither  and  thither, 


DRUM-TAPS.  249 

(The  falling,  dying,  I  heed  not,  the  wounded  dripping  and  red  I 

heed  not,  some  to  the  rear  are  hobbling,) 
Grime,  heat,  rush,  aide-de-camps  galloping  by  or  on  a  full  run, 
With  the  patter  of  small  arms,  the  warning  s-s-t  of  the  rifles,  (these 

in  my  vision  I  hear  or  see,) 
And  bombs  bursting  in  air,  and  at  night  the  vari-color'd  rockets. 


ETHIOPIA   SALUTING   THE    COLORS. 

WHO  are  you  dusky  woman,  so  ancient  hardly  human, 

With  your  woolly-white  and  turban'd  head,  and  bare  bony  feet  ? 

Why  rising  by  the  roadside  here,  do  you  the  colors  greet  ? 

('Tis  while  our  army  lines  Carolina's  sands  and  pines, 
Forth  from  thy  hovel  door  thou  Ethiopia  com'st  to  me, 
As  under  doughty  Sherman  I  march  toward  the  sea.) 

Me  master  years  a  hundred  since  from  my  parents  sundered, 
A  little  child,  they  caught  me  as  the  savage-beast  is  caught, 
Then  hither  me  across  the  sea  the  cruel  slaver  brought. 

No  further  does  she  say,  but  lingering  all  the  day, 

Her  high-borne  turban'd  head  she  wags,  and  rolls  her  darkling 

eye, 
And  courtesies  to  the  regiments,  the  guidons  moving  by. 

What  is  it  fateful  woman,  so  blear,  hardly  human  ? 

Why  wag  your  head  with  turban  bound,  yellow,  red  and  green  ? 

Are  the  things  so  strange  and  marvelous  you  see  or  have  seen  ? 


NOT   YOUTH    PERTAINS    TO   ME. 

NOT  youth  pertains  to  me, 

Nor  delicatesse,  I  cannot  beguile  the  time  with  talk, 

Awkward  in  the  parlor,  neither  a  dancer  nor  elegant, 

In  the  learn'd  coterie  sitting  constrain'd   and   still,  for   learning 

inures  not  to  me, 
Beauty,  knowledge,  inure  not  to  me  —  yet  there  are  two  or  three 

things  inure  to  me, 

I  have  nourish'd  the  wounded  and  sooth'd  many  a  dying  soldier, 
And  at  intervals  waiting  or  in  the  midst  of  camp, 
Composed  these  songs. 


250  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


RACE    OF   VETERANS. 

RACE  of  veterans  —  race  of  victors  ! 

•Race  of  the  soil,  ready  for  conflict  —  race  of  the  conquering  march  ! 

(No  more  credulity's  race,  abiding-temper'd  race,) 

Race  henceforth  owning  no  law  but  the  law  of  itself, 

Race  of  passion  and  the  storm. 


WORLD   TAKE   GOOD   NOTICE. 

WORLD  take  good  notice,  silver  stars  fading, 
Milky  hue  ript,  weft  of  white  detaching, 
Coals  thirty-eight,  baleful  and  burning, 
Scarlet,  significant,  hands  off  warning, 
Now  and  henceforth  flaunt  from  these  shores. 


O   TAN-FACED    PRAIRIE-BOY. 

O  TAN-FACED  prairie-boy, 

Before  you  came  to  camp  came  many  a  welcome  gift, 

Praises  and  presents  came  and  nourishing  food,  till  at  last  among 

the  recruits, 
You  came,  taciturn,  with  nothing  to  give  —  we  but  look'd  on  each 

other, 
When  lo  !  more  than  all  the  gifts  of  the  world  you  gave  me. 


LOOK   DOWN    FAIR  MOON. 

LOOK  down  fair  moon  and  bathe  this  scene, 

Pour  softly  down  night's  nimbus  floods  on  faces  ghastly,  swollen, 

purple, 

On  the  dead  on  their  backs  with  arms  toss'd  wide, 
Pour  down  your  unstinted  nimbus  sacred  moon. 


RECONCILIATION. 

WORD  over  all,  beautiful  as  the  sky, 

Beautiful  that  war  and  all  its  deeds  of  carnage  must  in  time  be 

utterly  lost, 
That  the  hands  of  the  sisters  Death  and  Night  incessantly  softly 

wash  again,  and  ever  again,  this  soil'd  world ; 


DRU.V-TAPS.  251 

For  my  enemy  is  dead,  a  man  divine  as  myself  is  dead, 

I  look  where  he  lies  white-faced  and  still  in  the  coffin  —  I  draw 

near, 
Bend  down  and  touch  lightly  with  my  lips  the  white  face  in  the 

coffin. 


HOW   SOLEMN   AS    ONE    BY   ONE. 

(Washington  City,  1865.) 

How  solemn  as  one  by  one, 

As  the  ranks  returning  worn  and  sweaty,  as  the  men  file  by  where 

I  stand, 
As  the  faces  the  masks  appear,  as  I  glance  at  the  faces  studying  the 

masks, 
(As  I  glance  upward  out  of  this  page  studying  you,  dear  friend, 

whoever  you  are,) 
How  solemn  the  thought  of  my  whispering  soul  to  each  in  the 

ranks,  and  to  you, 

I  see  behind  each  mask  that  wonder  a  kindred  soul, 
O  the  bullet  could  never  kill  what  you  really  are,  dear  friend, 
Nor  the  bayonet  stab  what  you  really  are ; 
The  soul !  yourself  I  see,  great  as  any,  good  as  the  best, 
Waiting  secure  and  content,  which  the  bullet  could  never  kill, 
Nor  the  bayonet  stab  O  friend. 


AS    I  LAY  WITH    MY  HEAD    IN  YOUR  LAP  CAMERADO. 

As  I  lay  with  my  head  in  your  lap  camerado, 

The  confession  I  made  I  resume,  what  I  said  to  you  and  the  open 

air  I  resume, 

I  know  I  am  restless  and  make  others  so, 
I  know  my  words  are  weapons  full  of  danger,  full  of  death, 
For  I  confront  peace,  security,  and  all  the  settled  laws,  to  unsettle 

them, 
I  am  more  resolute  because  all  have  denied  me  than  I  could  ever 

have  been  had  all  accepted  me, 
I  heed  not  and  have  never  needed  either  experience,  cautions, 

majorities,  nor  ridicule, 

And  the  threat  of  what  is  call'd  hell  is  little  or  nothing  to  me, 
And  the  lure  of  what  is  call'd  heaven  is  little  or  nothing  to  me ; 
Dear  camerado  !  I  confess  I  have  urged  you  onward  with  me.  and 

still  urge  you,  without  the  least  idea  what  is  our  destination, 
Or  whether  we  shall  be  victorious,  or  utterly  quell'd  and  defeated. 


252  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

DELICATE   CLUSTER. 

DELICATE  cluster  !  flag  of  teeming  life  ! 

Covering  all  my  lands  —  all  my  seashores  lining  ! 

Flag  of  death  !   (how  I  watch'd  you  through  the  smoke  of  battle 

pressing ! 

How  I  heard  you  flap  and  rustle,  cloth  defiant !) 
Flag  cerulean  —  sunny  flag,  with  the  orbs  of  night  dappled  ! 
Ah  my  silvery  beauty  —  ah  my  woolly  white  and  crimson  ! 
Ah  to  sing  the  song  of  you,  my  matron  mighty  ! 
My  sacred  one,  my  mother. 


TO   A   CERTAIN    CIVILIAN. 

Dm  you  ask  dulcet  rhymes  from  me  ? 

Did  you  seek  the  civilian's  peaceful  and  languishing  rhymes  ? 

Did  you  find  what  I  sang  erewhile  so  hard  to  follow? 

Why  I  was  not  singing  erewhile  for  you  to  follow,  to  understand  — 
nor  am  I  now ; 

(I  have  been  born  of  the  same  as  the  war  was  born, 

The  drum-corps'  rattle  is  ever  to  me  sweet  music,  I  love  well  the 
martial  dirge, 

With  slow  wail  and  convulsive  throb  leading  the  officer's  funeral ;) 

What  to  such  as  you  anyhow  such  a  poet  as  I  ?  therefore  leave  my 
works, 

And  go  lull  yourself  with  what  you  can  understand,  and  with  piano- 
tunes, 

For  I  lull  nobody,  and  you  will  never  understand  me. 


LO,  VICTRESS    ON    THE    PEAKS. 

Lo,  Victress  on  the  peaks, 

Where  thou  with  mighty  brow  regarding  the  world, 

(The  world  O  Libertad,  that  vainly  conspired  against  thee,) 

Out  of  its  countless  beleaguering  toils,  after  thwarting  them  all, 

Dominant,  with  the  dazzling  sun  around  thee, 

Flauntest  now  unharm'd  in  immortal  soundness  and  bloom  —  lo,  in 

these  hours  supreme, 
No  poem  proud,  I  chanting  bring  to  thee,  nor  mastery's  rapturous 

verse, 
But  a  cluster  containing  night's   darkness   and   blood-dripping 

wounds, 
And  psalms  of  the  dead. 


DRUM-TAPS.  253 

SPIRIT   WHOSE   WORK   IS    DONE. 

(Washington  City,  1865.) 

SPIRIT  whose  work  is  done  —  spirit  of  dreadful  hours  ! 

Ere  departing  fade  from  my  eyes  your  forests  of  bayonets ; 

Spirit  of  gloomiest  fears  and  doubts,  (yet  onward  ever  unfaltering 

pressing,) 
Spirit  of  many  a  solemn  day  and  many  a  savage  scene  —  electric 

spirit, 

That  with  muttering  voice  through  the  war  now  closed,  like  a  tire 
less  phantom  flitted, 
Rousing  the  land  with  breath  of  flame,  while  you  beat  and  beat 

the  drum, 
Now  as  the  sound  of  the  drum,  hollow  and  harsh  to  the  last, 

reverberates  round  me, 

As  your  ranks,  your  immortal  ranks,  return,  return  from  the  battles, 
As  the  muskets  of  the  young  men  yet  lean  over  their  shoulders, 
As  I  look  on  the  bayonets  bristling  over  their  shoulders, 
As  those  slanted  bayonets,  whole  forests  of  them  appearing  in  the 

distance,  approach  and  pass  on,  returning  homeward, 
Moving  with  steady  motion,  swaying  to  and  fro  to  the  right  and 

left, 

Evenly  lightly  rising  and  falling  while  the  steps  keep  time  ; 
Spirit  of  hours  I  knew,  all  hectic  red  one  day,  but  pale  as  death 

next  day, 

Touch  my  mouth  ere  you  depart,  press  my  lips  close, 
Leave  me  your  pulses  of  rage  —  bequeath  them  to  me  —  fill  me 

with  currents  convulsive, 

Let  them  scorch  and  blister  out  of  my  chants  when  you  are  gone, 
Let  them  identify  3-011  to  the  future  in  these  songs. 

ADIEU    TO    A   SOLDIER. 

ADIEU  O  soldier, 

You  of  the  rude  campaigning,  (which  we  shared,) 

The  rapid  march,  the  life  of  the  camp, 

The  hot  contention  of  opposing  fronts,  the  long  manoeuvre, 

Red  battles  with  their  slaughter,  the  stimulus,  the  strong  terrific 

game, 
Spell  of  all  brave  and  manly  hearts,  the  trains  of  time  through  you 

and  like  of  you  all  fill'd, 
With  war  and  war's  expression. 

Adieu  dear  comrade, 

Vour  mission  is  fulfill'd  —  but  I,  more  warlike, 


254  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Myself  and  this  contentious  soul  of  mine, 

Still  on  our  own  campaigning  bound, 

Through  untried  roads  with  ambushes  opponents  lined, 

Through  many  a  sharp  defeat  and  many  a  crisis,  often  baffled, 

Here  inarching,  ever  marching  on,  a  war  fight  out  —  aye  here, 

To  fiercer,  weightier  battles  give  expression. 


TURN   O   LIBERTAD. 

TURN  O  Libertad,  for  the  war  is  over, 

From  it  and  all  henceforth  expanding,  doubting  no  more,  resolute, 

sweeping  the  world, 

Turn  from  lands  retrospective  recording  proofs  of  the  past, 
From  the  singers  that  sing  the  trailing  glories  of  the  past, 
From  the  chants  of  the  feudal  world,  the  triumphs  of  kings,  slavery, 

caste, 
Turn  to  the  world,  the  triumphs  reserv'd  and  to  come  —  give  up 

that  backward  world, 

Leave  to  the  singers  of  hitherto,  give  them  the  trailing  past, 
But  what  remains  remains  for  singers  for  you  —  wars  to  come  are 

for  you, 
(Lo,  how  the  wars  of  the  past  have  duly  inured  to  you,  and  the 

wars  of  the  present  also  inure  ;) 
Then  turn,  and  be  not  alarm'd  O  Libertad  —  turn  your  undying 

face, 

To  where  the  future,  greater  than  all  the  past, 
Is  swiftly,  surely  preparing  for  you. 


TO   THE   LEAVEN'D    SOIL  THEY  TROD. 

To  the  leaven'd  soil  they  trod  calling  I  sing  for  the  last, 
(Forth  from  my  tent  emerging  for  good,  loosing,  untying  the  tent- 
ropes,) 
In  the  freshness  the  forenoon  air,  in  the  far-stretching  circuits  and 

vistas  again  to  peace  restored, 
To  the  fiery  fields  emanative  and  the  endless  vistas  beyond,  to  the 

South  and  the  North, 
To  the  leaven'd  soil  of  the  general  Western  world  to  attest  my 

songs, 

To  the  Alleghanian  hills  and  the  tireless  Mississippi, 
To  the  rocks  I  calling  sing,  and  all  the  trees  in  the  woods, 
To  the  plains  of  the  poems  of  heroes,  to  the  prairies  spreading 
wide,  * 


MEMORIES  OF  PRESIDENT  LINCOLN.  255 

To  the  far-off  sea  and  the  unseen  winds,  and  the  sane  impalpable 

air; 

And  responding  they  answer  all,  (but  not  in  words,) 
The  average  earth,  the  witness  of  war  and  peace,  acknowledges 

mutely, 

The  prairie  draws  me  close,  as  the  father  to  bosom  broad  the  son, 
The  Northern  ice  and  rain  that  began  me  nourish  me  to  the  end, 
But  the  hot  sun  of  the  South  is  to  fully  ripen  my  songs. 


MEMORIES   OF   PRESIDENT 
LINCOLN. 


WHEN    LILACS    LAST   IN    THE   DOORYARD    BLOOM'D. 


WHEN  lilacs  last  in  the  dooryard  bloom'd, 

And  the  great  star  early  droop'd  in  the  western  sky  in  the  night, 

I  mourn'd,  and  yet  shall  mourn  with  ever-returning  spring. 

Ever-returning  spring,  trinity  sure  to  me  you  bring, 
Lilac  blooming  perennial  and  drooping  star  in  the  west, 
And  thought  of  him  I  love. 


O  powerful  western  fallen  star  ! 

O  shades  of  night  —  O  moody,  tearful  night ! 

O  great  star  disappear'd  —  O  the  black  murk  that  hides  the  star  ! 

O  cruel  hands  that  hold  me  powerless  —  O  helpless  soul  of  me  ! 

O  harsh  surrounding  cloud  that  will  not  free  my  soul. 

3 

In  the  dooryard  fronting  an  old  farm-house  near  the  white-wash'd 

palings, 
Stands  the  lilac-bush  tall-growing  with  heart-shaped  leaves  of  rich 

green, 
With  many  a  pointed  blossom  rising  delicate,  with  the  perfume 

strong  I  love, 


256  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

With  ever}'  leaf  a  miracle  —  and  from  this  bush  in  the  dooryard, 
With  delicate-color'd  blossoms  and  heart-shaped  leaves  of  rich 

green, 
A  sprig  with  its  flower  I  break. 


In  the  swamp  in  secluded  recesses, 

A  shy  and  hidden  bird  is  warbling  a  song. 

Solitary  the  thrush, 

The  hermit  withdrawn  to  himself,  avoiding  the  settlements, 

Sings  by  himself  a  song. 

Song  of  the  bleeding  throat, 

Death's  outlet  song  of  life,  (for  well  dear  brother  I  know. 

It  thou  wast  not  granted  to  sing  thou  would'st  surely  die.) 


Over  the  breast  of  the  spring,  the  land,  amid  cities, 

Amid  lanes  and  through  old  woods,  where  lately  the  violets  peep'd 

from  the  ground,  spotting  the  gray  debris, 
Amid  the  grass  in  the  fields  each  side  of  the  lanes,  passing  the 

endless  grass, 
Passing  the  yellow-spear'd  wheat,  every  grain  from  its  shroud  in 

the  dark-brown  fields  uprisen, 

Passing  the  apple-tree  blows  of  white  and  pink  in  the  orchards, 
Carrying  a  corpse  to  where  it  shall  rest  in  the  grave, 
Night  and  day  journeys  a  coffin. 


Coffin  that  passes  through  lanes  and  sfreets, 
Through  day  and  night  with  the  great  cloud  darkening  the  land, 
With  the  pomp  of  the  inloop'd  flags  with  the  cities  draped  in  black, 
With  the  show  of  the  States  themselves  as  of  crape-veil'd  women 

standing, 

With  processions  long  and  winding  and  the  flambeaus  of  the  night, 
With  the  countless  torches  lit,  with  the  silent  sea  of  faces  and  the 

unbared  heads, 

With  the  waiting  depot,  the  arriving  coffin,  and  the  sombre  faces, 
With  dirges  through  the  night,  with  the  thousand  voices  rising 

strong  and  solemn, 

With  all  the  mournful  voices  of  the  dirges  pour'd  around  the  coffin, 
The  dim-lit  churches  and  the  shuddering  organs  —  where  amid 

these  you  journey, 


MEMORIES  OF  PRESIDENT  LINCOLN.  257 

With  the  tolling  tolling  bells'  perpetual  clang, 
Here,  coffin  that  slowly  passes, 
I  give  you  my  sprig  of  lilac. 


(Nor  for  you,  for  one  alone, 

Blossoms  and  branches  green  to  coffins  all  I  bring, 
For  fresh  as  the  morning,  thus  would  I  chant  a  song  for  you  O 
sane  and  sacred  death. 

All  over  bouquets  of  roses, 

O  death,  I  cover  you  over  with  roses  and  early  lilies, 

But  mostly  and  now  the  lilac  that  blooms  the  first, 

Copious  I  break,  I  break  the  sprigs  from  the  bushes, 

With  loaded  arms  I  come,  pouring  for  you, 

For  you  and  the  coffins  all  of  you  O  death.) 

8 

O  western  orb  sailing  the  heaven, 

Now  I  know  what  you  must  have  meant  as  a  month  since  I 

walk'd, 

As  I  walk'd  in  silence  the  transparent  shadowy  night, 
As  I  saw  you  had  something  to  tell  as  you  bent  to  me  night  after 

night, 
As  you  droop'd  from  the  sky  low  down  as  if  to  my  side,  (while 

the  other  stars  all  look'd  on,) 
As  we  wander'd  together  the  solemn  night,  (for  something  I  know 

not  what  kept  me  from  sleep,) 
As  the  night  advanced,  and  I  saw  on  the  rim  of  the  west  how  full 

you  were  of  woe, 

As  I  stood  on  the  rising  ground  in  the  breeze  in  the  cool  trans 
parent  night, 
As  I  watch'd  where  you  pass'd  and  was  lost  in  the  netherward 

black  of  the  night, 

As  my  soul  in  its  trouble  dissatisfied  sank,  as  where  you  sad  orby 
Concluded,  dropt  in  the  night,  and  was  gone. 


Sing  on  there  in  the  swamp, 

0  singer  bashful  and  tender,  I  hear  your  notes,  I  hear  your  call, 

1  hear,  I  come  presently,  I  understand  you, 

But  a  moment  I  linger,  for  the  lustrous  star  has  detain'd  me, 
The  star  my  departing  comrade  holds  and  detains  me. 


258  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


9  how  shall  I  warble  myself  for  the  dead  one  there  I  loved  ? 
\nd  how  shall  I  deck  my  song  for  the  large  sweet  soul  that  has 

gone? 
And  what  shall  my  perfume  be  for  the  grave  of  him  I  love  ? 

Sea-winds  blown  from  east  and  west, 

Blown  from  the  Eastern  sea  and  blown  from  the  Western  sea,  till 

there  on  the  prairies  meeting, 
These  and  with  these  and  the  breath  of  my  chant, 
I'll  perfume  the  grave  of  him  I  love. 


O  what  shall  I  hang  on  the  chamber  walls  ? 

And  what  shall  the  pictures  be  that  I  hang  on  the  walls, 

To  adorn  the  burial-house  of  him  I  love  ? 

Pictures  of  growing  spring  and  farms  and  homes, 

With  the  Fourth-month  eve  at  sundown,  and  the  gray  smoke  lucid 

and  bright, 
With  floods  of  the  yellow  gold  of  the  gorgeous,  indolent,  sinking 

sun,  burning,  expanding  the  air, 
With  the  fresh  sweet  herbage  under  foot,  and  the  pale  green  leaves 

of  the  trees  prolific, 
In  the  distance  the  flowing  glaze,  the  breast  of  the  river,  with  a 

wind-dapple  here  and  there, 
With  ranging  hills  on  the  banks,  with  many  a  line  against  the  sky, 

and  shadows, 

And  the  city  at  hand  with  dwellings  so  dense,  and  stacks  of  chim 
neys, 
And  all  the  scenes  of  life  and  the  workshops,  and  the  workmen 

homeward  returning. 


Lo,  body  and  soul  —  this  land, 

My  own  Manhattan  with  spires,  and  the  sparkling  and  hurrying 

tides,  and  the  ships, 
The  varied  and  ample  land,  the  South  and  the  North  in  the  light, 

Ohio's  shores  and  flashing  Missouri, 
And  ever  the  far-spreading  prairies  cover'd  with  grass  and  corn. 

Lo,  the  most  excellent  sun  so  calm  and  haughty, 
The  violet  and  purple  morn  with  just-felt  breezes, 
The  gentle  soft-born  measureless  light, 


MEMORIES  OF  PRESIDENT  LINCOLN.  259 

The  miracle  spreading  bathing  all,  the  fulfill'd  noon, 

The  coming  eve  delicious,  the  welcome  night  and  the  stars, 

Over  my  cities  shining  all,  enveloping  man  and  land. 

'3 

Sing  on,  sing  on  you  gray-brown  bird, 

Sing  from  the  swamps,  the  recesses,  pour  your  chant  from  the 

bushes, 
Limitless  out  of  the  dusk,  out  of  the  cedars  and  pines. 

Sing  on  dearest  brother,  warble  your  reedy  song, 
Loud  human  song,  with  voice  of  uttermost  woe, 

O  liquid  and  free  and  tender  ! 

O  wild  and  loose  to  my  soul  —  O  wondrous  singer  ! 

You  only  I  hear  —  yet  the  star  holds  me,  (but  will  soon  depart,) 

Yet  the  lilac  with  masterin    odor  holds  me. 


Now  while  I  sat  in  the  day  and  look'd  forth, 

In  the  close  of  the  day  with  its  light  and  the  fields  of  spring,  and 

the  farmers  preparing  their  crops, 
In  the  large  unconscious  scenery  of  my  land  with  its  lakes  and 

forests, 
In  the  heavenly  aerial  beauty,  (after  the  perturb'd  winds  and  the 

storms,) 
Under  the  arching  heavens  of  the  afternoon  swift  passing,  and  the 

voices  of  children  and  women, 
The    many-moving  sea-tides,   and    I    saw   the  ships   how   they 

sail'd, 
And  the  summer  approaching  with  richness,  and  the  fields  all  busy 

with  labor, 
And  the  infinite  separate  houses,  how  they  all  went  on,  each  with 

its  meals  and  minutia  of  daily  usages, 
And  the  streets  how  their  throbbings  throbb'd,  and  the  cities   pent 

—  lo.  then  and  there, 
Falling  upon  them  all  and  among  them  all,  enveloping  me  with  the 

rest, 

Appear'd  the  cloud,  appear'd  the  long  black  trail, 
And  I  knew  death,  its  thought,  and  the  sacred  knowledge  of 

death, 

Then  with  the  knowledge  of  death  as  walking  one  side  of  me, 
And  the  thought  of  death  dose-walking  the  other  side  of  me, 


260  LEAI'ES  OF  GRASS. 

And  I  in  the  middle  as  with  companions,  and  as  holding  the 

hands  of  companions, 

I  fled  forth  to  the  hiding  receiving  night  that  talks  not, 
Down  to  the  shores  of  the  water,  the  path  by  the  swamp  in  the 

dimness, 
To  the  solemn  shadowy  cedars  and  ghostly  pines  so  still. 

And  the  singer  so  shy  to  the  rest  receiv'd  me, 

The  gray-brown  bird  I  know  receiv'd  us  comrades  three, 

And  he  sang  the  carol  of  death,  and  a  verse  for  him  I  love. 

From  deep  secluded  recesses, 

From  the  fragrant  cedars  and  the  ghostly  pines  so  still, 

Came  the  carol  of  the  bird. 

And  the  charm  of  the  carol  rapt  me, 

As  I  held  as  if  by  their  hands  my  comrades  in  the  night, 

And  the  voice  of  my  spirit  tallied  the  song  of  the  bird. 

Come  lovely  and  soothing  death, 

Undulate  round  the  world,  serenely  arriving,  arriving, 

In  the  day,  in  the  night,  to  all,  to  each, 

Sooner  or  later  delicate  death. 

Praised  be  the  fathomless  universe, 

For  life  and  joy,  and  for  objects  and  knowledge  curious, 
And  for  love,  sweet  love  —  but  praise  !  praise  !  praise  / 
For  the  sure-enwinding  arms  of  cool-enfolding  death. 

Dark  mother  always  gliding  near  with  soft  feet, 
Have  none  chanted  for  thee  a  chant  of  fullest  welcome  ? 
Then  I  chant  it  for  thee,  I  glorify  thee  above  all, 
I  bring  thee  a  song  that  when  thou  must  indeed  come,  come  unfal 
teringly. 

Approach  strong  deliveress, 

When  it  is  so,  when  thou  hast  taken  them  I  joyously  sing  the  dead, 

Lost  in  the  loving  floating  ocean  of  thee, 

Laved  in  the  flood  of  thy  bliss  O  death.  \ 

From  me  to  thee  glad  serenades, 

Dances  for  thee  I  propose  saluting  thee,  adornments  and  feast- 
ings  for  thee, 

And  the  sights  of  the  open  landscape  and  the  high-spread  sky  are 
fitting, 

And  life  and  the  fields,  and  the  huge  and  thoughtful  night. 


MEMORIES  OF  PRESIDENT  LINCOLN.  .      261 

The  night  in  silence  under  many  a  star, 

The  ocean  shore  and  the  husky  whispering  wave  whose  voice  I 

know, 

And  the  soul  turning  to  thee  O  vast  and  well-veiled  death, 
And  the  body  gratefully  nestling  close  to  thee. 

Over  the  tree- tops  I  float  thee  a  song, 

Over  the  rising  and  sinking  waves,  over  the  myriad  fields  and  the 

prairies  wide, 

Over  the  dense-pack  d  cities  all  and  the  teeming  wharves  and  ways, 
I  float  this  carol  with  joy,  with  joy  to  thee  O  death. 

15 

To  the  tally  of  my  soul, 

Loud  and  strong  kept  up  the  gray-brown  bird, 

With  pure  deliberate  notes  spreading  filling  the  night. 

Loud  in  the  pines  and  cedars  dim, 

Clear  in  the  freshness  moist  and  the  swamp-perfume, 

And  I  with  my  comrades  there  in  the  night. 

While  my  sight  that  was  bound  in  my  eyes  unclosed, 
As  to  long  panoramas  of  visions. 

And  I  saw  askant  the  armies, 

I  saw  as  in  noiseless  dreams  hundreds  of  battle-flags, 

Borne  through  the  smoke  of  the  battles  and  pierc'd  with  missiles 

I  saw  them, 
And   carried   hither  and  yon   through  the  smoke,  and  torn  and 

bloody, 

And  at  last  but  a  few  shreds  left  on  the  staffs,  (and  all  in  silence,) 
And  the  staffs  all  splinter'd  and  broken. 

I  saw  battle-corpses,  myriads-  of  them, 

And  the  white  skeletons  of  young  men,  I  saw  them, 

I  saw  the  debris  and  debris  of  all  the  slain  soldiers  of  the  war, 

But  I  saw  they  were  not  as  was  thought, 

They  themselves  were  fully  at  rest,  they  suffer'd  not, 

The  living  remain'd  and  suffer'd,  the  mother  suffer'd, 

And  the  wife  and  the  child  and  the  musing  comrade  suffer'd, 

And  the  armies  that  remain'd  suffer'd. 

16 

Passing  the  visions,  passing  the  night, 

Passing,  unloosing  the  hold  of  my  comrades'  hands, 


262    .  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


Passing  the  song  of  the  hermit  bird  and  the  tallying  song  of  my 

soul, 

Victorious  song,  death's  outlet  song,  yet  varying  ever-altering  song, 
As  low  and  wailing,  yet  clear  the  notes,  rising  and  falling,  flooding 

the  night, 
Sadly  sinking  and  fainting,  as  warning  and  warning,  and  yet  again 

bursting  with  joy, 

Covering  the  earth  and  filling  the  spread  of  the  heaven, 
As  that  powerful  psalm  in  the  night  I  heard  from  recesses, 
Passing,  I  leave  thee  lilac  with  heart-shaped  leaves, 
I   leave   thee   there   in   the  door-yard,  blooming,  returning  with 

spring. 

I  cease  from  my  song  for  thee, 

From  my  gaze  on  thee  in  the  west,  fronting  the  west,  communing 

with  thee, 
O  comrade  lustrous  with  silver  face  in  the  night. 

Yet  each  to  keep  and  all,  retrievements  out  of  the  night, 

The  song,  the  wondrous  chant  of  the  gray-brown  bird, 

And  the  tallying  chant,  the  echo  arous'd  in  my  soul, 

With  the  lustrous  and  drooping  star  with   the   countenance   full 

of  woe, 

With  the  holders  holding  my  hand  nearing  the  call  of  the  bird, 
Comrades   mine  and  I  in  the  midst,  and  their  memory  ever  to 

keep,  for  the  dead  I  loved  so  well, 
For  the  sweetest,  wisest  soul  of  all  my  days  and  lands  —  and  this 

for  his  dear  sake, 

Lilac  and  star  and  bird  twined  with  the  chant  of  my  soul, 
There  in  the  fragrant  pines  and  the  cedars  dusk  and  dim. 


O   CAPTAIN!   MY   CAPTAIN! 

O  CAPTAIN  !  my  Captain  !  our  fearful  trip  is  done, 
The  ship  has  weather'd  every  rack,  the  prize  we  sought  is  won, 
The  port  is  near,  the  bells  I  hear,  the  people  all  exulting, 
While  follow  eyes  the  steady  keel,  the  vessel  grim  and  daring ; 
But  O  heart !  heart !  heart ! 
O  the  bleeding  drops  of  red, 

Where  on  the  deck  my  Captain  lies, 
Fallen  cold  and  dead. 

O  Captain  !  my  Captain  !  rise  up  and  hear  the  bells ; 

Rise  up  —  for  you  the  flag  is  flung  —  for  you  the  bugle  trills, 


MEMORIES  OF  PRESIDENT  LINCOLN.  263 


For  you   bouquets   and  ribbon'd  wreaths  —  for  you   the   shores 

a-crowding, 

For  you  they  call,  the  swaying  mass,  their  eager  faces  turning ; 
Here  Captain  !  dear  father  ! 
This  arm  beneath  your  head  ! 

If  is  some  dream  that  on  the  deck, 
You've  fallen  cold  and  dead. 

My  Captain  does  not  answer,  his  lips  are  pale  and  still, 
My  father  does  not  feel  my  arm,  he  has  no  pulse  nor  will, 
The  ship  is  anchor'd  safe  and  sound,  its  voyage  closed  and  done, 
From  fearful  trip  the  victor  ship  comes  in  with  object  won ; 
Exult  O  shores,  and  ring  O  bells  ! 
But  I  with  mournful  tread, 

Walk  the  deck  my  Captain  lies, 
Fallen  cold  and  dead. 


HUSH'D    BE   THE   CAMPS    TO-DAY. 

(May  4,  1865.) 

HUSH'D  be  the  camps  to-day, 
And  soldiers  let  us  drape  our  war-worn  weapons, 
And  each  with  musing  soul  retire  to  celebrate, 
Our  dear  commander's  death. 

No  more  for  him  life's  stormy  conflicts, 

Nor  victory,  nor  defeat  —  no  more  time's  dark  events, 

Charging  like  ceaseless  clouds  across  the  sky. 

But  sing  poet  in  our  name, 

Sing  of  the  love  we  bore  him  —  because  you,  dweller  in  camps, 
know  it  truly. 

As  they  invault  the  coffin  there, 

Sing  —  as  they  close  the  doors  of  earth  upon  him  —  one  verse, 

For  the  heavy  hearts  of  soldiers. 


THIS    DUST   WAS   ONCE   THE   MAN. 

THIS  dust  was  once  the  man, 

Gentle,  plain,  just  and  resolute,  under  whose  cautious  hand, 
Against  the  foulest  crime  in  history  known  in  any  land  or  age, 
Was  saved  the  Union  of  these  States. 


264  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


BY  BLUE  ONTARIO'S  SHORE. 


BY  blue  Ontario's  shore, 

As  I  mused  of  these  warlike  days  and  of  peace  return'd,  and  the 

dead  that  return  no  more, 

A  Phantom  gigantic  superb,  with  stern  visage  accosted  me, 
Chant  me  the  poem,  it  said,  that  comes  from  the  soul  of  America, 

chant  me  the  carol  of  victory, 

And  strike  up  the  marches  of  Libertad,  marches  more  powerful  yet, 
And  sing  me  before  you  go  the  song  of  the  throes  of  Democracy. 

(Democracy,  the   destin'd  conqueror,  yet   treacherous  lip-smiles 

everywhere, 
And  death  and  infidelity  at  every  step.) 


A  Nation  announcing  itself, 

I  myself  make  the  only  growth  by  which  I  can  be  appreciated, 

I  reject  none,  accept  all,  then  reproduce  all  in  my  own  forms. 

A  breed  whose  proof  is  in  time  and  deeds, 

What  we  are  we  are,  nativity  is  answer  enough  to  objections, 

We  wield  ourselves  as  a  weapon  is  wielded, 

We  are  powerful  and  tremendous  in  ourselves, 

We  are  executive  in  ourselves,  we  are  sufficient  in  the  variety  of 

ourselves, 

We  are  the  most  beautiful  to  ourselves  and  in  ourselves, 
We   stand  self-pois'd  in  the  middle,  branching  thence  over  the 

world, 
From  Missouri,  Nebraska,  or  Kansas,  laughing  attacks  to  scorn. 

Nothing  is  sinful  to  us  outside  of  ourselves, 

Whatever  appears,  whatever  does  not  appear,  we  are  beautiful  or 
sinful  in  ourselves  only. 

(O  Mother  —  O  Sisters  dear  ! 

If  we  are  lost,  no  victor  else  has  destroy'd  us, 

It  is  by  ourselves  we  go  down  to  eternal  night.) 

3 

Have  you  thought  there  could  be  but  a  single  supreme  ? 

There  can  be  any  number  of  supremes  —  one  does  not  counter 
vail  another  any  more  than  one  eyesight  countervails 
another,  or  one  life  countervails  another. 


BY  BLUE  ONTARIO'S  SHORE.  265 


All  is  eligible  to  all, 

All  is  for  individuals,  all  is  for  you, 

No  condition  is  prohibited,  not  God's  or  any. 

All  comes  by  the  body,  only  health  puts   you   rapport  with  the 
universe. 

Produce  great  Persons,  the  rest  follows. 


Piety  and  conformity  to  them  that  like, 

Peace,  obesity,  allegiance,  to  them  that  like, 

I  am  he  who  tauntingly  compels  men,  women,  nations, 

Crying,  Leap  from  your  seats  and  contend  for  your  lives  ! 

I  am  he  who  walks  the  States  with  a  barb'd  tongue,  questioning 

every  one  I  meet, 

Who  are  you  that  wanted  only  to  be  told  what  you  knew  before  ? 
Who  are  you  that  wanted  only  a  book  to  join  you  in  your  nonsense  ? 

(With  pangs  and  cries  as  thine  own  O  bearer  of  many  children, 
These  clamors  wild  to  a  race  of  pride  I  give.) 

O  lands,  would  you  be  freer  than  all  that  has  ever  been  before  ? 
If  you  would  be  freer  than  all  that  has  been  before,  come  listen 
to  me. 

Fear  grace,  elegance,  civilization,  delicatesse, 
Fear  the  mellow  sweet,  the  sucking  of  honey-juice, 
Beware  the  advancing  mortal  ripening  of  Nature, 
Beware  what  precedes  the  decay  of  the  ruggedness  of  states  and 
men.  • 

5 

Ages,    precedents,    have    long    been    accumulating    undirected 

materials, 
America  brings  builders,  and  brings  its  own  styles. 

The  immortal  poets  of  Asia  and  Europe  have  done  their  work 

and  pass'd  to  other  spheres, 
A  work  remains,  the  work  of  surpassing  all  they  have  done. 

America,  curious  toward  foreign  characters,  stands  by  its  own  at 
all  hazards, 


266  LEAVES  OF  CRASS. 

Stands   removed,  spacious,  composite,   sound,  initiates  the    true 

use  of  precedents, 
Does  not  repel  them  or  the  past    or  what  they  have  produced 

under  their  forms, 
Takes  the  lesson  with  calmness,  perceives  the  corpse  slowly  borne 

from  the  house, 
Perceives  that  it  waits  a  little  while  in  the  door,  that  it  was  fittest 

for  its  days, 
Thar  its  life  has  descended  to  the  stalwart  and  well-shaped  heir 

who  approaches, 
And  that  he  shall  be  fittest  for  his  days. 

Any  period  one  nation  must  lead, 

One  land  must  be  the  promise  and  reliance  of  the  future. 

These  States  are  the  amplest  poem, 

Here  is  not  merely  a  nation  but  a  teeming  Nation  of  nations, 

Here  the  doings  of  men  correspond  with  the  broadcast  doings  of 

the  day  and  night, 

Here  is  what  moves  in  magnificent  masses  careless  of  particulars, 
Here  are  the  roughs,  beards,  friendliness,  combativeness,  the  soul 

loves, 
Here  the  flowing  trains,  here  the  crowds,  equality,  diversity,  the 

soul  loves. 


Land  of  lands  and  bards  to  corroborate  ! 

Of  them  standing  among  them,  one  lifts  to  the  light  a  west-bred 

face, 
To  him  the  hereditary  countenance  bequeath'd  both  mother's  and 

father's, 

His  first  parts  substances,  earth,  water,  animals,  trees, 
Built  of  the  common  stock,  having  room  for  far  and  near, 
Used  to  dispense  with  other  lands,  incarnating  this  land, 
Attracting  it  body  and  soul  to  himself,  hanging  on  its  neck  with 

incomparable  love, 

Plunging  his  seminal  muscle  into  its  merits  and  demerits, 
Making  its  cities,  beginnings,  events,  diversities,  wars,  vocal  in  him, 
Making  its  rivers,  lakes,  bays,  embouchure  in  him, 
Mississippi  with  yearly  freshets  and  changing  chutes,  Columbia, 

Niagara,  Hudson,  spending  themselves  lovingly  in  him, 
If  the  Atlantic  coast  stretch  or  the  Pacific  coast  stretch,  he  stretch 
ing  with  them  North  or  South, 

Spanning  between  them  East  and  West,  and  touching  whatever  is 
between  them, 


BY  SLUE  ONTARIO'S  SHORE.  267 

Growths  growing  from  him  to  offset  the  growths  of  pine,  cedar, 
hemlock,  live-oak,  locust,  chestnut,  hickory,  cottonwood, 
orange,  magnolia, 

Tangles  as  tangled  in  him  as  any  canebrake  or  swamp, 

He  likening  sides  and  peaks  of  mountains,  forests  coated  with 
northern  transparent  ice, 

Off  him  pasturage  sweet  and  natural  as  savanna,  upland,  prairie, 

Through  him  flights,  whirls,  screams,  answering  those  of  the  fish- 
hawk,  mocking-bird,  night-heron,  and  eagle, 

His  spirit  surrounding  his  country's  spirit,  unclosed  to  good  and 
evil, 

Surrounding  the  essences  of  real  things,  old  times  and  present 
times, 

Surrounding  just  found  shores,  islands,  tribes  of  red  aborigines,  ' 

Weather-beaten  vessels,  landings,  settlements,  embryo  stature  and 
muscle, 

The  haughty  defiance  of  the  Year  One,  war,  peace,  the  formation 
of  the  Constitution, 

The  separate  States,  the  simple  elastic  scheme,  the  immigrants, 

The  Union  always  swarming  with  blatherers  and  always  sure  and 
impregnable, 

The  unsurvey'd  interior,  log- houses,  clearings,  wild  animals,  hunt 
ers,  trappers, 

Surrounding  the  multiform  agriculture,  mines,  temperature,  the 
gestation  of  new  States, 

Congress  convening  every  Twelfth-month,  the  members  duly 
coming  up  from  the  uttermost  parts, 

Surrounding  the  noble  character  of  mechanics  and  farmers,  espe 
cially  the  young  men, 

Responding  their  manners,  speech,  dress,  friendships,  the  gait  they 
have  of  persons  who  never  knew  how  it  felt  to  stand  in  the 
presence  of  superiors, 

The  freshness  and  candor  of  their  physiognomy,  the  copiousness 
and  decision  of  their  phrenology, 

The  picturesque  looseness  of  their  carriage,  their  fierceness  when 
wrong'd, 

The  fluency  of  their  speech,  their  delight  in  music,  their  curiosity, 
good  temper  and  open-handedness,  the  whole  composite 
make, 

The  prevailing  ardor  and  enterprise,  the  large  amativeness, 

The  perfect  equality  of  the  female  with  the  male,  the  fluid  move 
ment  of  the  population, 

The  superior  marine,  free  commerce,  fisheries,  whaling,  gold-dig 
ging, 

Wharf-hemm'd  cities,  railroad  and  steamboat  lines  intersecting  all 
points, 


268  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Factories,  mercantile  life,  labor-saving  machinery,  the  Northeast, 

Northwest,  Southwest, 

Manhattan  firemen,  the  Yankee  swap,  southern  plantation  life, 
Slavery — the  murderous,  treacherous  conspiracy  to  raise  it  upon 

the  ruins  of  all  the  rest, 
On  and  on  to  the  grapple  with  it  —  Assassin  !  then  your  life  or 

ours  be  the  stake,  and  respite  no  more. 


(Lo,  high  toward  heaven,  this  day, 

Libertad,  from  the  conqueress'  field  return'd, 

I  mark  the  new  aureola  around  your  head, 

No  more  of  soft  astral,  but  dazzling  and  fierce, 

With  war's  flames  and  the  lambent  lightnings  playing, 

And  your  port  immovable  where  you  stand, 

With  still  the  inextinguishable  glance  and  the  clinch'd  and  lifted  fist, 

And  your  foot  on  the  neck  of  the  menacing  one,  the  scorner 

utterly  crush'd  beneath  you, 
The  menacing  arrogant  one  that  strode  and  advanced  with  his 

senseless  scorn,  bearing  the  murderous  knife, 
The  wide-swelling  one,  the  braggart  that  would  yesterday  do  so 

much, 

To-day  a  carrion  dead  and  damn'd,  the  despised  of  all  the  earth, 
An  offal  rank,  to  the  dunghill  maggots  spurn'd.) 

8 

Others  take  finish,  but  the  Republic  is  ever  constructive  and  ever 

keeps  vista, 
Others  adorn  the  past,  but  you   O  days  of  the  present,  I  adorn 

'     you, 
O  days  of  the  future  I  believe  in  you  —  I  isolate  myself  for  your 

sake, 

O  America  because  you  build  for  mankind  I  build  for  you, 
O  well-beloved  stone-cutters,  I  lead  them  who  plan  with  decision 

and  science, 
Lead  the  present  with  friendly  hand  toward  the  future. 

(Bravas  to  all  impulses  sending  sane  children  to  the  next  age  ! 
But  damn  that  which  spends  itself  with  no  thought  of  the  stain, 
pains,  dismay,  feebleness,  it  is  bequeathing.) 


I  listened  to  the  Phantom  by  Ontario's  shore, 
I  heard  the  voice  arising  demanding  bards, 


BY  BLUE  ONTARIO'S  SHORE.  269 

By  them  all  native  and  grand,  by  them  alone  can  these  States  be 
fused  into  the  compact  organism  of  a  Nation. 

To  hold  men  together  by  paper  and  seal  or  by  compulsion  is  no 

account, 
That  only  holds  men  together  which  aggregates  all  in  a  living 

principle,  as  the  hold  of  the  limbs  of  the  body  or  the  fibres 

of  plants. 

Of  all  races  and  eras  these  States  with  veins  full  of  poetical  stuff 
most  need  poets,  and  are  to  have  the  greatest,  and  use 
them  the  greatest, 

Their  Presidents  shall  not  be  their  common  referee  so  much  as 
their  poets  shall. 

(Soul  of  love  and  tongue  of  fire  ! 
Eye  to  pierce  the  deepest  deeps  and  sweep  the  world  ! 
Ah  Mother,  prolific  and  full  in  all  besides,  yet  how  long  barren, 
barren  ?) 


Of  these  States  the  poet  is  the  equable  man, 

Not  in  him  but  off  from  him  things  are  grotesque,  eccentric,  fail 

of  their  full  returns, 

Nothing  out  of  its  place  is  good,  nothing  in  its  place  is  bad, 
He  bestows  on  every  object  or  quality  its  fit  proportion,  neither 

more  nor  less, 

He  is  the  arbiter  of  the  diverse,  he  is  the  key, 
He  is  the  equalizer  of  his  age  and  land, 

He  supplies  what  wants  supplying,  he  checks  what  wants  checking, 
In  peace  out  of  him  speaks  the  spirit  of  peace,  large,  rich,  thrifty, 

building    populous    towns,    encouraging    agriculture,   arts, 

commerce,   lighting  the    study  of  man,  the  soul,  health, 

immortality,  government, 
In  war  he  is  the  best  backer  of  the  war,  he  fetches  artillery  as  good 

as  the  engineer's,  he  can  make  every  word  he  speaks  draw 

blood, 
The  years  straying  toward  infidelity  he  withholds  by  his  steady 

faith, 

He  is  no  arguer,  he  is  judgment,  (Nature  accepts  him  absolutely,) 
He  judges  not  as  the  judge  judges  but  as  the  sun  falling  round  a 

helpless  thing, 

As  he  sees  the  farthest  he  has  the  most  faith, 
His  thoughts  are  the  hymns  of  the  praise  of  things, 
In  the  dispute  on  God  and  eternity  he  is  silent, 


270  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

He  sees  eternity  less  like  a  play  with  a  prologue  and  denouement, 
He  sees  eternity  in  men  and  women,  he  does  not  see  men  and 
women  as  dreams  or  dots. 

For  the  great  Idea,  the  idea  of  perfect  and  free  individuals, 

For  that,  the  bard  walks  in  advance,  leader  of  leaders, 

The  attitude  of  him  cheers  up  slaves  and  horrifies  foreign  despots. 

Without  extinction  is  Liberty,  without  retrograde  is  Equality, 
They  live  in  the  feelings  of  young  men  and  the  best  women, 
(Not  for  nothing  have  the  indomitable  heads  of  the  earth  been 
always  ready  to  fall  for  Liberty.) 

ii 

For  the  great  Idea, 

That,  O  my  brethren,  that  is  the  mission  of  poets. 

Songs  of  stern  defiance  ever  ready, 

Songs  of  the  rapid  arming  and  the  march, 

The  flag  of  peace  quick-folded,  and  instead  the  flag  we  know, 

Warlike  flag  of  the  great  Idea. 

(Angry  cloth  I  saw  there  leaping  ! 

I  stand  again  in  leaden  rain  your  flapping  folds  saluting, 

I  sing  you  over  all,  flying  beckoning  through  the  fight  —  O  the 

hard-contested  fight ! 
The  cannons  ope  their  rosy-flashing  muzzles  —  the  hurtled  balls 

scream, 
The  battle-front  forms  amid  the  smoke  — the  volleys  pour  incessant 

from  the  line, 
Hark,  the  ringing  word  Charge!  —  now  the  tussle  and  the  furious 

maddening  yells, 

Now  the  corpses  tumble  curl'd  upon  the  ground, 
Cold,  cold  in  death,  for  precious  life  of  you, 
Angry  cloth  I  saw  there  leaping.) 


Are  you  he  who  would  assume  a  place  to  teach  or  be  a  poet  here 

in  the  States? 
The  place  is  august,  the  terms  obdurate. 

Who  would  assume  to  teach  here  may  well  prepare  himself  body 
and  mind, 

He  may  well  survey,  ponder,  arm,  fortify,  harden,  make  lithe  him 
self, 

He  shall  surely  be  question'd  beforehand  by  me  with  many  and 
stern  questions. 


BY  BLUE  ONTARIO'S  SHORE.  271 

Who  are  you  indeed  who  would  talk  or  sing  to  America  ? 

Have  you  studied  out  the  land,  jts  'idioms  and  men  ? 

Have  you  learn'd  the  physiology,  phrenology,  politics,  geography, 

pride,  freedom,  friendship  of  the  land  ?  its  substratums  and 

objects  ? 
Have  you  consider'd  the  organic  compact  of  the  first  day  of  the 

first  year  of  Independence,  sign'd  by  the  Commissioners, 

ratified  by  the  States,  and  read  by  Washington  at  the  head 

of  the  army? 

Have  you  possess'd  yourself  of  the  Federal  Constitution  ? 
Do  you  see  who  have  left  all  feudal  processes  and  poems  behind 

them,  and  assumed  the  poems  and  processes  of  Democracy  ? 
Are  you  faithful  to  things?  do  you  teach  what  the  land  and  sea, 

the  bodies  of  men,  womanhood,  amativeness,  heroic  angers, 

teach  ? 

Have  you  sped  through  fleeting  customs,  popularities  ? 
Can  you  hold  your  hand  against  all  seductions,  follies,  whirls,  fierce 

contentions?   are  you  very  strong?   are  you  really  of  the 

whole  People? 

Are  you  not  of  some  coterie  ?  some  school  or  mere  religion  ? 
Are  you  done  with  reviews  and  criticisms  of  life?  animating  now 

to  life  itself  ? 

Have  you  vivified  yourself  from  the  maternity  of  these  States  ? 
Have  you  too  the  old  ever-fresh  forbearance  and  impartiality? 
Do  you  hold  the  like  love  for  those  hardening  to  maturity  ?  for  the 

last-born  ?  little  and  big  ?  and  for  the  errant  ? 

What  is  this  you  bring  my  America? 

Is  it  uniform  with  my  country? 

Is  it  not  something  that  has  been  better  told  or  done  before  ? 

Have  you  not  imported  this  or  the  spirit  of  it  in  some  ship? 

Is  it  not  a  mere  tale?  a  rhyme?  a  prettiness?  —  is  the  good  old 

cause  in  it? 
Has  it  not  dangled  long  at  the  heels  of  the  poets,  politicians, 

literals,  of  enemies'  lands  ? 

Does  it  not  assume  that  what  is  notoriously  gone  is  still  here  ? 
Does  it  answer  universal  needs  ?  will  it  improve  manners  ? 
Does  it  sound  with  trumpet-voice  the  proud  victory  of  the  Union 

in  that  secession  war? 

Can  your  performance  face  the  open  fields  and  the  seaside  ? 
Will  it  absorb  into  me  as  I  absorb  food,  air,  to  appear  again  in  my 

strength,  gait,  face? 
Have  real  employments  contributed  to  it?   original  makers,  not 

mere  amanuenses? 
Does  it  meet  modern  discoveries,  calibres,  facts,  face  to  face  ? 


2/2  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

What  does  it  mean  to  American  persons,  progresses,  cities?  Chi 
cago,  Kanada,  Arkansas? 

Does  it  see  behind  the  apparent  custodians  the  real  custodians 
standing,  menacing,  silent,  the  mechanics,  Manhattanese, 
Western  men,  Southerners,  significant  alike  in  their  apathy, 
and  in  the  promptness  of  their  love  ? 

Does  it  see  what  finally  befalls,  and  has  always  finally  befallen,  each 
temporizer,  patcher,  outsider,  partialist,  alarmist,  infidel, 
who  has  ever  ask'd  any  thing  of  America  ? 

What  mocking  and  scornful  negligence  ? 

The  track  strew'd  with  the  dust  of  skeletons, 

By  the  roadside  others  disdainfully  toss'd. 

13 

Rhymes  and  rhymers  pass  away,  poems  distill'd  from  poems  pass 
away, 

The  swarms  of  reflectors  and  the  polite  pass,  and  leave  ashes, 

Admirers,  importers,  obedient  persons,  make  but  the  soil  of  litera 
ture, 

America  justifies  itself,  give  it  time,  no  disguise  can  deceive  it  or 
conceal  from  it,  it  is  impassive  enough, 

Only  toward  the  likes  of  itself  will  it  advance  to  meet  them, 

If  its  poets  appear  it  will  in  due  time  advance  to  meet  them, 
there  is  no  fear  of  mistake, 

(The  proof  of  a  poet  shall  be  sternly  deferr'd  till  his  country 
absorbs  him  as  affectionately  as  he  has  absorb'd  it.) 

He  masters  whose  spirit  masters,  he  tastes  sweetest  who  results 
sweetest  in  the  long  run, 

The  blood  of  the  brawn  beloved  of  time  is  unconstraint ; 

In  the  need  of  songs,  philosophy,  an  appropriate  native  grand- 
opera,  shipcraft,  any  craft, 

He  or  she  is  greatest  who  contributes  the  greatest  original  prac 
tical  example. 

Already  a  nonchalant  breed,  silently  emerging,  appears  on  the 
streets, 

People's  lips  salute  only  doers,  lovers,  satisfiers,  positive  knowers, 

There  will  shortly  be  no  more  priests,  I  say  their  work  is  done, 

Death  is  without  emergencies  here,  but  life  is  perpetual  emer 
gencies  here, 

Are  your  body,  days,  manners,  superb?  after  death  you  shall  be 
superb, 

Justice,  health,  self-esteem,  clear  the  way  with  irresistible  power ; 

How  dare  you  place  any  thing  before  a  man? 


BY  BLUE  ONTARIO'S  SHORE.  273 

14 

Fall  behind  me  States  ! 
A  man  before  all  —  myself,  typical,  before  all. 

Give  me  the  pay  I  have  served  for, 

Give  me  to  sing  the  songs  of  the  great  Idea,  take  all  the  rest, 

I  have  loved  the  earth,  sun,  animals,  I  have  despised  riches, 

I  have  given  alms  to  every  one  that  ask'd,  stood  up  for  the  stupid 

and  crazy,  devoted  my  income  and  labor  to  others, 
Hated  tyrants,  argued  not   concerning   God,  had   patience   and 

indulgence  toward  the  people,  taken  off  my  hat  to  nothing 

known  or  unknown, 
Gone  freely  with  powerful  uneducated  persons  and  with  the  young, 

and  with  the  mothers  of  families, 
-Read  these  leaves  to  myself  in  the  open  air,  tried  them  by  trees, 

stars,  rivers, 

Dismiss'd  whatever  insulted  my  own  soul  or  defiled  my  body, 
Claim'd  nothing  to  myself  which  I  have  not  carefully  claim'd  for 

others  on  the  same  terms, 
Sped  to  the  camps,  and  comrades  found  and  accepted  from  every 

State, 
(Upon  this  breast  has  many  a  dying  soldier  lean'd  to  breathe  his 

last. 

This  arm,  this  hand,  this  voice,  have  nourish'd,  rais'd,  restored, 
To  life  recalling  many  a  prostrate  form  ;) 
I  am  willing  to  wait  to  be  understood  by  the  growth  of  the  taste 

of  myself, 
Rejecting  none,  permitting  all. 

(Say  O  Mother,  have  I  not  to  your  thought  been  faithful? 
Have  I  not  through  life  kept  you  and  yours  before  me  ?) 

15 

I  swear  I  begin  to  see  the  meaning  of  these  things, 
It  is  not  the  earth,  it  is  not  America  who  is  so  great, 
It  is  I  who  am  great  or  to  be  great,  it  is  You  up  there,  or  any  one, 
It  is  to  walk  rapidly  through  civilizations,  governments,  theories, 
Through  poems,  pageants,  shows,  to  form  individuals. 

Underneath  all,  individuals, 

I  swear  nothing  is  good  to  me  now  that  ignores  individuals, 
The  American  compact  is  altogether  with  individuals, 
The  only  government  is  that  which  makes  minute  of  individuals, 
The  whole  theory  of  the  universe  is  directed  unerringly  to  one 
single  individual  —  namely  to  You. 


274  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


(Mother !  with  subtle  sense  severe,  with  the  naked  sword  in  your 

hand, 
I  saw  you  at  last  refuse  to  treat  but  directly  with  individuals.) 

16 

Underneath  all,  Nativity, 

I  swear  I  will  stand  by  my  own  nativity,  pious  or  impious  so  be  it ; 

I  swear  I  am  charm'd  with  nothing  except  nativity, 

Men,  women,  cities,  nations,  are  only  beautiful  from  nativity. 

Underneath  all  is  the  Expression  of  love  for  men  and  women, 
(I  swear  I  have  seen  enough  of  mean  and  impotent  modes  of 

expressing  love  for  men  and  women, 
After  this  day  I  take  my  own  modes  of  expressing  love  for  men 

and  women.) 

I  swear  I  will  have  each  quality  of  my  race  in  myself, 
(Talk  as  you  like,  he  only  suits  these  States  whose  manners  favor 
the  audacity  and  sublime  turbulence  of  the  States.) 

Underneath  the  lessons  of  things,  spirits,  Nature,  governments, 
ownerships,  I  swear  I  perceive  other  lessons, 

Underneath  all  to  me  is  myself,  to  you  yourself,  (the  same  monoto 
nous  old  song.) 

•     17 

0  I  see  flashing  that  this  America  is  only  you  and  me, 
Its  power,  weapons,  testimony,  are  you  and  me, 

Its  crimes,  lies,  thefts,  defections,  are  you  and  me, 

Its  Congress  is  you  and  me,  the  officers,  capitols,  armies,  ships,  are 

you  and  me, 

Its  endless  gestations  of  new  States  are  you  and  me, 
The  war,  (that  war  so  bloody  and  grim,  the  war  I  will  henceforth 

forget),  was  you  and  me, 
Natural  and  artificial  are  you  and  me, 
Freedom,  language,  poems,  employments,  are  you  and  me, 
Past,  present,  future,  are  you  and  me. 

1  dare  not  shirk  any  part  of  myself, 
Not  any  part  of  America  good  or  bad, 

Not  to  build  for  that  which  builds  for  mankind, 

Not  to  balance  ranks,  complexions,  creeds,  and  the  sexes, 

Not  to  justify  science  nor  the  march  of  equality, 

Nor  to  feed  the  arrogant  blood  of  the  brawn  belov'd  of  time. 


BY  BLUE  OAVTARIO'S  SHORE.  275 

I  am  for  those  that  have  never  been  master'd, 

For  men  and  women  whose  tempers  have  never  been  master'd, 

For  those  whom  laws,  theories,  conventions,  can  never  master. 

I  am  for  those  who  walk  abreast  with  the  whole  earth, 
Who  inaugurate  one  to  inaugurate  all. 

I  will  not  be  outfaced  by  irrational  things, 
I  will  penetrate  what  it  is  in  them  that  is  sarcastic  upon  me, 
I  will  make  cities  and  civilizations  defer  to  me, 
This  is  what  I  have  learnt  from  America  —  it  is  the  amount,  and  it 
I  teach  again. 

(Democracy,  while  weapons  were  everywhere  aim'd  at  your  breast, 
I  saw  you  serenely  give  birth  to  immortal  children,  saw  in  dreams 

your  dilating  form, 
Saw  you  with  spreading  mantle  covering  the  world.) 

18 

I  will  confront  these  shows  of  the  day  and  night, 
I  will  know  if  I  am  to  be  less  than  they, 
I  will  see  if  I  am  not  as  majestic  as  they, 
I  will  see  if  I  am  not  as  subtle  and  real  as  they, 
I  will  see  if  I  am  to  be  less  generous  than  they, 
I  will  see  if  I  have  no  meaning,  while  the  houses  and  ships  have 

meaning, 
I  will  see  if  the  fishes  and  birds  are  to  be  enough  for  themselves, 

and  I  am  not  to  be  enough  for  myself. 

I  match  my  spirit  against  yours  you  orbs,  growths,  mountains, 

brutes, 
Copious  as  you  are  I  absorb  you  all  in  myself,  and  become  the 

master  myself, 
America   isolated   yet  embodying  all,  what   is   it   finally  except 

myself  ? 
These  States,  what  are  they  except  myself  ? 

I  know  now  why  the  earth  is  gross,  tantalizing,  wicked,  it  is  for  my 

sake, 
I  take  you  specially  to  be  mine,  you  terrible,  rude  forms. 

(Mother,  bend  down,  bend  close  to  me  your  face, 
I  know  not  what  these  plots  and  wars  and  deferments  are  for, 
I  know  not  fruition's  success,  but  I  know  that  through  war  and 
crime  your  work  goes  on,  and  must  yet  go  on.) 


2~6  LEAI'ES  OF  GRASS. 

'9 

Thus  by  blue  Ontario's  shore, 

While  the  winds  fann'd  me  and  the  waves  came  trooping  toward 

me,  <, 

I  thrill'd  with  the  power's  pulsations,  and  the  charm  of  my  theme 

was  upon  me, 
Till  the  tissues  that  held  me  parted  their  ties  upon  me. 

And  I  saw  the  free  souls  of  poets, 
The  loftiest  bards  of  past  ages  strode  before  me, 
Strange  large  men,  long  unwaked,  undisclosed,  were  disclosed  to 
me. 

20 

O  my  rapt  verse,  my  call,  mock  me  not ! 

Not  for  the  bards  of  the  past,  not  to  invoke  them  have  I  launch'd 

you  forth, 

Not  to  call  even  those  lofty  bards  here  by  Ontario's  shores, 
Have  I  sung  so  capricious  and  loud  my  savage  song. 

Bards  for  my  own  land  only  I  invoke, 

(For  the  war  the  war  is  over,  the  field  is  clear'd,) 

Till  they  strike  up  marches  henceforth  triumphant  and  onward, 

To  cheer  O  Mother  your  boundless  expectant  soul. 

Bards  of  the  great  Idea  !  bards  of  the  peaceful  inventions  !  (for 

the  war,  the  war  is  over  !) 

Yet  bards  of  latent  armies,  a  million  soldiers  waiting  ever- ready, 
Bards  with  songs  as  from  burning  coals  or  the  lightning's  fork'd 

stripes  ! 
Ample   Ohio's,    Kanada's   bards  —  bards    of    California !    inland 

bards  —  bards  of  the  war  ! 
You  by  my  charm  I  invoke. 


REVERSALS. 

LET  that  which  stood  in  front  go  behind, 

Let  that  which  was  behind  advance  to  the  front, 

Let  bigots,  fools,  unclean  persons,  offer  new  propositions, 

Let  the  old  propositions  be  postponed, 

Let  a  man  seek  pleasure  everywhere  except  in  himself, 

Let  a  woman  seek  happiness  everywhere  except  in  herself. 


AUTUMX  RIVULETS.  2/7 


AUTUMN  RIVULETS. 


AS    CONSEQUENT,   Etc. 

As  consequent  from  store  of  summer  rains, 
Or  wayward  rivulets  in  autumn  flowing, 
Or  many  a  herb-lined  brook's  reticulations, 
Or  subterranean  sea-rills  making  for  the  sea, 
Songs  of  continued  years  I  sing. 

Life's  ever-modern  rapids  first,  (soon,  soon  to  blend, 
With  the  old  streams  of  death.) 

Some  threading  Ohio's  farm-fields  or  the  woods, 
Some  down  Colorado's  canons  from  sources  of  perpetual  snow, 
Some  half-hid  in  Oregon,  or  away  southward  in  Texas, 
Some  in  the  north  finding  their  way  to  Erie,  Niagara,  Ottawa, 
Some  to  Atlantica's  bays,  and  so  to  the  great  salt  brine. 

In  you  whoe'er  you  are  my  book  perusing, 

In  I  myself,  in  all  the  world,  these  currents  flowing, 

All,  all  toward  the  mystic  ocean  tending. 

Currents  for  starting  a  continent  new, 

Overtures  sent  to  the  solid  out  of  the  liquid, 

Fusion  of  ocean  and  land,  tender  and  pensive  waves, 

(Not  safe  and  peaceful  only,  waves  rous'd  and  ominous  too, 

Out  of  the  depths  the  storm's  abysmic  waves,  who  knows  whence  ? 

Raging  over  the  vast,  with  many  a  broken  spar  and  tatter'd  sail.) 

Or  from  the  sea  of  Time,  collecting  vasting  all,  I  bring, 
A  windrow-drift  of  weeds  and  shells. 

O  little  shells,  so  curious-convolute,  so  limpid-cold  and  voiceless, 
Will  you  not  little  shells  to  the  tympans  of  temples  held, 
Murmurs  and  echoes  still  call  up,  eternity's  music  faint  and  far, 
Wafted  inland,  sent  from  Atlantica's  rim,  strains  for  the  soul  of  the 

prairies, 
Whisper'd  reverberations,  chords  for  the  ear  of  the  West  joyously 

sounding, 

Vour  tidings  old,  yet  ever  new  and  untranslatable, 
Infinitesimals  out  of  my  life,  and  many  a  life, 


2/8  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


( For  not  my  life  and  years  alone  I  give  —  all,  all  I  give,) 
These  waifs  from  the  deep,  cast  high  and  dry, 
Wash'd  on  America's  shores? 


THE  RETURN  OF  THE  HEROES. 


FOR  the  lands  and  for  these  passionate  days  and  for  myself, 
Now  I  awhile  retire  to  thee  O  soil  of  autumn  fields, 
Reclining  on  thy  breast,  giving  myself  to  thee, 
Answering  the  pulses  of  thy  sane  and  equable  heart, 
Tuning  a  verse  for  thee. 

O  earth  that  hast  no  voice,  confide  to  me  a  voice, 
O  harvest  of  my  lands  —  O  boundless  summer  growths, 
O  lavish  brown  parturient  earth  —  O  infinite  teeming  womb, 
A  song  to  narrate  thee. 


Ever  upon  this  stage, 

Is  acted  God's  calm  annual  drama, 

Gorgeous  processions,  songs  of  birds, 

Sunrise  that  fullest  feeds  and  freshens  most  the  soul, 

The  heaving  sea,  the  waves  upon  the  shore,  the  musical,  strong 

waves, 

The  woods,  the  stalwart  trees,  the  slender,  tapering  trees, 
The  liliput  countless  armies  of  the  grass, 
The  heat,  the  showers,  the  measureless  pasturages, 
The  scenery  of  the  snows,  the  winds'  free  orchestra, 
The  stretching  light-hung  roof  of  clouds,  the  clear  cerulean  and 

the  silvery  fringes, 

The  high  dilating  stars,  the  placid  beckoning  stars, 
The  moving  flocks  and  herds,  the  plains  and  emerald  meadows, 
The  shows  of  all  the  varied  lands  and  all  the  growths  and  products. 


Fecund  America  —  to-day, 

Thou  art  all  over  set  in  births  and  joys  ! 

Thou  groan'st  with  riches,  thy  wealth  clothes  thee  as  a  swathing- 

garment, 

Thou  laughest  loud  with  ache  of  great  possessions, 
A  myriad-twining  life   like   interlacing  vines   binds   all   thy  vast 

demesne, 


AUTUMN-  RIVULETS.  279 

As  some  huge  ship  freighted  to  water's  edge  thou   ridest   into 

port, 
As  rain  falls  from  the  heaven  and  vapors  rise  from  earth,  so  have 

the  precious  values  fallen  upon  thee  and  risen  out  of  thee ; 
Thou  envy  of  the  globe '!  thou  miracle  ! 
Thou,  bathed,  choked,  swimming  in  plenty, 
Thou  lucky  Mistress. of  the  tranquil  barns, 
Thou  Prairie  Dame  that  sittest  in  the  middle  and  lookest  out  upon 

thy  world,  and  lookest  East  and  lookest  West, 
Dispensatress,  that  by  a  word  givest  a  thousand  miles,  a  million 

farms,  and  missest  nothing, 
Thou  all-acceptress  —  thou  hospitable,  (thou  only  art  hospitable  as 

God  is  hospitable.) 


When  late  I  sang  sad  was  my  voice, 

Sad  were  the  shows  around  me  with  deafening  noises  of  hatred 

and  smoke  of  war  ; 

In  the  midst  of  the  conflict,  the  heroes,  I  stood, 
Or  pass'd  with  slow  step  through  the  wounded  and  dying. 

But  now  I  sing  not  war, 

Nor  the  measur'd  march  of  soldiers,  nor  the  tents  of  camps, 
Nor  the  regiments  hastily  coming  up  deploying  in  line  of  battle ; 
No  more  the  sad,  unnatural  shows  of  war. 

Ask'd  room  those  flush'd  immortal  ranks,  the  first  forth-stepping 

armies  ? 
Ask  room  alas  the  ghastly  ranks,  the  armies  dread  that  follow'd. 

(Pass,  pass,  ye  proud  brigades,  with  your  tramping  sinewy  legs, 
With  your  shoulders  young  and  strong,  with  your  knapsacks  and 

your  muskets ; 
How  elate   I   stood  and  watch'd  you,  where  starting   off  yo-i 

march'd. 

Pass  —  then  rattle  drums  again, 

For  an  army  heaves  in  sight,  O  another  gathering  army, 

Swarming,  trailing  on  the  rear,  O  you  dread  accruing  army, 

O  you  regiments  so  piteous,  with  your  mortal  diarrhoea,  with  your 

fever, 
O  my  land's  maim'd  darlings,  with  the  plenteous  bloody  bandage 

and  the  crutch, 
Lo,  your  pallid  army  follows.) 


280  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


But  on  these  days  of  brightness, 

On  the  far-stretching  beauteous  landscape,  the  roads  and  lanea 

the  high-piled  farm-wagons,  and  the  fruits  and  barns, 
Should  the  dead  intrude  ? 

Ah  the  dead  to  me  mar  not,  they  fit  well  in  Nature, 

They  fit  very  well  in  the  landscape  under  the  trees  and  grass, 

And  along  the  edge  of  the  sky  in  the  horizon's  far  margin. 

Nor  do  I  forget  you  Departed, 

Nor  in  winter  or  summer  my  lost  ones, 

But  most  in  the  open  air  as  now  when  my  soul  is  rapt  and  at 

peace,  like  pleasing  phantoms, 
Your  memories  rising  glide  silently  by  me. 


I  saw  the  day  the  return  of  the  heroes, 

(Yet  the  heroes  never  surpass'd  shall  never  return, 

Them  that  day  I  saw  not.) 

I  saw  the  interminable  corps,  I  saw  the  processions  of  armies, 
I  saw  them  approaching,  defiling  by  with  divisions, 
Streaming  northward,  their  work  done,  camping  awhile  in  clusters 
of  mighty  camps. 

No  holiday  soldiers  —  youthful,  yet  veterans, 

Worn,  swart,  handsome,  strong,  of  the  stock  of  homestead  and 

workshop, 

Harden'd  of  many  a  long  campaign  and  sweaty  march, 
Inured  on  many  a  hard-fought  bloody  field. 

A  pause  —  the  armies  wait, 

A  million  flush'd  embattled  conquerors  wait, 

The  world  too  waits,  then  soft  as  breaking  night  and  sure  as  dawn, 

They  melt,  they  disappear. 

Exult  O  lands  !  victorious  lands  ! 

Not  there  your  victory  on  those  red  shuddering  fields, 

But  here  and  hence  your  victory. 

Melt,  melt  away  ye  armies  —  disperse  ye  blue-clad  soldiers, 
Resolve  ye  back  again,  give  up  for  good  your  deadly  arms, 
Other  the  arms  the  fields  henceforth  for  you,  or  South  or  North, 
With  saner,  wars,  sweet  wars,  life-giving  wars. 


AUTUMN  RIVULETS.  281 


Loud  O  my  throat,  and  clear  O  soul ! 

The  season  of  thanks  and  the  voice  of  full-yielding, 

The  chant  of  joy  and  power  for  boundless  fertility. 

All  till'd  and  untill'd  fields  expand  before  me, 
I  see  the  true  arenas  of  my  race,  or  first  or  last, 
Man's  innocent  and  strong  arenas. 

I  see  the  heroes  at  other  toils, 

I  see  well-wielded  in  their  hands  the  better  weapons. 

I  see  where  the  Mother  of  All, 

With  full-spanning  eye  gazes  forth,  dwells  long, 

And  counts  the  varied  gathering  of  the  products. 

Busy  the  far,  the  sunlit  panorama, 
Prairie,  orchard,  and  yellow  grain  of  the  North, 
Cotton  and  rice  of  the  South  and  Louisianian  cane, 
Open  unseeded  fallows,  rich  fields  of  clover  and  timothy, 
Kine  and  horses  feeding,  and  droves  of  sheep  and  swine, 
And  many  a  stately  river  flowing  and  many  a  jocund  brook, 
And  healthy  uplands  with  herby- perfumed  breezes, 
And  the  good  green  grass,  that  delicate  miracle  the  ever-recurring 
grass. 

8 

Toil  on  heroes  !  harvest  the  products  ! 

Not  alone  on  those  warlike  fields  the  Mother  of  All, 

With  dilated  form  and  lambent  eyes  watch'd  you. 

Toil  on  heroes  !  toil  well !  handle  the  weapons  well ! 
The  Mother  of  All,  yet  here  as  ever  she  watches  you. 

Well-pleased  America  thou  beholdest, 

Over  the  fields  of  the  West  those  crawling  monsters, 

The  human-divine  inventions,  the  labor-saving  implements ; 

Beholdest   moving   in   every  direction   imbued   as  with  life   the 

revolving  hay-rakes, 

The  steam-power  reaping-machines  and  the  horse-power  machines, 
The  engines,  thrashers  of  grain  and  cleaners  of  grain,  well  sepa 
rating  the  straw,  the  nimble  work  of  the  patent  pitchfork, 
Beholdest  the  newer  saw-mill,  the  southern  cotton-gin,  and  the 
rice-cleanser. 


282  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


Beneath  thy  look  O  Maternal, 

With  these  and  else  and  with  their  own  strong  hands  the  heroes 
harvest. 

All  gather  and  all  harvest, 

Yet  but  for  thee  O  Powerful,  not  a  scythe  might  swing  as  now  in 

security, 
Not  a  maize-stalk  dangle  as  now  its  silken  tassels  in  peace. 

Under  thee  only  they  harvest,  even  but  a  wisp  of  hay  under  thy 

great  face  only, 
Harvest  the  wheat  of  Ohio,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  every  barbed  spear 

under  thee, 
Harvest  the  maize  of  Missouri,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  each  ear  in 

its  light-green  sheath, 

Gather  the  hay  to  its  myriad  mows  in  the  odorous  tranquil  barns, 
Oats  to  their  bins,  the  white  potato,  the  buckwheat  of  Michigan, 

to  theirs ; 
Gather  the  cotton  in  Mississippi  or  Alabama,  dig  and  hoard  the 

golden  the  sweet  potato  of  Georgia  and  the  Carolinas, 
Clip  the  wool  of  California  or  Pennsylvania, 
Cut  the  flax  in  the  Middle  States,  or  hemp  or  tobacco    in    the 

Borders, 
Pick  the  pea  and  the  bean,  or  pull  apples  from  the  trees  or  bunches 

of  grapes  from  the  vines, 

Or  aught  that  ripens  in  all  these  States  or  North  or  South, 
Under  the  beaming  sun  and  under  thee. 


THERE   WAS    A    CHILD   WENT    FORTH. 

THERE  was  a  child  went  forth  every  day, 

And  the  first  object  he  look'd  upon,  that  object  he  became, 

And  that  object  became  part  of  him  for  the  day  or  a  certain  part 

of  the  day, 
Or  for  many  years  or  stretching  cycles  of  years. 

The  early  lilacs  became  part  of  this  child, 

And  grass  and  white  and  red  morning-glories,  and  white  and  red 
clover,  and  the  song  of  the  phoebe-bird, 

And  the  Third-month  lambs  and  the  sow's  pink-faint  litter,  and 
the  mare's  foal  and  the  cow's  calf, 

And  the  noisy  brood  of  the  barnyard  or  by  the  mire  of  the  pond- 
side, 


AUTUMN  Rrri'LETS.  283 


And  the  fish  suspending  themselves  so  curiously  below  there,  and 

the  beautiful  curious  liquid, 
And  the  water-plants  with  their  graceful  flat  heads,  all  became  part 

of  him. 

The  field-sprouts  of  Fourth-month  and  Fifth-month  became  part 

of  him, 
Winter-grain  sprouts  and  those  of  the  light-yellow  corn,  and  the 

esculent  roots  of  the  garden, 
And  the  apple-trees  cover'd  with  blossoms  and  the  fruit  afterward, 

and  wood-berries,  and  the  commonest  weeds  by  the  road, 
And  the  old  drunkard  staggering  home  from  the  outhouse  of  the 

tavern  whence  he  had  lately  risen, 

And  the  schoolmistress  that  pass'd  on  her  way  to  the  school, 
And  the  friendly  boys  that  pass'd,  and  the  quarrelsome  boys, 
And  the  tidy  and  fresh-cheek'd  girls,  and  the  barefoot  negro  boy 

and  girl, 
And  all  the  changes  of  city  and  country  wherever  he  went. 

His  own  parents,  he  that  had  father'd  him  and  she  that  had  con- 

ceiv'd  him  in  her  womb  and  birth'd  him, 
They  gave  this  child  more  of  themselves  than  that, 
They  gave  him  afterward  every  day,  they  became  part  of  him. 

The  mother  at  home  quietly  placing  the  dishes  on  the  supper- 
table, 

The  mother  with  mild  words,  clean  her  cap  and  gown,  a  whole 
some  odor  falling  off  her  person  and  clothes  as  she  walks  by, 

The  father,  strong,  self-sufficient,  manly,  mean,  anger'd,  unjust, 

The  blow,  the  quick  loud  word,  the  tight  bargain,  .the  crafty  lure, 

The  family  usages,  the  language,  the  company,  the  furniture,  the 
yearning  and  swelling  heart, 

Affection  that  will  not  be  gainsay 'd,  the  sense  of  what  is  real,  the 
thought  if  after  all  it  should  prove  unreal, 

The  doubts  of  day-time  and  the  doubts  of  night-time,  the  curious 
whether  and  how, 

Whether  that  which  appears  so  is  so,  or  is  it  all  flashes  and  specks  ? 

Men  and  women  crowding  fast  in  the  streets,  if  they  are  not  flashes 
and  specks  what  are  they? 

The  streets  themselves  and  the  facades  of  houses,  and  goods  in 
the  windows, 

Vehicles,  teams,  the  heavy-plank'd  wharves,  the  huge  crossing  at 
the  ferries, 

The  village  on  the  highland  seen  from  afar  at  sunset,  the  river 
between, 


284  LEAI-ES  OF  GRASS. 

Shadows,  aureola  and  mist,  the  light  falling  on  roofs  and  gables  of 

white  or  brown  two  miles  off, 
The  schooner  near  by  sleepily  dropping  down  the  tide,  the  little 

boat  slack-tow'd  astern, 

The  hurrying  tumbling  waves,  quick-broken  crests,  slapping, 
The  strata  of   color'd  clouds,  the  long  bar  of  maroon-tint  away 

solitary  by  itself,  the  spread  of  purity  it  lies  motionless  in, 
The  horizon's  edge,  the  flying   sea-crow,  the   fragrance   of.  salt 

marsh  and  shore  mud, 
These  became  part  of  that  child  who  went  forth  every  day,  and 

who  now  goes,  and  will  always  go  forth  every  day. 


OLD    IRELAND. 

FAR  hence  amid  an  isle  of  wondrous  beauty, 

Crouching  over  a  grave  an  ancient  sorrowful  mother, 

Once  a  queen,  now  lean  and  tatter'd  seated  on  the  ground, 

Her  old  white  hair  drooping  dishevel'd  round  her  shoulders, 

At  her  feet  fallen  an  unused  royal  harp, 

Long  silent,  she  too  long  silent,  mourning  her  shrouded  hope  and 

heir, 
Of  all  the  earth  her  heart  most  full  of  sorrow  because  most  full  of 

love. 

Yet  a  word  ancient  mother, 

You  need  crouch  there  no  longer  on  the  cold  ground  with  fore 
head  between  your  knees, 

O  you  need  not  sit  there  veil'd  in  your  old  white  hair  so  dishevel'd, 
For  know  you  the  one  you  mourn  is  not  in  that  grave, 
It  was  an  illusion,  the  son  you  love  was  not  really  dead, 
The  Lord  is  not  dead,  he  is  risen  again  young  and  strong  in 

another  country, 

Even  while  you  wept  there  by  your  fallen  harp  by  the  grave, 
What  you  wept  for  was  translated,  pass'd  from  the  grave, 
The  winds  favor'd  and  the  sea  sail'd  it, 
And  now  with  rosy  and  new  blood, 
Moves  to-day  in  a  new  country. 


THE   CITY   DEAD-HOUSE. 

Bv  the  city  dead-house  by  the  gate, 
As  idly  sauntering  wending  my  way  from  the  clangor, 
I  curious  pause,  for  lo,  an  outcast  form,  a  poor  dead  prostitute 
brought, 


AUTUMN  RiruLETS.  285 

Her  corpse  they  deposit  unclaim'd,  it  lies  on  the   damp  brick 

pavement, 

The  divine  woman,  her  body,  I  see  the  body,  I  look  on  it  alone, 
That  house  once  full  of  passion  and  beauty,  all  else  I  notice  not, 
Nor  stillness  so  cold,  nor  running  water  from  faucet,  nor  odors 

morbific  impress  me, 
But  the  house  alone  —  that  wondrous  house  —  that  delicate  fair 

house  —  that  ruin  ! 
That  immortal  house  more  than  all  the  rows  of  dwellings  ever 

built ! 
Or  white-domed  capitol  with  majestic  figure  surmounted,  or  all 

the  old  high-spired  cathedrals, 
That   little   house  alone  more  than  them  all  —  poor,  desperate 

house  ! 

Fair,  fearful  wreck  —  tenement  of  a  soul  —  itself  a  soul, 
Unclaim'd,  avoided  house  —  take  one  breath  from  my  tremulous 

lips, 

Take  one  tear  dropt  aside  as  I  go  for  thought  of  you, 
Dead   house   of  love  —  house   of  madness   and   sin,    crumbled, 

crush'd, 
House  of  life,  erewhile  talking  and  laughing  —  but  ah,  poor  house, 

dead  even  then, 
Months,  years,  an  echoing,  garnish'd   house  —  but  dead,  dead, 

dead. 


THIS   COMPOST. 

. 


SOMETHING  startles  me  where  I  thought  I  was  safest, 

I  withdraw  from  the  still  woods  I  loved, 

I  will  not  go  now  on  the  pastures  to  walk, 

I  will  not  strip  the  clothes  from  my  body  to  meet  my  lover  the  sea, 

I  will  not  touch  my  flesh  to  the  earth  as  to  other  flesh  to  renew  me. 

O  how  can  it  be  that  the  ground  itself  does  not  sicken? 

How  can  you  be  alive  you  growths  of  Spring? 

How  can  you  furnish  health  you  blood  of  herbs,  roots,  orchards, 

grain? 

Are  they  not  continually  putting  distemper'd  corpses  within  you? 
Is  not  every  continent  work'd  over  and  over  with  sour  dead  ? 

Where  have  you  disposed  of  their  carcasses  ? 

Those  drunkards  and  gluttons  of  so  many  generations? 


286  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


Where  have  you  drawn  off  all  the  foul  liquid  and  meat  ? 

I  do  not  see  any  of  it  upon  you  to-day,  or  perhaps  I  am  deceiv'd, 

I  will  run  a  furrow  with  my  plough,  I  will  press  my  spade  through 

the  sod  and  turn  it  up  underneath, 
I  am  sure  I  shall  expose  some  of  the  foul  meat. 


Behold  this  compost !  behold  it  well ! 

Perhaps  every  mite  has  once  form'd  part  of  a  sick  person  —  yet 

behold  ! 

The  grass  of  spring  covers  the  prairies, 
The  bean  bursts  noiselessly  through  the  mould  in  the  garden, 
The  delicate  spear  of  the  onion  pierces  upward, 
The  apple-buds  cluster  together  on  the  apple-branches, 
The  resurrection  of  the  wheat  appears  with  pale  visage  out  of  its 

graves, 

The  tinge  awakes  over  the  willow-tree  and  the  mulberry-tree, 
The  he-birds  carol  mornings  and  evenings  while  the  she-birds  sit 

on  their  nests, 

The  young  of  poultry  break  through  the  hatch'd  eggs, 
The  new-born  of  animals  appear,  the  calf  is  dropt  from  the  cow, 

the  colt  from  the  mare, 

Out  of  its  little  hill  faithfully  rise  the  potato's  dark  green  leaves, 
Out  of  its  hill  rises  the  yellow  maize-stalk,  the  lilacs  bloom  in  the 

dooryards, 

The  summer  growth  is  innocent  and  disdainful  above  all   those 
^strata  of  sour  dead. 

What  chemistry  ! 

That  the  winds  are  really  not  infectious, 

That   this   is   no   cheat,  this   transparent  green-wash  of  the  sea 

which  is  so  amorous  after  me, 
That  it  is  safe  to  allow  it  to  lick  my  naked  body  all  over  with  its 

tongues, 
That  it  will  not  endanger  me  with  the  fevers  that  have  deposited 

themselves  in  it, 

That  all  is  clean  forever  and  forever, 
That  the  cool  drink  from  the  well  tastes  so  good, 
That  blackberries  are  so  flavorous  and  juicy, 
That  the  fruits  of  the  apple-orchard  and  the  orange-orchard,  that 

melons,  grapes,  peaches,  plums,  will  none  of  them  poison  me, 
That  when  I  recline  on  the  grass  I  do  not  catch  any  disease, 
Though  probably  every  spear  of  grass  rises  out  of  what  was  once 

a  catching  disease. 


A  UTUMN  RIVULETS.  287 

Now  I  am  terrified  at  the  Earth,  it  is  that  calm  and  patient, 

It  grows  such  sweet  things  out  of  such  corruptions, 

It   turns    harmless   and   stainless   on   its  axis,  with  such  endless 

successions  of  diseas'd  corpses, 

It  distills  such  exquisite  winds  out  of  such  infused  fetor, 
It  renews  with  such  unwitting  looks  its  prodigal,  annual,  sumptu 
ous  crops, 

It  gives  such  divine  materials  to  men,  and  accepts  such  leavings 
from  them  at  last. 


TO   A   FOIL'D   EUROPEAN   REVOLUTIONAIRE. 

COURAGE  yet,  my  brother  or  my  sister  ! 

Keep  on  —  Liberty  is  to  be  subserv'd  whatever  occurs ; 

That  is  nothing  that  is  quell'd  by  one  or  two  failures,  or  any  num 
ber  of  failures, 

Or  by  the  indifference  or  ingratitude  of  the  people,  or  by  any 
unfaithfulness, 

Or  the  show  of  the  tushes  of  power,  soldiers,  cannon,  penal  statutes. 

What  we  believe  in  waits  latent  forever  through  all  the  continents, 
Invites  no  one,  promises  nothing,  sits  in  calmness  and  light,  is 

positive  and  composed,  knows  no  discouragement, 
Waiting  patiently,  waiting  its  time. 

(Not  songs  of  loyalty  alone  are  these, 

But  songs  of  insurrection  also, 

For  I  am  the  sworn  poet  of  every  dauntless  rebel  the  world  over, 

And  he  going  with  me  leaves  peace  and  routine  behind  him, 

And  stakes  his  life  to  be  lost  at  any  moment.) 

The  battle  rages  with  many  a  loud  alarm  and  frequent  advance 
and  retreat, 

The  infidel  triumphs,  or  supposes  he  triumphs, 

The  prison,  scaffold,  garrote,  handcuffs,  iron  necklace  and  lead- 
balls  do  their  work, 

The  named  and  unnamed  heroes  pass  to  other  spheres, 

The  great  speakers  and  writers  are  exiled,  they  lie  sick  in  distant 
lands, 

The  cause  is  asleep,  the  strongest  throats  are  choked  with  their 
own  blood, 

The  young  men  droop  their  eyelashes  toward  the  ground  when 
they  meet ; 

But  for  all  this  Liberty  has  not  gone  out  of  the  place,  nor  the 
infidel  enter'd  into  full  possession. 


288  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

When  liberty  goes  out  of  a  place  it  is  not  the  first  to  go,  nor  the 

second  or  third  to  go, 
It  waits  for  all  the  rest  to  go,  it  is  the  last. 

When  there  are  no  more  memories  of  heroes  and  martyrs, 

And  when  all  life  and  all  the  souls  of  men  and  women  are  dis 
charged  from  any  part  of  the  earth, 

Then  only  shall  liberty  or  the  idea  of  liberty  be  discharged  from 
that  part  of  the  earth, 

And  the  infidel  come  into  full  possession. 

Then  courage  European  revolter,  revoltress  ! 
For  till  all  ceases  neither  must  you  cease. 

I  do  not  know  what  you  are  for,  (I  do  not  know  what  I  am  for 

myself,  nor  what  any  thing  is  for,) 
But  I  will  search  carefully  for  it  even  in  being  foil'cl, 
In  defeat,  poverty,  misconception,  imprisonment  —  for  they  too 

are  great. 

Did  we  think  victory  great? 

So  it  is  —  but  now  it  seems  to  me,  when  it  cannot  be  help'd,  that 

defeat  is  great, 
And  that  death  and  dismay  are  great. 


UNNAMED   LANDS. 

NATIONS  ten  thousand  years  before  these  States,  and  many  times 

ten  thousand  years  before  these  States, 
Garner'd  clusters  of  ages  that  men  and  women  like  us  grew  up  and 

travel'd  their  course  and  pass'd  on, 
What  vast-built  cities,  what  orderly  republics,  what  pastoral  tribes 

and  nomads, 

What  histories,  rulers,  heroes,  perhaps  transcending  all  others, 
What  laws,  customs,  wealth,  arts,  traditions, 
What   sort    of    marriage,    what   costumes,   what   physiology   and 

phrenology, 
What  of  liberty  and  slavery  among  them,  what  they  thought  of 

death  and  the  soul, 
Who  were  witty  and  wise,  who  beautiful  and  poetic,  who  brutish 

and  undevelop'd, 
Not  a  mark,  not  a  record  remains  —  and  yet  all  remains. 

O  I  know  that  those  men  and  women  were  not  for  nothing,  any 
more  than  we  are  for  nothing, 


AUTUMN  RIVULETS.  289 

I  know  that  they  belong  to  the  scheme  of  the  world  every  bit  as 
much  as  we  now  belong  to  it. 

Afar  they  stand,  yet  near  to  me  they  stand, 

Some  with  oval  countenances  learn'd  and  calm, 

Some  naked  and  savage,  some  like  huge  collections  of  insects, 

Some  in  tents,  herdsmen,  patriarchs,  tribes,  horsemen, 

Some  prowling  through  woods,  some  living  peaceably  on  farms, 

laboring,  reaping,  filling  barns, 
Some  traversing  paved  avenues,  amid  temples,  palaces,  factories, 

libraries,  shows,  courts,  theatres,  wonderful  monuments. 

Are  those  billions  of  men  really  gone? 

Are  those  women  of  the  old  experience  of  the  earth  gone  ? 

Do  their  lives,  cities,  arts,  rest  only  with  us  ? 

Did  they  achieve  nothing  for  good  for  themselves  ? 

I  believe  of  all  those  men  and  women  that  fill'd  the  unnamed 
lands,  every  one  exists  this  hour  here  or  elsewhere,  invisible 
to  us, 

In  exact  proportion  to  what  he  or  she  grew  from  in  life,  and  out 
of  what  he  or  she  did,  felt,  became,  loved,  sinn'd,  in  life. 

I  believe  that  was  not  the  end  of  those  nations  or  any  person  of 

them,  any  more  than  this  shall  be  the  end  of  my  nation,  or 

of  me ; 
Of  their   languages,  governments,  marriage,  literature,  products, 

games,  wars,  manners,  crimes,  prisons,  slaves,  heroes,  poets, 
I  suspect  their  results  curiously  await  in  the  yet  unseen  world, 

counterparts  of  what  accrued  to  them  in  the  seen  world, 
I  suspect  I  shall  meet  them  there, 
I  suspect  I  shall  there  find  each  old  particular  of  those  unnamed 

lands. 

SONG   OF   PRUDENCE. 

MANHATTAN'S  streets  I  saunter'd  pondering, 

On  Time,  Space,  Reality  —  on  such  as  these,  and  abreast  with 
them  Prudence. 

The  last  explanation  always  remains  to  be  made  about  prudence, 
Little  and  large  alike  drop  quietly  aside  from  the  prudence  that 
suits  immortality. 

The  soul  is  of  itself, 

All  verges  to  it,  all  has  reference  to  what  ensues, 


290  LEAI-ES  OF  GRASS. 

All  that  a  person  does,  says,  thinks,  is  of  consequence, 

Not  a  move  can  a  man  or  woman  make,  that  affects  him  or  her  in 

a  day,  month,  any  part  of  the  direct  lifetime,  or  the  hour 

of  death, 
But  the  same  affects  him  or  her  onward  afterward   through  the 

indirect  lifetime. 

The  indirect  is  just  as  much  as  the  direct, 

The  spirit  receives  from  the  body  just  as  much  as  it  gives  to  the 
body,  if  not  more. 

Not  one  word  or  deed,  not  venereal  sore,  discoloration,  privacy 

of  the  onanist, 
Putridity  of  gluttons  or  rum-drinkers,  peculation,  cunning,  betrayal, 

murder,  seduction,  prostitution, 
But  has  results  beyond  death  as  really  as  before  death. 

Charity  and  personal  force  are  the  only  investments  worth  any 
thing. 

No  specification  is  necessary,  all  that  a  male  or  female  does,  that  is 
vigorous,  benevolent,  clean,  is  so  much  profit  to  him  or  her, 

In  the  unshakable  order  of  the  universe  and  through  the  whole 
scope  of  it  forever. 

Who  has  been  wise  receives  interest, 

Savage,  felon,  President,  judge,  farmer,  sailor,  mechanic,  literat, 

young,  old,  it  is  the  same, 
The  interest  will  come  round  —  all  will  come  round. 

Singly,  wholly,  to  affect  now,  affected  their  time,  will  forever  affect, 

all  of  the  past  and  all  of  the  present  and  all  of  the  future, 
All  the  brave  actions  of  war  and  peace, 
All  help  given  to  relatives,  strangers,  the  poor,  old,  sorrowful,  young 

children,  widows,  the  sick,  and  to  shunn'd  persons, 
All  self-denial  that  stood  steady  and  aloof  on  wrecks,  and  saw 

others  fill  the  seats  of  the  boats, 
All  offering  of  substance  or  life  for  the  good  old  cause,  or  for  a 

friend's  sake,  or  opinion's  sake, 
All  pains  of  enthusiasts  scoff'd  at  by  their  neighbors, 
All  the  limitless  sweet  love  and  precious  suffering  of  mothers, 
All  honest  men  baffled  in  strifes  recorded  or  unrecorded, 
All  the  grandeur  and  good  of  ancient  nations  whose  fragments  we 

inherit, 
All  the  good  of  the  dozens  of  ancient  nations  unknown  to  us  by 

name,  date,  location, 


RIVULETS.  291 

All  that  was  ever  manfully  begun,  whether  it  succeeded  or  no, 
AH  suggestions  of  the  divine  mind  of  man  or  the  divinity  of  his 

mouth,  or  the  shaping  of  his  great  hands, 
All  that  is  well  thought  or  said  this  day  on  any  part  of  the  globe, 

^>r  on  any  of  the  wandering  stars,  or  on  any  of  the  fix'd 

stars,  by  those  there  as  we  are  here, 
All  that  is  henceforth  to  be  thought  or  done  by  you  whoever  you 

are,  or  by  any  one, 
These  inure,  have  inured,  shall  inure,  to  the  identities  from  which 

they  sprang,  or  shall  spring. 

Did  you  guess  any  thing  lived  only  its  moment? 

The  world  does  not  so  exist,  no  parts  palpable  or  impalpable  so 

exist, 
No  consummation  exists  without  being  from  some  long  previous 

consummation,  and  that  from  some  other, 
Without   the  farthest  conceivable  one  coming  a  bit  nearer  the 

beginning  than  any, 

Whatever  satisfies  souls  is  true ; 

Prudence  entirely  satisfies  the  craving  and  glut  of  souls, 
Itself  only  finally  satisfies  the  soul, 

The  soul  has  that  measureless  pride  which  revolts  from  every  lesson 
but  its  own. 

Now  I  breathe  the  word  of  the  prudence  that  walks  abreast  with 

time,  space,  reality, 
That  answers  the  pride  which  refuses  every  lesson  but  its  own. 

What  is  prudence  is  indivisible, 

Declines  to  separate  one  part  of  life  from  every  part, 

Divides  not  the  righteous  from  the  unrighteous  or  the  living  from 

the  dead, 

Matches  every  thought  or  act  by  its  correlative, 
Knows  no  possible  forgiveness  or  deputed  atonement, 
Knows  that  the  young  man  who  composedly  peril'd  his  life  and 

lost  it  has  done  exceedingly  well  for  himself  without  doubt, 
That  he  who  never  peril'd  his  life,  but  retains  it  to  old  age  in 

riches  and  ease,  has  probably  achiev'd  nothing  for  himself 

worth  mentioning, 
Knows  that  only  that  person  has  really  learn'd  who  has  learn'd  to 

prefer  results, 

Who  favors  body  and  soul  the  same, 
Who  perceives  the  indirect  assuredly  following  the  direct, 
Who  in  his  spirit  in  any  emergency  whatever  neither  hurries  nor 

avoids  death. 


292  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

THE   SINGER   IN   THE   PRISON. 


O  sight  of  pity,  shame  and  dole  ! 
O  fearful  thought —  a  convict  soul. 

RANG  the  refrain  along  the  hall,  the  prison, 

Rose  to  trie  roof,  the  vaults  of  heaven  above, 

Pouring  in  floods  of  melody  in  tones  so  pensive  sweet  and  strong 

the  like  whereof  was  never  heard, 
Reaching  the  far-off  sentry  and  the  armed  guards,  who  ceas'd  their 

pacing, 
Making  the  hearer's  pulses  stop  for  ecstasy  and  awe. 


The  sun  was  low  in  the  west  one  winter  day, 

When  down  a  narrow  aisle  amid  the  thieves  and  outlaws  of  the 

land, 

(There  by  the  hundreds  seated,  sear-faced  murderers,  wily  counter 
feiters, 

Gather'd  to  Sunday  church  in  prison  walls,  the  keepers  round, 
Plenteous,  well-armed,  watching  with  vigilant  eyes,) 
Calmly  a  lady  walk'd  holding  a  little  innocent   child  by  either 

hand, 

Whom  seating  on  their  stools  beside  her  on  the  platform, 
She,  first  preluding  with  the  instrument  a  low  and  musical  prelude, 
In  voice  surpassing  all,  sang  forth  a  quaint  old  hymn. 

A  soul  confined  by  bars  and  bands, 
Cries,  help  !  O  help  !  and  wrings  her  hands, 
Blinded  her  eyes,  bleeding  her  breast, 
Nor  pardon  finds,  nor  balm  of  rest. 

Ceaseless  she  paces  to  and  fro, 
O  heart-sick  days  !  O  nights  of  woe  ! 
Nor  hand  of  friend,  nor  loving  face, 
Nor  favor  comes,  nor  word  of  grace. 

It  was  not  I  that  sinn'd  the  sin, 
The  ruthless  body  dragg'd  me  in  ; 
Though  long  I  strove  courageously, 
The  body  was  too  much  for  me. 

Dear  prison 'd  soul  bear  up  a  space, 
For  soon  or  late  the  certain  grace ; 


AUTUMN  RIVULETS.  293 

To  set  thee  free  and  bear  thee  home, 
The  heavenly  pardoner  death  shall  come. 

Convict  no  more,  nor  shame,  nor  dole  / 
Depart  —  a  God-cnfra  nchis'd  soul .' 

3 

The  singer  ceas'd, 
One  glance  swept  from  her  clear  calm  eyes  o'er  all  those  upturn'd 

faces, 
Strange   sea   of  prison    faces,  a   thousand   varied,  crafty,  brutal, 

.     seam'd  and  beauteous  faces, 

Then  rising,  passing  back  along  the  narrow  aisle  between  them, 
While  her  gown  touch'd  them  rustling  in  the  silence, 
She  vanish'd  with  her  children  in  the  dusk. 

While  upon  all,  convicts  and  armed  keepers  ere  they  stirr'd, 

(Convict  forgetting  prison,  keeper  his  loaded  pistol,) 

A  hush  and  pause  fell  down  a  wondrous  minute, 

With  deep  half-stifled  sobs  and  sound  of  bad   men  bow'd  and 

moved  to  weeping, 

And  youth's  convulsive  breathings,  memories  of  home, 
The  mother's  voice  in  lullaby,  the  sister's  care,  the  happy  childhood, 
The  long-pent  spirit  rous'd  to  reminiscence ; 
A  wondrous  minute  then  —  but  after  in  the  solitary  night,  to  many, 

many  there, 
Years  after,  even  in  the  hour  of  death,  the  sad  refrain,  the  tune, 

the  voice,  the  words, 

Resumed,  the  large  calm  lady  walks  the  narrow  aisle, 
The  wailing  melody  again,  the  singer  in  the  prison  sings, 

O  sight  of  pity,  shame  and  dole  ! 
O  fearful  thought —  a  convict  soul. 


WARBLE    FOR   LILAC-TIME. 

WARBLE  me  now  for  joy  of  lilac-time,  (returning  in  reminiscence,) 
Sort  me  O  tongue  and  lips  for  Nature's  sake,  souvenirs  of  earliest 

summer, 
Gather  the  welcome  signs,  (as  children  with  pebbles  or  stringing 

shells,) 
Put  in  April  and  May,  the  hylas  croaking  in  the  ponds,  the  elastic 

air, 
Bees,  butterflies,  the  sparrow  with  its  simple  notes, 


294  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


Blue-bird  and  darting  swallow,  nor  forget  the  high-hole  flashing 

his  golden  wings, 

The  tranquil  sunny  haze,  the  clinging  smoke,  the  vapor, 
Shimmer  of  waters  with  fish  in  them,  the  cerulean  above, 
All  that  is  jocund  and  sparkling,  the  brooks  running, 
The  maple  woods,  thq  crisp  February  days  and  the  sugar-making, 
The  robin  where  he  hops,  bright-eyed,  brown-breasted, 
With  musical  clear  call  at  sunrise,  and  again  at  sunset, 
Or  flitting  among  the  trees  of  the  apple-orchard,  building  the  nest 

of  his  mate, 

The  melted  snow  of  March,  the  willow  sending  forth  its  yellow- 
green  sprouts, 
For  spring-time  is  here  !  the  summer  is  here  !  and  what  is  this 

in  it  and  from  it? 

Thou,  soul,  unloosen'd  —  the  restlessness  after  I  know  not  what ; 
Come,  let  us  lag  here  no  longer,  let  us  be  up  and  away  ! 
O  if  one  could  but  fly  like  a  bird  ! 
O  to  escape,  to  sail  forth  as  in  a  ship  ! 

To  glide  with  thee  O  soul,  o'er  all,  in  all,  as  a  ship  o'er  the  waters ; 
Gathering  these  hints,  the  preludes,  the  blue  sky,  the  grass,  the 

morning  drops  of  dew, 

The  lilac-scent,  the  bushes  with  dark  green  heart-shaped  leaves, 
Wood-violets,  the  little  delicate  pale  blossoms  called  innocence, 
Samples  and  sorts  not  for  themselves  alone,  but  for  their  atmos 
phere, 

To  grace  the  bush  I  love  —  to  sing  with  the  birds, 
A  warble  for  joy  of  lilac-time,  returning  in  reminiscence. 


OUTLINES   FOR  A  TOMB. 
(G.  P.,  Buried  1870.) 


WHAT  may  we  chant,  O  thou  within  this  tomb  ? 

What  tablets,  outlines,  hang  for  thee,  O  millionnaire  ? 

The  life  thou  lived'st  we  know  not, 

But  that  thou  walk'dst  thy  years  in  barter,  'mid  the  haunts  of 

brokers, 
Nor  heroism  thine,  nor  war,  nor  glory. 

2 

Silent,  my  soul, 

With  drooping  lids,  as  waiting,  ponder'd, 

Turning  from  all  the  samples,  monuments  of  heroes. 


AUTUMN  RIVULETS.  295 

While  through  the  interior  vistas, 

Noiseless  uprose,  phantasmic,  (as  by  night  Auroras  of  the  north,) 

Lambent  tableaus,  prophetic,  bodiless  scenes, 

Spiritual  projections. 

In  one,  among  the  city  streets  a  laborer's  home  appear'd, 

After  his  day's  work  done,  cleanly,  sweet-air'd,  the  gaslight  burning, 

The  carpet  swept  and  a  fire  in  the  cheerful  stove. 

In  one,  the  sacred  parturition  scene, 

A  happy  painless  mother  birth'd  a  perfect  child. 

In  one,  at  a  bounteous  morning  meal, 
Sat  peaceful  parents  with  contented  sons. 

In  one,  by  twos  and  threes,  young  people, 

Hundreds  concentring,  walk'd  the  paths  and  streets  and  roads, 

Toward  a  tall-domed  school. 

In  one  a  trio  beautiful, 

Grandmother,  loving  daughter,  loving  daughter's  daughter,  sat, 

Chatting  and  sewing. 

In  one,  along  a  suite  of  noble  rooms, 

'Mid  plenteous  books  and  journals,  paintings  on  the  walls,  fine 

statuettes, 

Were  groups  of  friendly  journeymen,  mechanics  young  and  old, 
Reading,  conversing. 

All,  all  the  shows  of  laboring  life, 

City  and  country,  women's,  men's  and  children's,  • 

Their  wants  provided  for,  hued  in  the  sun  and  tinged  for  once 
with  joy, 

Marriage,  the  street,  the  factory,  farm,  the  house-room,  lodging- 
room, 

Labor  and  toil,  the  bath,  gymnasium,  playground,  library,  college, 

The  student,  boy  or  girl,  led  forward  to  be  taught, 

The  sick  cared  for,  the  shoeless  shod,  the  orphan  father'd  and 
mother'd, 

The  hungry  fed,  the  houseless  housed ; 

(The  intentions  perfect  and  divine, 

The  workings,  details,  haply  human.) 

3 

O  thou  within  this  tomb, 

From  thee  such  scenes,  thou  stintless,  lavish  giver, 


296  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Tallying  the  gifts  of  earth,  large  as  the  earth, 

Thy  name  an  earth,  with  mountains,  fields  and  tides. 

Nor  by  your  streams  alone,  you  rivers, 

By  you,  your  banks  Connecticut, 

By  you  and  all  your  teeming  life  old  Thames, 

By  you  Potomac   laving   the   ground  Washington  trod,  by  you 

Patapsco, 

You  Hudson,  you  endless  Mississippi  —  nor  you  alone, 
But  to  the  high  seas  launch,  my  thought,  his  memory. 


OUT   FROM  BEHIND    THIS    MASK. 

(  To  Confront  a  Portrait. ) 


OUT  from  behind  this  bending  rough-cut  mask, 

These  lights  and  shades,  this  drama  of  the  whole, 

This  common  curtain  of  the  face  contain'd  in  me  for  me,  in  you 

for  you,  in  each  for  each, 

(Tragedies,  sorrows,  laughter,  tears  —  O  heaven  ! 
The  passionate  teeming  plays  this  curtain  hid  !) 
This  glaze  of  God's  serenest  purest  sky, 
This  film  of  Satan's  seething  pit, 
This  heart's  geography's  map,  this  limitless  small  continent,  this 

soundless  sea ; 

Out  from  the  convolutions  of  this  globe, 
This  subtler  astronomic  orb  than  sun  or  moon,  than  Jupiter,  Venus, 

Mars, 

This  condensation  of  the  universe,  (nay  here  the  only  universe, 
Here  the  idea,  all  in  this  mystic  handful  wrapt ;) 
These  burin'd  eyes,  flashing  to  you  to  pass  to  future  time, 
To  launch  and  spin  through  space  revolving  sideling,  from  these 

to  emanate, 
To  you  whoe'er  you  are  — a  look. 


A  traveler  of  thoughts  and  years,  of  peace  and  war, 

Of  youth  long  sped  and  middle  age  declining, 

(As  the  first  volume  of  a  tale  perused  and  laid  away,  and  this  the 

second, 

Songs,  ventures,  speculations,  presently  to  close,) 
Lingering  a  moment  here  and  now,  to  you  I  opposite  turn, 


AUTUMN  RIVULETS.  297 

As  on  the  road  or  at  some  crevice  door  by  chance,  or  open'd  win 
dow, 

Pausing,  inclining,  baring  my  head,  you  specially  I  greet, 
To  draw  and  clinch  your  soul  for  once  inseparably  with  mine, 
Then  travel  travel  on. 


VOCALISM. 


VOCALISM,  measure,  concentration,  determination,  and  the  divine 
power  to  speak  words  ; 

Are  you  full-lung'd  and  limber-lipp'd  from  long  trial?  from  vigor 
ous  practice  ?  from  physique  ? 

Do  you  move  in  these  broad  lands  as  broad  as  they  ?  ( 

Come  duly  to  the  divine  power  to  speak  words  ? 

For  only  at  last  after  many  years,  after  chastity,  friendship,  procrea 
tion,  prudence,  and  nakedness, 

After  treading  ground  and  breasting  river  and  lake, 

After  a  loosen'd  throat,  after  absorbing  eras,  temperaments,  races, 
after  knowledge,  freedom,  crimes, 

After  complete  faith,  after  clarify  ings,  elevations,  and  removing 
obstructions, 

After  these  and  more,  it  is  just  possible  there  comes  to  a  man,  a 
woman,  the  divine  power  to  speak  words  ; 

Then  toward  that  man  or  that  woman  swiftly  hasten  all  —  none 
refuse,  all  attend, 

Armies,  ships,  antiquities,  libraries,  paintings,  machines,  cities, 
hate,  despair,  amity,  pain,  theft,  murder,  aspiration,  form  in 
close  ranks, 

They  debouch  as  they  are  wanted  to  march  obediently  through 
the  mouth  of  that  man  or  that  woman. 

2 

O  what  is  it  in  me  that  makes  me  tremble  so  at  voices  ? 

Surely  whoever  speaks  to  me  in  the  right  voice,  him  or  her  I  shall 

follow, 
As  the  water  follows  the  moon,  silently,  with  fluid  steps,  anywhere 

around  the  globe. 

All  waits  for  the  right  voices ; 

Where  is  the  practis'd  and  perfect  organ  ?  where  is  the  develop'd 

soul? 
For  I  see  every  word  utter'd  thence   has   deeper,  sweeter,  new 

sounds,  impossible  on  less  terms. 


298  LEAVES  OF  CRASS. 

I  see  brains  and  lips  closed,  tympans  and  temples  unstruck, 
Until  that  comes  which  has  the  quality  to  strike  and  to  unclose, 
Until  that  comes  which  has  the  quality  to  bring  forth  what  lies 
slumbering  forever  ready  in  all  words. 


TO    HIM   THAT  WAS    CRUCIFIED. 

MY  spirit  to  yours  dear  brother, 

Do  not  mind  because  many  sounding  your  name  do  not  under 
stand  you, 

I  do  not  sound  your  name,  but  I  understand  you, 

I  specify  you  with  joy  O  my  comrade  to  salute  you,  and  to  salute 
those  who  are  with  you,  before  and  since,  and  those  to 
come  also, 

That  we  all  labor  together  transmitting  the  same  charge  and  suc 
cession, 

We  few  equals  indifferent  of  lands,  indifferent  of  times, 

We,  enclosers  of  all  continents,  all  castes,  allowers  of  all  theologies, 

Compassionaters,  perceivers,  rapport  of  men, 

We  walk  silent  among  disputes  and  assertions,  but  reject  not  the 
disputers  nor  any  thing  that  is  asserted, 

We  hear  the  bawling  and  din,  we  are  reach'd  at  by  divisions,  jeal 
ousies,  recriminations  on  every  side, 

They  close  peremptorily  upon  us  to  surround  us,  my  comrade, 

Yet  we  walk  unheld,  free,  the  whole  earth  over,  journeying  up  and 
down  till  we  make  our  ineffaceable  mark  upon  time  and  the 
diverse  eras, 

Till  we  saturate  time  and  eras,  that  the  men  and  women  of  races, 
ages  to  come,  may  prove  brethren  and  lovers  as  we  are. 


YOU   FELONS    ON   TRIAL   IN    COURTS. 

You  felons  on  trial  in  courts, 

You  convicts  in  prison-cells,  you  sentenced  assassins  chain'd  and 

handcuff 'd  with  iron, 

Who  am  I  too  that  I  am  not  on  trial  or  in  prison  ? 
Me  ruthless  and  devilish  as  any,  that  my  wrists  are  not  chain'd 

with  iron,  or  my  ankles  with  iron  ? 

You  prostitutes  flaunting  over  the  trottoirs  or  obscene  in  your 

rooms, 
Who  am  I  that  I  should  call  you  more  obscene  than  myself  ? 


RIVULETS. 


0  culpable  !  I  acknowledge  —  I  expose  ! 

(O  admirers,  praise  not  me  —  compliment  not  me  —  you  make 
me  wince, 

1  see  what  you  do  not  —  I  know  what  you  do  not.) 

Inside  these  breast-bones  I  lie  smutch'd  and  choked, 

Beneath  this  face  that  appears  so  impassive  hell's  tides  continually 

run, 

Lusts  and  wickedness  are  acceptable  to  me, 
I  walk  with  delinquents  with  passionate  love, 
I  feel  I  am  of  them  —  I  belong  to  those  convicts  and  prostitutes 

myself, 
And  henceforth  I  will  not  deny  them  —  for  how  can  I  deny  myself  ? 


LAWS   FOR   CREATIONS. 

LAWS  for  creations, 

For  strong  artists  and  leaders,  for  fresh  broods  of  teachers  and 

perfect  literals  for  America, 
For  noble  savans  and  coming  musicians. 

All  must  have  reference  to  the  ensemble  of  the  world,  and  the 
compact  truth  of  the  world, 

There  shall  be  no  subject  too  pronounced  —  all  works  shall  illus 
trate  the  divine  law  of  indirections. 

What  do  you  suppose  creation  is? 

What  do  you  suppose  will  satisfy  the  soul,  except  to  walk  free  and 

own  no  superior? 
What  do  you  suppose  I  would  intimate  to  you  in  a  hundred  ways, 

but  that  man  or  woman  is  as  good  as  God? 
And  that  there  is  no  God  any  more  divine  than  Yourself  ? 
And  that  that  is  what  the  oldest  and  newest  myths  finally  mean  ? 
And  that  you  or  any  one  must  approach  creations  through  such 

laws? 


TO   A   COMMON    PROSTITUTE. 

BE  composed  —  be  at  ease  with  me  —  I  am  Walt  Whitman,  liberal 

and  lusty  as  Nature, 

Not  till  the  sun  excludes  you  do  I  exclude  you, 
Not  till  the  waters  refuse  to  glisten  for  you  and  the  leaves  to  rustle 

for  you,  do  my  words  refuse  to  glisten  and  rustle  for  you. 


300  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

My  girl  I  appoint  with  you  an  appointment,  and  I  charge  you  that 

you  make  preparation  to  be  worthy  to  meet  me, 
And  I  charge  you  that  you  be  patient  and  perfect  till  I  come. 

Till  then  I  salute  you'with  a  significant  look  that  you  do  not  forget 
me. 


I   WAS    LOOKING   A   LONG  WHILE. 

I  WAS  looking  a  long  while  for  Intentions, 

For  a  clew  to  the  history  of  the  past  for  myself,  and  for  these 
chants  —  and  now  I  have  found  it, 

It  is  not  in  those  paged  fables  in  the  libraries,  (them  I  neither 
accept  nor  reject,)  • 

It  is  no  more  in  the  legends  than  in  all  else; 

It  is  in  the  present  —  it  is  this  earth  to-day, 

It  is  in  Democracy — (the  purport  and  aim  of  all  the  past,) 

It  is  the  life  of  one  man  or  one  woman  to-day  —  the  average  man 
of  to-day, 

It  is  in  languages,  social  customs,  literatures,  arts, 

It  is  in  the  broad  show  of  artificial  things,  ships,  machinery,  poli 
tics,  creeds,  modern  improvements,  and  the  interchange  of 
nations, 

All  for  the  modern  —  all  for  the  average  man  of  to-day. 


THOUGHT. 

OF  persons  arrived  at  high  positions,  ceremonies,  wealth,  scholar 
ships,  and  the  like ; 

(To  me  all  that  those  persons  have  arrived  at  sinks  away  from 
them,  except  as  it  results  to  their  bodies  and  souls, 

So  that  often  to  me  they  appear  gaunt  and  naked, 

And  often  to  me  each  one  mocks  the  others,  and  mocks  himself  or 
herself, 

And  of  each  one  the  core  of  life,  namely  happiness,  is  full  of  the 
rotten  excrement  of  maggots, 

And  often  to  me  those  men  and  women  pass  unwittingly  the  true 
realities  of  life,  and  go  toward  false  realities, 

And  often  to  me  they  are  alive  after  what  custom  has  served  them, 
but  nothing  more, 

And  often  to  me  they  are  sad,  hasty,  unwaked  sonnambules  walk 
ing  the  dusk.) 


AUTUMN' 


MIRACLES. 

WHY,  who  makes  much  of  a  miracle  ? 

As  to  me  I  know  of  nothing  else  but  miracles, 

Whether  I  walk  the  streets  of  Manhattan, 

Or  dart  my  sight  over  the  roofs  of  houses  toward  the  sky, 

Or  wade  with  naked  feet  along  the  beach  just  in  the  edge  of  the 

water, 

Or  stand  under  trees  in  the  woods, 
Or  talk  by  day  with  any  one  I  love,  or  sleep  in  the  bed  at  night 

with  any  one  I  love, 
Or  sit  at  table  at  dinner  with  the  rest, 
Or  look  at  strangers  opposite  me  riding  in  the  car, 
Or  watch  honey-bees  busy  around  the  hive  of  a  summer  forenoon, 
Or  animals  feeding  in  the  fields, 
Or  birds,  or  the  wonder-fulness  of  insects  in  the  air, 
Or  the  wonderfulness  of  the  sundown,  or  of  stars  shining  so  quiet 

and  bright, 

Or  the  exquisite  delicate  thin  curve  of  the  new  moon  in  spring ; 
These  with  the  rest,  one  and  all,  are  to  me  miracles, 
The  whole  referring,  yet  each  distinct  and  in  its  place. 

To  me  every  hour  of  the  light  and  dark  is  a  miracle, 

Every  cubic  inch  of  space  is  a  miracle, 

Every  square  yard  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  is  spread  with  the 

same, 
Every  foot  of  the  interior  swarms  with  the  same. 

To  me  the  sea  is  a  continual  miracle, 

The  fishes  that  swim  —  the  rocks  —  the  motion  of  the  waves  — 

the  ships  with  men  in  them, 
What  stranger  miracles  are  there  ? 


SPARKLES    FROM    THE   WHEEL. 

WTHERE  the  city's  ceaseless  crowd  moves  on  the  livelong  day, 
Withdrawn  I  join  a  group  of  children  watching,  I  pause  aside  with 
them. 

By  the  curb  toward  the  edge  of  the  flagging, 
A  knife-grinder  works  at  his  wheel  sharpening  a  great  knife, 
Bending  over  he  carefully  holds  it  to  the  stone,  by  foot  and  knee, 
With  measur'd  tread  he  turns  rapidly,  as  he  presses  with  light  but 
firm  hand, 


3O2  LEATES  OF  GRASS. 

Forth  issue  then  in  copious  golden  jets, 
Sparkles  from  the  wheel. 

The  scene  and  all  its  belongings,  how  they  seize  and  affect  me, 
The   sad  sharp-chinn'd   old  man  with  worn   clothes  and   broad 

shoulder-band  of  leather, 
Myself  effusing  and  fluid,  a  phantom  curiously  floating,  now  here 

absorb'd  and  arrested, 

The  group,  (an  unminded  point  set  in  a  vast  surrounding,) 
The  attentive,  quiet  children,  the  loud,  proud,  restive  base  of  the 

streets, 

The  low  hoarse  purr  of  the  whirling  stone,  the  light-press'd  blade, 
Diffusing,  dropping,  sideways-darting,  in  tiny  showers  of  gold, 
Sparkles  from  the  wheel. 

TO   A   PUPIL. 

Is  reform  needed  ?  is  it  through  you  ? 

The  greater  the  reform  needed,  the  greater  the  Personality  you 
need  to  accomplish  it. 

You  !  do  you  not  see  how  it  would  serve  to  have  eyes,  blood, 

complexion,  clean  and  sweet? 
Do  you  not  see  how  it  would  serve  to  have  such  a  body  and  soul 

that  when  you  enter  the  crowd  an  atmosphere  of  desire 

and  command  enters  with  you,  and  every  one  is  impress'd 

with  your  Personality? 

O  the  magnet !  the  flesh  over  and  over  ! 

Go,  dear  friend,  if  need  be  give  up  all  else,  and  commence  to-day 

to  inure  yourself  to  pluck,  reality,  self-esteem,  definiteness, 

elevatedness, 
Rest  not  till  you  rivet  and  publish  yourself  of  your  own  Personality. 


UNFOLDED  OUT  OF  THE  FOLDS. 

UNFOLDED  out  of  the  folds  of  the  woman  man  comes  unfolded, 

and  is  always  to  come  unfolded, 
Unfolded  only  out  of  the  superbest  woman  of  the  earth  is  to  come 

the  superbest  man  of  the  earth, 
Unfolded  out  of  the  friendliest  woman  is  to  come  the  friendliest 

man, 
Unfolded  only  out  of  the  perfect  body  of  a  woman  can  a  man  be 

form'd  of  perfect  body, 


AUTUMN  RIVULETS.  3°3 

Unfolded  only  out  of  the  inimitable  poems  of  woman  can  come 
t  the  poems  of  man,  (only  thence  have  my  poems  come ;) 

Unfolded   out  of  the   strong   and  arrogant  woman  I  love,  only 

thence  can  appear  the  strong  and  arrogant  man  I  love, 
Unfolded  by  brawny  embraces  from    the  well-muscled  woman  I 

love,  only  thence  come  the  brawny  embraces  of  the  man, 
Unfolded  out  of  the  folds  of  the  woman's  brain  come  all  the  folds 

of  the  man's  brain,  duly  obedient, 

Unfolded  out  of  the  justice  of  the  woman  all  justice  is  unfolded, 
Unfolded  out  of  the  sympathy  of  the  woman  is  all  sympathy ; 
A  man  is  a  great  thing  upon  the  earth  and  through  eternity,  but 

every  jot  of  the   greatness   of  man   is   unfolded   out   of 

woman ; 
First  the  man  is  shaped  in  the  woman,  he  can  then  be  shaped  in 

himself. 

WHAT   AM    I   AFTER   ALL. 

WHAT  am  I  after  all  but  a  child,  pleas'd  with  the  sound  of  my  own 

name  ?  repeating  it  over  and  over ; 
I  stand  apart  to  hear  —  it  never  tires  me. 

To  you  your  name  also  ; 

Did  you  think  there  was  nothing  but  two  or  three  pronunciations 
in  the  sound  of  your  name  ? 


KOSMOS. 

WHO  includes  diversity  and  is  Nature, 

Who  is  the  amplitude  of  the  earth,  and  the  coarseness  and  sex 
uality  of  the  earth,  and  the  great  charity  of  the  earth,  and 
the  equilibrium  also, 

Who  has  not  look'd  forth  from  the  windows  the  eyes  for  nothing, 
or  whose  brain  held  audience  with  messengers  for  nothing, 

Who  contains  believers  and  disbelievers,  who  is  the  most  majestic 
lover, 

Who  holds  duly  his  or  her  triune  proportion  of  realism,  spiritualism, 
and  of  the  aesthetic  or  intellectual, 

Who  having  consider'd  the  body  finds  all  its  organs  and  parts 
good, 

Who,  out  of  the  theory  of  the  earth  and  of  his  or  her  body  under 
stands  by  subtle  analogies  all  other  theories, 

The  theory  of  a  city,  a  poem,  and  of  the  large  politics  of  these 
States ; 


304  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Who  believes  not  only  in  our  globe  with  its  sun  and  moon,  but  in 
other  globes  with  their  suns  and  moons, 

Who,  constructing  the  house  of  himself  or  herself,  not  for  a  day 
but  for  all  time,  sees  races,  eras,  dates,  generations, 

The  past,  the  future,  dwelling  there,  like  space,  inseparable  to 
gether. 

OTHERS    MAY   PRAISE   WHAT   THEY   LIKE. 

OTHERS  may  praise  what  they  like ; 

But  I,  from  the  banks  of  the  running  Missouri,  praise  nothing  in 

art  or  aught  else, 
Till  it  has  well   inhaled  the   atmosphere  of  this   river,  also   the 

western  prairie-scent, 
And  exudes  it  all  again. 

WHO    LEARNS    MY  LESSON    COMPLETE? 

WHO  learns  my  lesson  complete  ? 

Boss,  journeyman,  apprentice,  churchman  and  atheist, 

The  stupid  and  the  wise  thinker,  parents  and  offspring,  merchant, 

clerk,  porter  and  customer, 

Editor,  author,  artist,  and  schoolboy  —  draw  nigh  and  commence  ; 
It  is  no  lesson  —  it  lets  down  the  bars  to  a  good  lesson, 
And  that  to  another,  and  every  one  to  another  still. 

The  great  laws  take  and  effuse  without  argument, 

I  am  of  the  same  style,  for  I  am  their  friend, 

I  love  them  quits  and  quits,  I  do  not  halt  and  make  salaams. 

I  lie  abstracted  and  hear  beautiful  tales  of  things  and  the  reasons 

of  things, 
They  are  so  beautiful  I  nudge  myself  to  listen. 

I  cannot  say  to  any  person  what  I  hear  —  I  cannot  say  it  to  myself 
—  it  is  very  wonderful. 

It  is  no  small  matter,  this  round  and  delicious  globe  moving  so 

exactly  in  its  orbit  for  ever  and  ever,  without  one  jolt  or  the 

untruth  of  a  single  second, 
I  do  not  think  it  was  made  in  six  days,  nor  in  ten  thousand  years, 

nor  ten  billions  of  years, 
Nor  plann'd  and  built  one  tiling  after  another  as  an  architect 

plans  and  builds  a  house. 


AUTUMN  RIVULETS.  305 

I  do  not  think  seventy  years  is  the  time  of  a  man  or  woman, 
Nor  that  seventy  millions  of  years  is  the  time  of  a  man  or  woman, 
Nor  that  years  will  ever  stop  the  existence  of  me,  or  any  one  else. 

Is  it  wonderful  that  I  should  be  immortal  ?  as  every  one  is  im 
mortal  ; 

I  know  it  is  wonderful,  but  my  eyesight  is  equally  wonderful,  and 
how  I  was  conceived  in  my  mother's  womb  is  equally 
wonderful, 

And  pass'd  from  a  babe  in  the  creeping  trance  of  a  couple  of 
summers  and  winters  to  articulate  and  walk  —  all  this  is 
equally  wonderful. 

And  that  my  soul  embraces  you  this  hour,  and  we  affect  each 
other  without  ever  seeing  each  other,  and  never  perhaps  to 
see  each  other,  is  every  bit  as  wonderful. 

And  that  I  can  think  such  thoughts  as  these  is  just  as  wonderful, 
And  that  I  can  remind  you,  and  you  think  them  and  know  them 
to  be  true,  is  just  as  wonderful. 

And  that  the  moon  spins  round  the  earth  and  on  with  the  earth,  is 

equally  wonderful, 
And  that  they  balance  themselves  with  the  sun 'and  stars  is  equally 

wonderful. 

TESTS. 

ALL  submit  to  them  where  they  sit,  inner,  secure,  unapproachable 

to  analysis  in  the  soul, 

Not  traditions,  not  the  outer  authorities  are  the  judges, 
They  are  the  judges  of  outer  authorities  and  of  all  traditions, 
They  corroborate   as   they  go  only  whatever  corroborates  them 
selves,  and  touches  themselves ; 

For  all  that,  they  have  it  forever  in  themselves  to  corroborate  far 
and  near  without  one  exception. 


THE   TORCH. 

ON  my  Northwest  coast  in  the  midst  of  the  night  a  fishermen's 

group  stands  watching, 
Out  on  the  lake  that  expands  before  them,  others  are  spearing 

salmon, 

The  canoe,  a  dim  shadowy  thing,  moves  across  the  black  water, 
Bearing  a  torch  ablaze  at  the  prow. 


306  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

O    STAR   OF   FRANCE. 

1870-71. 

O  STAR  of  France, 

The  brightness  of  thy  hope  and  strength  and  fame, 
Like  some  proud  ship  that  led  the  fleet  so  long, 
Beseems  to-day  a  wreck  driven  by  the  gale,  a  mastless  hulk, 
And  'mid  its  teeming  madden'd  half-drown'd  crowds, 
Nor  helm  nor  helmsman. 

Dim  smitten  star, 

Orb  not  of  France  alone,  pale  symbol  of  my  soul,  its  dearest 
hopes, 

The  struggle  and  the  daring,  rage  divine  for  liberty, 

Of  aspirations  toward  the  far  ideal,  enthusiast's  dreams  of  brother 
hood, 

Of  terror  to  the  tyrant  and  the  priest. 

Star  crucified  —  by  traitors  sold, 

Star  panting  o'er  a  land  of  death,  heroic  land, 

Strange,  passionate,  mocking,  frivolous  land. 

Miserable  !  yet  for  thy  errors,  vanities,  sins,  I  will  not  now  rebuke 

thee, 

Thy  unexampled  woes  and  pangs  have  quell'd  them  all, 
And  left  thee  sacred. 

In  that  amid  thy  many  faults  thou  ever  aimedst  highly, 

In  that  thou  wouldst  not  really  sell  thyself  however  great  the  price, 

In  that  thou  surely  wakedst  weeping  from  thy  drugg'd  sleep, 

In  that  alone  among  thy  sisters  thou,  giantess,  didst  rend  the  ones 

that  shamed  thee, 

In  that  thou  couldst  not,  wouldst  not,  wear  the  usual  chains, 
This  cross,  thy  livid  face,  thy  pierced  hands  and  feet, 
The  spear  thrust  in  thy  side. 

O  star  !  O  ship  of  France,  beat  back  and  baffled  long  ! 
Bear  up  O  smitten  orb  !     O  ship  continue  on  ! 

Sure  as  the  ship  of  all,  the  Earth  itself, 
Product  of  deathly  fire  and  turbulent  chaos, 
Forth  from  its  spasms  of  fury  and  its  poisons, 
Issuing  at  last  in  perfect  power  and  beauty, 
Onward  beneath  the  sun  following  its  course, 
So  thee  O  ship  of  France  ! 


AUTVXN-  RIVULETS.  3°7 

Finish' d  the  days,  the  clouds  dispel'd, 

The  travail  o'er,  the  long-sought  extrication, 

When  lo  !  reborn,  high  o'er  the  European  world, 

(In  gladness  answering  thence,  as  face  afar  to  face,  reflecting  ours 

Columbia,) 

Again  thy  star  O  France,  fair  lustrous  star, 
In  heavenly  peace,  clearer,  more  bright  than  ever, 
Shall  beam  immortal. 


THE   OX-TAMER. 

IN  a  far-away  northern  county  in  the  placid  pastoral  region, 
Lives  my  farmer  friend,  the  theme  of  my  recitative,  a  famous 

tamer  of  oxen, 
There  they  bring  him  the  three-year-olds  and  the  four-year-olds  to 

break  them, 
He  will  take  the  wildest  steer  in  the  world  and  break  him  and 

tame  him, 
He  will  go  fearless  without  any  whip  where  the  young  bullock 

chafes  up  and  down  the  yard, 

The  bullock's  head  tosses  restless  high  in  the  air  with  raging  eyes, 
Yet  see  you  !  how  soon  his  rage  subsides  —  how  soon  this  tamer 

tames  him ; 
See  you  !  on  the  farms  hereabout  a  hundred  oxen  young  and  old, 

and  he  is  the  man  who  has  tamed  them, 
They  all  know  him,  all  are  affectionate  to  him  ; 
See  you  !  some  are  such  beautiful  animals,  so  lofty  looking ; 
Some  are  buff-color 'd,  some  mottled,  one  has  a  white  line  running 

along  his  back,  some  are  brindled, 
Some   have  wide   flaring   horns    (a  good  sign)  —  see  you  !   the 

bright  hides, 
See,  the  two  with  stars  on  their  foreheads  —  see,  the  round  bodies 

and  broad  backs, 
How  straight  and  square  they  stand  on  their  legs  —  what  fine 

sagacious  eyes  ! 
How  they  watch  their  tamer  —  they  wish  him  near  them  —  how 

they  turn  to  look  after  him  ! 
What  yearning  expression  !  how  uneasy  they  are  when'  he  moves 

away  from  them ; 
Now  I  marvel  what  it  can  be  he  appears  to  them,  (books,  politics, 

poems,  depart  —  all  else  departs,) 

I  confess  I  envy  only  his  fascination  —  my  silent,  illiterate  friend, 
Whom  a  hundred  oxen  love  there  in  his  life  on  farms, 
In  the  northern  county  far,  in  the  placid  pastoral  region. 


308  LEATES  OF  GRASS. 

AN   OLD   MAN'S   THOUGHT   OF   SCHOOL. 

For  the  Inauguration  of  a  Public  School,  Cantden,  New  Jersey,  1874. 

AN  old  man's  thought  of  school, 

An  Old  man  gathering  youthful  memories  and  blooms  that  youths 
itself  cannot. 

Now  only  do  I  know  you, 

O  fair  auroral  skies  —  O  morning  dew  upon  the  grass  ! 

And  these  I  see,  these  sparkling  eyes, 

These  stores  of  mystic  meaning,  these  young  lives, 

Building,  equipping  like  a  fleet  of  ships,  immortal  ships, 

Soon  to  sail  out  over  the  measureless  seas, 

On  the  soul's  voyage. 

Only  a  lot  of  boys  and  girls  ? 

Only  the  tiresome  spelling,  writing,  ciphering  classes  ? 

Only  a  public  school  ? 

Ah  more,  infinitely  more  ; 

(As  George  Fox  rais'd  his  warning  cry,  "  Is  it  this  pile  of  brick 

and  mortar,  these  dead  floors,  windows,  rails,  you  call  the 

church  ? 
Why  this  is  not  the  church  at  all  —  the  church  is  living,  ever  living 

souls.") 

And  you  America, 

Cast  you  the  real  reckoning  for  your  present? 

The  lights  and  shadows  of  your  future,  good  or  evil? 

To  girlhood,  boyhood  look,  the  teacher  and  the  school. 


WANDERING  AT   MORN. 

WANDERING  at  morn, 

Emerging   from   the   night   from   gloomy  thoughts,  thee   in   my 

thoughts, 

Yearning  for  thee  harmonious  Union  !  thee,  singing  bird  divine  ! 
Thee  coil'd  in  evil  times  my  country,  with  craft  and  black  dismay, 

with  every  meanness,  treason  thrust  upon  thee, 
This  common  marvel  I  beheld  —  the  parent  thrush  I  watch'd  feed- 

ing  its  young, 

The  singing  thrush  whose  tones  of  joy  and  faith  ecstatic, 
Fail  not  to  certify  and  cheer  my  soul. 


A  UTU.V.V  RIVULETS.  309 

There  ponder'd,  felt  I, 

If  worms,  snakes,  loathsome  grubs,  may  to  sweet  spiritual  songs 

be  turn'd, 

If  vermin  so  transposed,  so  used  and  bless'd  may  be, 
Then  may  I  trust  in  you,  your  fortunes,  days,  my  country ; 
Who  knows  but  these  may  be  the  lessons  fit  for  you  ? 
From  these  your  future  song  may  rise  with  joyous  trills, 
Destin'd  to  fill  the  world. 


ITALIAN    MUSIC    IN    DAKOTA. 

["  The  Seventeenth  —  the  finest  Regimental  Band  I  ever  heard1."] 

THROUGH  the  soft  evening  air  enwinding  all, 

Rocks,  woods,  fort,  cannon,  pacing  sentries,  endless  wilds, 

In  dulcet  streams,  in  flutes'  and  cornets'  notes, 

Electric,  pensive,  turbulent,  artificial, 

(Yet  strangely  fitting  even  here,  meanings  unknown  before, 

Subtler  than  ever,  more  harmony,  as  if  born  here,  related  here, 

Not  to  the  city's  fresco'd  rooms,  not  to  the  audience  of  the  opera 

house, 

Sounds,  echoes,  wandering  strains,  as  really  here  at  home, 
Sonnambuld 's  innocent  love,  trios  with  Normals  anguish, 
And  thy  ecstatic  chorus  Poliuto  ;) 
Ray'd  in  the  limpid  yellow  slanting  sundown, 
Music,  Italian  music  in  Dakota. 

While  Nature,  sovereign  of  this  gnarl'd  realm, 

Lurking  in  hidden  barbaric  grim  recesses, 

Acknowledging  rapport  however  far  remov'd, 

(As  some  old  root  or  soil  of  earth  its  last- born  flower  or  fruit,) 

Listens  well  pleas'd. 

WITH   ALL   THY  GIFTS. 

WITH  all  thy  gifts  America, 

Standing  secure,  rapidly  tending,  overlooking  the  world, 

Power,  wealth,  extent,  vouchsafed  to  thee  —  with  these  and  like 

of  these  vouchsafed  to  thee, 
What  if  one  gift  thou  lackest?  (the  ultimate  human  problem  never 

solving,) 
The  gift  of  perfect  women  fit  for  thee  —  what   if  that  gift  of  gilts 

thou  lackest? 
The  towering  feminine  of  thee?  the  beauty,  health,  completion, 

fit  for  thee  ? 
The  mothers  fit  for  thee  ? 


310  LEAI-ES  OF  GRASS. 

MY   PICTURE-GALLERY. 

IN  a  little  house  keep  I  pictures  suspended,  it  is  not  a  fix'd  house, 
It  is  round,  it  is  only  a  few  inches  from  one  side  to  the  other ; 
Yet  behold,  it  has  room  for  all  the  shows  of  the  world,  all  memo 
ries  ! 

Here  the  tableaus  of  life,  and  here  the  groupings  of  death ; 
Here,  do  you  know  this?  this  is  cicerone  himself, 
With  finger  rais'd  he  points  to  the  prodigal  pictures. 


THE   PRAIRIE    STATES. 

A  NEWER  garden  of  creation,  no  primal  solitude, 

Dense,  joyous,  modern,  populous  millions,  cities  and  farms, 

With  iron  interlaced,  composite,  tied,  many  in  one, 

By  all  the  world  contributed  —  freedom's  and  law's  and   thrift's 

society, 

The  crown  and  teeming  paradise,  so  far,  of  time's  accumulations, 
To  justify  the  past. 


PROUD  MUSIC  OF  THE  STORM. 


PROUD  music  of  the  storm, 

Blast  that  careers  so  free,  whistling  across  the  prairies, 

Strong  hum  of  forest  tree-tops  —  wind  of  the  mountains, 

Personified  dim  shapes  —  you  hidden  orchestras, 

You  serenades  of  phantoms  with  instruments  alert, 

Blending  with  Nature's  rhythmus  all  the  tongues  of  nations  ; 

You  chords  left  as  by  vast  composers  —  you  choruses, 

You  formless,  free,  religious  dances  —  you  from  the  Orient, 

You  undertone  of  rivers,  roar  of  pouring  cataracts, 

You  sounds  from  distant  guns  with  galloping  cavalry, 

Echoes  of  camps  with  all  the  different  bugle-calls, 

Trooping  tumultuous,  filling  the  midnight  late,  bending  me  power 

less, 
Entering  my  lonesome  slumber-chamber,  why  have  you  seiz'd  me? 


Come  forward  O  my  soul,  and  let  the  rest  retire, 
Listen,  lose  not,  it  is  toward  thee  they  tend, 
Parting  the  midnight,  entering  my  slumber-chamber, 
For  thee  they  sing  and  dance  O  soul. 


PROUD  Music  OF  THE  STORM.  3 1 1 

A  festival  song, 

The  duet  of  the  bridegroom  and  the  bride,  a  marriage-march, 
With  lips  of  love,  and  hearts  of  lovers  fill'd  to  the  brim  with  love, 
The  red-flush'd  cheeks  and  perfumes,  the  cortege  swarming  full  of 

friendly  faces  young  and  old, 
To  flutes'  clear  notes  and  sounding  harps'  cantabile. 

Now  loud  approaching  drums, 

Victoria  !  see'st  thou  in  powder-smoke  the  banners  torn  but  flying? 

the  rout  of  the  baffled? 
Hearest  those  shouts  of  a  conquering  army? 

(Ah  soul,  the  sobs  of  women,  the  wounded  groaning  in  agony, 
The  hiss  and  crackle  of  flames,  the  blacken'd  ruins,  the  embers 

of  cities, 
The  dirge  and  desolation  of  mankind.) 

Now  airs  antique  and  mediaeval  fill  me, 

I  see  and  hear  old  harpers  with  their  harps  at  Welsh  festivals, 

I  hear  the  minnesingers  singing  their  lays  of  love, 

I  hear  the  minstrels,  gleemen,  troubadours,  of  the  middle  ages. 

Now  the  great  organ  sounds,  , 

Tremulous,  while  underneath,  (as  the  hid  footholds  of  the  earth, 

On  which  arising  rest,  and  leaping  forth  depend, 

All  shapes  of  beauty,  grace  and  strength,  all  hues  we  know, 

Green  blades  of  grass  and  warbling  birds,  children  that  gambol 

and  play,  the  clouds  of  heaven  above,) 
The  strong  base  stands,  and  its  pulsations  intermits  not, 
Bathing,  supporting,   merging  all   the  rest,  maternity  of  all  the 

rest, 

And  with  it  every  instrument  in  multitudes, 
The  players  playing,  all  the  world's  musicians, 
The  solemn  hymns  and  masses  rousing  adoration, 
All  passionate  heart-chants,  sorrowful  appeals, 
The  measureless,  $weet  vocalists  of  ages, 
And  for  their  solvent  setting  earth's  own  diapason, 
Of  winds  and  woods  and  mighty  ocean  waves, 
A  hew  composite  orchestra,  binder  of  years  and  climes,  ten-fold 

renewer, 

As  of  the  far-back  days  the  poets  tell,  the  Paradiso, 
The  straying  thence,  the  separation  long,  but  now  the  wandering 

done, 

The  journey  done,  the  journeyman  come  home, 
And  man  and  art  with  Nature  fused  again. 


312  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Tutti !  for  earth  and  heaven  ; 

(The  Almighty  leader  now  for  once  has  signal'd  with  his  wand.) 

The  manly  strophe  of  the  husbands  of  the  world, 
And  all  the  wives  responding. 

The  tongues  of  violins, 

(I  think  O  tongues  ye  tell  this  heart,  that  cannot  tell  itself, 

This  brooding  yearning  heart,  that  cannot  tell  itself.) 

3 

Ah  from  a  little  child, 

Thou  knowest  soul  how  to  me  all  sounds  became  music, 
My  mother's  voice  in  lullaby  or  hymn, 
(The  voice,  O  tender  voices,  memory's  loving  voices, 
Last  miracle  of  all,  O  dearest  mother's,  sister's,  voices  ;) 
The  rain,  the  growing  corn,  the  breeze  among  the  long-leav'd  corn, 
The  measur'd  sea-surf  beating  on  the  sand, 
The  twittering  bird,  the  hawk's  sharp  scream, 
The  wild-fowl's  notes  at  night  as  flying  low  migrating  north  or 

south, 
The  psalm  in  the  country  church  or  mid  the  clustering  trees,  the 

open  air  camp-meeting,    • 

The  fiddler  in  the  tavern,  the  glee,  the  long-strung  sailor-song, 
The  lowing  cattle,  bleating  sheep,  the  crowing  cock  at  dawn. 

All  songs  of  current  lands  come  sounding  round  me, 
The  German  airs  of  friendship,  wine  and  love, 
Irish  ballads,  merry  jigs  and  dances,  English  warbles, 
Chansons  of  France,  Scotch  tunes,  and  o'er  the  rest, 
Italia's  peerless  compositions. 

Across  the  stage  with  pallor  on  her  face,  yet  lurid  passion, 
Stalks  Norma  brandishing  the  dagger  in  her  hand. 

I  see  poor  crazed  Lucia's  eyes'  unnatural  gleam, 
Her  hair  down  her  back  falls  loose  and  dishevel'd. 

I  see  where  Ernani  walking  the  bridal  garden, 

Amid  the  scent  of  night-roses,  radiant,  holding  his  bride  by  the 

hand, 
Hears  the  infernal  call,  the  death-pledge  of  the  horn. 

To  crossing  swords  and  gray  hairs  bared  to  heaven, 
The  clear  electric  base  and  baritone  of  the  world, 
The  trombone  duo,  Libertad  forever  ! 


PROUD  Music  OF  THE 


From  Spanish  chestnut  trees'  dense  shade, 

By  old  and  heavy  convent  walls  a  wailing  song, 

Song  of  lost  love,  the  torch  of  youth  and  life  quench'd  in  despair, 

Song  of  the  dying  swan,  Fernando's  heart  is  breaking. 

Awaking  from  her  woes  at  last  retriev'd  Amina  sings, 

Copious  as  stars  and  glad  as  morning  light  the  torrents  of  her  joy. 

(The  teeming  lady  comes, 

The  lustrious  orb,  Venus  contralto,  the  blooming  mother, 

Sister  of  loftiest  gods,  Alboni's  self  I  hear.) 


I  hear  those  odes,  symphonies,  operas, 

I  hear  in  the    William  Tell  the  music  of  an  arous'd  and  angry 

people, 

I  hear  Meyerbeer's  Huguenots,  .the  Prophet,  or  Robert, 
Gounod's  Faust,  or  Mozart's  Don 


I  hear  the  dance-music  of  all  nations, 

The  waltz,  some  delicious  measure,  lapsing,  bathing  me  in  bliss, 

The  bolero  to  tinkling  guitars  and.  clattering  castanets. 

I  see  religious  dances  old  and  new,  . 

I  hear  the  sound  of  the  Hebrew  lyre, 

I  see  the  crusaders  marching  bearing  the  cross  on  high,  to  the 

martial  clang  of  cymbals, 
I  hear  dervishes  monotonously  chanting,  interspers'd  with  frantic 

shouts,  as  they  spin  around  turning  always  towards  Mecca, 
I  see  the  rapt  religious  dances  of  the  Persians  and  the  Arabs, 
Again,  at  Eleusis,  home  of  Ceres,  I  see  the  modern  Greeks  dancing, 
I  hear  them  clapping  their  hands  as  they  bend  their  bodies, 
I  hear  the  metrical  shuffling  of  their  feet. 

I   see   again   the   wild   old   Corybantian   dance,   the   performers 

wounding  each  other, 
I  see  the  Roman  youth  to  the  shrill  sound  of  flageolets  throwing 

and  catching  their  weapons, 
As  they  fall  on  their  knees  and  rise  again. 

I  hear  from  the  Mussulman  mosque  the  muezzin  calling, 

I  see  the  worshippers  within,  nor  form  nor  sermon,  argument  nor 

word, 
But  silent,  strange,  devout,  rais'd,  glowing  heads,  ecstatic  faces. 


314  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 

I  hear  the  Egyptian  harp  of  many  strings, 

The  primitive  chants  of  the  Nile  boatmen, 

The  sacred  imperial  hymns  of  China, 

To  the  delicate  sounds  of  the  king,  (the  stricken  wood  and  stone,) 

Or  to  Hindu  flutes  and  the  fretting  twang  of  the  vina, 

A  band  of  bayaderes. 


Now  Asia,  Africa  leave  me,  Europe  seizing  inflates  me, 

To  organs  huge  and  bands  I  hear  as  from  vast   concourses   of 

voices, 

Luther's  strong  hymn  Eine  feste  Burg  ist  unser  Go  if, 
Rossini's  Stabat  Mater  dolorosa, 
Or  floating  in  some  high   cathedral   dim  with   gorgeous   color'd 

windows, 
The  passionate  Agnus  Dei  or  Gloria  in  Excelsis. 

Composers  !  mighty  maestros ! 

And  you,  sweet  singers  of  old  lands,  soprani,  tenori,  bassi ! 

To  you  a  new  bard  caroling  in  the  West, 

Obeisant  sends  his  love. 

(Such  led  to  thee  O  soul, 

All  senses,  shows  and  objects,  lead  to  thee, 

But  now  it  seems  to  me  sound  leads  o'er  all  the  rest.) 

I  hear  the  annual  singing  of  the  children  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral, 
Or,  under  the  high  roof  of  some  colossal  hall,  the  symphonies, 

oratorios  of  Beethoven,  Handel,  or  Haydn, 
The  Creation  in  billows  of  godhood  laves  me. 

Give  me  to  hold  all  sounds,  (I  madly  struggling  cry,) 

Fill  me  with  all  the  voices  of  the  universe, 

Endow  me  with  their throbbings,  Nature's  also, 

The   tempests,  waters,  winds,  operas   and   chants,   marches   and 

dances, 
Utter,  pour  in,  for  I  would  take  them  all ! 


Then  I  woke  softly, 

And  pausing,  questioning  awhile  the  music  of  my  dream, 

And  questioning  all  those  reminiscences,  the  tempest  in  its  fury, 

And  all  the  songs  of  sopranos  and  tenors, 

And  those  rapt  oriental  dances  of  religious  fervor, 


PASSAGE  TO  INDIA.  315 

And  the  sweet  varied  instruments,  and  the  diapason  of  organs, 
And  all  the  artless  plaints  of  love  and  grief  and  death, 
I  said  to  my  silent  curious  soul  out  of  the  bed  of  the  slumber- 
chamber, 

Come,  for  I  have  found  the  clew  I  sought  so  long, 
Let  us  go  forth  refresh'd  amid  the  day, 
Cheerfully  tallying  life,  walking  the  world,  the  real, 
Nourish'd  henceforth  by  our  celestial  dream. 

And  I  said,  moreover, 

Haply  what  thou  hast  heard  O  soul  was  not  the  sound  of  winds, 

Nor  dream  of  raging  storm,  nor  sea-hawk's  flapping  wings  nor 

harsh  scream, 

Nor  vocalism  of  sun-bright  Italy, 
Nor  German  organ  majestic,  nor  vast  concourse  of  voices,  nor 

layers  of  harmonies, 
Nor  strophes   of  husbands   and  wives,  nor  sound   of  marching 

soldiers, 

Nor  flutes,  nor  harps,  nor  the  bugle-calls  of  camps, 
But  to  a  new  rhythmus  fitted  for  thee, 
Poems  bridging  the  way  from  Life  to  Death,  vaguely  wafted  in 

night  air,  uncaught,  unwritten, 
Which  let  us  go  forth  in  the  bold  day  and  write. 


PASSAGE  TO  INDIA. 


SINGING  my  days, 

Singing  the  great  achievements  of  the  present, 

Singing  the  strong  light  works  of  engineers, 

Our  modern  wonders,  (the  antique  ponderous  Seven  outvied,) 

In  the  Old  World  the  east  the  Suez  canal, 

The  New  by  its  mighty  railroad  spann'd, 

The  seas  inlaid  with  eloquent  gentle  wires ; 

Yet  first  to  sound,  and  'ever  sound,  the  cry  with  thee  O  soul, 

The  Past !  the  Past !  the  Past ! 

The  Past  —  the  dark  unfathom'd  retrospect ! 

The  teeming  gulf—  the  sleepers  and  the  shadows  ! 

The  past  —  the  infinite  greatness  of  the  past  ! 

For  what  is  the  present  after  all  but  a  growth  out  of  the  past  ? 


316  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

(As  a  projectile  form'd,  impell'd,  passing  a  certain  line,  still  keeps 


on, 


So  the  present,  utterly  form'd,  impell'd  by  the  past.) 


Passage  O  soul  to  India  ! 

Eclaircise  the  myths  Asiatic,  the  primitive  fables. 

Not  you  alone  proud  truths  of  the  world, 

Nor  you  alone  ye  facts  of  modern  science, 

But  myths  and  fables  of  eld,  Asia's,  Africa's  fables, 

The  far-darting  beams  of  the  spirit,  the  unloos'd  dreams, 

The  deep  diving  bibles  and  legends, 

The  daring  plots  of  the  poets,  the  elder  religions ; 

O  you  temples  fairer  than  lilies  pour'd  over  by  the  rising  sun  ! 

0  you  fables  spurning  the  known,  eluding  the  hold  of  the  known, 

mounting  to  heaven  ! 
You  lofty  and  dazzling  towers,  pinnacled,  red  as  roses,  burnish'd 

with  gold  ! 

Towers  of  fables  immortal  fashion'd  from  mortal  dreams  ! 
You  too  I  welcome  and  fully  the  same  as  the  rest ! 
You  too  with  joy  I  sing. 

Passage  to  India ! 

Lo,  soul,  seest  thou  not  God's  purpose  from  the  first  ? 

The  earth  to  be  spann'd,  connected  by  network, 

The  races,  neighbors,  to  marry  and  be  given  in  marriage, 

The  oceans  to  be  cross'd,  the  distant  brought  near, 

The  lands  to  be  welded  together. 

A  worship  new  I  sing, 

You  captains,  voyagers,  explorers,  yours, 

You  engineers,  you  architects,  machinists,  yours, 

You,  not  for  trade  or  transportation  only, 

But  in  God's  name,  and  for  thy  sake  O  soul. 

3 

Passage  to  India  ! 

Lo  soul  for  thee  of  tableaus  twain, 

1  see  in  one  the  Suez  canal  initiated,  open'd, 

I  see  the  procession  of  steamships,  the  Empress  Eugenie's  leading 

the  van, 
I  mark  from  on  deck  the  strange  landscape,  the  pure  sky,  the 

level  sand  in  the  distance, 

I  pass  swiftly  the  picturesque  groups,  the  workmen  gather'd, 
The  gigantic  dredging  machines. 


PASSAGE  TO  INDIA.  317 

In  one  again,  different,  (yet-  thine,  all  thine,  O  soul,  the  same,) 

I  see  over  my  own  continent  the  Pacific  railroad  surmounting 
every  barrier, 

I  see  continual  trains  of  cars  winding  along  the  Platte  carrying 
freight  and  passengers, 

I  hear  the  locomotives  rushing  and  roaring,  and  the  shrill  steam- 
whistle, 

I  hear  the  echoes  reverberate  through  the  grandest  scenery  in  the 
world, 

I  cross  the  Laramie  plains,  I  note  the  rocks  in  grotesque  shapes, 
the  buttes, 

I  see  the  plentiful  larkspur  and  wild  onions,  the  barren,  colorless, 
sage-deserts, 

I  see  in  glimpses  afar  or  towering  immediately  above  me  the 
great  mountains,  I  see  the  Wind  river  and  the  Wahsatch 
mountains, 

I  see  the  Monument  mountain  and  the  Eagle's  Nest,  I  pass  the 
Promontory,  I  ascend  the  Nevadas, 

I  scan  the  noble  Elk  mountain  and  wind  around  its  base, 

I  see  the  Humboldt  range,  I  thread  the  valley  and  cross  the  river, 

I  see  the  clear  waters  of  lake  Tahoe,  I  see  forests  of  majestic 
pines, 

Or  crossing  the  great  desert,  the  alkaline  plains,  I  behold  enchant 
ing  mirages  of  waters  and  meadows, 

Marking  through  these  and  after  all,  in  duplicate  slender  lines, 

Bridging  the  three  or  four  thousand  miles  of  land  travel, 

Tying  the  Eastern  to  the  Western  sea, 

The  road  between  Europe  and  Asia. 

(Ah  Genoese  thy  dream  !  thy  dream  ! 
Centuries  after  thou  art  laid  in  thy  grave, 
The  shore  thou  foundest  verifies  thy  dream.) 

4 
Passage  to  India ! 

Struggles  of  many  a  captain,  tales  of  many  a  sailor  dead, 
Over  my  mood  stealing  and  spreading  they  come, 
Like  clouds  and  cloudlets  in  the  unreach'd  sky. 

Along  all  history,  down  the  slopes, 

As  a  rivulet  running,  sinking  now,  and  now  again  to  the  surface 

rising, 
A  ceaseless  thought,  a  varied  train  —  lo,  soul,  to  thee,  thy  sight, 

they  rise, 
The  plans,  the  voyages  again,  the  expeditions ; 


318  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Again  Vasco  de  Gama  sails  forth, 
Again  the  knowledge  gain'd,  the  mariner's  compass, 
Lands  found  and  nations  born,  thou  born  America, 
For  purpose  vast,  man's  long  probation  fill'd, 
Thou  rondure  of  the  world  at  last  accomplish'd. 

5 

O  vast  Rondure,  swimming  in  space, 
Cover'd  all  over  with  visible  power  and  beauty, 
Alternate  light  and  day  and  the  teeming  spiritual  darkness, 
Unspeakable   high  processions  of  sun   and  moon  and  countless 

stars  above, 

Below,  the  manifold  grass  and  waters,  animals,  mountains,  trees, 
With  inscrutable  purpose,  some  hidden  prophetic  intention, 
Now  first  it  seems  my  thought  begins  to  span  thee. 

Down  from  the  gardens  of  Asia  descending  radiating, 

Adam  and  Eve  appear,  then  their  myriad  progeny  after  them, 

Wandering,  yearning,  curious,  with  restless  explorations, 

With   questionings,  baffled,  formless,  feverish,  with   never-happy 

hearts, 
With  that  sad  incessant  refrain,  Wherefore  unsatisfied  soul?  and 

IVtiither  O  mocking  life  ? 

Ah  who  shall  soothe  these  feverish  children  ? 

Who  justify  these  restless  explorations? 

Who  speak  the  secret  of  impassive  earth  ? 

Who  bind  it  to  us?  what  is  this  separate  Nature  so  unnatural? 

What  is  this  earth  to  our  affections?  (unloving  earth,  without  a 

throb  to  answer  ours, 
Cold  earth,  the  place  of  graves.) 

Yet  soul  be  sure  the  first  intent  remains,  and  shall  be  carried  out, 
Perhaps  even  now  the  time  'has  arrived. 

After  the  seas  are  all  cross'd,  (as  they  seem  already  cross'd,) 
After  the  great  captains   and   engineers  have  accomplish'd  their 

work, 
After  the  noble   inventors,  after  the   scientists,  the  chemist,  the 

geologist,  ethnologist, 

Finally  shall  come  the  poet  worthy  that  name, 
The  true  son  of  God  shall  come  singing  his  songs. 

Then  not  your  deeds  only  O  voyagers,  O  scientists  and  inventors, 
shall  be  justified, 


PASSAGE  TO  INDIA.  3!9 

All  these  hearts  as  of  fretted  children  shall  be  sooth'd, 

All  affection  shall  be  fully  responded  to,  the  secret  shall  be  told, 

All  these  separations  and  gaps  shall  be  taken  up  and  hook'd  and 

link'd  together, 
The  whole  earth,  this  cold,  impassive,  voiceless  earth,  shall  be 

completely  justified, 
Trinitas  divine  shall  be  gloriously  accomplish'd  and  compacted  by 

the  true  son  of  God,  the  poet, 

(He  shall  indeed  pass  the  straits  and  conquer  the  mountains, 
He  shall  double  the  cape  of  Good  Hope  to  some  purpose,) 
Nature  and  Man  shall  be  disjoin'd  and  diffused  no  more, 
The  true  son  of  God  shall  absolutely  fuse  them. 


Year  at  whose  wide-flung  door  I  sing  ! 

Year  of  the  purpose  accomplish'd  ! 

Year  of  the  marriage  of  continents,  climates  and  oceans  ! 

(No  mere  doge  of  Venice  now  wedding  the  Adriatic,) 

I  see  O  year  in  you  the  vast  terraqueous  globe  given  and  giving 

all, 

Europe  to  Asia,  Africa  join'd,  and  they  to  the  New  World, 
The  lands,  geographies,  dancing  before  you,  holding   a  festival 

garland, 
As  brides  and  bridegrooms  hand  in  hand. 

Passage  to  India  ! 

Cooling  airs  from  Caucasus  far,  soothing  cradle  of  man, 

The  river  Euphrates  flowing,  the  past  lit  up  again. 

Lo  soul,  the  retrospect  brought  forward, 
The  old,  most  populous,  wealthiest  of  earth's  lands, 
The  streams  of  the  Indus  and  the  Ganges  and  their  many  af 
fluents, 

(I  my  shores  of  America  walking  to-day  behold,  resuming  all,) 
The  tale  of  Alexander  on  his  warlike  marches  suddenly  dying, 
On  one  side  China  and  on  the  other  side  Persia  and  Arabia, 
To  the  south  the  great  seas  and  the  bay  of  Bengal, 
The  flowing  literatures,  tremendous  epics,  religions,  castes, 
Old  occult  Brahma  interminably  far  back,  the  tender  and  junior 

Buddha, 

Central  and  southern  empires  and  all  their  belongings,  possessors, 
The  wars  of  Tamerlane,  the  reign  of  Aurungzebe, 
The  traders,  rulers,  explorers,  Moslems,  Venetians,  Byzantium,  the 
Arabs,  Portuguese, 


320  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

The  first  travelers  famous  yet,  Marco  Polo,  Batouta  the  Moor, 
Doubts  to  be  solv'd,  the  map  incognita,  blanks  to  be  fill'd, 
The  foot  of  man  unstay'd,  the  hands  never  at  rest, 
Thyself  O  soul  that  will  not  brook  a  challenge. 

The  mediaeval  navigators  rise  before  me, 

The  world  of  1492,  with  its  awaken'd  enterprise, 

Something  swelling  in  humanity  now  like  the  sap  of  the  earth  in 

spring, 
The  sunset  splendor  of  chivalry  declining. 

And  who  art  thou  sad  shade  ? 

Gigantic,  visionary,  thyself  a  visionary, 

With  majestic  limbs  and  pious  beaming  eyes, 

Spreading  around  with  every  look  of  thine  a  golden  world, 

Enhuing  it  with  gorgeous  hues. 

As  the  chief  histrion, 

Down  to  the  footlights  walks  in  some  great  scena, 

Dominating  the  rest  I  see  the  Admiral  himself, 

(History's  type  of  courage,  action,  faith,) 

Behold  him  sail  from  Palos  leading  his  little  fleet, 

His  voyage  behold,  his  return,  his  great  fame, 

His  misfortunes,  calumniators,  behold  him  a  prisoner,  chain'd, 

Behold  his  dejection,  poverty,  death. 

(Curious  in  time  I  stand,  noting  the  efforts  of  heroes, 

Is  the  deferment  long  ?  bitter  the  slander,  poverty,  death  ? 

Lies  the  seed  unreck'd  for  centuries  in  the  ground?    lo,  to  God's 

due  occasion, 

Uprising  in  the  night,  it  sprouts,  blooms, 
And  fills  the  earth  with  use  and  beauty.) 


Passage  indeed  O  soul  to  primal  thought, 

Not  lands  and  seas  alone,  thy  own  clear  freshness, 

The  young  maturity  of  brood  and  bloom, 

To  realms  of  budding  bibles. 

O  soul,  repressless,  I  with  thee  and  thou  with  me, 

Thy  circumnavigation  of  the  world  begin, 

Of  man,  the  voyage  of  his  mind's  return, 

To  reason's  early  paradise, 

Back,  back  to  wisdom's  birth,  to  innocent  intuitions, 

Again  with  fair  creation. 


PASSAGE  TO  INDIA. 


O  we  can  wait  no  longer, 

We  too  take  ship  O  soul, 

Joyous  we  too  launch  out  on  trackless  seas, 

Fearless  for  unknown  shores  on  waves  of  ecstasy  to  sail, 

Amid  the  wafting  winds,  (thou  pressing  me  to  thee,  I  thee  to  me, 

O  soul,) 

Caroling  free,  singing  our  song  of  God, 
Chanting  our  chant  of  pleasant  exploration. 

With  laugh  and  many  a  kiss, 

(Let  others  deprecate,  let  others  weep  for  sin,  remorse,  humilia 
tion,) 
O  soul  thou  pleasest  me,  I  thee. 

Ah  more  than  any  priest  O  soul  we  too  believe  in  God, 
But  with  the  mystery  of  God  we  dare  not  dally. 

0  soul  thou  pleasest  me,  I  thee, 

Sailing  these  seas  or  on  the  hills,  or  waking  in  the  night, 
Thoughts,  silent  thoughts,  of  Time  and  Space  and  Death,  like 

waters  flowing, 

Bear  me  indeed  as  through  the  regions  infinite, 
Whose  air  I  breathe,  whose  ripples  hear,  lave  me  all  over, 
Bathe  me  O  God  in  thee,  mounting  to  thee, 

1  and  my  soul  to  range  in  range  of  thee. 

0  Thou  transcendent, 
Nameless,  the  fibre  and  the  breath, 

Light  of  the  light,  shedding  forth  universes,  thou  centre  of  them, 
Thou  mightier  centre  of  the  true,  the  good,  the  loving, 
Thou  moral,  spiritual  fountain  —  affection's  source  —  thou  reser 
voir, 

(O  pensive  soul  of  me  —  O  thirst  unsatisfied  —  waitest  not  there  ? 
Waitest  not  haply  for  us  somewhere  there  the  Comrade  perfect  ?) 
Thou  pulse  —  thou  motive  of  the  stars,  suns,  systems, 
That,  circling,  move  in  order,  safe,  harmonious, 
Athwart  the  shapeless  vastnesses  of  space, 

How  should  I  think,  how  breathe  a  single  breath,  how  speak,  if, 
out  of  myself, 

1  could  not  launch,  to  those,  superior  universes? 

Swiftly  I  shrivel  at  the  thought  of  God, 

At  Nature  and  its  wonders,  Time  and  Space  and  Death, 

But  that  I,  turning,  call  to  thee  O  soul,  thou  actual  Me, 


322  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 

And  lo,  thou  gently  masterest  the  orbs, 
Thou  matest  Time,  smilest  content  at  Death, 
And  fillest,  swellest  full  the  vastnesses  of  Space. 

Greater  than  stars  or  suns, 

Bounding  O  soul  thou  journeyest  forth ; 

What  love  than  thine  and  ours  could  wider  amplify  ? 

What  aspirations,  wishes,  outvie  thine  and  ours  O  soul  ? 

What   dreams   of  the   ideal?  what   plans   of  purity,   perfection, 

strength  ? 

What  cheerful  willingness  for  others'  sake  to  give  up  all  ? 
For  others'  sake  to  suffer  all  ? 

Reckoning  ahead  O  soul,  when  thou,  the  time  achiev'd, 
The  seas  all  cross'd,  weather'd  the  capes,  the  voyage  done, 
Surrounded,  copest,  frontest  God,  yieldest,  the  aim  attain'd, 
As  fill'd  with  friendship,  love  complete,  the  Elder  Brother  found, 
The  Younger  melts  in  fondness  in  his  arms. 

9 

Passage  to  more  than  India  ! 
Are  thy  wings  plumed  indeed  for  such  far  flights? 
O  soul,  voyagest  thou  indeed  on  voyages  like  those? 
Disportest  thou  on  waters  such  as  those  ? 
Soundest  below  the  Sanscrit  and  the  Vedas  ? 
'  Then  have  thy  bent  unleash' d. 

Passage  to  you,  your  shores,  ye  aged  fierce  enigmas  ! 
Passage  to  you,  to  mastership  of  you,  ye  strangling  problems  ! 
You,   strew'd   with   the   wrecks   of  skeletons,  that,  living,  never 
reach'd  you. 

Passage  to  more  than  India  ! 

O  secret  of  the  earth  and  sky  ! 

Of  you  O  waters  of  the  sea  !  O  winding  creeks  and  rivers  ! 

Of  you  O  woods  and  fields  I  of  you  strong  mountains  of  my  land  ! 

Of  you  O  prairies  !  of  you  gray  rocks  ! 

O  morning  red  3  O  clouds  !  O  rain  and  snows  ! 

O  day  and  night,  passage  to  you  ! 

O  sun  and  moon  and  all  you  stars  !  Sirius  and  Jupiter ! 
Passage  to  you  ! 

Passage,  immediate  passage  !  the  blood  burns  in  my  veins  ! 
Away  O  soul !  hoist  instantly  the  anchor  ! 


PRAYER  OF  COLUMBUS.  323 


Cut  the  hawsers  —  haul  out  —  shake  out  every  sail ! 

Have  we  not  stood  here  like  trees  in  the  ground  long  enough  ? 

Have  we  not  grovel'd  here  long  enough,  eating  and  drinking  like 

mere  brutes  ? 
Have  we  not  darken'd  and  dazed  ourselves  with  books  long  enough  ? 

Sail  forth  —  steer  for  the  deep  waters  only, 
Reckless  O  soul,  exploring,  I  with  thee,  and  thou  with  me, 
For  we  are  bound  where  mariner  has  not  yet  dared  to  go, 
And  we  will  risk  the  ship,  ourselves  and  all. 

O  my  brave  soul ! 

O  farther  farther  sail  3 

O  daring  joy,  but  safe  !  are  they  not  all  the  seas  of  God? 

O  farther,  farther,  farther  sail  1 


PRAYER  OF  COLUMBUS. 

A  BATTER'D,  wreck'd  old  man, 

Thrown  on  this  savage  shore,  far,  far  from  home, 

Pent  by  the  sea  and  dark  rebellious  brows,  twelve  dreary  months, 

Sore,  stiff  with  many  toils,  sicken'd  and  nigh  to  death, 

I  take  my  way  along  the  island's  edge, 

Venting  a  heavy  heart, 

I  am  too  full  of  woe  ! 

Haply  I  may  not  live  another  day ; 

I  cannot  rest  O  God,  I  cannot  eat  or  drink  or  sleep, 

Till  I  put  forth  myself,  my  prayer,  once  more  to  Thee, 

Breathe,  bathe  myself  once  more  in  Thee,  commune  with  Thee, 

Report  myself  once  more  to  Thee, 

Thou  knowest  my  years  entire,  my  life, 

My  long  and  crowded  life  of  active  work,  not  adoration  merely ; 

Thou  knowest  the  prayers  and  vigils  of  my  youth, 

Thou  knowest  my  manhood's  solemn  and  visionary  meditations, 

Thou  knowest  how  before  I  commenced  I  devoted  all  to  come  to 

Thee, 
Thou  knowest  I  have  in  age  ratified  all  those  vows  and  strictly 

kept  them, 
Thou  knowest  I  have  not  once  lost  nor  faith  nor  ecstasy  in  Thee, 


324  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 

In  shackles,  prison'd,  in  disgrace,  repining  not, 
Accepting  all  from  Thee,  as  duly  come  from  Thee. 

All  my  emprises  have  been  fill'd  with  Thee, 

My  speculations,  plans,  begun  and  carried  on  in  thoughts  of  Thee,s 

Sailing  the  deep  or  journeying  the  land  for  Thee  ; 

Intentions,  purports,  aspirations  mine,  leaving  results  to  Thee. 

0  I  am  sure  they  really  came  from  Thee, 
The  urge,  the  ardor,  the  unconquerable  will, 

The  potent,  fe^t,  interior  command,  stronger  than  words, 

A  message  from  the  Heavens  whispering  to  me  even  in  sleep, 

These  sped  me  on. 

By  me  and  these  the  work  so  far  accomplish'd, 

By  me  earth's  elder  cloy'd  and  stifled  lands  uncloy'd,  unloos'd, 

By  me  the  hemispheres  rounded  and  tied,  the  unknown  to  the  known. 

The  end  I  know  not,  it  is  all  in  Thee, 

Or  small  or  great  I  know  not  —  haply  what  broad  fields,  what  lands, 
Haply  the  brutish  measureless  human  undergrowth  I  know, 
Transplanted  there  may  rise  to  stature,  knowledge  worthy  Thee, 
Haply  the  swords  I  know  may  there  indeed  be  turn'd  to  reaping- 

tools, 
Haply  the  lifeless  cross  I  know,  Europe's  dead  cross,  may  bud  and 

blossom  there. 

One  effort  more,  my  altar  this  bleak  sand ; 

That  Thou  O  God  my  life  hast  lighted, 

With  ray  of  light,  steady,  ineffable,  vouchsafed  of  Thee, 

Light  rare  untellable,  lighting  the  very  light, 

Beyond  all  signs,  descriptions,  languages  ; 

For  that  O  God,  -be  it  my  latest  word,  here  on  my  knees, 

Old,  poor,  and  paralyzed,  I  thank  Thee. 

My  terminus  near, 

The  clouds  already  closing  in  upon  me, 

The  voyage  balk'd,  the  course  disputed,  lost, 

1  yield  my  ships  to  Thee. 

My  h*nds,  my  limbs  grow  nerveless, 

My  brain  feels  rack'd,  bewilder'd, 

Let  the  old  timbers  part,  I  will  not  part, 

I  will  cling  fast  to  Thee,  O  God,  though  the  waves  buffet  me, 

Thee,  Thee  at  least  I  know. 


THE  SLEEPERS.  3-5 

Is  it  the  prophet's  thought  I  speak,  or  am  I  raving  ? 
What  do  I  know  of  life  ?  what  of  myself  ? 
I  know  not  even  my  own  work  past  or  present, 
Dim  ever-shifting  guesses  of  it  spread  before  me, 
Of  newer  better  worlds,  their  mighty  parturition, 
Mocking,  perplexing  me. 

And  these  things  I  see  suddenly,  what  mean  they? 
As  if  some  miracle,  some  hand  divine  unseal'd  my  eyes, 
Shadowy  vast  shapes  smile  through  the  air  and  sky, 
And  on  the  distant  waves  sail  countless  ships, 
And  anthems  in  new  tongues  I  hear  saluting  me. 


THE  SLEEPERS. 


I  WANDER  all  night  in  my  vision, 

Stepping  with  light  feet,  swiftly  and  noiselessly  stepping  and 
stopping, 

Bending  with  open  eyes  over  the  shut  eyes  of  sleepers, 

Wandering  and  confused,  lost  to  myself,  ill-assorted,  contradic 
tory, 

Pausing,  gazing,  bending,  and  stopping. 

How  solemn  they  look  there,  stretch'd  and  still, 

How  quiet  they  breathe,  the  little  children  in  their  cradles. 

The  wretched  features  of  ennuye's,  the  white  features  of  corpses, 
the  livid  faces  of  drunkards,  the  sick-gray  faces  of  onanists, 

The  gash'd  bodies  on  battle-fields,  the  insane  in  their  strong-door'd 
rooms,  the  sacred  idiots,  the  new-born  emerging  from 
gates,  and  the  dying  emerging  from  gates, 

The  night  pervades  them  and  infolds  them. 

The  married  couple  sleep  calmly  in  their  bed,  he  with  his  palm  on 
the  hip  of  the  wife,  and  she  with  her  palm  on  the  hip  of 
the  husband, 

The  sisters  sleep  lovingly  side  by  side  in  their  bed, 

The  men  sleep  lovingly  side  by  side  in  theirs, 

And  the  mother  sleeps  with  her  little  child  carefully  wrapt. 


326  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

The  blind  sleep,  and  the  deaf  and  dumb  sleep, 
The  prisoner  sleeps  well  in  the  prison,  the  runaway  son  sleeps, 
The  murderer  that  is  to  be  hung  next  day,  how  does  he  sleep  ? 
And  the  murder'd  person,  how  does  he  sleep? 

The  female  that  loves  unrequited  s-leeps, 

And  the  male  that  loves  unrequited  sleeps, 

The  head  of  the  money-maker  that  plotted  all  day  sleeps, 

And  the  enraged  and  treacherous  dispositions,  all,  all  sleep. 

I  stand  in  the  dark  with  drooping  eyes  by  the  worst- suffering  and 

the  most  restless, 

I  pass  my  hands  soothingly  to  and  fro  a  few  inches  from  them, 
The  restless  sink  in  their  beds,  they  fitfully  sleep. 

Now  I  pierce  the  darkness,  new  beings  appear, 
The  earth  recedes  from  me  into  the  night, 

I  saw  that  it  was  beautiful,  and  I  see  that  what  is  not  the  earth  is 
beautiful. 

I  go  from  bedside  to  bedside,  I  sleep  close  with  the  other  sleepers 

each  in  turn, 

I  dream  in  my  dream  all  the  dreams  of  the  other  dreamers, 
And  I  become  the  other  dreamers. 

I  am  a  dance  —  play  up  there  !  the  fit  is  whirling  me  fast ! 

I  am  the  ever-laughing  —  it  is  new  moon  and  twilight, 

I  see  the  hiding  of  douceurs,  I  see  nimble  ghosts  whichever  way 

I  look, 
Cache  and  cache  again  deep  in  the  ground  and  sea,  and  where  it 

is  neither  ground  nor  sea. 

Well  do  they  do  their  jobs  those  journeymen  divine, 

OnTy  from  me  can  they  hide  nothing,  and  would  not  if  they  could, 

I  reckon  I  am  their  boss  and  they  make  me  a  pet  besides, 

And  surround  me  and  lead  me  and  run  ahead  when  I  walk, 

To  lift  their  cunning  covers  to  signify  me  with  stretch'd  arms,  and 

resume  the  way  ; 
Onward  we  move,  a  gay  gang  of  blackguards  !  with  mirth-shouting 

music  and  wild-flapping  pennants  of  joy  ! 

I  am  the  actor,  the  actress,  the  voter,  the  politician, 
The  emigrant  and  the  exile,  the  criminal  that  stood  in  the  box, 
He  who  has  been  famous  and  he  who  shall  be  famous  after  to-day, 
The   stammerer,   the  well-form'd  person,  the   wasted  or  feeble 
person. 


THE  SLEEPERS.  327 

I  am  she  who  adorn'd  herself  and  folded  her  hair  expectantly, 
My  truant  lover  has  come,  and  it  is  dark. 

Double  yourself  and  receive  me  darkness, 

Receive  me  and  my  lover  too,  he  will  not  let  me  go  without 
him. 

I  roll  myself  upon  you  as  upon  a  bed,  I  resign  myself  to  the  dusk. 

He  whom  I  call  answers  me  and  takes  the  place  of  my  lover, 
He  rises  with  me  silently  from  the  bed. 

Darkness,  .you  are  gentler  than  my  lover,  his  fjesh  was  sweaty  and 

panting, 
I  feel  the  hot  moisture  yet  that  he  left  me. 

My  hands  are  spread  forth,  I  pass  them  in  all  directions, 

I  would  sound  up  the  shadowy  shore  to  which  you  are  journeying. 

Be  careful  darkness  !  already  what  was  it  touch'd  me? 

I  thought  my  lover  had  gone,  else  darkness  and  he  are  one, 

I  hear  the  heart-beat,  I  follow,  I  fade  away. 


I  descend  my  western  course,  my  sinews  are  flaccid, 
Perfume  and  youth  course  through  me  and  I  am  their  wake. 

It  is  my  face  yellow  and  wrinkled  instead  of  the  old  woman's, 
I  sit  low  in  a  straw-bottom  chair  and  carefully  darn  my  grandson's 
stockings. 

It  is  I  too,  the  sleepless  widow  looking  out  on  the  winter  "mid 
night, 
I  see  the  sparkles  of  starshine  on  the  icy  and  pallid  earth. 

A  shroud  I  see  and  I  am  the  shroud,  I  wrap  a  body  and  lie  in  the 

coffin, 
It  is  dark  here  under  ground,  it  is  not  evil  or  pain  here,  it  is  blank 

here,  for  reasons. 

(It  seems  to  me  that  every  thing  in  the  light  and  air  ought  to  be 

happy, 
Whoever  is  not  in  his  coffin  and  the  dark  grave  let  him  know  he 

has  enough.) 


328  LEASES  OF  GRASS. 

3 

I  see  a  beautiful  gigantic  swimmer  swimming  naked  through  the 
eddies  of  the  sea, 

His  brown  hair  lies  close  and  even  to  his  head,  he  strikes  out  with 
courageous  arms,  he  urges  himself  with  his  legs, 

I  see  his  white  body,  I  see  his  undaunted  eyes, 

I  hate  the  swift-running  eddies  that  would  dash  him  head-fore 
most  on  the  rocks. 

What  are  you  doing  you  ruffianly  red-trickled  waves  ? 
Will  you  kill  the  courageous  giant?  will  you  kill  him  in  the  prime 
of  his  middle  age? 

Steady  and  long  he  struggles, 

He  is  baffled,  bang'd,  bruis'd,  he  holds  out  while  his  strength  holds 

out, 
The  slapping  eddies  are  spotted  with  his  blood,  they  bear  him 

away,  they  roll  him,  swing  him,  turn  him, 
His  beautiful  body  is  borne  in  the  circling  eddies,  it  is  continually 

bruis'd  on  rocks, 
Swiftly  and  out  of  sight  is  borne  the  brave  corpse. 

4 

I  turn  but  do  not  extricate  myself, 

Confused,  a  past-reading,  another,  but  with  darkness  yet. 

The  beach  is  cut  by  the  razory  ice-wind,  the  wreck-guns  sound, 
The  tempest  lulls,  the  moon  comes  floundering  through  the  drifts. 

I  look  where  the  ship  helplessly  heads  end  on,  I  hear  the  burst  as 
she  strikes,  I  hear  the  howls  of  dismay,  they  grow  fainter 
and  fainter. 

I  cannot  aid  with  my  wringing  fingers, 

I  can  but  rush  to  the  surf  and  let  it  drench  me  and  freeze 
upon  me. 

I  search  with  the  crowd,  not  one  of  the  company  is  wash'd  to  us 

alive, 
In  the  morning  I  help  pick  up  the  dead  and  lay  them  in  rows  in 

a  barn. 

S 

Now  of  the  older  war-days,  the  defeat  at  Brooklyn, 
Washington  stands  inside  the  lines,  he  stands  on  the  intrench'd 

hills  amid  a  crowd  of  officers, 


THE  SLEEPERS.  329 

His  face  is  cold  and  damp,  he  cannot  repress  the  weeping  drops, 
He  lifts  the  glass  perpetually  to  his  eyes,  the  color  is  blanch'd  from 

his  cheeks, 
He  sees  the  slaughter  of  the  southern  braves  confided  to  him  by 

their  parents. 

The  same  at  last  and  at  last  when  peace  is  declared, 

He  stands  in  the  room  of  the  old  tavern,  the  well-belov'd  soldiers 

all  pass  through, 

The  officers  speechless  and  slow  draw  near  in  their  turns, 
The  chief  encircles  their  necks  with  his  arm  and  kisses  them  on 

the  cheek, 

He   kisses   lightly  the  wet  cheeks  one  after  another,  he  shakes 
hands  and  bids  good-by  to  the  army. 

6 

Now  what   my  mother  told   me  one   day  as   we   sat   at   dinner 

together, 
Of  when  she  was  a  nearly  grown  girl  living  home  with  her  parents 

on  the  old  homestead. 

A  red  squaw  came  one  breakfast-time  to  the  old  homestead, 

On  her  back  she  carried  a  bundle  of  rushes  for  rush-bottoming 

chairs, 
Her  hair,  straight,  shiny,  coarse,  black,  profuse,  half-envelop'd  her 

face, 
Her  step  was  free  and  elastic,  and  her  voice  sounded  exquisitely 

as  she  spoke. 

My  mother  look'd  in  delight  and  amazement  at  the  stranger, 

She   look'd  at  the  freshness  of  her  tall-borne  face  and  full  and 

pliant  limbs, 

The  more  she  look'd  upon  her  she  loved  her, 
Never  before  had  she  seen  such  wonderful  beauty  and  purity, 
She  made  her  sit  on  a  bench  by  the  jamb  of  the  fireplace,  she 

cook'd  food  for  her, 
She  had  no  work  to  give  her,  but  she  gave  her  remembrance  and 

fondness. 

Tlje  red  squaw  staid  all  the  forenoon,  and  toward  the  middle  of 

the  afternoon  she  went  away, 
O  my  mother  was  loth  to  have  her  go  away, 
All  the  week  she  thought   of  her,  she  watch'd  for  her  many  a 

month, 

She  remember'd  her  many  a  winter  and  many  a  summer, 
But  the  red  squaw  never  came  nor  was  heard  of  there  again. 


33O  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


A  show  of  the  summer  softness  —  a  contact  of  something  unseen 

—  an  amour  of  the  light  and  air, 
I  am  jealous  and  overwhelm'd  with  friendliness, 
And  will  go  gallivant  with  the  light  and  air  myself. 

0  love  and  summer,  you  are  in  the  dreams  and  in  me, 

Autumn  and  winter  are  in  the  dreams,  the  farmer  goes  with  his 

thrift, 
The  droves  and  crops  increase,  the  barns  are  well-fill'd. 

Elements  merge  in  the  night,  ships  make  tacks  in  the  dreams, 

The  sailor  sails,  the  exile  returns  home, 

The  fugitive  returns  unharm'd,  the  immigrant  is  back  beyond 
months  and  years, 

The  poor  Irishman  lives  in  the  simple  house  of  his  childhood 
with  the  well-known  neighbors  and  faces, 

They  warmly  welcome  him,  he  is  barefoot  again,  he  forgets  he  is 
well  off, 

The  Dutchman  voyages  home,  and  the  Scotchman  and  Welshman 
voyage  home,  and  the  native  of  the  Mediterranean  voy 
ages  home, 

To  every  port  of  England,  France,  Spain,  enter  well-fill'd  ships, 

The  Swiss  foots  it  toward  his  hills,  the  Prussian  goes  his  way,  the 
Hungarian  his  way,  and  the  Pole  his  way, 

The  Swede  returns,  and  the  Dane  and  Norwegian  return. 

The  homeward  bound  and  the  outward  bound, 

The  beautiful  lost  swimmer,  the  ennuy£,  the  onanist,  the  female 
that  loves  unrequited,  the  money-maker, 

The  actor  and  actress,  those  through  with  their  parts  and  those 
waiting  to  commence, 

The  affectionate  boy,  the  husband  and  wife,  the  voter,  the  nominee 
that  is  chosen  and  the  nominee  that  has  fail'd, 

The  great  already  known  and  the  great  any  time  after  to-day, 

The  stammerer,  the  sick,  the  perfect-form 'd,  the  homely, 

The  criminal  that  stood  in  the  box,  the  judge  that  sat  and  sen 
tenced  him,  the  fluent  lawyers,  the  jury,  the  audience, 

The  laugher  and  weeper,  the  dancer,  the  midnight  widow,  the  red 
squaw, 

The  consumptive,  the  erysipalite>  the  idiot,  he  that  is  wrong'd, 

The  antipodes,  and  every  one  between  this  and  them  in  the  dark, 

1  swear  they  are  averaged  now  —  one  is  no  better  than  the  other, 
The  night  and  sleep  have  liken'd  them  and  restored  them. 


THE  SLEEPERS.  331 

I  swear  they  are  all  beautiful, 

Every  one  that  sleeps  is  beautiful,  every  thing  in  the  dim  light  is 

beautiful,  * 

The  wildest  and  bloodiest  is  over,  and  all  is  peace. 

Peace  is  always  beautiful, 

The  myth  of  heaven  indicates  peace  and  night. 

The  myth  of  heaven  indicates  the  soul, 

The  soul  is  always  beautiful,  it  appears  more  or  it  appears  less,  it 

comes  or  it  lags  behind, 
It   comes  from   its  embower'd   garden   and   looks  pleasantly  on 

itself  and  encloses  the  world, 
Perfect  and  clean  the  genitals  previously,  jetting,  and  perfect  and 

clean  the  womb  cohering, 
The  head  well-grown  proportion'd  and  plumb,  and  the  bowels  and 

joints  proportion'd  and  plumb. 

The  soul  is  always  beautiful, 

The  universe  is  duly  in  order,  every  thing  is  in  its  place, 

What  has  arrived  is  in  its  place  and  what  waits  shall  be  in  its  place, 

The  twisted  skull  waits,  the  watery  or  rotten  blood  waits, 

The  child  of  the  glutton  or  venerealee  waits  long,  and  the  child 

of  the  drunkard  waits  long,  and  the  drunkard  himself  waits 

long, 
The  sleepers  that  lived  and  died  wait,  the  far  advanced  are  to  go 

on  in  their  turns,  and  the  far  behind  are  to  come  on  in 

their  turns, 
The  diverse  shall  be  no  less  diverse,  but  they  shall  flow  and  unite 

—  they  unite  now. 


The  sleepers  are  very  beautiful  as  they  lie  unclothed, 

They  flow  hand  in  hand  over  the  whole  earth  from  east  to  west  as 
they  lie  unclothed, 

The  Asiatic  and  African  are  hand  in  hand,  the  European  and 
American  are  hand  in  hand, 

Learn'd  and  unlearn'd  are  hand  in  hand,  and  male  and  female  are 
hand  in  hand, 

The  bare  arm  of  the  girl  crosses  the  bare  breast  of  her  lover,  they 
press  close  without  lust,  his  lips  press  her  neck, 

The  father  holds  his  grown  or  ungrown  son  in  his  arms  with  meas 
ureless  love,  and  the  son  holds  the  father  in  his  arms  with 
measureless  love, 


332  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


The  white  hair  of  the  mother  shines  on  the  white  wrist  of  the 

daughter, 
The  breath  of  the  boy  goes  with  the  breath  of  the  man,  friend  is 

inarm'd  by  friend, 
The  scholar  kisses  the  teacher  and  the  teacher  kisses  the  scholar, 

the  wrong'd  is  made  right, 
The  call  of  the  slave  is  one  with  the  master's  call,  and  the  master 

salutes  the  slave, 
The  felon  steps  forth  from  the  prison,  the  insane  becomes  sane, 

the  suffering  of  sick  persons  is  reliev'd, 
The  sweatings  and  fevers  stop,  the  throat  that  was  unsound  is 

sound,  the  lungs  of  the  consumptive  are  resumed,  the  poor 

distress'd  head  is  free, 
The  joints   of  the   rheumatic   move   as   smoothly   as   ever,  and 

smoother  than  ever, 

Stiflings  and  passages  open,  the  paralyzed  become  supple, 
The  swell'd  and  convuls'd  and  congested  awake  to  themselves  in 

condition, 
They  pass  the  invigoration  of  the  night  and  the  chemistry  of  the 

night,  and  awake. 

I  too  pass  from  the  night, 

I  stay  a  while  away  O  night,  but  I  return  to  you  again  and  love  you. 

Why  should  I  be  afraid  to  trust  myself  to  you? 

I  am  not  afraid,  I  have  been  well  brought  forward  by  you, 

I  love  the  rich  running  day,  but  I  do  not  desert  her  in  whom  I  lay 

so  long, 
I  know  not  how  I  came  of  you  and  I  know  not  where  I  go  with 

you,  but  I  know  I  came  well  and  shall  go  well. 

I  will  stop  only  a  time  with  the  night,  and  rise  betimes, 

I  will  duly  pass  the  day  O  my  mother,  and  duly  return  to  you. 


TRANSPOSITIONS. 

LET  the  reformers  descend  from  the  stands  where  they  are  forever 
bawling  —  let  an  idiot  or  insane  person  appear  on  each  of 
the  stands ; 

Let  judges  and  criminals  be  transposed  —  let  the  prison-keepers  be 
put  in  prison  —  let  those  that  were  prisoners  take  the  keys ; 

Let  them  that  distrust  birth  and  death  lead  the  rest. 


To  THINK  OF  TIME.  333 


TO  THINK  OF  TIME. 


To  think  of  time  —  of  all  that  retrospection, 

To  think  of  to-day,  and  the  ages  continued  henceforward. 

Have  you  guess'd  you  yourself  would  not  continue? 

Have  you  dreaded  these  earth-beetles  ? 

Have  you  fear'd  the  future  would  be  nothing  to  you  ? 

Is  to-day  nothing?  is  the  beginningless  past  nothing? 
If  the  future  is  nothing  they  are  just  as  surely  nothing. 

To  think  that  the  sun  rose  in  the  east  —  that  men  and  women 

were  flexible,  real,  alive  —  that  every  thing  was  alive, 
To  think  that  you  and  I  did  not  see,  feel,  think,  nor  bear  our  part, 
To  think  that  we  are  now  here  and  bear  our  part. 

2 

Not  a  day  passes,  not  a  minute  or  second  without  an  accouche 
ment, 
Not  a  day  passes,  not  a  minute  or  second  without  a  corpse. 

The  dull  nights  go  over  and  the  dull  days  also, 

The  soreness  of  lying  so  much  in  bed  goes  over, 

The  physician  after  long  putting  off  gives  the  silent  and  terrible 

look  for  an  answer, 
The  children  come  hurried  and  weeping,  and  the  brothers  and 

sisters  are  sent  for, 
Medicines  stand  unused  on  the  shelf,  (the  camphor-smell  has  long 

pervaded  the  rooms,) 
The  faithful  hand  of  the  living  does  not  desert  the  hand  of  the 

dying, 

The  twitching  lips  press  lightly  on  the  forehead  of  the  dying, 
The 'breath  ceases  and  the  pulse  of  the  heart  ceases, 
The  corpse  stretches  on  the  bed  and  the  living  look  upon  it, 
It  is  palpable  as  the  living  are  palpable. 

The  living  look  upon  the  corpse  with  their  eyesight, 
But  without  eyesight  lingers  a  different  living  and  looks  curiously 
on  the  corpse. 

3 

To  think  the  thought  of  death  merged  in  the  thought  of  materials, 
To  think  of  all  these  wonders  of  city  and  country,  and  others  taking 
great  interest  in  them,  and  we  taking  no  interest  in  them. 


334  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

To  think  how  eager  we  are  in  building  our  houses, 

To  think  others  shall  be  just  as  eager,  and  we  quite  indifferent. 

(I  see  one  building  the  house  that  serves  him  a  fe\v  years,  or 

seventy  or  eighty  years  at  most, 
I  see  one  building  the  house  that  serves  him  longer  than  that.) 

Slow-moving  and  black  lines  creep  over  the  whole  earth  —  they 

never  cease  —  they  are  the  burial  lines, 
He  that  was  President  was  buried,  and  he  that  is  now  President 

shall  surely  be  buried, 

4 

A  reminiscence  of  the  vulgar  fate, 
A  frequent  sample  of  the  life  and  death  of  workmen, 
Each  after  his  kind. 

Cold  dash  of  waves  at  the  ferry-wharf,  posh  and  ice  in  the  river, 

half-frozen  mud  in  the  streets, 
A   gray   discouraged   sky   overhead,    the   short   last   daylight   of 

December, 
A  hearse  and  stages,  the  funeral  of  an  old  Broadway  stage-driver, 

the  cortege  mostly  drivers. 

Steady  the  trot  to  the  cemetery,  duly  rattles  the  death-bell, 

The  gate  is  pass'd,  the  new-dug  grave  is  halted  at,  the  living  alight, 

the  hearse  uncloses, 
The  coffin  is  pass'd  out,  lower'd  and  settled,  the  whip  is  laid  on 

the  coffin,  the  earth  is  swiftly  shovePd  in, 
The  mound  above  is  flatted  with  the  spades  —  silence, 
A  minute  —  no  one  moves  or  speaks  —  it  is  done, 
He  is  decently  put  away  —  is  there  any  thing  more  ? 

He  was  a  good  fellow,  free-mouth'd,  quick-temper'd,  not  bad- 
looking, 

Ready  with  life  or  death  for  a  friend,  fond  of  women,  gambled, 
ate  hearty,  drank  hearty, 

Had  known  what  it  was  to  be  flush,  grew  low-spirited  toward  the 
last,  sicken'd,  was  help'd  by  a  contribution, 

Died,  aged  forty-one  years  —  and  that  was  his  funeral. 

Thumb  extended,  finger  uplifted,  apron,  cape,  gloves,  strap,  wet- 
weather  clothes,  whip  carefully  chosen, 

Boss,  spotter,  starter,  hostler,  somebody  loafing  on  you,  you  loafing 
on  somebody,  headway,  man  before  and  man  behind, 

Good  day's  work,  bad  day's  work,  pet  stock,  mean  stock,  first  out, 
last  out,  turning-in  at  night, 


To  THINK  OF  TIME.  335 

To  think  that  these  are  so  much  and  so  nigh  to  other  drivers,  and 
he  there  takes  no  interest  in  them. 

5 
The  markets,  the  government,  the  working-man's  wages,  to  think 

what  account  they  are  through  our  nights  and  days, 
To  think  that  other  working-men  will  make  just  as  great  account 

of  them,  yet  we  make  little  or  no  account. 

The  vulgar  and  the  refined,  what  you  call  sin  and  what  you  call 

goodness,  to  think  how  wide  a  difference, 
To  think  the  difference  will  still  continue  to  others,  yet  we  lie 

beyond  the  difference. 

To  think  how  much  pleasure  there  is, 

Do  you  enjoy  yourself  in  the  city?  or  engaged  in  business?  or 

planning  a  nomination  and  election  ?  or  with  your  wife  and 

family  ? 
Or  with  your  mother  and  sisters  ?  or  in  womanly  housework  ?  or 

the  beautiful  maternal  cares? 

These  also  flow  onward  to  others,  you  and  I  flow  onward, 
But  in  due  time  you  and  I  shall  take  less  interest  in  them. 

Your  farm,  profits,  crops  —  to  think  how  engross'd  you  are, 
To  think  there  will  still  be  farms,  profits,   crops,  yet  for  you  of 
what  avail? 

6 

What  will  be  will  be  well,  for  what  is  is  well, 

To  take  interest  is  well,  and  not  to  take  interest  shall  be  well. 

The  domestic  joys,  the  daily  housework  or  business,  the  building 

of  houses,  are   not   phantasms,  they   have   weight, .  form, 

location, 
Farms,  profits,  crops,  markets,  wages,  government,  are  none  of 

them  phantasms, 

The  difference  between  sin  and  goodness  is  no  delusion, 
The  earth  is  not  an  echo,  man  and  his  life  and  all  the  things  of 

his  life  are  well-consider'd. 

You  are  not  thrown  to  the  winds,  you  gather  certainly  and  safely 

around  yourself, 
Yourself!  yourself!  yourself,  for  ever  and  ever ! 

7 

It  is  not  to  diffuse  you  that  you  were  born  of  your  mother  and 
father,  it  is  to  identify  you, 


336  LEAI-ES  OF  GRASS. 


It  is  not  that  you  should  be  undecided,  but  that  you  should  be 

decided, 

Something  long  preparing  and  formless  is  arrived  and  form'd  in  you, 
You  are  henceforth  secure,  whatever  comes  or  goes. 

The  threads  that  were  spun  are  gather'd,  the  weft  crosses  the  warp, 
the  pattern  is  systematic. 

The  preparations  have  every  one  been  justified, 
The  orchestra  have  sufficiently  tuned  their  instruments,  the  baton 
has  given  the  signal. 

The  guest  that  was  coming,  he  waited  long,  he  is  now  housed, 
He  is  one  of  those  who  are  beautiful  and  happy,  he  is  one  of  those 
that  to  look  upon  and  be  with  is  enough. 

The  law  of  the  past  cannot  be  eluded, 
The  law  of  the  present  and  future  cannot  be  eluded, 
The  law  of  the  living  cannot  be  eluded,  it  is  eternal, 
The  law  of  promotion  and  transformation  cannot  be  eluded, 
The  law  of  heroes  and  good-doers  cannot  be  ekrded, 
The  law  of  drunkards,  informers,  mean  persons,  not  one   iota 
thereof  can  be  eluded. 

8 

Slow  moving  and  black  lines  go  ceaselessly  over  the  earth, 
Northerner  goes  carried  and  Southerner  goes  carried,  and  they  on 

the  Atlantic  side  and  they  on  the  Pacific, 
And  they  between,  and  all  through  the  Mississippi  country,  and 

all  over  the  earth. 

The  great  masters  and  kosmos  are  well  as  they  go,  the  heroes  and 

good- doers  are  well, 
The  known  leaders  and  inventors  and  the  rich  owners  and  pious 

and  distinguished  may  be  well, 
But  there  is   more  account  than  that,  there  is  strict  account  of 

all. 

The  interminable   hordes   of  the    ignorant  and  wicked   are   not 

nothing, 

The  barbarians  of  Africa  and  Asia  are  not  nothing, 
The  perpetual  successions  of  shallow  people  are  not  nothing  as 

they  go. 

Of  and  in  all  these  things, 

I  have  dream'd  that  we  are  not  to  be  changed  so  much,  nor  the 
law  of  us  changed, 


To  THINK  OF  TIME.  337 

I  have  dream'd  that  heroes  and  good-doers  shall  be  under  the 

present  and  past  law, 
And  that  murderers,  drunkards,  liars,  shall  be  under  the  present 

and  past  law, 
For  I  have  dream'd  that  the  law  they  are  under  now  is  enough. 

And  I  have  dream'd  that  the  purpose  and  essence  of  the  known 

life,  the  transient, 
Is  to  form  and  decide  identity  for  the  unknown  life,  the  permanent. 

If  all  came  but  to  ashes  of  dung, 

If  maggots  and  rats  ended  us,  then  Alarum  !  for  we  are  betray'd, 

Then  indeed  suspicion  of  death. 

Do  you  suspect  death?  if  I  were  to  suspect  death  I  should  die 

now, 
Do  you  think   I  could  walk  pleasantly  and  well-suited   toward 

annihilation  ? 

Pleasantly  and  well-suited  I  walk, 

Whither  I  walk  I  cannot  define,  but  I  know  it  is  good, 

The  whole  universe  indicates  that  it  is  good, 

The  past  and  the  present  indicate  that  it  is  good. 

How  beautiful  and  perfect  are  the  animals  ! 

How  perfect  the  earth,  and  the  minutest  thing  upon  it ! 

What  is  called  good  is  perfect,  and  what  is  called  bad  is  just  as 

perfect, 
The  vegetables  and  minerals  are  all  perfect,  and  the  imponderable 

fluids  perfect ; 
Slowly  and  surely  they  have  pass'd  on  to  this,  and  slowly  and  surely 

they  yet  pass  on. 

9 

1  swear  I  think  now  that  every  thing  without  exception  has  an 

eternal  soul !  » 

The  trees  have,  rooted  in  the  ground  !  the  weeds  of  the  sea  have  ! 

the  animals  ! 

I  swear  I  think  there  is  nothing  but  immortality  ! 

That  the  exquisite  scheme  is  for  it,  and  the  nebulous  float  is  for  itr 

and  the  cohering  is  for  it ! 
And  all  preparation  is  for  it  —  and  identity  is  for  it  —  and  life  and 

materials  are  altogether  for  it ! 


33^  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

WHISPERS  OF  HEAVENLY 
DEATH. 


BAREST   THOU   NOW   O   SOUL. 

BAREST  thou  now  O  soul, 

Walk  out  with  me  toward  the  unknown  region, 

Where  neither  ground  is  for  the  feet  nor  any  path  to  follow? 

No  map  there,  nor  guide, 

Nor  voice  sounding,  nor  touch  of  human  hand, 

Nor  face  with  blooming  flesh,  nor  lips,  nor  eyes,  are  in  that  land. 

I  know  it  not  O  soul, 

Nor  dost  thou,  all  is  a  blank  before  us, 

All  waits  undream'd  of  in  that  region,  that  inaccessible  land. 

Till  when  the  ties  loosen, 

All  but  the  ties  eternal,  Time  and  Space, 

Nor  darkness,  gravitation,  sense,  nor  any  bounds  bounding  us. 

Then  we  burst  forth,  we  float, 
In  Time  and  Space  O  soul,  prepared  for  them, 
Equal,  equipt  at  last,  (O  joy !  O  fruit  of  all !)  them  to  fulfil  O 
soul. 


WHISPERS   OF   HEAVENLY  DEATH. 

WHISPERS  of  heavenly  death  murmur'd  I  hear, 
Labial  gossip  of  night,  sibilant  chorals, 

Footsteps  gently  ascending,  mystical  breezes  wafted  soft  and  low, 
Ripples  of  unseen  rivers,  tides  of  a  current  flowing,  forever  flowing, 
(Or  is  it  the  plashing  of  tears?  the  measureless  waters  of  human 
tears  ?) 

I  see,  just  see  skyward,  great  cloud-masses, 
Mournfully  slowly  they  roll,  silently  swelling  and  mixing, 
With  at  times  a  half-dimm'd  sadden'd  far-off  star, 
Appearing  and  disappearing. 

(Some  parturition  rather,  some  solemn  immortal  birth ; 
On  the  frontiers  to  eyes  impenetrable, 
Some  soul  is  passing  over.) 


WHISPERS  OF  HEAVENLY  DEATH.  339 

CHANTING   THE   SQUARE   DEIFIC 


CHANTING  the  square  deific,  out  of  the  One  advancing,  out  of  the 

sides, 

Out  of  the  old  and  new,  out  of  the  square  entirely  divine, 
Solid,  four-sided,  (all  the  sides  needed,)  from  this  side  Jehovah 

am  I, 

Old  Brahm  I,  and  I  Saturnius  am ; 
Not  Time  affects  me  —  I  am  Time,  old,  modern  as  any, 
Unpersuadable,  relentless,  executing  righteous  judgments, 
As  the  Earth,  the  Father,  the  brown  old  Kronos,  with  laws, 
Aged  beyond  computation,  yet  ever  new,  ever  with  those  mighty 

laws  rolling, 
Relentless   I   forgive  no  man  —  whoever  sins  dies  —  I  will  have 

that  man's  life ; 
Therefore  let  none  expect  mercy  —  have  the  seasons,  gravitation, 

the  appointed  days,  mercy?  no  more  have  I, 
But  as  the  seasons  and  gravitation,  and  as  all  the  appointed  days 

that  forgive  not, 
I  dispense  from  this  side  judgments  inexorable  without  the  least 

remorse. 


Consolator  most  mild,  the  promis'd  one  advancing, 

With  gentle  hand  extended,  the  mightier  God  am  I, 

Foretold  by  prophets  and  poets  in  their  most  rapt  prophecies  and 

poems, 
From  this  side,  lo  !  the  Lord  Christ  gazes  —  lo  !  Hermes  I  —  lo  ! 

mine  is  Hercules'  face, 

All  sorrow,  labor,  suffering,  I,  tallying  it,  absorb  in  myself, 
Many  times  have  I   been  rejected,  taunted,  put   in   prison,  and 

crucified,  and  many  times  shall  be  again, 
All  the  world  have  I  given  up  for  my  dear  brothers'  and  sisters' 

sake,  for  the  soul's  sake, 
Wending  my  way  through  the  homes  of  men,  rich  or  poor,  with 

the  kiss  of  affection, 
For  I  am  affection,  I  am  the  cheer-bringing  God,  with  hope  and 

all-enclosing  charity, 
With  indulgent  words  as  to  children,  with  fresh  and  sane  words, 

mine  only, 
Young  and  strong  I  pass  knowing  well  I  am  destin'd  myself  to  an 

early  death ; 
But  my  charity  has  no  death  —  my  wisdom  dies  not,  neither  early 

nor  late, 
And  my  sweet  love  bequeath'd  here  and  elsewhere  never  dies. 


LEAVES  OF  GRASS, 


3 

Aloof,  dissatisfied,  plotting  revolt, 

Comrade  of  criminals,  brother  of  slaves, 

Crafty,  despised,  a  drudge,  ignorant, 

With  sudra  face  and  worn  brow,  black,  but  in  the  depths  of  my 

heart,  proud  as  any, 

Lifted  now  and  always  against  whoever  scorning  assumes  to  rule  me, 
Morose,  full  of  guile,  full  of  reminiscences,  brooding,  with  many 

wiles, 
(Though  it  was  thought  I  was  baffled  and  dispel'd,  and  my  wiles 

done,  but  that  will  never  be,) 
Defiant,  I,  Satan,  still  live,  still  utter  words,  in  new  lands   duly 

appearing,  (and  old  ones  also,) 

Permanent  here  from  my  side,  warlike,  equal  with  any,  real  as  any, 
Nor  time  nor  change  shall  ever  change  me  or  my  words. 

4 

Santa  Spirita,  breather,  life, 
Beyond  the  light,  lighter  than  light, 

Beyond  the  flames  of  hell,  joyous,  leaping  easily  above  hell, 
Beyond  Paradise,  perfumed  solely  with  mine  own  perfume, 
Including  all  life   on   earth,  touching,  including   God,  including 

Saviour  and  Satan, 
Ethereal,  pervading  all,  (for  without  me  what  were  all  ?  what  were 

God?) 
Essence  of  forms,  life  of  the  real  identities,  permanent,  positive, 

(namely  the  unseen,) 
Life  of  the  great  round  world,  the  sun  and  stars,  and  of  man, 

I,  the  general  soul, 

Here  the  square  finishing,  the  solid,  I  the  most  solid, 
Breathe  my  breath  also  through  these  songs. 


OF   HIM    I    LOVE    DAY   AND  NIGHT. 

OF  him  I  love  day  and  night  I  dream'd  I  heard  he  was  dead, 
And  I  dream'd  I  went  where  they  had  buried  him  I  love,  but  he 

was  not  in  that  place, 
And  I  dream'd  I  wander'd  searching  among  burial-places  to  find 

him, 

And  I  found  that  every  place  was  a  burial-place  ; 
The  houses  full  of  life  were  equally  full  of  death,  (this  house  is 

now,) 
The  streets,  the  shipping,  the  places  of  amusement,  the  Chicago, 

Boston,  Philadelphia,  the  Mannahatta,  were  as  full  of  the 

dead  as  of  the  living, 


WHISPERS  OF  HEAVENLY  DEATH.  341 

And  fuller,  O  vastly  fuller  of  the  dead  than  of  the  living ; 

And  what  I  dream' d  I  will  henceforth  tell  to  every  person  and  age, 

And  I  stand  henceforth  bound  to  what  I  dream'd, 

And  now  I  am  willing  to  disregard  burial-places  and  dispense 
with  them, 

And  if  the  memorials  of  the  dead  were  put  up  indifferently  every 
where,  even  in  the  room  where  I  eat  or  sleep,  I  should  be 
satisfied, 

And  if  the  corpse  of  any  one  I  love,  or  if  my  own  corpse,  be 
duly  render'd  to  powder  and  pour'd  in  the  sea,  I  shall  be 
satisfied, 

Or  if  it  be  distributed  to  the  winds  I  shall  be  satisfied. 


YET,   YET,   YE   DOWNCAST   HOURS. 

YET,  yet,  ye  downcast  hours,  I  know  ye  also, 

Weights  of  lead,  how  ye  clog  and  cling  at  my  ankles, 

Earth  to  a  chamber  of  mourning  turns  —  I  hear  the  o'erweening, 

mocking  voice, 
Matter  is  conqueror —  matter,  triumphant  only,  continues  onward. 

Despairing  cries  float  ceaselessly  toward  me, 

The  call  of  my  nearest  lover,  putting  forth,  alarm'd,  uncertain, 

The  sea  I  am  quickly  to  sail,  come  tell  me, 

Come  tell  me  where  I  am  speeding,  tell  me  my  destination. 

I  understand  your  anguish,  but  I  cannot  help  you, 

I  approach,  hear,  behold,  the  sad  mouth,  the  look  out  of  the  eyes, 

your  mute  inquiry, 

Whither  I  go  from  the  bed  I  recline  on,  come  tell  me  ; 
Old  age,  alarm'd,  uncertain  —  a  young  woman's  voice,  appealing 

to  me  for  comfort  j 
A  young  man's  voice,  Shall  I  not  escape  ? 


AS    IF  A   PHANTOM   CARESS'D   ME. 

As  if  a  phantom  caress'd  me, 

I  thought  I  was  not  alone  walking  here  by  the  shore ; 

But  the  one  I  thought  was  with  me  as  now  I  walk  by  the  shore, 

the  one  I  loved  that  caress'd  me, 
As  I  lean  and  look  through  the  glimmering  light,  that  one  has 

utterly  disappear'd. 
And  those  appear  that  are  hateful  to  me  and  mock  me. 


342  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

ASSURANCES. 

I  NEED  no  assurances,  I  am  a  man  who  is  pre-occupied  of  his 
own  soul ; 

I  do  not  doubt  that  from  under  the  feet  and  beside  the  hands  and 
face  I  am  cognizant  of,  are  now  looking  faces  I  am  not 
cognizant  of,  calm  and  actual  faces, 

I  do  not  doubt  but  the  majesty  and  beauty  of  the  world  are  latent 
in  any  iota  of  the  world, 

I  do  not  doubt  I  am  limitless,  and  that  the  universes  are  limitless, 
in  vain  I  try  to  think  how  limitless, 

I  do  not  doubt  that  the  orbs  and  the  systems  of  orbs  play  their 
swift  sports  through  the  air  on  purpose,  and  that  I  shall  one 
day  be  eligible  to  do  as  much  as  they,  and  more  than  they,. 

I  do  not  doubt  that  temporary  affairs  keep  on  and  on  millions  of 
years, 

I  do  not  doubt  interiors  have  their  interiors,  and  exteriors  have 
their  exteriors,  and  that  the  eyesight  has  another  eyesight, 
and  the  hearing  another  hearing,  and  the  voice  another 
voice, 

I  do  not  doubt  that  the  passionately-wept  deaths  of  young  men 
are  provided  for,  and  that  the  deaths  of  young  women  and 
the  deaths  of  little  children  are  provided  for, 

(Did  you  think  Life  was  so  well  provided  for,  and  Death,  the  pur 
port  of  all  Life,  is  not  well  provided  for?) 

I  do  not  doubt  that  wrecks  at  sea,  no  matter  what  the  horrors  of 
them,  no  matter  whose  wife,  child,  husband,  father,  lover, 
has  gone  down,  are  provided  for,  to  the  minutest  points, 

I  do  not  doubt  that  whatever  can  possibly  happen  anywhere  at 
any  time,  is  provided  for  in  the  inherences  of  things, 

I  do  not  think  Life  provides  for  all  and  for  Time  and  Space,  but  I 
believe  Heavenly  Death  provides  for  all. 


QUICKSAND   YEARS. 

QUICKSAND  years  that  whirl  me  I  know  not  whither, 

Your  schemes,  politics,  fail,  lines  give  way,  substances  mock  and 

elude  me, 
Only  the  theme  I  sing,  the  great  and  strong-possess'd  soul,  eludes 

not, 
One's-self  must  never  give  way  —  that  is  the  final  substance — • 

that  out  of  all  is  sure, 

Out  of  politics,  triumphs,  battles,  life,  what  at  last  finally  remains? 
When  shows  break  up  what  but  One's-Self  is  sure  ? 


WHISPERS  OF  HEAVENLY  DEATH.  343 

THAT   MUSIC  ALWAYS   ROUND   ME. 

THAT  music  always  round  me,  unceasing,  unbeginning,  yet  long 

untaught  I  did  not  hear, 
But  now  the  chorus  I  hear  and  am  elated, 
A  tenor,  strong,  ascending  with  power  and  health,  with  glad  notes 

of  daybreak  I  hear, 
A  soprano  at  intervals  sailing  buoyantly  over  the  tops  of  immense 

waves, 
A  transparent  base  shuddering  lusciously  under  and  through  the 

universe, 
The  triumphant  tutti,  the  funeral  wailings  with  sweet  flutes  and 

violins,  all  these  I  fill  myself  with, 
I  hear  not  the  volumes  of  sound  merely,  I  am  moved  by  the 

exquisite  meanings, 

I  listen  to  the  different  voices  winding  in  and  out,  striving,  contend 
ing  with  fiery  vehemence  to  excel  each  other  in  emotion ; 
I  do  not  think  the  performers  know  themselves  —  but  now  I  think 

I  begin  to  know  them. 


WHAT  SHIP  PUZZLED  AT  SEA. 

WHAT  ship  puzzled  at  sea,  cons  for  the  true  reckoning  ? 

Or  coming  in,  to  avoid  the  bars  and  follow  the  channel  a  perfect 

pilot  needs? 

Here,  sailor  !  here,  ship  !  take  aboard  the  most  perfect  pilot, 
Whom,  in  a  little  boat,  putting  off  and  rowing,  I  hailing  you  offer. 


A   NOISELESS   PATIENT   SPIDER. 

A  NOISELESS  patient  spider, 

I  mark'd  where  on  a  little  promontory  it  stood  isolated, 

Mark'd  how  to  explore  the  vacant  vast  surrounding, 

It  launch'd  forth  filament,  filament,  filament,  out  of  itself, 

Ever  unreeling  them,  ever  tirelessly  speeding  them. 

And  you  O  my  soul  where  you  stand, 

Surrounded,  detached,  in  measureless  oceans  of  space, 

Ceaselessly  musing,  venturing,  throwing,  seeking  the  spheres  to 

connect  them, 
Till  the  bridge  you  will  need  be  form'd,  till  the  ductile  anchor 

hold, 
Till  the  gossamer  thread  you  fling  catch  somewhere,  O  my  soul. 


344  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

O    LIVING   ALWAYS,  ALWAYS    DYING. 

O  LIVING  always,  always  dying  ! 

O  the  burials  of  me  past  and  present, 

O  me  while  I  stride  ahead,  material,  visible,  imperious  as  ever ; 

O  me,  what   I  was  for  years,  now  dead,   (I   lament   not,  I   am 

content ;) 
O  to  disengage  myself  from  those  corpses  of  me,  which  I  turn 

and  look  at  where  I  cast  them, 
To  pass  on,  (O  living !  always  living !)    and  leave  the  corpses 

behind. 


TO   ONE    SHORTLY   TO    DIE. 

FROM  all  the  rest  I  single  out  you,  having  a  message  for  you, 
You,  are  to  die  —  let  others  tell  you  what  they  please,  I  cannot 

prevaricate, 
I  am  exact  and  merciless,  but  I  love  you  —  there  is  no  escape  for 

you. 

Softly  I  lay  my  right  hand  upon  you,  you  just  feel  it, 
I  do  not  argue,  I  bend  my  head  close  and  half  envelop  it, 
I  sit  quietly  by,  I  remain  faithful, 
I  am  more  than  nurse,  more  than  parent  or  neighbor, 
I  absolve  you  from  all  except  yourself  spiritual  bodily,  that  is  eter 
nal,  you  yourself  will  surely  escape, 
The  corpse  you  will  leave  will  be  but  excrementitious. 

The  sun  bursts  through  in  unlooked-for  directions, 

Strong  thoughts  fill  you  and  confidence,  you  smile, 

You  forget  you  are  sick,  as  I  forget  you  are  sick, 

You  do  not  see  the  medicines,  you  do  not  mind  the  weeping 

friends,  I  am  with  you, 

I  exclude  others  from  you,  there  is  nothing  to  be  commiserated, 
I  do  not  commiserate,  I  congratulate  you. 


NIGHT    ON  THE   PRAIRIES. 

NIGHT  on  the  prairies, 

The  supper  is  over,  the  fire  on  the  ground  burns  low, 
The  wearied  emigrants  sleep,  wrapt  in  their  blankets ; 
I  walk  by  myself —  I  stand  and  look  at  the  stars,  which  I  think  now 
I  never  realized  before. 


WHISPERS  OF  HEAVENLY  DEATH.  345 

Now  I  absorb  immortality  and  peace, 
I  admire  death  and  test  propositions. 

How  plenteous  !  how  spiritual !  how  resume1  ! 
The  same  old  man  and  soul  —  the  same  old  aspirations,  and  the 
same  content. 

I  was  thinking  the  day  most  splendid  till  I  saw  what  the  not-day 

exhibited, 
I  was  thinking  this  globe  enough  till  there  sprang  out  so  noiseless 

around  me  myriads  of  other  globes. 

Now  while  the  great  thoughts  of  space  and  eternity  fill  me  I  will 

measure  myself  by  them, 
And   now  touch'd  with  the  lives  of  other  globes  arrived  as  far 

along  as  those  of  the  earth, 

Or  waiting  to  arrive,  or  pass'd  on  farther  than  those  of  the  earth, 
I  henceforth  no  more  ignore  them  than  I  ignore  my  own  life, 
Or  the  lives  of  the  earth  arrived  as  far  as  mine,  or  waiting  to  arrive. 

0  I  see  now  that  life  cannot  exhibit  all  to  me,  as  the  day  cannot, 

1  see  that  I  am  to  wait  for  what  will  be  exhibited  by  death. 


THOUGHT. 

As  I  sit  with  others  at  a  great  feast,  suddenly  while  the  music  is 

playing, 
To  my  mind,  (whence  it  comes  I  know  not,)  spectral  in  mist  of 

a  wreck  at  sea, 
Of  certain  ships,  how  they  sail  from  port  with  flying  streamers  and 

wafted  kisses,  and  that  is  the  last  of  them, 

Of  the  solemn  and  murky  mystery  about  the  fate  of  the  President, 
Of  the  flower  of  the  marine  science  of  fifty  generations  founder'd 

off  the  Northeast  coast  and  going  down  —  of  the  steamship 

Arctic  going  down, 
Ol  the  veil'd  tableau  —  women  gather'd  together  on  deck,  pale, 

heroic,  waiting  the  moment  that  draws  so  close  —  O  the 

moment ! 
A  huge  sob  —  a  few  bubbles  —  the  white  foam  spirting  up  —  and 

then  the  women  gone, 
Sinking  there  while  the  passionless  wet   flows    on  —  and   I  now 

pondering,  Are  those  women  indeed  gone  ? 
Are  souls  drown'd  and  destroy'd  so  ? 
Is  only  matter  triumphant? 


346  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


THE   LAST   INVOCATION. 

AT  the  last,  tenderly, 

From  the  walls  of  the  powerful  fortress'd  house, 
From  the  clasp  of  the  knitted  locks,  from  the  keep  of  the  well- 
closed  doors, 
Let  me  be  wafted. 

Let  me  glide  noiselessly  forth ; 

With  the  key  of  softness  unlock  the  locks  —  with  a  whisper, 

Set  ope  the  doors  O  soul. 

Tenderly  —  be  not  impatient, 
(Strong  is  your  hold  O  mortal  flesh, 
Strong  is  your  hold  O  love.) 


AS    I    WATCH'D   THE   PLOUGHMAN    PLOUGHING. 

As  I  watch'd  the  ploughman  ploughing, 

Or  the  sower  sowing  in  the  fields,  or  the  harvester  harvesting, 

I  saw  there  too,  O  life  and  death,  your  analogies ; 

(Life,  life  is  the  tillage,  and  Death  is  the  harvest  according.) 


PENSIVE  AND   FALTERING. 

PENSIVE  and  faltering, 

The  words  the  Dead  I  write, 

For  living  are  the  Dead, 

(Haply  the  only  living,  only  real, 

And  I  the  apparition,  I  the  spectre.) 


THOU  MOTHER  WITH  THY  EQUAL 
BROOD. 


THOU  Mother  with  thy  equal  brood, 

Thou  varied  chain  of  different  States,  yet  one  identity  only, 
A  special  song  before  I  go  I'd  sing  o'er  all  the  rest, 
For  thee,  the  future. 


THOU  MOTHER  WITH  THY  EQUAL  BROOD,  347 

I'd  sow  a  seed  for  thee  of  endless  Nationality, 
I'd  fashion  thy  ensemble  including  body  and  soul, 
I'd  show  away  ahead  thy  real  Union,  and  how  it  may  be  accom- 
plish'd. 

The  paths  to  the  house  I  seek  to  make, 
But  leave  to  those  to  come  the  house  itself. 

Belief  I  sing,  and  preparation  ; 

As  Life  and  Nature  are  not  great  with  reference  to  the  present 

only, 

But  greater  still  from  what  is  yet  to  come, 
Out  of  that  formula  for  thee  I  sing. 


As  a  strong  bird  on  pinions  free, 
Joyous,  the  amplest  spaces  heavenward  cleaving, 
Such  be  the  thought  I'd  think  of  thee  America, 
Such  be  the  recitative  I'd  bring  for  thee. 

The  conceits  of  the  poets  of  other  lands  I'd  bring  thee  not, 

Nor  the  compliments  that  have  served  their  turn  so  long, 

Nor   rhyme,  nor  the    classics,  nor  perfume   of  foreign  court   or 

indoor  library ; 
But  an  odor  I'd  bring  as  from  forests  of  pine  in  Maine,  or  breath 

of  an  Illinois  prairie, 
With  open  airs  of  Virginia  or  Georgia  or  Tennessee,  or  from  Texas 

uplands,  or  Florida's  glades, 
Or   the   Saguenay's   black   stream,  or  the  wide   blue  spread   of 

Huron, 

With  presentment  of  Yellowstone's  scenes,  or  Yosemite, 
And  murmuring  under,  pervading  all,  I'd  bring  the  rustling  sea- 
sound, 
That  endlessly  sounds  from  the  two  Great  Seas  of  the  world. 

And  for  thy  subtler  sense  subtler  refrains  dread  Mother, 

Preludes  of  intellect  tallying  these  and  thee,  mind-formulas  fitted 

for  thee,  real  and  sane  and  large  as  these  and  thee, 
Thou  !    mounting   higher,    diving   deeper   than   we   knew,   thou 

transcendental  Union  ! 

By  thee  fact  to  be  justified,  blended  with  thought, 
Thought  of  man  justified,  blended  with  God, 
Through  thy  idea,  lo,  the  immortal  reality  ! 
Through  thy  reality,  lo,  the  immortal  idea  1 


348  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 


Brain  of  the  New  World,  what  a  task  is  thine, 

To  formulate  the  Modern  —  out  of  the  peerless  grandeur  of  the 

modern, 

Out  of  thyself,  comprising  science,  to  recast  poems,  churches,  art, 
(Recast,  may- be  discard  them,  end  them  —  may-be  their  work  is 

done,  who  knows?) 
By  vision,  hand,  conception,  on  the  background  of  the  mighty 

past,  the  dead, 
To  limn  with  absolute  faith  the  mighty  living  present. 

And  yet  thou   living   present   brain,  heir  of  the  dead,  the   Old 

World  brain, 

Thou  that  lay  folded  like  an  unborn  babe  within  its  folds  so  long, 
Thou  carefully  prepared  by  it  so  long  —  haply  thou  but  unfoldest 

it,  only  maturest  it, 
It  to  eventuate  in  thee  —  the  essence  of  the  by-gone  time  contain'd 

in  thee, 
Its  poems,  churches,  arts,  unwitting  to  themselves,  destined  with 

reference  to  thee ; 

Thou  but  the  apples,  long,  long,  long  a-growing, 
The  fruit  of  all  the  Old  ripening  to-day  in  thee. 


Sail,  sail  thy  best,  ship  of  Democracy, 

Of  value  is  thy  freight,  'tis  not  the  Present  only, 

The  Past  is  also  stored  in  thee, 

Thou  holdest  not  the  venture  of  thyself  alone,  not  of  the  Western 

continent  alone, 
Earth's  resume  entire  floats  on  thy  keel  O  ship,  is  steadied  by  thy 

spars, 
With  thee  Time  voyages  in  trust,  the  antecedent  nations  sink  or 

swim  with  thee, 
With  all  their  ancient  struggles,  martyrs,  heroes,  epics,  wars,  thou 

bear'st  the  other  continents, 

Theirs,  theirs  as  much  as  thine,  the  destination-port  triumphant ; 
Steer  then  with  good  strong  hand  and  wary  eye  O  helmsman,  thou 

earnest  great  companions, 
Venerable  priestly  Asia  sails  this  day  with  thee, 
And  royal  feudal  Europe  sails  with  thee. 

5 

Beautiful  world  of  new  superber  birth  that  rises  to  my  eyes, 
Like  a  limitless  golden  cloud  filling  the  western  sky, 


THOU  MOTHER  WITH  THY  EQUAL  BROOD.  349 


Emblem  of  general  maternity  lifted  above  all, 

Sacred  shape  of  the  bearer  of  daughters  and  sons, 

Out  of  thy  teeming  womb  thy  giant  babes  in  ceaseless  procession 
issuing, 

Acceding  from  such  gestation,  taking  and  giving  continual  strength 
and  life, 

World  of  the  real  —  world  of  the  twain  in  one, 

World  of  the  soul,  born  by  the  world  of  the  real  alone,  led  to 
identity,  body,  by  it  alone, 

Yet  in  beginning  only,  incalculable  masses  of  composite  precious 
materials, 

By  history's  cycles  forwarded,  by  every  nation,  language,  hither 
sent, 

Ready,  collected  here,  a  freer,  vast,  electric  world,  to  be  con 
structed  here, 

(The  true  New  World,  the  world  of  orbic  science,  morals,  litera 
tures  to  come,) 

Thou  wonder  world  yet  undefined,  unform'd,  neither  do  I  define 
thee, 

How  can  I  pierce  the  impenetrable  blank  of  the  future  ? 

I  feel  thy  ominous  greatness  evil  as  well  as  good, 

I  watch  thee  advancing,  absorbing  the  present,  transcending  the 
past, 

I  see  thy  light  lighting,  and  thy  shadow  shadowing,  as  if  the 
entire  globe, 

But  I  do  not  undertake  to  define  thee,  hardly  to  comprehend  thee, 

I  but  thee  name,  thee  prophesy,  as  now, 

I  merely  thee  ejaculate  ! 

Thee  in  thy  future, 

Thee  in  thy  only  permanent  life,  career,  thy  own  unloosen'd  mind, 

thy  soaring  spirit, 
Thee  as  another  equally  needed  sun,  radiant,  ablaze,  swift-moving, 

fructifying  all, 
Thee    risen    in    potent   cheerfulness   and  joy,   in   endless   great 

hilarity, 
Scattering  for  good  the  cloud  that  hung  so  long,  that  weigh'd  so 

long  upon  the  mind  of  man, 

The  doubt,  suspicion,  dread,  of  gradual,  certain  decadence  of  man  ; 
Thee  in  thy  larger,  saner  brood  of  female,  male  —  thee  in   thy 

athletes,  moral,  spiritual,  South,  North,  West,  East, 
(To  thy  immortal  breasts,  Mother  of  All,  thy  every  daughter,  son, 

endear'd  alike,  forever  equal,) 

Thee  in  thy  own  musicians,  singers,  artists,  unborn  yet,  but  cer 
tain, 


3 $O  LEAVES  OF  GRASS 


Thee  in  thy  moral  wealth  and  civilization,  (until  which  thy  proud 
est  material  civilization  must  remain  in  vain,) 

Thee  in  thy  all-supplying,  all-enclosing  worship  —  thee  in  no  single 
bible,  saviour,  merely, 

Thy  saviours  countless,  latent  within  thyself,  thy  bibles  incessant 
within  thyself,  equal  to  any,  divine  as  any, 

(Thy  soaring  course  thee  formulating,  not  in  thy  two  great  wars, 
nor  in  thy  century's  visible  growth, 

But  far  more  in  these  leaves  and  chants,  thy  chants,  great  Mother  !) 

Thee  in  an  education  grown  of  thee,  in  teachers,  studies,  students, 
born  of  thee, 

Thee  in  thy  democratic  fetes  en-masse,  thy  high  original  festivals, 
operas,  lecturers,  preachers, 

Thee  in  thy  ultimata,  (the  preparations  only  now  completed,  the 
edifice  on  sure  foundations  tied,) 

Thee  in  thy  pinnacles,  intellect,  thought,  thy  topmost  rational  joys, 
thy  love  and  godlike  aspiration, 

In  thy  resplendent  coming  literati,  thy  full-lung'd  orators,  thy 
sacerdotal  bards,  kosmic  savans, 

These  !  these  in  thee,  (certain  to  come,)  to-day  I  prophesy. 


Land  tolerating  all,  accepting  all,  not  for  the  good  alone,  all  good 

for  thee, 

Land  in  the  realms  of  God  to  be  a  realm  unto  thyself, 
Under  the  rule  of  God  to  be  a  rule  unto  thyself. 

(Lo,  where  arise  three  peerless  stars, 

To  be  thy  natal  stars  my  country,  Ensemble,  Evolution,  Freedom, 

Set  in  the  sky  of  Law.) 

Land  of  unprecedented  faith,  God's  faith, 

Thy  soil,  thy  very  subsoil,  all  upheav'd, 

The  general  inner  earth  so  long  so  sedulously  draped  over,  now 

hence  for  what  it  is  boldly  laid  bare, 
Open'd  by  thee  to  heaven's  light  for  benefit  or  bale. 

Not  for  success  alone, 

Not  to  fair-sail  unintermitted  always, 

The  storm  shall  dash  thy  face,  the  murk  of  war  and  worse  than 
war  shall  cover  thee  all  over, 

(Wert  capable  of  war,  its  tug  and  trials?  be  capable  of  peace,  its 
trials, 

For  the  tug  and  mortal  strain  of  nations  come  at  last  in  prosper 
ous  peace,  not  war ;) 


THOU  MOTHER  WITH  THY  EQUAL  BROOD.  35* 

In  many  a  smiling  mask  death  shall  approach  beguiling  thee,  thou 

in  disease  shalt  swelter, 
The   livid   cancer   spread   its   hideous   claws,  clinging  upon  thy 

breasts,  seeking  to  strike  thee  deep  within, 
Consumption  of  the  worst,  moral  consumption,  shall  rouge   thy 

face  with  hectic, 
But  thou  shalt  face  thy  fortunes,  thy  diseases,  and  surmount  them 

all, 

Whatever  they  are  to-day  and  whatever  through  time  they  may  be, 
They  each  and  all  shall  lift  and  pass  away  and  cease  from  thee, 
While  thou,  Time's  spirals  rounding,  out  of  thyself,  thyself  still 

extricating,  fusing, 
Equable,  natural,  mystical  Union  thou,  (the  mortal  with  immortal 

blent,) 
Shalt  soar  toward  the  fulfilment  of  the  future,  the  spirit  of  the 

body  and  the  mind, 
The  soul,  its  destinies. 

The  soul,  its  destinies,  the  real  real, 

(Purport  of  all  these  apparitions  of  the  real;) 

In  thee  America,  the  soul,  its  destinies, 

Thou  globe  of  globes  !  thou  wonder  nebulous  ! 

By  many  a  throe  of  heat  and  cold  convuls'd,   (by  these  thyself 

solidifying,) 

Thou  mental,  moral  orb  —  thou  New,  indeed  new,  Spiritual  World  ! 
The  Present  holds  thee  not  —  for  such  vast  growth  as  thine, 
For  such  unparallel'd  flight  as  thine,  such  brood  as  thine, 
The  FUTURE  only  holds  thee  and  can  hold  thee. 


A   PAUMANOK  PICTURE. 

Two  boats  with  nets  lying  off  the  sea-beach,  quite  still, 
Ten  fishermen  waiting  —  they  discover  a  thick   school  of  moss- 
bonkers —  they  drop  the  join'd  seine-ends  in  the  water, 
The  boats  separate  and  row  off,  each  on  its  rounding  course  to  the 

beach,  enclosing  the  mossbonkers, 

The  net  is  drawn  in  by  a  windlass  by  those  who  stop  ashore, 
Some  of  the  fishermen  lounge  in  their  boats,  others  stand  ankle- 
deep  in  the  water,  pois'd  on  strong  legs, 
The  boats  partly  drawn  up,  the  water  slapping  against  them, 
Strew'd  on  the  sand  in  heaps  and  windrows,  well  out  from  the 
water,  the  green-back'd  spotted  mossbonkers. 


352  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

FROM  NOON  TO  STARRY  NIGHT. 


THOU   ORB  ALOFT   FULL-DAZZLING. 

THOU  orb  aloft  full-dazzling  !  thou  hot  October  noon  ! 
Flooding  with  sheeny  light  the  gray  beach  sand, 
The  sibilant  near  sea  with  vistas  far  and  foam, 
And  tawny  streaks  and  shades  and  spreading  blue  ; 

0  sun  of  noon  refulgent !  my  special  word  to  thee. 

Hear  me  illustrious  ! 

Thy  lover  me,  for  always  I  have  loved  thee, 

Even  as  basking  babe,  then  happy  boy  alone  by  some  wood  edge, 

thy  touching-distant  beams  enough, 
Or  man  matured,  or  young  or  old,  as  now  to  thee  I  launch  my 

invocation. 

(Thou  canst  not  with  thy  dumbness  me  deceive, 

1  know  before  the  fitting  man  all  Nature  yields, 

Though  answering  not  in  words,  the  skies,  trees,  hear  his  voice  — - 

and  thou  O  sun, 
As  for  thy  throes,  thy  perturbations,  sudden  breaks  and  shafts  of 

flame  gigantic, 
I  understand  them,  I  know  those  flames,  those  perturbations  well.) 

Thou  that  with  fructifying  heat  and  light, 

O'er  myriad  farms,  o'er  lands  and  waters  North  and  South, 

O'er  Mississippi's  endless  course,  o'er  Texas'  grassy  plains,  Kana- 

da's  woods, 

O'er  all  the  globe  that  turns  its  face  to  thee  shining  in  space, 
Thou  that  impartially  infoldest  all,  not  only  continents,  seas, 
Thou  that  to  grapes  and  weeds  and  little  wild  flowers  givest  so 

liberally, 
Shed,  shed  thyself  on  mine  and  me,  with  but  a  fleeting  ray  out  of 

thy  million  millions, 
Strike  through  these  chants. 

Nor  only  launch  thy  subtle  dazzle  and  thy  strength  for  these, 
Prepare  the  later  afternoon  of  me  myself — prepare  my  lengthen 
ing  shadows, 
Prepare  my  starry  nights. 


FROM  NOON  TO  STARRY  NIGHT.  353 

FACES. 


SAUNTERING  the  pavement  or  riding  the  country  by-road,  lo,  such 
faces  ! 

Faces  of  friendship,  precision,  caution,  suavity,  ideality, 

The  spiritual-prescient  face,  the  always  welcome  common  benevo 
lent  face, 

The  face  of  the  singing  of  music,  the  grand  faces  of  natural  law 
yers  and  judges  broad  at  the  back-top, 

The  faces  of  hunters  and  fishers  bulged  at  the  brows,  the  shaved 
blanch'd  faces  of  orthodox  citizens, 

The  pure,  extravagant,  yearning,  questioning  artist's  face, 

The  ugly  face  of  some  beautiful  soul,  the  handsome  detested  or 
despised  face, 

The  sacred  faces  of  infants,  the  illuminated  face  of  the  mother  of  ' 
many  children, 

The  face  of  an  amour,  the  face  of  veneration, 

The  face  as  of  a  dream,  the  face  of  an  immobile  rock, 

The  face  withdrawn  of  its  good  and  bad,  a  castrated  face, 

A  wild  hawk,  his  wings  clipp'd  by  the  clipper, 

A  stallion  that  yielded  at  last  to  the  thongs  and  knife  of  the  gelder. 

Sauntering  the  pavement  thus,  or  crossing  the  ceaseless  ferry,  faces 

and  faces  and  faces, 
I  see  them  and  complain  not,  and  am  content  with  all. 


Do  you  suppose  I  could  be  content  with  all  if  I  thought  them 
their  own  finale  ? 

This  now  is  too  lamentable  a  face  for  a  man, 

Some  abject  louse  asking  leave  to  be,  cringing  for  it, 

Some  milk-nosed  maggot  blessing  what  lets  it  wrig  to  its  hole. 

This  face  is  a  dog's  snout  sniffing  for  garbage, 
Snakes  nest  in  that  mouth,  I  hear  the  sibilant  threat. 

This  face  is  a  haze  more' chill  than  the  arctic  sea, 
Its  sleepy  and  wabbling  icebergs  crunch  as  they  go. 

This  is  a  face  of  bitter  herbs,  this  an  emetic,  they  need  no  label, 
And  more  of  the  drug-shelf,  laudanum,  caoutchouc,  or  hog's-lard. 


354  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

This  face  is  an  epilepsy,  its  wordless  tongue  gives  out  the  unearthly 

cry, 
Its  veins  down  the  neck  distend,  its  .eyes  roll  till  they  show  nothing 

but  their  whites, 
Its  teeth  grit,  the  palms  of  the  hands  are  cut  by  the  turn'd-in 

nails, 
The  man  falls  struggling  and  foaming  to  the  ground,  while  he 

speculates  well. 

This  face  is  bitten  by  vermin  and  worms, 

And  this  is  some  murderer's  knife  with  a  half-pull'd  scabbard. 

This  face  owes  to  the  sexton  his  dismalest  fee, 
An  unceasing  death-bell  tolls  there. 

3 
Features  of  my  equals  would  you  trick  me  with  your  creaf'd  and 

cadaverous  march? 
Well,  you  cannot  trick  me. 

I  see  your  rounded  never-erased  flow, 

I  see  'neath  the  rims  of  your  haggard  and  mean  disguises. 

Splay  and  twist  as  you  like,  poke  with  the  tangling  fores  of  fishes 

or  rats, 
You'll  be  unmuzzled,  you  certainly  will. 

I  saw  the  face  of  the  most  smear'd  and  slobbering  idiot  they  had 

at  the  asylum, 

And  I  knew  for  my  consolation  what  they  knew  not, 
I  knew  of  the  agents  that  emptied  and  broke  my  brother, 
The  same  wait  to  clear  the  rubbish  from  the  fallen  tenement, 
And  I  shall  look  again  in  a  score  or  two  of  ages, 
And  I  shall  meet  the  real  landlord  perfect  and  unharm'd,  every 

inch  as  good  as  myself, 

4 

The  Lord  advances,  and  yet  advances, 

Always  the  shadow  in  front,  always  the  reach'd  hand  bringing  up 
the  laggards. 

Out  of  this  face  emerge  banners  and  horses  —  O  superb !  I  see 

what  is  coming, 

I  see  the  high  pioneer-caps,  see  staves  of  runners  clearing  the  way, 
I  hear  victorious  drums. 


FROM  Noox  TO  STARRY  NIGHT.  355 


This  face  is  a  life-boat, 

This  is  the  face  commanding  and  bearded,  it  asks  no  odds  of  the 

rest, 

This  face  is  flavor'd  fruit  ready  for  eating, 
This  face  of  a  healthy  honest  boy  is  the  programme  of  all  good. 

These  faces  bear  testimony  slumbering  or  awake, 
They  show  their  descent  from  the  Master  himself. 

Off  the  word  I  have  spoken  I  except  not  one  —  red,  white,  black, 

are  all  deific, 
In  each  house  is  the  ovum,  it  comes  forth  after  a  thousand  years. 

Spots  or  cracks  at  the  windows  do  not  disturb  me, 
Tall  and  sufficient  stand  behind  and  make  signs  to  me, 
I  read  the  promise  and  patiently  wait. 

This  is  a  full-grown  lily's  face, 

She  speaks  to  the  limber-hipp'd  man  near  the  garden  pickets, 

Come  here  she  blushingly  cries,  Come  nigh  to  me  limber-hipped 

man, 

Stand  at  my  side  tilt  I  lean  as  high  as  I  can  upon  you. 
Fill  me  -with  albescent  honey,  bend  down  to  me, 
Rub   to   me  with  your  chafing  beard,  rub   to   my  breast  and 

slwulders, 

3 

The  old  face  of  the  mother  of  many  children, 
Whist !  I  am  fully  content. 

Lull'd  and  late  is  the  smoke  of  the  First-day  morning, 
It  hangs  low  over  the  rows  of  trees  by  the  fences, 
It  hangs  thin  by  the  sassafras  and  wild-cherry  and  cat-brier  under 
them. 

I  saw  the  rich  ladies  in  full  dress  at  the  soiree, 
I  heard  what  the  singers  were  singing  so  long, 
Heard  who  sprang  in  crimson  youth  from  the  white  froth  and  the 
water-blue. 

Behold  a  woman ! 

She  looks  out  from  her  quaker  cap,  her  face  is  clearer  and  more 
beautiful  than  the  sky. 

She  sits  in  an  armchair  under  the  shaded  porch  of  the  farmhouse, 
The  sun  just  shines  on  her  old  white  head. 


356  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Her  ample  gown  is  of  cream-hued  linen, 

Her  grandsons  raised  the  flax,  and  her  grand-daughters  spun  it 
with  the  distaff  and  the  wheel. 

The  melodious  character  of  the  earth, 

The  finish  beyond  which  philosophy  cannot  go  and  does  not  wish 

to  go, 
The  justified  mother  of  men. 


THE   MYSTIC   TRUMPETER. 


HARK,  some  wild  trumpeter,  some  strange  musician, 
Hovering  unseen  in  air,  vibrates  capricious  tunes  to-night. 

I  hear  thee  trumpeter,  listening  alert  I  catch  thy  notes, 
Now  pouring,  whirling  like  a  tempest  round  me, 
Now  low,  subdued,  now  in  the  distance  lost. 


Come  nearer  bodiless  one,  haply  in  thee  resounds 

Some  dead  composer,  haply  thy  pensive  life 

Was  fill'd  with  aspirations  high,  unform'd  ideals, 

Waves,  oceans  musical,  chaotically  surging, 

That  now  ecstatic  ghost,  close  to  me  bending,  thy  cornet  echoing, 

pealing, 

Gives  out  to  no  one's  ears  but  mine,  but  freely  gives  to  mine, 
That  I  may  thee  translate. 

3 

Blow  trumpeter  free  and  clear,  I  follow  thee, 
While  at  thy  liquid  prelude,  glad,  serene, 

The  fretting  world,  the  streets,  the  noiay  hours  of  day  withdraw, 
A  holy  calm  descends  like  dew  upon  me, 
I  walk  in  cool  refreshing  night  the  walks  of  Paradise, 
I  scent  the  grass,  the  moist  air  and  the  roses ; 
Thy   song    expands    my   numb'd    imbonded   spirit,   thou   freest, 

launches!  me, 
Floating  and  basking  upon  heaven's  lake. 


Blow  again  trumpeter  !  and  for  my  sensuous  eyes, 
Bring  the  old  pageants,  show  the  feudal  world. 


FROM  NOON  TO  STARRY  NIGHT.  357 

What  charm  thy  music  works  !  thou  makest  pass  before  me, 
Ladies  and  cavaliers  long  dead,  barons  are  in  their  castle  halls,  the 

troubadours  are  singing, 
Arm'd  knights  go  forth  to  redress  wrongs,  some  in  quest  of  the 

holy  Graal ; 
I  see  the  tournament,  I  see   the  contestants   incased   in   heavy 

armor  seated  on  stately  champing  horses, 
I  hear  the  shouts,  the  sounds  of  blows  and  smiting  steel ; 
I  see  the  Crusaders'  tumultuous  armies  —  hark,  how  the  cymbals 

clang, 
Lo,  where  the  monks  walk  in  advance,  bearing  the  cross  on  high. 

5 

Blow  again  trumpeter  !  and  for  thy  theme, 

Take  now  the  enclosing  theme  of  all,  the  solvent  and  the  setting, 
Love,  that  is  pulse  of  all,  the  sustenance  and  the  pang, 
The  heart  of  man  and  woman  all  for  love, 
No  other  theme  but  love  —  knitting,  enclosing,  all-diffusing  love. 

0  how  the  immortal  phantoms  crowd  around  me  ! 

1  see  the  vast  alembic  ever  working,  I  see  and  know  the  flames 

that  heat  the  world, 

The  glow,  the  blush,  the  beating  hearts  of  lovers, 
So   blissful  happy  some,  and  some  so  silent,  dark,  and  nigh  to 

death ; 
Love,  that  is  all  the  earth  to  lovers  —  love,  that  mocks  time  and 

space, 

Love,  that  is  day  and  night  —  love,  that  is  sun  and  moon  and  stars, 
Love,  that  is  crimson,  sumptuous,  sick  with  perfume, 
No  other  words  but  words  of  love,  no  other  thought  but  love. 

6 
Blow  again  trumpeter  —  conjure  war's  alarums. 

Swift  to  thy  spell  a  shuddering  hum  like  distant  thunder  rolls, 
Lo,  where  the  arm'd  men  hasten  —  lo,  mid  the  clouds  of  dust  the 

glint  of  bayonets, 
I  see  the  grime-faced  cannoneers,  I  mark  the  rosy  flash  amid  the 

smoke,  I  hear  the  cracking  of  the  guns ; 
Nor  war  alone  —  thy  fearful  music-song,  wild  player,  brings  every 

sight  of  fear, 
The  deeds  of  ruthless  brigands,  rapine,  murder  —  I  hear  the  cries 

for  help  ! 
I  see  ships  foundering  at  sea,  I  behold  on  deck  and  below  deck 

the  terrible  tableaus. 


358  LEASES  OF  CRASS. 


0  trumpeter,  methinks  I  am  myself  the  instrument  them  playest, 
Thou  melt'st  my  heart,  my  brain  —  them  movest,  drawest,  chan- 

gest  them  at  will ; 

And  now  thy  sullen  notes  send  darkness  through  me, 
Thou  takest  away  all  cheering  light,  all  hope, 

1  see  the  enslaved,  the  overthrown,  the  hurt,  the  opprest  of  the 

whole  earth, 
I   feel   the   measureless   shame   and   humiliation   of  my  race,  it 

becomes  all  mine. 
Mine  too  the  revenges  of  humanity,  the  wrongs  of  ages,  baffled 

feuds  and  hatreds, 

Utter  defeat  upon  me  weighs  —  all  lost  —  the  foe  victorious, 
(Yet  'mid  the  ruins  Pride  colossal  stands  unshaken  to  the  last, 
Endurance,  resolution  to  the  last.) 


Now  trumpeter  for  thy  close, 

Vouchsafe  a  higher  strain  than  any  yet, 

Sing  to  my  soul,  renew  its  languishing  faith  and  hope, 

Rouse  up  my  slow  belief,  give  me  some  vision  of  the  future, 

Give  me  for  once  its  prophecy  and  joy. 

O  glad,  exulting,  culminating  song  ! 

A  vigor  more  than  earth's  is  in  thy  notes, 

Marches  of  victory  —  man  disenthrall!  —  the  conqueror  at  last, 

Hymns  to  the  universal  God  from  universal  man  —  all  joy  ! 

A  reborn  race  appears — a  perfect  world,  all  joy  ! 

Women  and  men  in  wisdom  innocence  and  health  —  all  joy  ! 

Riotous  laughing  bacchanals  fill'd  with  joy  ! , 

War,  sorrow,  suffering  gone  —  the  rank  earth   purged  —  nothing 

but  joy  left ! 

The  ocean  fill'd  with  joy  —  the  atmosphere  all  joy  ! 
Joy  !  joy  !  in  freedom,  worship,  love  !  joy  in  the  ecstasy  of  life  ! 
Enough  to  merely  be  !  enough  to  breathe  ! 
Joy  !  joy  !  all  over  joy  ! 


TO   A   LOCOMOTIVE    IN   WINTER. 

THEE  for  my  recitative, 

Thee  in  the  driving  storm  even  as  now,  the  snow,  the  winter-day 

declining, 
Thee  in  thy  panoply,  thy  nieasur'd  dual  throbbing  and  thy  beat 

convulsive, 


FROM  NOON  TO  STARRY  NIGHT.  359 

Thy  black  cylindric  body,  golden  brass  and  silvery  steel, 

Thy  ponderous  side-bars,  parallel  and  connecting  rods,  gyrating, 

shuttling  at  thy  sides, 
Thy  metrical,  now  swelling  pant  and  roar,  now  tapering  in   the 

distance, 

Thy  great  protruding  head-light  fix'd  in  front, 
Thy   long,   pale,   floating  vapor-pennants,   tinged    with    delicate 

purple, 

The  dense  and  murky  clouds  out-belching  from  thy  smoke-stack, 
Thy  knitted  frame,  thy  springs  and  valves,  the  tremulous  twinkle 

of  thy  wheels, 

Thy  train  of  cars  behind,  obedient,  merrily  following, 
Through  gale  or  calm,  now  swift,  now  slack,  yet  steadily  careering  ; 
Type  of  the  modern  —  emblem  of  motion  and  power  —  pulse  of 

the  continent, 
For  once  come  serve  the  Muse  and  merge  in  verse,  even  as  here 

I  see  thee, 

With  storm  and  buffeting  gusts  of  wind  and  falling  snow, 
By  day  thy  warning  ringing  bell  to  sound  its  notes, 
By  night  thy  silent  signal  lamps  to  swing. 

Fierce-throated  beauty  ! 

Roll  through  my  chant  with  all  thy  lawless  music,  thy  swinging 

lamps  at  night, 
Thy   madly-whistled   laughter,  echoing,  rumbling  like   an  eartfr- 

quake,  rousing  all, 

Law  of  thyself  complete,  thine  own  track  firmly  holding, 
(No  sweetness  debonair  of  tearful  harp  or  glib  piano  thine,) 
Thy  trills  of  shrieks  by  rocks  and  hills  return'd, 
Launch'd  o'er  the  prairies  wide,  across  the  lakes, 
To  the  free  skies  unpent  and  glad  and  strong. 


O  MAGNET-SOUTH. 

O  MAGNET-SOUTH  !  O  glistening  perfumed  South  !  my  South  ! 

O  quick  mettle,  rich  blood,  impulse  and  love  !  good  and  evil !  O 

all  dear  to  me  ! 
O  dear  to  me  my  birth-things  —  all  moving  things  and  the  trees 

where  I  was  born  — the  grains,  plants,  rivers, 
Dear  to  me  my  own  slow  sluggish  rivers  where  they  flow,  distant, 

over  flats  of  silvery  sands  or  through  swamps, 
Dear   to   me   the   Roanoke,  the   Savannah,  the   Altamahaw,  the 

Pedee,  the  Tombigbee,  the  Santee,  the   Coosa  and  the 

Sabine, 


360  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

0  pensive,  far  away  wandering,  I  return  with  my  soul  to  haunt 

their  banks  again, 

Again  in  Florida  I  float  on  transparent  lakes,  I  float  on  the  Okee- 
chobee,  I  cross  the  hummock-land  or  through  pleasant 
openings  or  dense  forests, 

1  see  the  parrots  in  the  woods,  I  see  the  papaw-tree  and  the  blos 

soming  titi ; 
Again,  sailing  in  my  coaster  on  deck,  I  coast  off  Georgia,  I  coast 

up  the  Carolinas, 
I  see  where  the  live-oak  is  growing,  I  see  where  the  yellow-pine, 

the  scented  bay-tree,  the  lemon  and  orange,  the  cypress, 

the  graceful  palmetto, 
I  pass  rude  sea-headlands  and  enter  Pamlico  sound  through  an 

inlet,  and  dart  my  vision  inland  ; 

O  the  cotton  plant !  the  growing  fields  of  rice,  sugar,  hemp  ! 
The  cactus  guarded  with  thorns,  the  laurel-tree  with  large  white 

flowers, 
The   range   afar,   the   richness   and   barrenness,   the    old   woods 

charged  with  mistletoe  and  trailing  moss, 
The  piney  odor  and  the  gloom,  the  awful  natural  stillness,  (here 

in  these  dense  swamps  the  freebooter  carries  his  gun,  and 

the  fugitive  has  his  conceal'd  hut ;) 
O  the   strange   fascination   of  these    half-known   half- impassable 

swamps,  infested   by  reptiles,  resounding  with  the  bellow 

of  the  alligator,  the  sad  noises  of  the  night-owl  and  the 

wild-cat,  and  the  whirr  of  the  rattlesnake, 
The  mocking-bird,  the  American  mimic,  singing  all  the  forenoon, 

singing  through  the  moon-lit  night, 

The  humming-bird,  the  wild  turkey,  the  raccoon,  the  opossum  ; 
A  Kentucky  corn-field,  the  tall,  graceful,  long-leav'd  corn,  slender, 

flapping,  bright  green,  with  tassels,  with  beautiful  ears  each 

well-sheath'd  in  its  husk  ; 
O  my  heart !  O  tender  and  fierce  pangs,  I  can  stand  them  not,  I 

will  depart ; 

O  to  be  a  Virginian  where  I  grew  up  !  O  to  be  a  Carolinian  ! 
O  longings  irrepressible  !  O  I  will  go  back  to  old  Tennessee  and 

never  wander  more. 


MANNAHATTA. 

I  WAS  asking  for  something  specific  and  perfect  for  my  city, 
Whereupon  lo  !  upsprang  the  aboriginal  name. 

Now  I  see  what  there  is  in  a  name,  a  word,  liquid,  sane,  unruly, 
musical,  self-sufficient, 


FROM  NOON  TO  STARRY  NIGHT.  3^r 

I  see  that  the  word  of  my  city  is  that  word  from  of  old, 
Because  I  see  that  word  nested  in  nests  of  water-bays,  superb, 
Rich,  hemm'd  thick  all  around  with  sailships  and  steamships,  an 

island  sixteen  miles  long,  solid-founded, 
Numberless  crowded  streets,  high  growths  of  iron,  slender,  strong, 

light,  splendidly  uprising  toward  clear  skies, 
Tides  swift  and  ample,  well-loved  by  me,  toward  sundown, 
The  flowing  sea-currents,  the  little  islands,  larger  adjoining  islands, 

the  heights,  the  villas, 
The  countless  masts,  the  white  shore-steamers,  the  lighters,  the 

ferry-boats,  the  black  sea-steamers  well-model'd, 
The  down-town  streets,  the  jobbers'  houses  of  business,  the  houses 

of  business  of  the  ship-merchants  and  money-brokers,  the 

river-streets, 

Immigrants  arriving,  fifteen  or  twenty  thousand  in  a  week, 
The  carts  hauling  goods,  the  manly  race  of  drivers  of  horses,  the 

brown-faced  sailors, 
The  summer  air,  the  bright  sun  shining,  and  the  sailing  clouds 

aloft, 
The  winter  snows,  the  sleigh-bells,  the  broken  ice  in  the  river, 

passing  along  up  or  down  with  the  flood-tide  or  ebb-tide, 
The  mechanics  of  the  city,   the  masters,  well-form'd,  beautiful- 
faced,  looking  you  straight  in  the  eyes, 
Trottoirs  throng'd,  vehicles,  Broadway,  the  women,  the  shops  and 

shows, 
A'Miillion   people — manners  free  and  superb  —  open  voices  — 

hospitality  —  the  most  courageous  and  friendly  young  men, 
City  of  hurried  and  sparkling  waters  !  city  of  spires  and  masts  ! 
City  nested  in  bays  !  my  city  ! 


ALL   IS   TRUTH. 

0  ME,  man  of  slack  faith  so  long, 
Standing  aloof,  denying  portions  so  long, 

Only  aware  to-day  of  compact  all-diffused  truth, 

Discovering  to-day  there  is  no  lie  or  form  of  lie,  and  can  be  none, 

but  grows  as  inevitably  upon  itself  as  the  truth  does  upon 

itself, 
Or  as  any  law  of  the  earth  or  any  natural  production  of  the  earth 

does. 

(This  is  curious  and  may  not  be  realized  immediately,  but  it  must 
be  realized, 

1  feel  in  myself  that  I  represent  falsehoods  equally  with  the  rest, 
And  that  the  universe  does.) 


362      •  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Where  has  fail'd  a  perfect  return  indifferent  of  lies  or  the  truth  ? 
Is  it  upon  the  ground,  or  in  water  or  fire  ?  or  in  the  spirit  of  man  ? 
or  in  the  meat  and  blood  ? 

Meditating  among  liars  and  retreating  sternly  into  myself,  I  see 
that  there  are  really  no  liars  or  lies  after  all, 

And  that  nothing  fails  its  perfect  return,  and  that  what  are  called 
lies  are  perfect  returns, 

And  that  each  thing  exactly  represents  itself  and  what  has  pre 
ceded  it, 

And  that  the  truth  includes  all,  and  is  compact  just  as  much  as 
space  is  compact, 

And  that  there  is  no  flaw  or  vacuum  in  the  amount  of  the  truth  — 
but  that  all  is  truth  without  exception ; 

And  henceforth  I  will  go  celebrate  any  thing  I  see  or  am, 

And  sing  and  laugh  and  deny  nothing. 


A   RIDDLE   SONG. 

THAT  which  eludes  this  verse  and  any  verse, 

Unheard  by  sharpest  ear,  unform'd  in  clearest  eye  or  cunningest 

mind, 

Nor  lore  nor  fame,  nor  happiness  nor  wealth, 
And  yet  the  pulse  of  every  heart  and  life  throughout  the  world 

incessantly,  — 

Which  you  and  I  and  all  pursuing  ever  ever  miss, 
Open  but  still  a  secret,  the  real  of  the  real,  an  illusion, 
Costless,  vouchsafed  to  each,  yet  never  man  the  owner, 
Which  poets  vainly  seek  to  put  in  rhyme,  historians  in  prose, 
Which  sculptor  never  chisel'd  yet,  nor  painter  painted, 
Which  vocalist  never  sung,  nor  orator  nor  actor  ever  utter'd, 
Invoking  here  and  now  I  challenge  for  my  song. 

Indifferently,  'mid  public,  private  haunts,  in  solitude, 
Behind  the  mountain  and  the  wood, 

Companion  of  the  city's  busiest  streets,  through  the  assemblage, 
It  and  its  radiations  constantly  glide. 

In  looks  of  fair  unconscious  babes, 

Or  strangely  in  the  coffin'd  dead, 

Or  show  of  breaking  dawn  or  stars  by  night, 

As  some  dissolving  delicate  film  of  dreams, 

Hiding  yet  lingering. 

Two  little  breaths  of  words  comprising  it, 

Two  words,  yet  all  from  first  to  last  comprised  in  it. 


FROM  NOON  TO  STARRY  NIGHT.  363 

How  ardently  for  it ! 

How  many  ships  have  sail'd  and  sunk  for  it ! 

How  many  travelers  started  from  their  homes  and  ne'er  return'd  ! 

How  much  of  genius  boldly  staked  and  lost  for  it ! 

What  countless  stores  of  beauty,  love,  ventur'd  for  it ! 

How  all  superbest  deeds  since  Time  began  are  traceable  to  it  — 

and  shall  be  to  the  end  ! 
How  all  heroic  martyrdoms  to  it ! 

How,  justified  by  it,  the  horrors,  evils,  battles  of  the  earth  ! 
How  the  bright  fascinating  lambent  flames  of  it,  in  every  age  and 

land,  have  drawn  men's  eyes, 
Rich  as  a  sunset  on  the  Norway  coast,  the  sky,  the  islands,  and  the 

cliffs, 
Or  midnight's  silent  glowing  northern  lights  unreachable. 

Haply  God's  riddle  it,  so  vague  and  yet  so  certain, 
The  soul  for  it,  and  all  the  visible  universe  for  it, 
And  heaven  at  last  for  it. 


EXCELSIOR. 

WHO  has  gone  farthest?  for  I  would  go  farther, 

And  who  has  been  just?  for  I  would  be  the  most  just  person  of 

the  earth, 

And  who  most  cautious?  for  I  would  be  more  caufious, 
And  who  has  been  happiest  ?  O  I  think  it  is  I  —  I  think  no  one 

was  ever  happier  than  I, 

And  who  has  lavish'd  all  ?  for  I  lavish  constantly  the  best  I  have, 
And  who  proudest?  for  I  think  I  have  reason  to  be  the  proudest 

son  alive  —  for  I  am  the  son  of  the  brawny  and  tall-topt 

city, 
And  who  has  been  bold  and  true  ?  for  I  would  be  the  boldest  and 

truest  being  of  the  universe, 
And  who  benevolent?  for  I  would  show  more  benevolence  than 

all  the  rest, 
And  who  has  receiv'd  the  love  of  the  most  friends  ?  for  I  know 

what  it  is  to  receive  the  passionate  love  of  many  friends, 
And  who  possesses  a  perfect  and  enamour'd  body  ?  for  I  do  riot 

believe  any  one  possesses  a  more  perfect  or  enamour'd 

body  than  mine, 
And  who  thinks  the  amplest  thoughts  ?  for  I  would  surround  those 

thoughts, 

And  who  has  made  hymns  fit  for  the  earth  ?  for  I  am  mad  with  de 
vouring  ecstasy  to  make  joyous  hymns  for  the  whole  earth. 


364  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

AH   POVERTIES,   WINCINGS,   AND    SULKY    RETREATS. 

AH  poverties,  wincings,  and  sulky  retreats, 

Ah  you  foes  that  in  conflict  have  overcome  me, 

(For  what  is  my  life  or  any  man's  life  but  a  conflict  with  foes,  the 

old,  the  incessant  war?) 

You  degradations,  you  tussle  with  passions  and  appetites, 
You  smarts  from  dissatisfied  friendships,  (ah  wounds  the  sharpest 

of  all !) 

You  toil  of  painful  and  choked  articulations,  you  meannesses, 
You  shallow  tongue-talks  at  tables,  (my  tongue  the  shallowest  of 

any;) 

You  broken  resolutions,  you  racking  angers,  you  smother'd  ennuis  ! 
Ah  think  not  you  finally  triumph,  my  real  self  has  yet  to  come 

forth, 

It  shall  yet  march  forth  o'ermastering,  till  all  lies  beneath  me, 
It  shall  yet  stand  up  the  soldier  of  ultimate  victory. 


THOUGHTS. 

OF  public  opinion, 

Of  a  calm  and  cool  fiat  sooner  or  later,  (how  impassive  !  how 
•certain  and  final !) 

Of  the  President  with  pale  face  asking  secretly  to  himself,  What 
will  the  people  say  at  last  f 

Of  the  frivolous  Judge  —  of  the  corrupt  Congressman,  Governor, 
Mayor  —  of  such  as  these  standing  helpless  and  exposed, 

Of  the  mumbling  and  screaming  priest,  (soon,  soon  deserted,) 

Of  the  lessening  year  by  year  of  venerableness,  and  of  the  dicta 
of  officers,  statutes,  pulpits,  schools, 

Of  the  rising  forever  taller  and  stronger  and  broader  of  the  intui 
tions  of  men  and  women,  and  of  Self-esteem  and  Per 
sonality  ; 

Of  the  true  New  World  —  of  the  Democracies  resplendent  en- 
masse, 

Of  the  conformity  of  politics,  armies,  navies,  to  them, 

Of  the  shining  sun  by  them  —  of  the  inherent  light,  greater  than 
the  rest, 

Of  the  envelopment  of  all  by  them,  and  the  effusion  of  all  from 
them. 

MEDIUMS. 

THEY  shall  arise  in  the  States, 

They  shall  report  Nature,  laws,  physiology,  and  happiness, 

They  shall  illustrate  Democracy  and  the  kosmos, 


FROM  NOON-  TO  STARRY  NIGHT.        365 

They  shall  be  alimentive,  amative,  perceptive, 

They  shall  be  complete  women  and  men,  their  pose  brawny  and 

supple,  their  drink  water,  their  blood  clean  and  clear, 
They  shall  fully  enjoy  materialism  and  the  sight  of  products,  they 

shall  enjoy  the  sight  of  the  beef,  lumber,  bread-stuffs,  of 

Chicago  the  great  city, 
They  shall  train  themselves  to  go  in  public  to  become  orators  and 

oratresses, 
Strong  and  sweet  shall  their  tongues  be,  poems  and  materials  of 

poems  shall  come  from  their  lives,  they  shall  be   makers 

and  finders, 
Of  them  and  of  their  works  shall  emerge  divine  conveyers,  to 

convey  gospels, 
Characters,  events,  retrospections,  shall   be  convey'd  in  gospels, 

trees,  animals,  waters,  shall  be  convey'd, 
Death,  the  future,  the  invisible  faith,  shall  all  be  convey'd. 


WEAVE    IN,   MY   HARDY  LIFE. 

WEAVE  in,  weave  in,  my  hardy  life, 

Weave  yet  a  soldier  strong  and  full  for  great  campaigns  to  come, 

Weave  in  red  blood,  weave  sinews  in  like  ropes,  the  senses,  sight 

weave  in, 
Weave   lasting   sure,  weave   day  and   night   the   weft,  the  warp, 

incessant  weave,  tire  not, 
(We  know  not  what  the  use  O  life,  nor  know  the  aim,  the  end, 

nor  really  aught  we  know, 
But  know  the  work,  the  need  goes  on  and  shall  go  on,  the  death- 

envelop'd  march  of  peace  as  well  as  war  goes  on,) 
For  great  campaigns  of  peace  the  same  the  wiry  threads  to  weave, 
We  know  not  why  or  what,  yet  weave,  forever  weave. 


SPAIN,  1873-74- 

Our  of  the  murk  of  heaviest  clouds, 

Out  of  the  feudal  wrecks  and  heap'd-up  skeletons  of  kings, 

Out  of  that  old  entire  European  debris,  the  shatter'd  mummeries, 

Ruin'd  cathedrals,  crumble  of  palaces,  tombs  of  priests, 

Lo,  Freedom's  features   fresh   undimm'd   look   forth  —  the  same 

immortal  face  looks  forth  ; 
(A  glimpse  as  of  thy  Mother's  face  Columbia, 
A  flash  significant  as  of  a  sword, 
Beaming  towards  thee.) 


366  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Nor  think  we  forget  thee  maternal ; 

Lag'd'st  thou  so  long  ?  shall  the  clouds  close  again  upon  thee  > 
Ah,  but  thou  hast  thyself  now  appear'd  to  us  —  we  know  thee, 
Thou  hast  given  us  a  sure  proof,*the  glimpse  of  thyself, 
Thou  waitest  there  as  everywhere  thy  time. 


BY  BROAD  POTOMAC'S  SHORE. 

BY  broad  Potomac's  shore,  again  old  tongue, 

(Still  uttering,  still  ejaculating,  canst  never  cease  this  babble  ?) 

Again  old  heart  so  gay,  again  to  you,  your  sense,  the  full  flush 

spring  returning, 
Again  the  freshness  and  the  odors,  again  Virginia's  summer  sky, 

pellucid  blue  and  silver, 
Again  the  forenoon  purple  of  the  hills, 
Again  the  deathless  grass,  so  noiseless  soft  and  green, 
Again  the  blood-red  roses  blooming. 

Perfume  this  book  of  mine  O  blood-red  roses  ! 

Lave  subtly  with  your  waters  every  line  Potomac  ! 

Give  me   of  you  O  spring,  before    I  close,  to   put   between  its 

pages  ! 

O  forenoon  purple  of  the  hills,  before  I  close,  of  you  ! 
O  deathless  grass,  of  you  ! 


FROM  FAR  DAKOTA'S  CANONS. 

June  25,   1876. 

FROM  far  Dakota's  canons, 

Lands  of  the  wild  ravine,  the  dusky  Sioux,  the  lonesome  stretch, 

the  silence, 
Haply  to-day  a  mournful  wail,  haply  a  trumpet-note  for  heroes. 

The  battle-bulletin, 

The  Indian  ambuscade,  the  craft,  the  fatal  environment, 

The  cavalry  companies  fighting  to  the  last  in  sternest  heroism, 

In  the  midst  of  their  little  circle,  with  their  slaughter'd  horses  for 

breastworks, 
The  fall  of  Custer  and  all  his  officers  and  men. 

Continues  yet  the  old,  old  legend  of  our  race, 
The  loftiest  of  life  upheld  by  death, 
The  ancient  banner  perfectly  maintain'd, 
O  lesson  opportune,  O  how  I  welcome  thee  1 


FROM  NOON  TO  STARRY  NIGHT. 


As  sitting  in  dark  days, 

Lone,  sulky,  through  the  time's  thick  murk  looking  in  vain  for  light, 

for  hope, 

From  unsuspected  parts  a  fierce  and  momentary  proof, 
(The  sun  there  at  the  centre  though  conceal'd, 
Electric  life  forever  at  the  centre,) 
Breaks  forth  a  lightning  flash. 

Thou  of  the  tawny  flowing  hair  in  battle, 

I  erewhile  saw,  with  erect  head,  pressing  ever  in  front,  bearing  a 

bright  sword  in  thy  hand, 

Now  ending  well  in  death  the  splendid  fever  of  thy  deeds, 
(I  bring  no  dirge  for  it  or  thee,  I  bring  a  glad  triumphal  sonnet,) 
Desperate  and  glorious,  aye  in  defeat  most  desperate,  most  glorious, 
After  thy  many  battles  in  which  never  yielding  up  a  gun  or  a  color, 
Leaving  behind  thee  a  memory  sweet  to  soldiers, 
Thou  yieldest  up  thyself. 


OLD   WAR-DREAMS. 

IN  midnight  sleep  of  many  a  face  of  anguish. 

Of  the  look  at  first  of  the  mortally  wounded,  (of  that  indescribable 

look,) 

Of  the  dead  on  their  backs  with  arms  extended  wide, 
I  dream,  I  dream,  I  dream. 

Of  scenes  of  Nature,  fields  and  mountains, 

Of  skies  so  beauteous  after  a  storm,  and  at  night  the  moon  so 

unearthly  bright, 
Shining  sweetly,  shining  down,  where  we  dig  the  trenches  and 

gather  the  heaps, 

Ixdream,  I  dream,  I  dream. 

Long  have  they  pass'd,  faces  and  trenches  and  fields, 

Where  through  the  carnage  I  moved  with  a.  callous  composure, 

or  away  from  the  fallen, 

Onward  I  sped  at  the  time  —  but  now  of  their  forms  at  night, 
I  dream,  I  dream,  I  dream. 


THICK-SPRINKLED   BUNTING. 

THICK-SPRINKLED  bunting  !  flag  of  stars  ! 

Long  yet  your  joad,  fateful  flag  —  long  yet  your  road,  and  lined 
with  bloody  death, 


368  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

For  the  prize  I  see  at  issue  at  last  is  the  world, 

All  its  ships  and  shores  I  see  interwoven  with  your  threads  greedy 

banner ; 
Dream'd  again  the  flags  of  kings,  highest  borne,  to  flaunt  unrival'd? 

0  hasten  flag   of  man  —  O  with   sure  and  steady  step,  passing 

highest  flags  of  kings, 
Walk   s%>reme   to   the   heavens  mighty  symbol  —  run  up  above 

them  all, 
Flag  of  stars  !  thick-sprinkled  bunting  ! 

WHAT    BEST    I    SEE    IN    THEE. 
To  U.  S.  G.  returned  from  his  World's  Tour. 

WHAT  best  I  see  in  thee, 

Is  not  that  where  thou  mov'st  down  history's  great  highways, 

Ever  undimm'd  by  time  shoots  warlike  victory's  dazzle, 

Or  that  thou  sat'st  where  Washington  sat,  ruling  the  land  in  peace, 

Or   thou   the   man   whom    feudal    Europe  feted,  venerable   Asia 

swarm'd  upon, 

Who  walk'd  with  kings  with  even  pace  the  round  world's  prome 
nade  ; 

But  that  in  foreign  lands,  in  all  thy  walks  with  kings, 
Those  prairie  sovereigns  of  the  West,  Kansas,  Missouri,  Illinois, 
Ohio's,  Indiana's  millions,  comrades,  farmers,  soldiers,  all  to  the 

front, 
Invisibly  with  thee  walking  with  kings  with  even  pace  the  round 

world's  promenade, 
Were  all  so  justified. 

SPIRIT   THAT    FORM'D    THIS    SCENE. 

Written  in  Platte  Canon,  Colorado. 

SPIRIT  that  form'd  this  scene, 

These  tumbled  rock-piles  grim  and  red, 

These  reckless  heaven-ambitious  peaks, 

These  gorges,  turbulent-clear  streams,  this  naked  freshness, 

These  formless  wild  arrays,  for  reasons  of  their  own, 

1  know  thee,  savage  spirit  —  we  have  communed  together, 
Mine  too  such  wild  arrays,  for  reasons  of  their  own  ; 
Was't  charged  against  my  chants  they  had  forgotten  art  ? 
To  fuse  within  themselves  its  rules  precise  and  delicatesse  ? 
The   lyrist's   measur'd  beat,  the  wrought-out  temple's  grace  — 

column  and  polish'd  arch  forgot  ? 

But  thou  that  revelest  here  —  spirit  that  form'd  this  scene, 
They  have  remember'd  thee. 


FROM  NOON  TO  STARRY  NIGHT.  369 


AS    I   WALK  THESE   BROAD   MAJESTIC  DAYS. 

As  I  walk  these  broad  majestic  days  of  peace, 

(For  the  war,  the  struggle  of  blood  finish'd,  wherein,  O  terrific 

Ideal, 

Against  vast  odds  erewhile  having  gloriously  won, 
Now  thou  stridest  on,  yet  perhaps  in  time  toward  denser  wars, 
Perhaps  to  engage  in  time  in  still  more  dreadful  contests,  dangers, 
Longer  campaigns  and  crises,  labors  beyond  all  others,) 
Around  me  I  hear  that  eclat  of  the  world,  politics,  produce, 
The  announcements  of  recognized  things,  science, 
The  approved  growth  of  cities  and  the  spread  of  inventions. 

I  see  the  ships,  (they  will  last  a  few  years,) 

The  vast  factories  with  their  foremen  and  workmen, 

And  hear  the  indorsement  of  all,  and  do  not  object  to  it. 

But  I  too  announce  solid  things, 

Science,  ships,  politics,  cities,  factories,  are  not  nothing, 

Like   a   grand   procession   to   music   of  distant  bugles  pouring, 

triumphantly  moving,  and  grander  heaving  in  sight, 
They  stand  for  realities  —  all  is  as  it  should  be. 

Then  my  realities ; 

What  else  is  so  real  as  mine  ? 

Libertad  and  the  divine  average,  freedom  to  every  slave  on  the 
face  of  the  earth, 

The  rapt  promises  and  lumine  of  seers,  the  spiritual  world,  these 
centuries-lasting  songs, 

And  our  visions,  the  visions  of  poets,  the.  most  solid  announce 
ments  of  any. 


A   CLEAR   MIDNIGHT. 

THIS  is  thy  hour  O  Soul,  thy  free  flight  into  the  wordless, 

Away  from  books,  away  from  art,  the  day  erased,  the  lesson  done, 

Thee  fully  forth   emerging,  silent,  gazing,  pondering  the  themes 

thou  lovest  best, 
Night,  sleep,  death  and  the  stars. 


370  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

SONGS  OF   PARTING. 


AS  THE   TIME   DRAWS   NIGH. 

As  the  time  draws  nigh  glooming  a  cloud, 

A  dread  beyond  of  I  know  not  what  darkens  me. 

I  shall  go  forth, 

I  shall  traverse  the  States  awhile,  but  I  cannot  tell  whither  or  how 

long, 
Perhaps  soon  some  day  or  night  while  I  am  singing  my  voice  will 

suddenly  cease. 

O  book,  O  chants !  must  all  then  amount  to  but  this  ? 

Must  we   barely  arrive   at  this  beginning  of  us? — and  yet  it  is 

enough,  O  soul ; 
O  soul,  we  have  positively  appear'd  —  that  is  enough. 


YEARS   OF  THE   MODERN. 

YEARS  of  the  modern  !  years  of  the  unperform'd 1 

Your  horizon  rises,  I  see  it  parting  away  for  more  august  dramas, 

I  see  not  America  only,  not  only  Liberty's  nation  but  other  nations 
preparing, 

I  see  tremendous  entrances  and  exits,  new  combinations,  the  soli 
darity  of  races, 

I  see  that  force  advancing  with  irresistible  power  on  the  world's 
stage, 

(Have  the  old  forces,  the  old  wars,  played  their  parts?  are  the 
acts  suitable  to  them  closed  ?) 

I  see  Freedom,  completely  armM  and  victorious  and  very  haughty, 
with  Law  on  one  side  and  Peace  on  the  other, 

A  stupendous  trio  all  issuing  forth  against  the  idea  of  caste  ; 

What  historic  denouements  are  these  we  so  rapidly  approach  ? 

I  see  men  marching  and  countermarching  by  swift  millions, 

I  see  the  frontiers  and  boundaries  of  the  old  aristocracies  broken, 

I  see  the  landmarks  of  European  kings  removed, 

I  see  this  day  the  People  beginning  their  landmarks,  (all  others 
give  way ;) 

Never  were  such  sharp  questions  ask'd  as  this  day, 

Never  was  average  man,  his  soul,  more  energetic,  more  like  a  God, 


Soxes  of  PARTING.  371 


Lo,  how  he  urges  and  urges,  leaving  the  masses  no  rest ! 

His  daring  foot  is  on  land  and  sea  everywhere,  he  colonizes  the 

Pacific,  the  archipelagoes, 
With  the  steamship,  the  electric   telegraph,  the    newspaper,  the 

wholesale  engines  of  war, 
With  these  and  the  world-spreading   factories   he   interlinks   all 

geography,  all  lands ; 
What  whispers  are  these  O  lands,  running  ahead  of  you,  passing 

under  the  seas? 
Are  all  nations  communing?  is  there  going  to  be  but  one  heart  to 

the  globe  ? 
Is  humanity  forming  en-masse?  for  lo,  tyrants  tremble,  crowns 

grow  dim, 

The  earth,  restive,  confronts  a  new  era,  perhaps  a  general  divine  war, 
No  one  knows  what  will  happen  next,  such  portents  fill  the  days 

and  nights ; 
Years  prophetical  I  the  space  ahead  as  I  walk,  as  I  vainly  try  to 

pierce  it,  is  full  of  phantoms, 

Unborn  deeds,  things  soon  to  be,  project  their  shapes  around  me, 
This  incredible  rush  and  heat,  this  strange  ecstatic  fever  of  dreams 

O  years  ! 
Your  dreams  O  years,  how  they  penetrate  through  me  !   (I  know 

not  whether  I  sleep  or  wake  ;) 
The  perform'd  America  and  Europe  grow  dim,  retiring  in  shadow 

behind  me, 
The  unperform'd,  more  gigantic  than  ever,  advance,  advance  upon 

me. 

ASHES   OF   SOLDIERS.    . 

ASHES  of  soldiers  South  or  North, 
As  I  muse  retrospective  murmuring  a  chant  in  thought, 
The  war  resumes,  again  to  my  sense  your  shapes, 
And  again  the  advance  of  the  armies. 

Noiseless  as  mists  and  vapors, 

From  their  graves  in  the  trenches  ascending, 

From  cemeteries  all  through  Virginia  and  Tennessee, 

From  every  point  of  the  compass  out  of  the  countless  graves, 

In  wafted  clouds,  in  myriads  large,  or  squads  of  twos  or  threes  or 

single  ones  they  come, 
And  silently  gather  round  me. 

Now  sound  no  note  O  trumpeters, 

Not  at  the  head  of  my  cavalry  parading  on  spirited  horses, 


372  LEAI-ES  OF  CRASS. 

With  sabres  drawn  and  glistening,  and  carbines  by  their  thighs,  (ah 

my  brave  horsemen  ! 

My  handsome  tan- faced  horsemen  !  what  life,  what  joy  and  pride, 
With  all  the  perils  were  yours.) 

Nor  you  drummers,  neither  at  reveille"  at  dawn, 

Nor  the  long  roll  alarming  the  camp,  nor  even  the  muffled  beat 

for  a  burial, 
Nothing  from  you  this  time  O  drummers  bearing  my  warlike  drums. 

But  aside  from  these  and  the  marts  of  wealth  and  the  crowded 

promenade, 
Admitting  around  me  comrades  close  unseen  by  the  rest    and 

voiceless, 

The  slain  elate  and  alive  again,  the  dust  and  debris  alive, 
I  chant  this  chant  of  my  silent  soul  in  the  name  of  all  dead 

soldiers. 

Faces  so  pale  with  wondrous  eyes,  very  dear,  gather  closer  yet, 
I  )raw  close,  but  speak  not. 

Phantoms  of  countless  lost, 

Invisible  to  the  rest  henceforth  become  my  companions, 

Follow  me  ever  —  desert  me  not  while  I  live. 

Sweet  are  the  blooming  cheeks  of  the  living  —  sweet  are  the  musi 
cal  voices  sounding, 
But  sweet,  ah  sweet,  are  the  dead  with  their  silent  eyes. 

• 

Dearest  comrades,  all  is  over  and  long  gone, 
But  love  is  not  over  —  and  what  love,  O  comrades  ! 
Perfume  from  battle-fields  rising,  up  from  the  foetor  arising. 

Perfume  therefore  my  chant,  O  love,  immortal  love, 
Give  me  to  bathe  the  memories  of  all  dead  soldiers, 
Shroud  them,  embalm  them,  cover  them  all  over  with  tender  pride. 

Perfume  all  —  make  all  wholesome, 

Make  these  ashes  to  nourish  and  blossom, 

O  love,  solve  all,  fructify  all  with  the  last  chemistry. 

Give  me  exhaustless,  make  me  a  fountain, 

That  I  exhale  love  from  me  wherever  I  go  like  a  moist  perennial 

dew, 
For  the  ashes  of  all  dead  soldiers  South  or  North. 


SOWGS  OF  PARTING.  3/3 

THOUGHTS. 


OF  these  years  I  sing, 

How  they  pass  and  have  pass'd  through  convuls'd  pains,  as  through 

parturitions, 
How  America  illustrates  birth,  muscular  youth,  the  promise,  the 

sure  fulfilment,  the  absolute  success,  despite  of  people  — 

illustrates  evil  as  well  as  good, 

The  vehement  struggle  so  fierce  for  unity  in  one's-self ; 
How  many  hold  despairingly  yet  to  the  models  departed,  caste, 

"myths,  obedience,  compulsion,  and  to  infidelity, 
How  few  see  the  arrived  models,  the  athletes,  the  Western  States, 

or  see  freedom  or  spirituality,  or  hold  any  faith  in  results, 
(But  I  see  the  athletes,  and  I  see  the  results  of  the  war  glorious 

and  inevitable,  and  they  again  leading  to  other  results.) 

How  the  great  cities  appear  —  how  the  Democratic  masses,  turbu 
lent,  wilful,  as  I  love  them, 

How  the  whirl,  the  contest,  the  wrestle  of  evil  with  good,  the 
sounding  and  resounding,  keep  on  and  on, 

How  society  waits  unform'd,  and  is  for  a  while  between  things 
ended  and  things  begun, 

How  America  is  the  continent  of  glories,  and  of  the  triumph  of 
freedom  and  of  the  Democracies,  and  of  the  fruits  of  so 
ciety,  and  of  all  that  is  begun, 

And  how  the  States  are  complete  in  themselves  —  and  how  all 
triumphs  and  glories  are  complete  in  themselves,  to  lead 
onward. 

And  how  these  of  mine  and  of  the  States  will  in  their  turn  be  con- 
'vuls'd,  and  serve  other  parturitions  and  transitions, 

And  how  all  people,  sights,  combinations,  the  democratic  masses 
too,  serve  —  and  how  every  fact,  and  war  itself,  with  all  its 
horrors,  serves, 

And  how  now  or  at  any  time  each  serves'  the  exquisite  transition 
of  death. 


Of  seeds  dropping  into  the  ground,  of  births, 

Of  the  steady  concentration  of  America,  inland,  upward,  to  im 
pregnable  and  swarming  places, 

Of  what  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Arkansas,  and  the  rest,  are  to  be, 

Of  what  a  few  years  will  show  there  in  Nebraska,  Colorado, 
Nevada,  and  the  rest, 

(Or  afar,  mounting  the  Northern  Pacific  to  Sitka  or  Aliaska,) 


374  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Of  what  the  feuillage  of  America  is  the  preparation  for  —  and  of 
what  all  sights,  North,  South,  East  and  West,  are, 

Of  this  Union  welded  in  blood,  of  the  solemn  price  paid,  of  the 
unnamed  lost  ever  present  in  my  mind  ; 

Of  the  temporary  use  of  materials  for  identity's  sake, 

Of  the  present,  passing,  departing  —  of  the  growth  of  completer 
men  than  any  yet, 

Of  all  sloping  down  there  where  the  fresh  free  giver  the  mother, 
the  Mississippi  flows, 

Of  mighty  inland  cities  yet  unsurvey'd  and  unsuspected, 

Of  the  new  and  good  names,  of  the  modern  developments,  of 
inalienable  homesteads, 

Of  a  free  and  original  life  there,  of  simple  diet  and  clean  and 
sweet  blood, 

Of  litheness,  majestic  faces,  clear  eyes,  and  perfect  physique  there, 

Of  immense  spiritual  results  future  years  far  West,  each  side  of  the 
Anahuacs, 

Of  these  songs,  well  understood  there,  (being  made  for  that  area,) 

Of  the  native  scorn  of  grossness  and  gain  there, 

(O  it  lurks  in  me  night  and  day  —  what  is  gain  after  all  to  savage- 
ness  and  freedom  ?) 


SONG   AT   SUNSET. 

SPLENDOR  of  ended  day  floating  and  filling  me, 
Hour  prophetic,  hour  resuming  the  past, 
Inflating  my  throat,  you  divine  average, 
You  earth  and  life  till  the  last  ray  gleams  I  sing. 

Open  mouth  of  my  soul  uttering  gladness, 
Eyes  of  my  soul  seeing  perfection, 
Natural  life  of  me  faithfully  praising  things, 
Corroborating  forever  the  triumph  of  things. 

Illustrious  every  one  ! 

Illustrious  what  we  name  space,  sphere  of  unnumber'd  spirits, 

Illustrious  the  mystery  of  motion  in  all  beings,  even  the   tiniest 

insect, 

Illustrious  the  attribute  of  speech,  the  senses,  the  body, 
Illustrious  the  passing  light  —  illustrious  the  pale  reflection  on  the 

new  moon  in  the  western  sky, 
Illustrious  whatever  I  see  or  hear  or  touch,  to  the  last. 

Good  in  all, 

In  the  satisfaction  and  aplomb  of  animals, 


SOATGS  OF  PARTING.  375 

In  the  annual  return  of  the  seasons, 

In  the  hilarity  of  youth, 

In  the  strength  and  flush  of  manhood, 

In  the  grandeur  and  exquisiteness  of  old  age, 

In  the  superb  vistas  of  death. 

Wonderful  to  depart ! 
Wonderful  to  be  here  ! 

The  heart,  to  jet  the  all-alike  and  innocent  blood  ! 
To  breathe  the  air,  how  delicious  ! 
To  speak  —  to  walk  —  to  seize  something  by  the  hand  ! 
To  prepare  for  sleep,  for  bed,  to  look  on  my  rose-color'd  flesh  ! 
To  be  conscious  of  my  body,  so  satisfied,  so  large  ! 
To  be  this  incredible  God  I  am  ! 

To  have  gone  forth  among  other  Gods,  these  men  and  women  I 
love. 

Wonderful  how  I  celebrate  you  and  myself ! 

How  my  thoughts  play  subtly  at  the  spectacles  around  ! 

How  the  clouds  pass  silently  overhead  ! 

How  the  earth  darts  on  and  on  !  and  how  the  sun,  moon,  stars, 

dart  on  and  on  ! 

How  the  water  sports  and  sings  !  (surely  it  is  alive  !) 
How  the  trees  rise  and  stand  up,  with  strong  trunks,  with  branches 

and  leaves  ! 
(Surely  there  is  something  more  in  each  of  the  trees,  some  living 

soul.) 

O  amazement  of  things  —  even  the  least  particle  ! 
O  spirituality  of  things  ! 

0  strain  musical  flowing  through  ages  and  continents,  now  reaching 

me  and  America ! 

1  take  your  strong  chords,  intersperse  them,  and  cheerfully  pass 

them  forward. 

I  too  carol  the  sun,  usher'd  or  at  noon,  or  as  now,  setting, 

I  too  throb  to  the  brain  and  beauty  of  the  earth  and  of  all  the 

growths  of  the  earth, 
I  too  have  felt  the  resistless  call  of  myself. 

As  I  steam'd  down  the  Mississippi, 
As  I  wander'd  over  the  prairies, 

As  I  have  lived,  as  I  have  look'd  through  my  windows  my  eyes, 
As  I  went  forth  in  the  morning,  as  I  beheld  the  light  breaking  in 
the  east, 


376  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

As  I  bathed  on  the  beach  of  the  Eastern  Sea,  and  again  on  the 

beach  of  the  Western  Sea, 
As  I  roam'd  the  streets  of  inland  Chicago,  whatever  streets  I  have 

roam'd, 

Or  cities  or  silent  woods,  or  even  amid  the  sights  of  war, 
Wherever  I  have  been  I  have  charged  myself  with  contentment 

and  triumph. 

I  sing  to  the  last  the  equalities  modern  or  old, 
I  sing  the  endless  finales  of  things, 
I  say  Nature  continues,  glory  continues, 
I  praise  with  electric  voice, 

For  I  do  not  see  one  imperfection  in  the  universe, 
And  I  do  not  see  one  cause  or  result  lamentable  at  last  in  the 
universe. 

0  setting  sun  !  though  the  time  has  come, 

1  still  warble  under  you,  if  none  else  does,  unmitigated  adoration. 


AS   AT   THY   PORTALS   ALSO   DEATH. 

As  at  thy  portals  also  death, 

Entering  thy  sovereign,  dim,  illimitable  grounds, 

To  memories  of  my  mother,  to  the  divine  blending,  maternity, 

To  her,  buried  and  gone,  yet  buried  not,  gone  not  from  me, 

(I  see  again  the  calm  benignant  face  fresh  and  beautiful  still, 

I  sit  by  the  form  in  the  coffin, 

I  kiss  and  kiss  convulsively  again  the  sweet  old  lips,  the  cheeks,, 

the  closed  eyes  in  the  coffin ;) 
To  her,  the  ideal  woman,  practical,  spiritual,  of  all  of  earth,  life, 

love,  to  me  the  best, 

I  grave  a  monumental  line,  before  I  go,  amid  these  songs, 
And  set  a  tombstone  here. 


MY   LEGACY. 

THE  business  man  the  acquirer  vast, 

After  assiduous  years  surveying  results,  preparing  for  departure, 

Devises  houses  and  lands  to  his  children,  bequeaths  stocks,  goods, 

funds  for  a  school  or  hospital, 
Leaves  money  to  certain  companions  to  buy  tokens,  souvenirs  of 

gems  and  gold. 

But  I,  my  life  surveying,  closing, 


Soxes  OF  PARTING.  377 

With  nothing  to  show  to  devise  from  its  idle  years, 

Nor  houses  nor  lands,  nor  tokens  of  gems  or  gold  for  my  friends, 

Yet  certain  remembrances  of  the  war  for  you,  and  after  you, 

And  little  souvenirs  of  camps  and  soldiers,  with  my  love, 

I  bind  together  and  bequeath  in  this  bundle  of  songs. 

PENSIVE    ON   HER  DEAD    GAZING. 

PENSIVE  on  her  dead  gazing  I  heard  the  Mother  of  All, 
Desperate  on  the  torn  bodies,  on  the  forms  covering  the  battle 
fields  gazing, 
(As  the  last  gun   ceased,  but   the   scent   of  the   powder-smoke 

linger'd,) 

As  she  call'd  to  her  earth  with  mournful  voice  while  she  stalk'd, 
Absorb  them  well  O  my  earth,  she  cried,  I  charge  you  lose  not 

my  sons,  lose  not  an  atom, 

And  you  streams  absorb  them  well,  taking  their  dear  blood, 
And    you    local    spots,   and  you   airs   that   swim   above    lightly 

impalpable, 

And  all  you  essences  of  soil  and  growth,  and  you  my  rivers'  depths, 
And  you  mountain  sides,  and  the  woods  where  my  dear  children's 

blood  trickling  redden'd, 

And  you  trees  down  in  your  roots  to  bequeath  to  all  future  trees, 
My  dead  absorb  or  South  or  North  —  my  young   men's   bodies 

absorb,  and  their  precious  precious  blood, 
Which  holding  in  trust  for  me  faithfully  back  again  give  me  many 

a  year  hence, 

In  unseen  essence  and  odor  of  surface  and  grass,  centuries  hence, 
In  blowing  airs  from  the  fields  back  again  give  me  my  darlings, 

give  my  immortal  heroes, 
Exhale  me  them  centuries  hence,  breathe  me  their  breath,  let  not 

an  atom  be  lost, 

O  years  and  graves  !  O  air  and  soil !  O  my  dead,  an  aroma  sweet ! 
Exhale  them  perennial  sweet  death,  years,  centuries  hence. 


CAMPS    OF   GREEN. 

NOT  alone  those  camps  of  white,  old  comrades  of  the  wars, 
When  as  order'd  forward,  after  a  long  march, 
Footsore  and  weary,  soon  as  the  light  lessens  we  halt  for  the  night, 
Some  of  us  so  fatigued  carrying  the  gun  and  knapsack,  dropping 

asleep  in  our  tracks, 
Others  pitching  the   little   tents,  and  the  fires  lit  up  begin  to 

sparkle, 


3/8  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Outposts  of  pickets  posted  surrounding  alert  through  the  dark, 

And  a  word  provided  for  countersign,  careful  for  safety, 

Till  to  the  call  of  the  drummers  at  daybreak  loudly  beating  the 

drums, 
We  rise  up  refresh'd,  the  night  and  sleep  pass'd  over,  and  resume 

our  journey, 
Or  proceed  to  battle. 

Lo,  the  camps  of  the  tents  of  green, 

Which  the  days  of  peace  keep  filling,  and  the  days  of  war  keep 
filling, 

With  a  mystic  army,  (is  it  too  order'd  forward?  is  it  too  only  halt 
ing  awhile, 

Till  night  and  sleep  pass  over?) 

Now  in  those  camps  of  green,  in  their  tents  dotting  the  world, 
In  the  parents,  children,  husbands,  wives,  in  them,  in  the  old  and 

young, 
Sleeping  under  the  sunlight,  sleeping  under  the  moonlight,  content 

and  silent  there  at  last, 

Behold  the  mighty  bivouac-field  and  waiting-camp  of  all, 
Of  the  corps  and  generals  all,  and  the  President  over  the  corps 

and  generals  all, 
And  of  each  of  us  O  soldiers,  and  of  each  and  all  in  the  ranks  we 

fought, 
(There  without  hatred  we  all,  all  meet.) 

For  presently  O  soldiers,  we  too  camp  in  our  place  in  the  bivouac- 
camps  of  green, 

But  we  need  not  provide  for  outposts,  nor  word  for  the  counter 
sign, 

Nor  drummer  to  beat  the  morning  drum. 


THE    SOBBING    OF   THE    BELLS. 
(Midnight,  Sept.  19-20,  1881.) 

THE  sobbing  of  the  bells,  the  sudden  death-news  everywhere, 

The  slumberers  rouse,  the  rapport  of  the  People, 

( Full  well  they  know  that  message  in  the  darkness, 

Full  well  return,  respond  within  their  breasts,  their  brains,  the  sad 

reverberations,) 
The  passionate  toll  and  clang  —  city  to  city,  joining,  sounding, 

passing, 
Those  heart-beats  of  a  Nation  in  the  night. 


SONGS  OF  PARTING.  379 

AS    THEY   DRAW   TO   A   CLOSE. 

As  they  draw  to  a  close, 

Of  what  underlies  the  precedent  songs  —  of  my  aims  in  them, 

Of  the  seed  I  have  sought  to  plant  in  them, 

Of  joy,  sweet  joy,  through  many  a  year,  in  them, 

(For  them,  for  them  have  I  lived,  in  them  my  work  is  done,) 

Of  many  an  aspiration  fond,  of  many  a  dream  and  plan  ; 

Through  Space  and  Time  fused  in  a  chant,  and  the  flowing  eternal 
identity, 

To  Nature  encompassing  these,  encompassing  God  —  to  the  joy 
ous,  electric  all, 

To  the  sense  of  Death,  and  accepting  exulting  in  Death  in  its 
turn  the  same  as  life, 

The  entrance  of  man  to  sing ; 

To  compact  you,  ye  parted,  diverse  lives, 

To  put  rapport  the  mountains  and  rocks  and  streams, 

And  the  winds  of  the  north,  and  the  forests  of  oak  and  pine, 

With  you  O  soul. 

JOY,   SHIPMATE,  JOY! 

JOY,  shipmate,  joy  ! 
(Pleas'd  to  my  soul  at  death  I  cry,) 
Our  life  is  closed,  our  life  begins, 
The  long,  long  anchorage  we  leave, 
The  ship  is  clear  at  last,  she  leaps  ! 
She  swiftly  courses  from  the  shore, 
Joy,  shipmate,  joy. 

THE   UNTOLD   WANT. 

THE  untold  want  by  life  and  land  ne'er  granted, 
Now  voyager  sail  thou  forth  to  seek  and  find. 


PORTALS. 

WHAT   are   those   of  the  known   but  to   ascend   and   enter  the 

Unknown  ? 
And  what  are  those  of  life  but  for  Death  ? 


THESE   CAROLS. 

THESE  carols  sung  to  cheer  my  passage  through  the  world  I  see, 
For  completion  I  dedicate  to  the  Invisible  World. 


f 

380  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

NOW  FINALE   TO   THE   SHORE. 

Now  finalfe  to  the  shore, 

Now  land  and  life  finale  and  farewell, 

Now  Voyager  depart,  (much,  much  for  thee  is  yet  in  store,) 

Often  enough  hast  thou  adventur'd  o'er  the  seas, 

Cautiously  cruising,  studying  the  charts, 

Duly  again  to  port  and  hawser's  tie  returning ; 

But  now  obey  thy  cherish'd  secret  wish, 

Embrace  thy  friends,  leave  all  in  order, 

To  port  and  hawser's  tie  no  more  returning, 

Depart  upon  thy  endless  cruise  old  Sailor. 


SO  LONG! 
To  conclude,  I  announce  what  comes  after  me. 

I  remember  I  said  before  my  leaves  sprang  at  all, 
I  would  raise  my  voice  jocund  and  strong  with  reference  to  con 
summations. 

When  America  does  what  was  promis'd, 

When   through  these  States  walk  a  hundred  millions  of  superb 

persons, 

When  the  rest  part  away  for  superb  persons  and  contribute  to  them, 
When  breeds  of  the  most  perfect  mothers  denote  America, 
Then  to  me  and  mine  our  due  fruition. 

I  have  press'd  through  in  my  own  right, 

I  have  sung  the  body  and  the  soul,  war  and  peace  have  I  sung, 

and  the  songs  of  life  and  death, 
And  the  songs  of  birth,  and  shown  that  there  are  many  births. 

I  have  offer'd  my  style  to  every  one,  I  have  journey'd  with  confi 
dent  step ; 

While  my  pleasure  is  yet  at  the  full  I  whisper  So  long  / 
And  take  the  young  woman's  hand  and  the  young  man's  hand  for 
the  last  time. 

I  announce  natural  persons  to  arise, 
I  announce  justice  triumphant, 
I  announce  uncompromising  liberty  and  equality, 
I  announce  the  justification  of  candor  and  the  justification  of 
pride. 


SONGS  OF  PARTING.  381 

I  announce  that  the  identity  of  these  States  is  a  single  identity 

only, 

I  announce  the  Union  more  and  more  compact,  indissoluble, 
I  announce  splendors  and  majesties  to  make  all  the  previous  poli 

tics  of  the  earth  insignificant.  A 

I  announce  adhesiveness,  I  say  it  shall  be  limitless,  unloosen'd, 
I  say  you  shall  yet  find  the  friend  you  were  looking  for. 

I  announce  a  man  or  woman  coming,  perhaps  you  are  the  one, 

(So  long  /) 
I  announce  the  great  individual,  fluid  as  Nature,  chaste,  affection 

ate,  compassionate,  fully  arm'd. 

I  announce  a  life  that  shall  be  copious,  vehement,  spiritual,  bold, 
I  announce  an  end  that  shall  lightly  and  joyfully  meet  its  transla 
tion. 

I  announce  myriads  of  youths,  beautiful,  gigantic,  sweet-blooded, 
I  announce  a  race  of  splendid  and  savage  old  men. 

O  thicker  and  faster  —  (S<?  long  /) 

0  crowding  too  close  upon  me, 

1  foresee  too  much,  it  means  more  than  I  thought, 
It  appears  to  me  I  am  dying. 

Hasten  throat  and  sound  your  last, 

Salute  me  —  salute  the  days  once  more.     Peal  the  old  cry  once 
more. 

Screaming  electric,  the  atmosphere  using, 

At  random  glancing,  each  as  I  notice  absorbing, 

Swiftly  on,  but  a  little  while  alighting, 

Curious  envelop'd  messages  delivering, 

Sparkles  hot,  seed  ethereal  down  in  the  dirt  dropping, 

Myself  unknowing,  my  commission  obeying,  to  question  it  never 

daring, 

To  ages  and  ages  yet  the  growth  of  the  seed  leaving, 
To  troops  out  of  the  war  arising,  they  the  tasks  I  have  set  promul- 


To  women  certain  whispers  of  myself  bequeathing,  their  affection 

me  more  clearly  explaining, 
To  young  men  my  problems  offering  —  no  dallier  I  —  I  the  mus 

cle  of  their  brains  trying, 
So  I  pass,  a  little  time  vocal,  visible,  contrary, 


382  LEAVES  OF  GRASS. 

Afterward  a  melodious  echo,  passionately  bent  for,  (death  making 

me  really  undying,) 
The  best  of  me  then  when  no  longer  visible,  for  toward  that  I  have 

been  incessantly  preparing. 

What*s  there  more,  that  I  lag  and  pause  and  crouch  extended 

with  unshut  mouth? 
Is  there  a  single  final  farewell? 

My  songs  cease,  I  abandon  them, 

From  behind  the  screen  where  I  hid  I  advance  personally  solely 
to  you. 

Camerado,  this  is  no  book, 

Who  touches  this  touches  a  man, 

(Is  it  night?  are  we  here  together  alone?) 

It  is  I  you  hold  and  who  holds  you, 

I  spring  from  the  pages  into  your  arms  — decease  calls  me  forth. 

0  how  your  fingers  drowse  me, 

Your  breath  falls  around  me  like  dew,  your  pulse  lulls  the  tympans 
of  my  ears, 

1  feel  immerged  from  head  to  foot, 
Delicious,  enough. 

Enough  O  deed  impromptu  and  secret, 

Enough  O  gliding  present  —  enough  O  sumnVd-up  past. 

Dear  friend  whoever  you  are  take  this  kiss, 

I  give  it  especially  to  you,  do  not  forget  me, 

I  feel  like  one  who  has  done  work  for  the  day  to  retire  awhile, 

I  receive  now  again  of  my  many  translations,  from  my  avataras  as 
cending,  while  others  doubtless  await  me, 

An  unknown  sphere  more  real  than  I  dream'd,  more  direct,  darts 
awakening  rays  about  me,  So  longl 

Remember  my  words,  I  may  again  return, 

I  love  you,  I  depart  from  materials, 

I  am  as  one  disembodied,  triumphant,  dead. 


Jpccl 


caiman. 


COPYRIGHT,  1882. 
BY  WALT  WHITMAN. 

All  Rights  Reserve*. 


CONTENTS. 

SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

PAGE 

A  Happy  Day's  Command 7 

Answer  to  an  Insisting  Friend, 8 

Genealogy — Van  Velsor  and  Whitman The  Old  Whitman  and  Van  Velsor  Cemeteries,      9 

The  Maternal  Homestead Two  Old  Family  Interiors u 

Paurr.anok,  and  My  Life  on  it  as  Child  and  Young  Man,   .     » 12 

My  First  Reading — Lafayette, 14 

Printing  Office— Old  Brooklyn, I5 

Growth — Health — Work My  Passion  for  Ferries, 16 

Broadway  Sights, 17 

Omnibus  Jaunts  and  Drivers 18 

Plays  and  Operas  too, 19 

Through  Eight  Years Sources  of  Character — Results — 1860 20 

Opening  of  the  Secession  War National  Uprising  and  Volunteering, 21 

Contemptuous  Feeling Battle  of  Bull  Run,  July   1861, 22 

The  Stupor  Passes — Something  Else  Begins, 25 

Down  at  the  Front After  First  Fredericksburg, 26 

Back  to  Washington, 27 

Fifty  Hours  Left  Wounded  on  the  Field, 28 

Hospital  Scenes  and  Persons, 29 

Patent-Office  Hospital, 30 

The  White  House  by  Moonlight An  Army  Hospital  Ward 31 

A  Connecticut  Case Two  Brooklyn  Boys, 32 

A  Secesh  Brave The  Wounded  from  Chancellorsville 33 

A  Night  Battle  over  a  Week  Since 34 

Unnamed  Remains  the  Bravest  Soldier.  .. Some  Specimen  Cases, 36 

My  Preparations  for  Visits, 38 

Ambulance  Processions Bad  Wounds— the  Young, 39 

The  Most  Inspiriting  of  all  War's  Shows, 39 

Battle  of  Gettysburg A  Cavalry  Camp, 40 

A  New  York  Soldier, 41 

Home-Made  Music, 42 

Abraham  Lincoln, 43 

Heated  Term Soldiers  and  Talks, 44 

Death  of  a  Wisconsin  Officer, 45 

Hospitals  Ensemble, 46 

A  Silent  Ni?ht  Ramble, 47 

Spiritual  Characters  among  the  Soldiers Cattle  Droves  about  Washington,     ...    48 

Hospital  Perplexity, 48 

Down  at  the  Front, 49 

Paying  the  Bounties Rumors,  Changes,  Ac Virginia 50 

Summer  of  1864, 51 

A  New  Army  Organization  fit  for  America Death  of  a  Hero, 52 

Hospital  Scenes— Incidents, 53 

A  Yankee  Soldier Union  Prisoners  South, 54 

Deserters A  Glimpse  of  War's  Hell-Scenes, 55 

Gifts — Money — Discrimination Items  from  My  Note  Books,  ,. 57 

A  Case  from  Second  Bull  Run Army  Surgeons — Aid  Deficiencies 58 

The  Blue  Everywhere A  Model  Hospital 59 

Boys  in  the  Army Burial  of  a  Lady  Nurse, 60 

Female  Nurses  for  Soldiers Southern  Escapees, 61 

The  Capitol  by  Gas-Light The  Inauguration, 63 

(iii) 


iv  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Attitude  of  Foreign  Governments  During  the  War,     .    , 64 

The  Weather — Does  it  Sympathize  with  These  Times? 65 

Inauguration  Ball Scene  at  the  Capitol, 66 

A  Yankee  Antique, 6y 

Wounds  and  Diseases Death  of  President  Lincoln, 68 

Sherman's  Army's  Jubilation — its  Sudden  Stoppage, 69 

No  Good  Portrait  of  Lincoln Releas'd  Union  Prisoners  from  South 69 

Death  of  a  Pennsylvania  Soldier, 71 

The  Armies  Returning, 72 

The  Grand  Review Western  Soldiers' 73 

A  Soldier  on  Lincoln Two  Brothers,  one  South,  one  North, 74 

Some  Sad  Cases  yet, 75 

Calhoun's  Real  Monument Hospitals  Closing, 76 

Typical  Soldiers 77 

"Convulsiveness" Three  Years  Summ'd  up, 78 

The  Million  Dead,  too,  Summ'd  up 7c 

The  Real  War  will  never  get  in  the  Books, 80 

An  Interregnum  Paragraph, 81 

New  Themes  Enter'd  Upon, 82 

Entering  a  Long  Farm-Lane To  the  Spring  and  Brook An  Early  Summer  Reveille,    83 

Birds  Migrating  at  Midnight Bumble-Bees 84 

Cedar-Apples, 86 

Summer  Sights  and  Indolences Sundown  Perfume — Quail-Notes — the  Hermit  Thrush,     87 

A  July  Afternoon  by  the  Pond, 88 

Locusts  and  Katy-Dids The  Lesson  of  a  Tree, • 89 

Autumn  Side-Bits 91 

The  Sky— Days  and  Nights-^Happiness, 92 

Colors — A  Contrast November  8, '76, • 93 

Crows  and  Crows A  Winter- Day  on  the  Sea-Beach, 94 

Sea-Shore  Fancies,    . 95 

In  Memory  of  Thomas  Paine, 96 

A  Two  Hours'  Ice-Sail, 97 

Spring  Overtures — Recreations One  of  the  Human  Kinks, 98 

An  Afternoon  Scene The  Gates  Opening, 99 

The  Common  Earth,  the  Soil Birds  and  Birds  and  Birds, 100 

Fuil-Starr'd  Nights, 101 

Mulleins  and  Mulleins Distant  Sounds, 102 

A  Sun-Bath—Nakedness, 103 

The  Oaks  and  I, 104 

A  Quintette, 105 

The  First  Frost— Mems Three  Young  Men's  Deaths 106 

February  Days, 108 

A  Meadow  Lark Sundown  Lights, no 

Thoughts  Under  an  Oak — A  Dream Clover  and  Hay  Perfume An  Unknown,  in 

Bird  Whistling Horse-Mint. Three  of  Us 112 

Death  of  William  Cullen  Bryant, "3 

Jaunt  up  the  Hudson Happiness  and  Raspberries 114 

A  Specimen  Tramp  Family, 115 

Manhattan  from  the  Bay, "6 

Human  and  Heroic  New  York, i>7 

Hours  for  the  Soul, 118 

Straw-Color'd  and  other  Psyches, 121 

A  Night  Remembrance Wild  Flowers, 1*2 


CONTENTS.  v 

PAGE 

A  Civility  Too  Long  Neglected, 123 

Delaware  River — Days  and  Nights Scenes  on  Ferry  and  River — Last  Winter's  Nights,  124 

The  First  Spring  Day  on  Chestnut  Street 128 

Up  the  Hudson  to  Ulster  County, .     . 129 

Days  at  J.  B.'s — Turf  Fires — Spring  Songs, '. 130 

Meeting  a  Hermit An  Ulster  County  Waterfall Walter  Dumont  and  his  Medal,  131 

Hudson  River  Sights, 132 

Two  City  Areas  Certain  Hours, 133 

Central  Park  Walks  and  Talks 134 

A  Fine  Afternoon,  4  to  6, 135 

Departing  of  the  Big  Steamers .Two  Hours  on  the  Minnesota 136 

Mature  Summer  Days  and  Nights, 137 

Exposition  Building — New  City  Hall — River-Trip, 138 

Swallows  on  the  River Begin  a  Long  Jaunt  West In  the  Sleeper, 139 

Missouri  State 140 

Lawrence  and  Topeka,  Kansas The  Prairies — (and  an  Undeliver'd  Speech,) .    .     .  141 

On  to  Denver — A  Frontier  Incident An  Hour  on  Kenosha  Summit 142 

An  Egotistical  "  Find" New  Scenes — New  Joys, 143 

Steam- Power,  Telegraphs,  &c America's  Back-Bone, 144 

The  Parks Art  Features, 145 

Denver  Impressions, , 146 

I  Turn  South,  and  then  East  Again, 147 

Unfulfill'd  Wants — the  Arkansas  River A  Silent  Little  Follower — the  Coreopsis,  .  148 

The  Prairies  and  Great  Plains  in  Poetry The  Spanish  Peaks— Evening  on  the  Plains,  149 

America's  Characteristic  Landscape Earth's  Most  Important  Stream, 150 

Prairie  Analogies — the  Tree  Question Mississippi  Valley  Literature, 151 

An  Interviewer's  Item, i$2 

The  Women  of  the  West The  Silent  General, 153 

President  Hayes's  Speeches, 154 

St.  Louis  Memoranda Nights  on  the  Mississippi, 155 

Upon  our  Own  Land Edgar  Poe's  Significance, 156 

Beethoven's  Septette, 158 

A  Hint  of  Wild  Nature Loafing  in  the  Woods, 159 

A  Contralto  Voice Seeing  Niagara  to  Advantage 160 

Jaunting  to  Canada Sunday  with  the  Insane, 161 

Reminiscence  of  Elias  Hicks Grand  Native  Growth, 162 

A  Zollverein  between  the  U.  S.  and  Canada The  St.  Lawrence  Line, 163 

The  Savage.  Saguenay Capes  Eternity  and  Trinity, 164 

Chicoutimi,  and  Ha-ha  Bay The  Inhabitants — Good  Living 165 

Cedar-Plums  Like— Names, 165 

Death  of  Thomas  Carlyle, 168 

Carlyle  from  American  Points  of  View 170 

A  Couple  of  Old  Friends— A  Coleridge  BU, 178 

A  Week's  Visit  to  Boston, 179 

The  Boston  of  To-Day My  Tribute  to  Four  Poets, 180 

Millet's  Pictures — Last  Items, 181 

Birds,  and  a  Caution, 182 

Samples  of  my  Common- Place  Book, 183 

My  Native  Sand  and  Salt  Once  More,   ..., 185 

Hot  Weather  New  York, 186 

" Custer's  Last  Rally," 187 

Some  Old  Acquaintances — Memories A  Discovery  of  Old  Age, 188 

'  A  Visit  at  the  Last  to  R,  W.  Emerson, 189 


vi  CONTENTS. 

PACK 

Other  Concord  Notations, 190 

Boston  Common — More  of  Emerson, 191 

An  Ossianic  Night — Dearest  Friends, • 192 

Only  a  New  Ferry  Boat Death  of  Longfellow, 193 

Starting  Newspapers, 194 

The  Great  Unrest  of  which  We  are  a  Part, 196 

By  Emerson's  Grave 197 

At  Present  Writing — Personal After  Trying  a  Certain  Book, 198 

Final  Confessions — Literary  Tests, 199 

Nature  and  Democracy — Morality, 200 

COLLECT. 

One  or  Two  Index  Items, 202 

DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS 203 

Origins  of  Attempted  Secession, 258 

Preface,  1855,  to  first  issue  of  "  Leaves  of  Grass," 263 

Preface,  1872,  to  "As  a  Strong  Bird  on  Pinions  Free," 275 

Preface,  1876,  to  L.  of  G.  and  ''  Two  Rivulets,"  Centennial  Edition, 280 

Poetry  To-Day  in  America — Shakspere — the  Future, 288 

A  Memorandum  at  a  Venture, 302 

Death  of  Abraham  Lincoln 306 

Two  Letters, • 3*5 

Notes  Left  Over. 

Nationality  (and  Yet), , 317 

Emerson's  Books  (the  Shadows  of  Them), 319 

Ventures  on  an  Old  Theme, , 322 

British  Literature, • 324 

Darwinism  (then  Furthermore) 326 

"Society," 327 

The  Tramp  and  Strike  Questions 329 

Democracy  in  the  New  World 330 

Foundation  Stages— then  Others General  Suffrage,  Elections,  Ac., 331 

Who  Gets  the  Plunder? 33* 

Friendship  (the  Real  Article) Lacks  and  Wants  Yet, 333 

Rulers  Strictly  Out  of  the  Masses, 334 

Monuments— the  Past  and  Present Little  or  Nothing  New  After  All 335 

A  Lincoln  Reminiscence, 335 

Freedom, 33$ 

Book-Classes— America's  Literature Our  Real  Culmination, .     .357 

An  American  Problem The  Last  Collective  Compaction, 338 

Pieces  in  Early  Youth. 

Dough-Face  Song, 339        Lingave's  Temptation 366 

Death  in  the  School-Room, 340        Little  Jane, 369 

One  Wicked  Impulse 344        Dumb  Kate, 370 

The  Last  Loyalist, 349        Talk  to  an  Art  Union Blood-Money,  372 

Wild  Frank's  Return, 353        Wounded  in  the  House  of  Friends,          .  373 

The  Boy  Lover, 357       Sailing  the  Mississippi  at  Midnight,  .    .  374 

The  Child  and  the  Profligate,    ....  361 


SPECIMEN  DAYS. 


A  HAPPY  HOUR'S  COMMAND. 

Down  in  the  Woods,  July  2d,  1882. — If  I  do  it  at  all  I  must 
delay  no  longer.  Incongruous  and  full  of  skips  and  jumps  as 
is  that  huddle  of  diary-jottings,  war-memoranda  of  i862-'65, 
Nature-notes  of  i877-'8i,  with  Western  and  Canadian  observa 
tions  afterwards,  all  bundled  up  and  tied  by  a  big  string,  the 
resolution  and  indeed  mandate  comes  to  me  this  day,  this  hour, 
— (and  what  a  day !  what  an  hour  just  passing  !  the  luxury  of 
riant  grass  and  blowing  breeze,  with  all  the  shows  of  sun  and  sky 
and  perfect  temperature,  never  before  so  filling  me  body  and  soul) 
— to  go  home,  untie  the  bundle,  reel  out  diary-scraps  and  mem 
oranda,  just  as  they  are,  large  or  small,  one  after  another,  into 
print-pages,*  and  let  the  melange's  lackings  and  wants  of  connec- 

*  The  pages  from  8  to  20  are  nearly  verbatim  an  off-hand  letter  of  mine 
in  January,  1882,  to  an  insisting  friend.  Following,  I  give  some  gloomy  ex 
periences.  The  war  of  attempted  secession  has,  of  course,  been  the  distin 
guishing  event  of  my  time.  I  commenced  at  the  close  of  1862,  and  contin 
ued  steadily  through  '63,  '64,  and  '65,  to  visit  the  sick  and  wounded  of  the 
army,  both  on  the  field  and  in  the  hospitals  in  and  around  Washington  city. 
From  the  first  I  kept  little  note-books  for  impromptu  jottings  in  pencil  to  re 
fresh  my  memory  of  names  and  circumstances,  and  what  was  specially  wanted, 
&c.  In  these  I  brief  d  cases,  persons,  sights,  occurrences  in  camp,  by  the  bed 
side,  and  not  seldom  by  the  corpses  of  the  dead.  Some  were  scratch'cl  down 
from  narratives  I  heard  and  itemized  while  watching,  or  waiting,  or  tending 
somebody  amid  those  scenes.  I  have  dozens  of  such  little  note-books  left, 
forming  a  special  history  of  those  years,  for  myself  alone,  full  of  associations 
never  to  be  possibly  said  or  sung.  I  wish  I  could  convey  to  the  reader 
the  associations  that  attach  to  these  soil'd  and  creas'd  livraisons,  each  com 
posed  of  a  sheet  or  two  of  paper,  folded  small  to  carry  in  the  pocket,  and  fast 
en1  d  with  a  pin.  I  leave  them  just  as  I  threw  them  by  after  the  war,  blotch'd 
here  and  there  with  more  than  one  blood-stain,  hurriedly  written,  sometimes 
at  the  clinique,  not  seldom  amid  the  excitement  of  uncertainty,  or  defeat,  or 
of  action,  or  getting  ready  for  it,  or  a  march.  Most  of  the  pages  from  26  to 
81  are  verbatim  copies  of  those  lurid  and  blood-smutch'd  little  note-books. 

Very  different  are  most  of  the  memoranda  that  follow.  Some  time  after  the 
war  ended  I  had  a  paralytic  stroke,  which  prostrated  me  for  several  years.  In 
1876  I  began  to  get  over  the  worst  of  it.  From  this  date,  portions  of  several 
seasons,  especially  summers,  I  spent  at  a  secluded  haunt  down  in  Camden 
county,  New  Jersey — Timber  creek,  quite  a  little  river  (it  enters  from  the 


8  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

tion  take  care  of  themselves.  It  will  illustrate  one  phase  of  hu 
manity  anyhow;  how  few  of  life's  days  and  hours  (and  they  not 
by  relative  value  or  proportion,  but  by  chance)  are  ever  noted. 
Probably  another  point  too,  how  we  give  long  preparations  for 
some  object,  planning  and  delving  and  fashioning,  and  then, 
when  the  actual  hour  for  doing  arrives,  find  ourselves  still  quite 
unprepared,  and  tumble  the  thing  together,  letting  hurry  and 
crudeness  tell  the  story  better  than  fine  work.  At  any  rate  I  obey 
my  happy  hour's  command,  which  seems  curiously  imperative. 
May-be,  if  I  don't  do  anything  else,  I  shall  send  out  the  most 
wayward,  spontaneous,  fragmentary  book  ever  printed. 

ANSWER  TO  AN  INSISTING  FRIEND. 

You  ask  for  items,  details  of  my  early  life — of  genealogy  and 
parentage,  particularly  of  the  women  of  my  ancestry,  and  of  its 
far  back  Netherlands  stock  on  the  maternal  side — of  the  region 
where  I  was  born  and  raised,  and  my  father  and  mother  before 
me,  and  theirs  before  them — with  a  word  about  Brooklyn  and 
New  York  cities,  the  times  I  lived  there  as  lad  and  young  man. 
You  say  you  want  to  get  at  these  details  mainly  as  the  go-be  fores 
and  embryons  of  "Leaves  of  Grass."  Very  good  ;  you  shall 
have  at  least  some  specimens  of  them  all.  I  have  often  thought 
of  the  meaning  of  such  things — that  one  can  only  encompass  and 
complete  matters  of  that  kind  by  exploring  behind,  perhaps  very 
far  behind,  themselves  directly,  and  so  into  their  genesis,  ante 
cedents,  and  cumulative  stages.  Then  as  luck  would  have  it,  I 
lately  whiled  away  the  tedium  of  a  week's  half-sickness  and  con 
finement,  by  collating  these  very  items  for  another  (yet  unful- 
fill'd,  probably  abandon 'd,)  purpose;  and  if  you  will  be  satisfied 
with  them,  authentic  in  date-occurrence  and  fact  simply,  and 
told  my  own  way,  garrulous- like,  here  they  are.  I  shall  not  hesi 
tate  to  make  extracts,  for  I  catch  at  any  thing  to  save  labor ;  but 
those  will  be  the  best  versions  of  what  I  want  to  convey. 

great  Delaware,  twelve  miles  away) — with  primitive  solitudes,  winding 
stream,  recluse  and  woody  hanks,  sweet-feeding  springs,  and  all  the  charms 
that  birds,  grass,  wild-flowers,  rabbits  and  squirrels,  old  oaks,  walnut  trees, 
&c.,  can  bring.  Through  these  times,  and  on  these  spots,  the  diary  from  page 
83  onward  was  mostly  written. 

The  COLLECT  afterward  gathers  up  the  odds  and  ends  of  whatever  pieces  I 
can  now  lay  hands  on,  written  at  various  times  past,  and  swoops  all  together  like 
ij.>h  in  a  net. 

I  suppose  I  publish  and  leave  the  whole  gathering,  first,  from  that  eternal 
tendency  to  perpetuate  and  preserve  which  is  behind  all  Nature,  authors  in 
cluded;  second,  to  symbolize  two  or  three  specimen  interiors,  per>onal  and 
other,  out  of  the  myriads  of  my  time,  the  middle  range  of  the  Nineteenth 
century  in  the  New  World;  a  strange,  unloosen'd,  wondrous  time.  But  the 
book  is  probably  without  any  definite  purpose  that  can  be  told  in  a  statement. 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


GENEALOGY— VAN  VELSOR  AND  WHITMAN. 

The  later  years  of  the  last  century  found  the  Van  Velsor  family, 
my  mother's  side,  living  on  their  own  farm  at  Cold  Spring,  Long 
Island,  New  York  State,  near  the  eastern  edge  of  Queens  county, 
about  a  mile  from  the  harbor.*  My  father's  side — probably  the 
fifth  generation  from  the  first  English  arrivals  in  New  England — 
were  at  the  same  time  farmers  on  their  own  land — (and  a  fine 
domain  it  was,  500  acres,  all  good  soil,  gently  sloping  east  and 
south,  about  one-tenth  woods,  plenty  of  grand  old  trees,)  two  or 
three  miles  off,  at  West  Hills,  Suffolk  county.  The  Whitman 
name  in  the  Eastern  States,  and  so  branching  West  and  South, 
starts  undoubtedly  from  one  John  Whitman,  born  1602,  in  Old 
England,  where  he  grew  up,  married,  and  his  eldest  son  was  born 
in  1629.  He  came  over  in  the  "True  Love"  in  1640  to  America, 
and  lived  in  Weymouth,  Mass.,  which  place  became  the  mother- 
hive  of  the  New-Englanders  of  the  name  :  he  died  in  1692.  His 
brother,  Rev.  Zechariah  Whitman,  also  came  over  in  the  "True 
Love,"  either  at  that  time  or  soon  after,  and  lived  at  Milford, 
Conn.  A  son  of  this  Zechariah,  named  Joseph,  migrated  to 
Huntington,  Long  Island,  and  permanently  settled  there. 
Savage's  "Genealogical  Dictionary"  (vol.  iv,  p.  524)  gets  the 
Whitman  family  establish'd  at  Huntington,  per  this  Joseph,  be 
fore  1664.  It  is  quite  certain  that  from  that  beginning,  and 
from  Joseph,  the  West  Hill  Whitmans,  and  all  others  in  Suffolk 
county,  have  since  radiated,  myself  among  the  number.  John 
and  Zechariah  both  went  to  England  and  back  again  divers 
times ;  they  had  large  families,  and  several  of  their  children  were 
born  in  the  old  country.  We  hear  of  the  father  of  John  and 
Zechariah,  Abijah  Whitman,  who  goes  over  into  the  1500*5,  but 
we  know  little  about  him,  except  that  he  also  was  for  some  time 
in  America. 

These  old  pedigree-reminiscences  come  up  to  me  vividly  from 
a  visit  I  made  not  long  since  (in  my  6jd  year)  to  West  Hills, 
and  to  the  burial  grounds  of  my  ancestry,  both  sides.  I  extract 
from  notes  of  that  visit,  written  there  and  then  : 

THE  OLD  WHITMAN  AND  VAN  VELSOR  CEMETERIES. 

July  29,  1881. — After  more  than  forty  years'  absence,  (except  a 
brief  visit,  to  take  my  father  there  once  more,  two  years  before 
he  died,)  went  down  Long  Island  on  a  week's  jaunt  to  the  place 

*  Long  Island  was  settled  first  on  the  west  end  by  the  Dutch,  from  Hol 
land,  then  on  the  east  end  by  the  English — the  dividing  line  of  the  two 
nationalities  being  a  little  west  of  Huntington,  where  my  father's  folks  lived, 
and  where  I  was  born. 


I  o  SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS. 

where  I  was  born,  thirty  miles  from  New  York  city.  Rode 
around  the  old  familiar  spots,  viewing  and  pondering  and  dwell 
ing  long  upon  them,  everything  coming  back  to  me.  Went  to 
the  old  Whitman  homestead  on  the  upland  and  took  a  view  east 
ward,  inclining  south,  over  the  broad  and  beautiful  farm  lands 
of  my  grandfather  (1780,)  and  my  father.  There  was  the  new 
house  (1810,)  the  big  oak  a  hundred  and  fifty  or  two  hundred 
years  old ;  there  the  well,  the  sloping  kitchen-garden,  and  a  little 
way  off  even  the  well-kept  remains  of  the  dwelling  of  my  great 
grandfather  (i75o-'6o)  still  standing,  with  its  mighty  timbers 
and  low  ceilings.  Near  by,  a  stately  grove  of  tall,  vigorous  black- 
walnuts,  beautiful,  Apollo-like,  the  sons  or  grandsons,  no  doubt, 
of  black-walnuts  during  or  before  1776.  On  the  o>her  side  of 
the  road  spread  the  famous  apple  orchard,  over  twenty  acres,  the 
trees  planted  by  hands  long  mouldering  in  the  grave  (my  uncle 
Jesse's,)  but  quite  many  of  them  evidently  capable  of  throwing 
out  their  annual  blossoms  and  fruit  yet. 

I  now  write  these  lines  seated  on  an  old  grave  (doubtless  of  a 
century  since  at  least)  on  the  burial  hill  of  the  Whitmans  of  many 
generations.  Fifty  and  more  graves  are  quite  plainly  traceable, 
and  as  many  more  decay'd  out  of  all  form — depress'd  mounds, 
crumbled  and  broken  stones,  cover'd  with  moss — the  gray  and 
sterile  hill,  the  clumps  of  chestnuts  outside,  the  silence,  just  va 
ried  by  the  soughing  wind.  There  is  always  the  deepest  eloquence 
of  sermon  or  poem  in  any  of  these  ancient  graveyards  of  which 
Long  Island  has  so  many ;  so  what  must  this  one  have  been  to 
me?  My  whole  family  history,  with  its  succession  of  links,  from 
the  first  settlement  down  to  date,  told  here — three  centuries  con 
centrate  on  this  sterile  acre. 

The  next  day,  July  30,  I  devoted  to  the  maternal  locality,  and 
if  possible  was  still  more  penetrated  and  impress'd.  I  write  this 
paragraph  on  the  burial  hill  of  the  Van  Velsors,  near  Cold  Spring, 
the  most  significant  depository  of  the  dead  that  could  be  im- 
agin'd,  without  the  slightest  help  from  art,  but  far  ahead  of  it, 
soil  Sterile,  a  mostly  bare  plateau-flat  of  half  an  acre,  the  top  of 
a  hill,  brush  and  well  grown  trees  and  dense  woods  bordering  all 
around,  very  primitive,  secluded,  no  visitors,  no  road  (you  can 
not  drive  here,  you  have  to  bring  the  dead  on  foot,  and  follow 
on  foot.)  Two  or  three-score  graves  quite  plain  ;  as  many  more 
almost  rubb'd  out.  My  grandfather  Cornelius  and  my  grand 
mother  Amy  (Naomi)  and  numerous  relatives  nearer  or  remoter, 
on  my  mother's  side,  lie  buried  here.  The  scene  as  I  stood  or 
sat,  the  delicate  and  wild  odor  of  the  woods,  a  slightly  drizzling 
rain,  the  emotional  atmosphere  of  the  place,  and  the  inferr'd 
reminiscences,  were  fitting  accompaniments. 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS.  u 

THE  MATERNAL  HOMESTEAD. 

I  went  down  from  this  ancient  grave  place  eighty  or  ninety 
rods  to  the  site  of  the  Van  Velsor  homestead,  where  my  mother 
was  born  (1795,)  anc^  where  every  spot  had  been  familiar  to  me 
as  a  child  and  youth  (i825-'4o.)  Then  stood  there  a  long 
rambling,  dark-gray,  shingle-sided  house,  with  sheds,  pens,  a  great 
barn,  and  much  open  road-space.  Now  of  all  those  not  a  vestige 
left ;  all  had  been  pull'd  down,  erased,  and  the  plough  and  har 
row  pass'd  over  foundations,  road-spaces  and  everything,  for  many 
summers;  fenced  in  at  present,  and  grain  and  clover  growing 
like  any  other  fine  fields.  Only  a  big  hole  from  the  cellar,  with 
some  little  heaps  of  broken  stone,  green  with  grass  and  weeds, 
identified  the  place.  Even  the  copious  old  brook  and  spring 
seem'd  to  have  mostly  dwindled  away.  The  whole  scene,  with 
what  it  arous'd,  memories  of  my  young  days  there  half  a  century 
ago,  the  vast  kitchen  and  ample  fireplace  and  the  sitting-room 
adjoining,  the  plain  furniture,  the  meals,  the  house  full  of  merry 
people,  my  grandmother  Amy's  sweet  old  face  in  its  Quaker  cap, 
my  grandfather  "the  Major,"  jovial,  red,  stout,  with  sonorous 
voice  and  characteristic  physiognomy,  with  the  actual  sights 
themselves,  made  the  most  pronounc'd  half-day's  experience  of 
my  whole  jaunt. 

For  there  with  all  those  wooded,  hilly,  healthy  surroundings, 
my  dearest  mother,  Louisa  Van  Velsor,  grew  up — (her  mother, 
Amy  Williams,  of  the  Friends'  or  Quakers'  denomination — the 
Williams  family,  seven  sisters  and  one  brother — the  father  and 
brother  sailors,  both  of  whom  met  their  deaths  at  sea.)  The 
Van  Velsor  people  were  noted  for  fine  horses,  which  the  men 
bred  and  train'd  from  blooded  stock.  My  mother,  as  a  young 
woman,  was  a  daily  and  daring  rider.  As  to  the  head  of  the 
family  himself,  the  old  race  of  the  Netherlands,  so  deeply  grafted 
on  Manhattan  island  and  in  Kings  and  Queens  counties,  never 
yielded  a  more  mark'd  and  full  Americanized  specimen  than 
Major  Cornelius  Van  Velsor. 

TWO  OLD  FAMILY  INTERIORS. 

Of  the  domestic  and  inside  life  of  the  middle  of  Long  Island, 
at  and  just  before  that  time,  here  are  two  samples: 

"The  Whitmans,  at  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  lived  in  a  long 
story-and-a-half  farm-house,  hugely  timber'd,  which  is  still  standing.  A 
great  smoke-canopied  kitchen,  with  vast  hearth  and  chimney,  form'd  one  end 
of  the  house.  The  existence  of  slavery  in  New  York  at  that  time,  and  the 
possession  by  the  family  of  some  twelve  or  fifteen  slaves,  house  and  field  ser 
vants,  gave  things  quite  a  patriarchal  look.  The  very  young  darkies  could  be 
seen,  a  swarm  of  them,  toward  sundown,  in  this  kitchen,  squatted  in  a  circle 
on  the  floor,  eating  their  supper  of  Indian  pudding  and  milk.  In  the  house, 


12 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


and  in  food  ?nd  furniture,  all  was  rude,  but  substantial.  No  carpets  or  stoves 
were  known,  and  no  coffee,  and  tea  or  sugar  only  for  the  women.  Rousing 
wood  fires  gave  both  warmth  and  light  on  winter  nights.  Pork,  poultry,  beef, 
and  all  the  ordinary  vegetables  and  grains  were  plentiful.  Cider  was  the 
meivs  common  drink,  and  used  at  meals.  The  clothes  were  mainly  homespun. 
Journeys  were  made  by  both  men  and  women  on  horseback.  Both  sexes 
labor'd  with  their  own  hands — the  men  on  the  farm — the  women  in  the  house 
and  around  it.  Books  were  scarce.  The  annual  copy  of  the  almanac  was  a 
treat,  and  was  pored  over  through  the  long  winter  evenings.  I  must  not  for 
get  to  mention  that  both  these  families  were  near  enough  to  the  sea  to  behold 
it  from  the  high  places,  and  to  hear  in  still  hours  the  roar  of  the  surf;  the 
latter,  after  a  storm,  giving  a  peculiar  sound  at  night  Then  all  hands,  male 
and  female,  went  down  frequently  on  beach  and  bathing  parties,  and  the  men 
on  practical  expeditions  for  cutting  salt  hay,  and  for  clamming  and  fishing." 
—John  Burroughs 's  NOTES. 

"  The  ancestors  of  Walt  Whitman,  on  both  the  paternal  and  maternal  sides» 
kept  a  good  table,  sustain'd  the  hospitalities,  decorums,  and  an  excellent  so 
cial  reputation  in  the  county,  and  they  were  often  of  mark'd  individuality. 
If  space  permitted,  I  should  consider  some  of  the  men  worthy  special  descrip 
tion  ;  and  still  more  some  of  the  women.  His  great-grandmother  on  the 
paternal  side,  for  instance,  was  a  large  swarthy  woman,  who  lived  to  a  very 
old  age.  She  smoked  tobacco,  rode  on  horseback  like  a  man,  managed  the 
most  vicious  horse,  and,  becoming  a  widow  in  later  life,  went  forth  every  day 
over  her  farm-lands,  frequently  in  the  saddle,  directing  the  labor  of  her  slaves, 
with  language  in  which,  on  exciting  occasions,  oaths  were  not  spared.  The 
two  immediate  grandmothers  were,  in  the  best  sense,  superior  women.  The 
maternal  one  (Amy  Williams  before  marriage)  was  a  Friend,  or  Quakeress, 
of  sweet,  sensible  character,  housewifely  proclivities,  and  deeply  intuitive  and 
spiritual.  The  other,  (Hannah  Brush,)  was  an  equally  noble,  perhaps  stronger 
character,  lived  to  be  very  old,  had  quite  a  family  of  sons,  was  a  natural  lady, 
was  in  early  life  a  school-mistress,  and  had  great  solidity  of  mind.  W.  W. 
himself  makes  much  of  the  women  of  his  ancestry." — The  same. 

Out  from  these  arrieres  of  persons  and  scenes,  I  was  born  May 
31,  1819.  And  now  to  dwell  awhile  on  the  locality  itself — as 
the  successive  growth -stages  of  my  infancy,  childhood,  youth 
and  manhood  were  all  pass'd  on  Long  Island,  which  I  sometimes 
feel  as  if  I  had  incorporated.  I  roam'd,  as  boy  and  man,  and 
have  lived  in  nearly  all  parts,  from  Brooklyn  to  Montauk  point. 

PAUMANOK,  AND  MY  LIFE  ON  IT  AS  CHILD  AND  YOUNG  MAN. 

Worth   fully  and  particularly  investigating  indeed  this  Pau- 

manok,  (to  give  the  spot  its  aboriginal  name,*)  stretching  east 

*  "  Paumanok,  (or  Paumanake,  or  Paumanack,  the  Indian  name  of  Long 
Inland,)  over  a  hundred  miles  long;  shaped  like  a  fish — plenty  of  sea  shore, 
sandy,  stormy,  uninviting,  the  horizon  boundless,  the  air  too  strong  for  in 
valids,  the  bays  a  wonderful  resort  for  aquatic  birds,  the  south-side  meadows 
cover'd  with  salt  hay,  the  soil  of  the  island  generally  tough,  but  good  for  the 
locust-tree,  the  apple  orchard,  and  the  blackberry,  and  with  numberless 
springs  of  the  sweetest  water  in  the  world.  Years  ago,  among  the  bay-men 
— a  strong,  wild  race,  now  extinct,  or  rather  entirely  changed — a  native  of 
Long  Island  was  called  a  Paumanacktr,  or  CreoU-Paumanaiker." — Jokn 
Burroughs. 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS.  1 3 

through  Kings,  Queens  and  Suffolk  counties,  120  miles  altogether 
— on  the  north  Long  Island  sound,  a  beautiful,  varied  and  pic 
turesque  series  of  inlets,  "  necks  "  and  sea-like  expansions,  for  a 
hundred  miles  to  Orient  point.  On  the  ocean  side  the  great 
south  bay  dotted  with  countless  hummocks,  mostly  small,  some 
quite  large,  occasionally  long  bars  of  sand  out  two  hundred  rods 
to  a  mile-and  a-half  from  the  shore.  While  now  and  then,  as  at 
Rockaway  and  far  east  along  the  Hamptons,  the  beach  makes 
right  on  the  island,  the  sea  dashing  up  without  intervention. 
Several  light-houses  on  the  shores  east ;  a  long  history  of  wrecks 
tragedies,  some  even  of  late  years.  As  a  youngster,  I  was  in  the 
atmosphere  and  traditions  of  many  of  these  wrecks — of  one  or 
two  almost  an  observer.  Off  Hernpstead  beach  for  example,  was 
the  loss  of  the  ship  "Mexico"  in  1840,  (alluded  to  in  "the 
Sleepers"  in  L.  of  G.)  And  at  Hampton,  some  years  later,  the 
destruction  of  the  brig  "Elizabeth,"  a  fearful  affair,  in  one  of 
the  worst  winter  gales,  where  Margaret  Fuller  went  down,  with 
her  husband  and  child. 

Inside  the  outer  bars  or  beach  this  south  bay  is  everywhere 
comparatively  shallow ;  of  cold  winters  all  thick  ice  on  the  sur 
face.  As  a  boy  I  often  went  forth  with  a  chum  or  two,  on  those 
frozen  fields,  with  hand-sled,  axe  and  eel-spear,  after  messes  of 
eels.  We  would  cut  holes  in  the  ice,  sometimes  striking  quite 
an  eei-bonanza,  and  filling  our  baskets  with  great,  fat,  sweet, 
white-meated  fellows.  The  scenes,  the  ice,  drawing  the  hand- 
sled,  cutting  holes,  spearing  the  eels,  &c.,  were  of  course  just 
such  fun  as  is  dearest  to  boyhood.  The  shores  of  this  bay, 
winter  and  summer,  and  my  doings  there  in  early  life,  are 
woven  all  through  L.  of  G.  One  sport  I  was  very  fond  of  was 
to  go  on  a  bay-party  in  summer  to  gather  sea-gull's  eggs.  (The 
gulls  lay  two  or  three  eggs,  more  than  half  the  size  of  hen's 
eggs,  right  on  the  sand,  and  leave  the  sun's  heat  to  hatch 
them.) 

The  eastern  end  of  Long  Island,  the  Peconic  bay  region,  I 
knew  quite  well  too — sail'd  more  than  once  around  Shelter 
island,  and  down  to  Montauk — spent  many  an  hour  on  Turtle 
hill  by  the  old  light-house,  on  the  extreme  point,  looking  out 
over  the  ceaseless  roll  of  the  Atlantic.  I  used  to  like  to  go  down 
there  and  fraternize  with  the  blue-fishers,  or  the  annual  squads  of 
sea-bass  takers.  Sometimes,  along  Montauk  peninsula,  (it  is 
some  15  miles  long,  and  good  grazing,)  met  the  strange,  unkempt, 
half-barbarous  herdsmen,  at  that  time  living  there  entirely  aloof 
from  society  or  civilization,  in  charge,  on  those  rich  pasturages, 
of  vast  droves  of  horses,  kine  or  sheep,  own'd  by  farmers  of  the 
eastern  towns.  Sometimes,  too,  the  few  remaining  Indians,  or 


!  4  SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS. 

half-breeds,  at  that  period  left  on  Montauk  peninsula,  but  now  I 
believe  altogether  extinct. 

More  in  the  middle  of  the  island  were  the  spreading  Hemp- 
stead  plains,  then  (1830-' 40)  quite  prairie-like,  open,  uninhabited, 
rather  sterile,  cover'd  with  kill-calf  and  huckleberry  bushes,  yet 
plenty  of  fair  pasture  for  the  cattle,  mostly  milch-cows,  who  fed 
there  by  hundreds,  even  thousands,  and  at  evening,  (the  plains 
too  were  own'd  by  the  towns,  and  this  was  the  use  of  them  in 
common,)  might  be  seen  taking  their  way  home,  branching  off 
regularly  in  the  right  places.  I  have  often  been  out  on  the  edges 
of  these  plains  toward  sundown,  and  can  yet  recall  in  fancy  the 
interminable  cow  processions,  and  hear  the  music  of  the  tin  or 
copper  bells  clanking  far  or  near,  and  breathe  the  cool  of  the 
sweet  and  slightly  aromatic  evening  air,  and  note  the  sunset. 

Through  the  same  region  of  the  island,  but  further  east,  ex 
tended  wide  central  tracts  of  pine  and  scrub-oak,  (charcoal  was 
largely  made  here,)  monotonous  and  sterile.  But  many  a  good 
day  or  half-day  did  I  have,  wandering  through  those  solitary 
cross-roads,  inhaling  the  peculiar  and  wild  aroma.  Here,  and  all 
along  the  island  and  its  shores,  I  spent  intervals  many  years,  all 
seasons,  sometimes  riding,  sometimes  boating,  but  generally  afoot, 
(I  was  always  then  a  good  walker,)  absorbing  fields,  shores,  marine 
incidents,  characters,  the  bay-men,  farmers,  pilots — always  had  a 
plentiful  acquaintance  with  the  latter,  and  with  fishermen — went 
every  summer  on  sailing  trips — always  liked  the  bare  sea-beach, 
south  side,  and  have  some  of  my  happiest  hours  on  it  to  this  day. 

As  I  write,  the  whole  experience  comes  back  to  me  after  the 
lapse  of  forty  and  more  years — the  soothing  rustle  of  the  waves, 
and  the  saline  smell — boyhood's  times,  the  clam-digging,  bare 
foot,  and  with  trowsers  roll'd  up — hauling  down  the  creek — the 
perfume  of  the  sedge-meadows — the  hay-boat,  and  the  chowder 
and  fishing  excursions ; — or,  of  later  years,  little  voyages 
down  and  out  New  York  bay,  in  the  pilot  boats.  Those  same 
later  years,  also,  while  living  in  Brooklyn,  (i836-'5o)  I  went  reg 
ularly  every  week  in  the  mild  seasons  down  to  Coney  island,  at 
that  time  a  long,  bare  unfrequented  shore,  which  I  had  all  to  my 
self,  and  where  I  loved,  after  bathing,  to  race  up  and  down  the 
hard  sand,  and  declaim  Homer  or  Shakspere  to  the  surf  and 
sea-gulls  by  the  hour.  But  I  am  getting  ahead  too  rapidly,  and 
must  keep  more  in  my  traces. 

MY  FIRST  READING.— LAFAYETTE. 

From  1824  to  '28  our  family  lived  in  Brooklyn  in  Front,  Cran 
berry  and  Johnson  streets.  In  the  latter  my  father  built  a  nice 
house  for  a  home,  and  afterwards  another  in  Tillary  street.  We 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  YS.  1 5 

occupied  them,  one  after  the  other,  but  they  were  mortgaged,  and 
we  lost  them.  I  yet  remember  Lafayette's  visit.*  Most  of  these 
years  I  went  to  the  public  schools.  It  must  have  been  about 
1829  or  '30  that  I  went  with  my  father  and  mother  to  hear  Elias 
Hicks  preach  in  a  ball-room  on  Brooklyn  heights.  At  about 
the  same  time  employ'd  as  a  boy  in  an  office,  lawyers',  father 
and  two  sons,  Clarke's,  Fulton  street,  near  Orange.  I  had  a  nice 
desk  and  window-nook  to  myself;  Edward  C.  kindly  help'd  me 
at  my  handwriting  and  composition,  and,  (the  signal  event  of  my 
life  up  to  that  time,)  subscribed  for  me  to  a  big  circulating 
library.  For  a  time  I  now  revel'd  in  romance-reading  of  all 
kinds;  first,  the  "Arabian  Nights,"  all  the  volumes,  an  amazing 
treat.  Then,  with  sorties  in  very  many  other  directions,  took  in 
Walter  Scott's  novels,  one  after  another,  and  his  poetry,  (and 
continue  to  enjoy  novels  and  poetry  to  this  day.) 

PRINTING  OFFICE.— OLD  BROOKLYN. 

After  about  two  years  went  to  work  in  a  weekly  newspaper  and 
printing  office,  to  learn  the  trade.  The  paper  was  the  "  Long 
Island  Patriot,"  owned  by  S.  E.  Clements,  who 'was  also  post 
master.  An  old  printer  in  the  office,  William  Hartshorne,  a  rev 
olutionary  character,  who  had  seen  Washington,  was  a  special 
friend  of  mine,  and  I  had  many  a  talk  with  him  about  long 
past  times.  The  apprentices,  including  myself,  boarded  with  his 
grand-daughter.  I  used  occasionally  to  go  out  riding  with  the 
boss,  who  was  very  kind  to  us  boys ;  Sundays  he  took  us  all  to 
a  great  old  rough,  fortress-looking  stone  church,  on  Joralemon 
street,  near  where  the  Brooklyn  city  hall  now  is — (at  that  time 
broad  fields  and  country  roads  everywhere  around. f)  Afterward 

*  "On  the  visit  of  General  Lafayette  to  this  country,  in  1824,  he  came  over 
to  Brooklyn  in  state,  and  rode  through  the  city.  The  children  of  the  schools 
tiun'd  out  to  join  in  the  welcome.  An  edifice  for  a  free  public  library  for 
youths  was  just  then  commencing, and  Lafayette  consented  to  stop  on  his  way 
and  lay  the  corner-stone.  Numerous  children  arriving  on  the  ground,  where 
a  huge  irregular  excavation  for  the  building  was  already  dug,  surrounded 
with  heaps  of  rough  stone,  several  gentlemen  assisted  in  lifting  the  children 
to  safe  or  convenient  spots  to  see  the  ceremony.  Among  the  rest,  Lafayette, 
also  helping  the  children,  took  up  the  five-year-old  Walt  Whitman,  and  press 
ing  the  child  a  moment  to  his  breast,  and  giving  him  a  kiss,  handed  him  down 
to  a  safe  spot  in  the  excavation." — John  Burroughs. 

f  Of  the  Brooklyn  of  that  time  (1830-40)  hardly  anything  remains,  ex 
cept  the  lines  of  the  old  streets.  The  population  was  then  between  ten  and 
twelve  thousand.  For  a  mile  Fulton  street  was  lined  with  magnificent  elm 
trees.  The  character  of  the  place  was  thoroughly  rural.  As  a  sample  of  com 
parative  values,  it  may  be  mention'd  that  twenty-five  acres  in  what  is  now  the 
most  costly  part  of  the  city,  bounded  by  Flatbush  and  Fulton  avenues,  were 
then  bought  by  Mr.  Parmentier,  a  French  emigre,  for  $4000.  Who  remem 
bers  the  old  places  as  they  were  ?  Who  remembers  the  old  citizens  of  that  time  ? 


X6  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

I  work'd  on  the  "Long  Island  Star,"  Alden  Spooner's  paper. 
My  father  all  these  years  pursuing  his  trade  as  carpenter  and 
builder,  with  varying  fortune.  There  was  a  growing  family  of 
children — eight  of  us — my  brother  Jesse  the  oldest,  myself  the 
second ,  my  dear  sisters  Mary  and  Hannah  Louisa,  my  brothers  An 
drew,  George,  Thomas  Jefferson,  and  then  my  youngest  brother, 
Edward,  born  1835,  and  always  badly  crippled,  as  I  am  myself  of 
late  years. 

GROWTH— HEALTH— WORK. 

I  develop'd  (1833-4-5)  into  a  healthy,  strong  youth  (grew  too 
fast,  though,  was  nearly  as  big  as  a  man  at  15  or  16.)  Our  family 
at  this  period  moved  back  to  the  country,  my  dear  mother  very 
ill  for  a  long  time,  but  recover'd.  All  these  years  I  was  down 
Long  Island  more  or  less  every  summer,  now  east,  now  west, 
sometimes  months  at  a  stretch.  At  16,  17,  and  so  on,  was  fond 
of  debating  societies,  and  had  an  active  membership  with  them, 
off  and  on,  in  Brooklyn  and  one  or  two  country  towns  on  the 
island.  A  most  omnivorous  novel-reader,  these  and  later  years, 
devour'd  everything  I  could  get.  Fond  of  the  theatre,  also,  in 
New  York,  went  whenever  I  could — sometimes  witnessing  fine 
performances. 

1836-7,  work'd  as  compositor  in  printing  offices  in  New  York 
city.  Then,  when  little  more  than  eighteen,  and  for  a  while  af 
terwards,  went  to  teaching  country  schools  down  in  Queens  and 
Suffolk  counties,  Long  Island,  and  "boarded  round."  (This 
latter  I  consider  one  of  my  best  experiences  and  deepest  lessons 
in  human  nature  behind  the  scenes,  and  in  the  masses.)  In  '39, 
'40, 1  started  and  publish'd  a  weekly  paper  in  my  native  town, 
Huntington.  Then  returning  to  New  York  city  and  Brooklyn, 
work'd  on  as  printer  and  writer,  mostly  prose,  but  an  occasional 
shy  at  "  poetry." 

MY  PASSION  FOR  FERRIES. 

Living  in  Brooklyn  or  New  York  city  from  this  time  forward, 
my  life,  then,  and  still  more  the  following  years,  was  curiously 
identified  with  Fulton  ferry,  already  becoming  the  greatest  of 
its  sort  in  the  world  for  general  importance,  volume,  variety,  ra 
pidity,  and  picturesqueness.  Almost  daily,  later,  ('50  to  '60,)  I 

Among  the  former  were  Smith  &  Wood's,  Coe  Downing's,  and  other  public 
houses  at  the  ferry,  the  old  Ferry  itself,  Love  lane,  the  Heights  as  then,  the 
Wallabout  with  the  wooden  bridge,  and  the  road  out  beyond  Fulton  street  to 
the  old  toll-gate.  Among  the  latter  were  the  majestic  and  genial  General 
Jeremiah  Johnson,  with  others,  Gabriel  Furman,  Rev.  E.  M.  Johnson,  Judge 
Murphy  Mr.  Pierrepont,  Mr.  Joralemon,  Samuel  Willoughby,  Jonathan  Trot 
ter,  George  Hall,  Cyrus  P.  Smith,  N.  B.  Morse,  John  Dikeman,  Adrian  liege 
man,  William  Udall,  and  old  Mr.  Duflon,  with  his  military  garden. 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  \  7 

cross'd  on  the  boats,  often  up  in  the  pilot-houses  where  I  could 
get  a  full  sweep,  absorbing  shows,  accompaniments,  surroundings. 
What  oceanic  currents,  eddies,  underneath — the  great  tides  of 
humanity  also,  with  ever-shifting  movements.  Indeed,  I  have 
always  had  a  passion  for  ferries ;  to  me  they  afford  inimitable, 
streaming,  never-failing,  living  poems.  The  river  and  bay  scenery, 
all  about  New  York  island,  any  time  of  a  fine  day — the  hurrying, 
splashing  sea-tides — the  changing  panorama  of  steamers,  all  sizes, 
often  a  string  of  big  ones  outward  bound  to  distant  ports — the 
myriads  of  white-sail'd  schooners,  sloops,  skiffs,  and  the  marvel 
lously  beautiful  yachts — the  majestic  sound  boats  as  they  rounded 
the  Battery  and  came  along  towards  5,  afternoon,  eastward 
bound — the  prospect  off  towards  Staten  island,  or  down  the  Nar 
rows,  or  the  other  way  up  the  Hudson — what  refreshment  of 
spirit  such  sights  and  experiences  gave  me  years  ago  (and  many 
a  time  since.)  My  old  pilot  friends,  the  Balsirs,  Johnny  Cole, 
Ira  Smith,  William  White,  and  my  young  ferry  friend,  Tom 
Gere — how  well  I  remember  them  all. 

BROADWAY  SIGHTS. 

Besides  Fulton  ferry,  off  and  on  for  years,  I  knew  and  fre 
quented  Broadway — that  noted  avenue  of  New  York's  crowded 
and  mixed  humanity,  and  of  so  many  notables.  Here  I  saw, 
during  those  times,  Andrew  Jackson,  Webster,  Clay,  Seward, 
Martin  Van  Buren,  filibuster  Walker,  Kossuth,  Fitz  Greene  Hal- 
leek,  Bryant,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Charles  Dickens,  the  first 
Japanese  ambassadors,  and  lots  of  other  celebrities  of  the  time. 
Always  something  novel  or  inspiriting  ;  yet  mostly  to  me  the  hur 
rying  and  vast  amplitude  of  those  never-ending  human  currents. 
I  remember  seeing  James  Fenimore  Cooper  in  a  court-room  in 
Chambers  street,  back  of  the  city  hall,  where  he  was  carrying 
on  a  law  case — (I  think  it  was  a  charge  of  libel  he  had  brought 
against  some  one.)  I  also  remember  seeing  Edgar  A.  Poe,  and 
having  a  short  interview  with  him,  (it  must  have  been  in  1845  or 
'6,)  in  his  office,  second  story  of  a  corner  building,  (Duane  or  Pearl 
street.)  He  was  editor  and  owner  or  part  owner  of  "  the  Broadway 
Journal."  The  visit  was  about  a  piece  of  mine  he  had  publish'd. 
Poe  was  very  cordial,  in  a  quiet  way,  appear'd  well  in  person, 
dress,  &c.  I  have  a  distinct  and  pleasing  remembrance  of  his 
looks,  voice,  manner  and  matter ;  very  kindly  and  human,  but 
subdued,  perhaps  a  little  jaded.  For  another  of  my  reminis 
cences,  here  on  the  west  side,  just  below  Houston  street,  I  once 
saw  (it  must  have  been  about  1832,  of  a  sharp,  bright  January  day) 
a  bent,  feeble  but  stout-built  very  old  man.  bearded,  swathed  in  rich 
furs,  with  a  great  ermine  cap  on  his  head,  led  and  assisted,  almost 


1 8  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

carried,  down  the  steps  of  his  high  front  stoop  (a  dozen  friends  and 
servants,  emulous,  carefully  holding,  guiding  him)  and  then  lifted 
and  tuck'd  in  a  gorgeous  sleigh,  envelop'd  in  other  furs,  for  a 
ride.  The  sleigh  was  drawn  by  as  fine  a  team  of  horses  as  I  ever 
saw.  (You  needn't  think  all  the  best  animals  are  brought  up 
nowadays ;  never  was  such  horseflesh  as  fifty  years  ago  on  Long 
Island,  or  south,  or  in  New  York  city ;  folks  look'd  for  spirit 
and  mettle  in  a  nag,  not  tame  speed  merely.)  Well,  I,  a  boy  of 
perhaps  thirteen  or  fourteen,  stopp'd  and  gazed  long  at  the  spec 
tacle  of  that  fur-swathed  old  man,  surrounded  by  friends  and  ser 
vants,  and  the  careful  seating  of  him  in  the  sleigh.  I  remember 
the  spirited,  champing  horses,  the  driver  with  his  whip,  and  a 
fellow-driver  by  his  side,  for  extra  prudence.  The  old  man,  the 
subject  of  so  much  attention,  I  can  almost  see  now.  It  was  John 
Jacob  Astor. 

The  years  1846,  '47,  and  there  along,  see  me  still  in  New  York 
city,  working  as  writer  and  printer,  having  my  usual  good  health, 
and  a  good  time  generally. 

OMNIBUS  JAUNTS  AND  DRIVERS. 

One  phase  of  those  days  must  by  no  means  go  unrecorded — 
namely,  the  Broadway  omnibuses,  with  their  drivers.  The  vehi 
cles  still  (I  write  this  paragraph  in  1881)  give  a  portion  of  the 
character  of  Broadway — the  Fifth  avenue,  Madison  avenue,  and 
Twenty-third  street  lines  yet  running.  But  the  flush  days  of  the 
old  Broadway  stages,  characteristic  and  copious,  are  over.  The 
Yellow-birds,  the  Red-birds,  the  original  Broadway,  the  Fourth 
avenue,  the  Knickerbocker,  and  a  dozen  others  of  twenty  or  thirty 
years  ago,  are  all  gone.  And  the  men  specially  identified  with 
them,  and  giving  vitality  and  meaning  to  them — the  drivers — a 
strange,  natural,  quick-eyed  and  wondrous  race — (not  only  Rab 
elais  and  Cervantes  would  have  gloated  upon  them,  but  Homer 
and  Shakspere  would) — how  well  I  remember  them,  and  must 
here  give  a  word  about  them.  How  many  hours,  forenoons  and 
afternoons — how  many  exhilarating  night-times  I  have  had — 
perhaps  June  or  July,  in  cooler  air — riding  the  whole  length  of 
Broadway,  listening  to  some  yarn,  (and  the  most  vivid  yarns  ever 
spun,  and  the  rarest  mimicry) — or  perhaps  I  declaiming  some 
stormy  passage  from  Julius  Caesar  or  Richard,  (you  could  roar  as 
loudly  as  you  chose  in  that  heavy,  dense,  uninterrupted  street- 
bass.)  Yes,  I  knew  all  the  drivers  then,  Broadway  Jack,  Dress 
maker,  Balky  Bill,  George  Storms,  Old  Elephant,  his  brother 
Young  Elephant  (who  came  afterward,)  Tippy,  Pop  Rice,  Big 
Frank,  Yellow  Joe,  Pete  Callahan,  Patsy  Dee,  and  dozens  more ; 
for  there  were  hundreds.  They  had  immense  qualities,  largely 
animal — eating,  drinking,  women — great  personal  pride,  in  their 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  YS.  1 9 

way — perhaps  a  few  slouches  here  and  there,  but  I  should  have 
trusted  the  general  run  of  them,  in  their  simple  good-will  and 
honor,  under  all  circumstances.  Not  only  for  comradeship,  and 
sometimes  affection — great  studies  I  found  them  also.  (I  sup 
pose  the  critics  will  laugh  heartily,  but  the  influence  of  those 
Broadway  omnibus  jaunts  and  drivers  and  declamations  and  es 
capades  undoubtedly  enter'd  into  the  gestation  of  "  Leaves  of 
Grass.") 

PLAYS  AND  OPERAS  TOO 

And  certain  actors  and  singers,  had  a  good  deal  to  do  with  the 
business.  All  through  these  years,  off  and  on,  I  frequented  the 
old  Park,  the  Bowery,  Broadway  and  Chatham-square  theatres, 
and  the  Italian  operas  at  Chambers-street,  Astor-place  or  the 
Battery — many  seasons  was  on  the  free  list,  writing  for  papers 
even  as  quite  a  youth.  The  old  Park  theatre — what  names, 
reminiscences,  the  words  bring  back !  Placide,  Clarke,  Mrs. 
Vernon,  Fisher,  Clara  F.,  Mrs,  Wood,  Mrs.  Seguin,  Ellen  Tree, 
Hackett,  the  younger  Kean,  Macready,  Mrs.  Richardson,  Rice — 
singers,  tragedians,  comedians.  What  perfect  acting !  Henry 
Placide  in  "  Napoleon's  Old  Guard  "  or  "  Grandfather  White- 
head," — or  "the  Provoked  Husband"  of  Gibber,  with  Fanny 
Kemble  as  Lady  Townley — or  Sheridan  Knowles  in  his  own 
"Virginius" — or  inimitable  Power  in  "  Born  to  Good  Luck. " 
These,  and  many  more,  the  years  of  youth  and  onward.  Fanny 
Kemble — name  to  conjure  up  great  mimic  scenes  withal — per 
haps  the  greatest.  I  remember  well  her  rendering  of  Bianca  in 
"Fazio,"  and  Marianna  in  "the  Wife."  Nothing  finer  did 
ever  stage  exhibit — the  veterans  of  all  nations  said  so,  and  my 
boyish  heart  and  head  felt  it  in  every  minute  cell.  The  lady  was 
just  matured,  strong,  better  than  merely  beautiful,  born  from  the 
footlights,  had  had  three  years'  practice  in  London  and  through 
the  British  towns,  and  then  she  came  to  give  America  that  young 
maturity  and  roseate  power  in  all  their  noon,  or  rather  forenoon, 
flush.  It  was  my  good  luck  to  see  her  nearly  every  night  she 
play'd  at  the  old  Park — certainly  in  all  her  principal  characters. 

I  heard,  these  years,  well  render' d,  all  the  Italian  and  other 
operas  in  vogue,  "  Sonnambula, "  "  the  Puritans,"  "  Der  Freis- 
chutz,"  "Huguenots,"  "  Fille  d'  Regiment,"  "Faust,"  "  Etoile 
du  Nord,"  "  Poliuto,"  and  others.  Verdi's  "  Ernani,"  "Rigo- 
letto,"  and  "  Trovatore,"  with  Donnizetti's  "Lucia"  or  "  Fa- 
vorita  "  or  "Lucrezia,"  and  Auber's  "  Massaniello,"  or  Rossini's 
"William  Tell"  and  "Gazza  Ladra,"  were  among  my  special 
enjoyments.  I  heard  Alboni  every  time  she  sang  in  New  York 
and  vicinity — also  Grisi,  the  tenor  Mario,  and  the  baritone  Ba- 
diali,  the  finest  in  the  world. 


20  SPE  C I  MEN  DA  YS. 

This  musical  passion  follow'd  my  theatrical  one.  As  boy  or 
young  man  I  had  seen,  (reading  them  carefully  the  day  before 
hand,)  quite  all  Shakspere's  acting  dramas,  play'd  wonderfully 
well.  Even  yet  I  cannot  conceive  anything  finer  than  old  Booth 
in  "Richard Third,"  or  "Lear,"  (I don't  know  which  was  best,) 
or  lago,  (or  Pescara,  or  Sir  Giles  Overreach,  to  go  outside  of 
Shakspere) — or  Tom  Hamblin  in  "Macbeth" — or  old  Clarke, 
either  as  the  ghost  in  "  Hamlet,"  or  as  Prospero  in  "  the  Tem 
pest,"  with  Mrs.  Austin  as  Ariel,  and  Peter  Richings  as  Caliban. 
Then  other  dramas,  and  fine  players  in  them,  Forrest  as  Meta- 
mora  or  Damon  or  Brutus — John  R.  Scott  as  Tom  Cringle  or 
Rolla — or  Charlotte  Cushman's  Lady  Gay  Spanker  in  "  Lon 
don  Assurance."  Then  of  some  years  later,  at  Castle  Garden, 
Battery,  I  yet  recall  the  splendid  seasons  of  the  Havana  musi 
cal  troupe  under  Maretzek — the  fine  band,  the  cool  sea- 
breezes,  the  unsurpass'd  vocalism — Steffanone,  Bosio,  Truffi,  Ma- 
rini  in  "  Marino  Faliero,"  "  Don  Pasquale,"  or  "  Favorita."  No 
better  playing  or  singing  ever  in  New  York.  It  was  here  too  I 
afterward  heard  Jenny  Lind.  (The  Battery — its  past  associa 
tions — what  tales  those  old  trees  and  walks  and  sea-walls  could 
tell  !) 

THROUGH  EIGHT  YEARS. 

In  1848,  '49,  I  was  occupied  as  editor  of  the  "  daily  Eagle  " 
newspaper,  in  Brooklyn.  The  latter  year  went  off  on  a  leisurely 
journey  and  working  expedition  (my  brother  Jeff  with  me) 
through  all  the  middle  States,  and  down  the  Ohio  and  Missis 
sippi  rivers.  Lived  awhile  in  New  Orleans,  and  work'd  there  on 
the  editorial  staff  of  "  daily  Crescent  "  newspaper.  After  a  time 
plodded  back  northward,  up  the  Mississippi,  and  around  to,  and 
by  way  of  the  great  lakes,  Michigan,  Huron,  and  Erie,  to  Niagara 
falls  and  lower  Canada,  finally  returning  through  central  New 
York  and  down  the  Hudson ;  traveling  altogether  probably 
5000  miles  this  trip,  to  and  fro.  '51,  '53,  occupied  in  house 
building  in  Brooklyn.  (For  a  little  of  the  first  part  of  that  time 
in  printing  a  daily  and  weekly  paper,  "the  Freeman.")  '55,  lost 
my  dear  father  this  year  by  death.  Commenced  putting  "  Leaves 
of  Grass"  to  press  for  good,  at  the  job  printing  office  of  my 
friends,  the  brothers  Rome,  in  Brooklyn,  after  many  MS.  doings 
and  undoings — (I  had  great  trouble  in  leaving  out  the  stock 
"  poetical  "  touches,  but  succeeded  at  last.)  I  am  now  (1856-' 7) 
passing  through  my  37th  year. 

SOURCES  OF  CHARACTER— RESULTS— 1860. 
To  sum  up  the  foregoing  from  the  outset  (and,  of  course,  far, 
far  more  unrecorded,)  I  estimate  three  leading  sources  and  forma- 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS.  2 1 

tive  stamps  to  my  own  character,  now  solidified  for  good  or  bad, 
and  its  subsequent  literary  and  other  outgrowth — the  maternal 
nativity-stock  brought  hither  from  far-away  Netherlands,  for  one, 
(doubtless  the  best) — the  subterranean  tenacity  and  central  bony 
structure  (obstinacy,  wilfulness)  which  I  get  from  my  paternal 
English  elements,  for  another — and  the  combination  of  my  Long 
Island  birth-spot,  sea-shores,  childhood's  scenes,  absorptions, 
with  teeming  Brooklyn  and  New  York — with,  I  suppose,  my  experi 
ences  afterward  in  the  secession  outbreak,  for  the  third. 

For,  in  1862,  startled  by  news  that  my  brother  George,  an 
officer  in  the  5151  New  York  volunteers,  had  been  seriously 
wounded  (first  Fredericksburg  battle,  December  i3th,)  I  hur 
riedly  went  down  to  the  field  of  war  in  Virginia.  But  I  must  go 
back  a  little. 

OPENING  OF  THE  SECESSION  WAR. 

News  of  the  attack  on  fort  Sumter  and  the  flag  at  Charles 
ton  harbor,  S.  C.,  was  receiv'd  in  New  York  city  late  at  night 
(i3th  April,  1861,)  and  was  immediately  sent  out  in  extras  of  the 
newspapers.  I  had  been  to  the  opera  in  Fourteenth  street  that 
night,  and  after  the  performance  was  walking  down  Broadway 
toward  twelve  o'clock,  on  my  way  to  Brooklyn,  when  I  heard  in 
the  distance  the  loud  cries  of  the  newsboys,  who  came  presently 
tearing  and  yelling  up  the  street,  rushing  from  side  to  side  even 
more  furiously  than  usual.  I  bought  an  extra  and  cross'd  to  the 
Metropolitan  hotel  (Niblo's)  where  the  great  lamps  were  still 
brightly  blazing,  and,  with  a  crowd  of  others,  who  gather'd  im 
promptu,  read  the  news,  which  was  evidently  authentic.  For  the 
benefit  of  some  who  had  no  papers,  one  of  us  read  the  telegram 
aloud,  while  all  listen'd  silently  and  attentively.  No  remark  was 
made  by  any  of  the  crowd,  which  had  increas'd  to  thirty  or  forty, 
but  all  stood  a  minute  or  two,  I  remember,  before  they  dispers'd. 
I  can  almost  see  them  there  now,  under  the  lamps  at  midnight 
again. 

NATIONAL  UPRISING  AND  VOLUNTEERING. 

I  have  said  somewhere  that  the  three  Presidentiads  preceding 
1 86 1  show'd  how  the  weakness  and  wickedness  of  rulers  are  just 
as  eligible  here  in  America  under  republican,  as  in  Europe  under 
dynastic  influences.  But  what  can  I  say  of  that  prompt  and 
splendid  wrestling  with  secession  slavery,  the  arch-enemy  personi 
fied,  the  instant  he  unmistakably  show'd  his  face?  The  volcanic 
upheaval  of  the  nation,  after  that  firing  on  the  flag  at  Charleston, 
proved  for  certain  something  which  had  been  previously  in  great 
doubt,  and  at  once  substantially  settled  the  question  of  disunion. 
In  my  judgment  it  will  remain  as  the  grandest  and  most  encour 
aging  spectacle  yet  vouchsafed  in  any  age,  old  or  new,  to  politi- 


22 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


cal  progress  and  democracy.  It  was  not  for  what  came  to  the 
surface  merely — though  that  was  important — but  what  it  indi 
cated  below,  which  was  of  eternal  importance.  Down  in  the 
abysms  of  New  World  humanity  there  had  form'd  and  harden 'd 
a  primal  hard-pan  of  national  Union  will,  determin'd  and  in  the 
majority,  refusing  to  be  tamper'd  with  or  argued  against,  con 
fronting  all  emergencies,  and  capable  at  any  time  of  bursting  all 
surface  bonds,  and  breaking  out  like  an  earthquake.  It  is,  in 
deed,  the  best  lesson  of  the  century,  or  of  America,  and  it  is  a 
mighty  privilege  to  have  been  part  of  it.  (Two  great  spectacles, 
immortal  proofs  of  democracy,  unequall'd  in  all  the  history  of 
the  past,  are  furnish'd  by  the  secession  war — one  at  the  begin 
ning,  the  other  at  its  close.  Those  are,  the  general,  voluntary, 
arm'd  upheaval,  and  the  peaceful  and  harmonious  disbanding  of 
the  armies  in  the  summer  of  1865.) 

CONTEMPTUOUS  FEELING. 

Even  after  the  bombardment  of  Sumter,  however,  the  gravity 
of  the  revolt,  and  the  power  and  will  of  the  slave  States  for  a 
strong  and  continued  military  resistance  to  national  authority, 
were  not  at  all  realized  at  the  North,  except  by  a  few.  Nine-tenths 
of  the  people  of  the  free  States  look'd  upon  the  rebellion,  as 
started  in  South  Carolina,  from  a  feeling  one-half  of  contempt, 
and  the  other  half  composed  of  anger  and  incredulity.  It  was 
v  not  thought  it  would  be  join'd  in  by  Virginia,  North  Carolina, 
or  Georgia.  A  great  and, cautious  national  official  predicted  that 
it  would  blow  over  "  in  sixty  days,"  and  folks  generally  believ'd 
the  prediction.  I  remember  talking  about  it  on  a  Fulton  ferry 
boat  with  the  Brooklyn  mayor,  who  said  he  only  "  hoped  the 
Southern  fire-eaters  would  commit  some  overt  act  of  resistance,  as 
they  would  then  be  at  once  so  effectually  squelch' d,  we  would 
never  hear  of  secession  again — but  he  was  afraid  they  never  would 
have  the  pluck  to  really  do  anything."  I  remember,  too,  that  a 
couple  of  companies  of  the  Thirteenth  Brooklyn,  who  rendez- 
vou'd  at  the  city  armory,  and  started  thence  as  thirty  days'  men, 
were  all  provided  with  pieces  of  rope,  conspicuously  tied  to  their 
musket  barrels,  with  which  to  bring  back  each  man  a  prisoner  from 
the  audacious  South,  to  be  led  in  a  noose,  on  our  men's  early  and 
triumphant  return  ! 

BATTLE  OF  BULL  RUN,  JULY,  1861. 

All  this  sort  of  feeling  was  destin'd  to  be  arrested  and  revers'd 
by  a  terrible  shock — the  battle  of  first  Bull  Run — certainly,  as  we 
now  know  it,  one  of  the  most  singular  fights  on  record.  (All  bat 
tles,  and  their  results,  are  far  more  matters  of  accident  than  is 
generally  thought  j  but  this  was  throughout  a  casualty,  a  chance. 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


23 


Each  side  supposed  it  had  won,  till  the  last  moment.  One  had, 
in  point  of  fact,  just  the  same  right  to  be  routed  as  the  other. 
By  a  fiction,  or  series  of  fictions,  the  national  forces  at  the  last 
moment  exploded  in  a  panic  and  fled  from  the  field.)  The  de 
feated  troops  commenced  pouring  into  Washington  over  the 
Long  Bridge  at  daylight  on  Monday,  22d — day  drizzling  all 
through  with  rain.  The  Saturday  and  Sunday  of  the  battle  (2oth, 
2ist,)  had  been  parch'd  and  hot  to  an  extreme — the  dust,  the 
grime  and  smoke,  in  layers,  sweated  in,  follow'd  by  other  layers 
again  sweated  in,  absorb'd  by  those  excited  souls — their  clothes 
all  saturated  with  the  clay-powder  filling  the  air — stirr'd  up  every 
where  on  the  dry  roads  and  trodden  fields  by  the  regiments, 
swarming  wagons,  artillery,  &c. — all  the  men  with  this  coating 
of  murk  and  sweat  and  rain,  now  recoiling  back,  pouring  over 
the  Long  Bridge— a  horrible  march  of  twenty  miles,  returning  to 
Washington  baffled,  humiliated,  panic-struck.  Where  are  the 
vaunts,  and  the  proud  boasts  with  which  you  went  forth?  Where 
are  your  banners,  and  your  bands  of  music,  and  your  ropes  to 
bring  back  your  prisoners?  Well,  there  isn't  a  band  playing — 
and  there  isn't  a  flag  but  clings  ashamed  and  lank  to  its  staff. 

The  sun  rises,  but  shines  not.  The  men  appear,  at  first 
sparsely  and  shame-faced  enough,  then  thicker,  in  the  streets  of 
Washington — appear  in  Pennsylvania  avenue,  and  on  the  steps 
and  basement  entrances.  They  come  along  in  disorderly  mobs, 
some  in  squads,  stragglers,  companies.  Occasionally,  a  rare  regi 
ment,  in  perfect  order,  with  its  officers  (some  gaps,  dead,  the 
true  braves,)  marching  in  silence,  with  lowering  faces,  stern, 
weary  to  sinking,  all  black  and  dirty,  but  every  man  with  his 
musket,  and  stepping  alive ;  but  these  are  the  exceptions.  Side 
walks  of  Pennsylvania  avenue,  Fourteenth  street,  &c.,  crowded, 
jamm'd  with  citizens,  darkies,  clerks,  everybody,  lookers-on  ; 
women  in  the  windows,  curious  expressions  from  faces,  as  those 
swarms  of  dirt-cover'd  return'd  soldiers  there  (will  they  never 
end?)  move  by;  but  nothing  said,  no  comments;  (half  our 
lookers-on  secesh  of  the  most  venomous  kind — they  say  nothing  ; 
but  the  devil  snickers  in  their  faces.)  During  the  forenoon 
Washington  gets  all  over  motley  with  these  defeated  soldiers — 
queer-looking  objects,  strange  eyes  and  faces,  drench'd  (the 
steady  rain  drizzles  on  all  day)  and  fearfully  worn,  hungry,  hag 
gard,  blister'd  in  the  feet.  Good  people  (but  not  over-many  of 
them  either,)  hurry  up  something  for  their  grub.  They  put 
wash-kettles  on  the  fire,  for  soup,  for  coffee.  They  set  tables  ou 
the  side-walks — wagon-loads  of  bread  are  purchas'd,  swiftly  cut 
in  stout  chunks.  Here  are  two  aged  ladies,  beautiful,  the  first 
in  the  city  for  culture  and  charm,  they  stand  with  store  of  eating 


24  SPECIMEN  DA  KS. 

and  drink  at  an  improvis'd  table  of  rough  plank,  and  give  food, 
and  have  the  store  replenish'd  from  their  house  every  half-hour  all 
that  day ;  and  there  in  the  rain  they  stand,  active,  silent,  white- 
hair'd,  and  give  food,  though  the  tears  stream  down  their  cheeks, 
almost  without  intermission,  the  whole  time.  Amid  the  deep 
excitement,  crowds  and  motion,  and  desperate  eagerness,  it  seems 
strange  to  see  many,  very  many,  of  the  soldiers  sleeping — in  the 
midst  of  all,  sleeping  sound.  They  drop  down  anywhere,  on 
the  steps  of  houses,  up  close  by  the  basements  or  fences,  on  the 
sidewalk,  aside  on  some  vacant  lot,  and  deeply  sleep.  A  poor 
seventeen  or  eighteen  year  old  boy  lies  there,  on  the  stoop  of  a 
grand  house  ;  he  sleeps  so  calmly,  so  profoundly.  Some  clutch 
their  muskets  firmly  even  in  sleep.  Some  in  squads ;  comrades, 
brothers,  close  together — and  on  them,  as  they  lay,  sulkily  drips 
the  rain. 

As  afternoon  pass'd,  and  evening  came,  the  streets,  the  bar 
rooms,  knots  everywhere,  listeners,  questioners,  terrible  yarns, 
bugaboo,  mask'd  batteries,  our  regiment  all  cut  up,  &c. — stories 
and  story-tellers,  windy,  bragging,  vain  centres  of  street-crowds. 
Resolution,  manliness,  seem  to  have  abandon'd  Washington. 
The  principal  hotel,  Willard's,  is  full  of  shoulder-straps — thick, 
crush'd,  creeping  with  shoulder-straps.  (I  see  them,  and  must 
have  a  word  with  them.  There  you  are,  shoulder-straps  ! — but 
where  are  your  companies?  where  are  your  men  ?  Incompetents  ! 
never  tell  me  of  chances  of  battle,  of  getting  stray'd,  and  the 
like.  I  think  this  is  your  work,  this  retreat,  after  all.  Sneak, 
blow,  put  on  airs  there  in  Willard's  sumptuous  parlors  and  bar 
rooms,' or  anywhere — no  explanation  shall  save  you.  Bull  Run 
is  your  work ;  had  you  been  half  or  one-tenth  worthy  your  men, 
.this  would  never  have  happen'd.) 

Meantime,  in  Washington,  among  the  great  persons  and  their 
entourage,  a  mixture  of  awful  consternation,  uncertainty,  rage, 
shame,  helplessness,  and  stupefying  disappointment.  The  worst 
is  not  only  imminent,  but  already  here.  In  a  few  hours — perhaps 
before  the  next  meal — the  secesh  generals,  with  their  victorious 
hordes,  will  be  upon  us.  The  dream  of  humanity,  the  vaunted 
Union  we  thought  so  strong,  so  impregnable — lo  !  it  seems  al 
ready  smash'd  like  a  china  plate.  One  bitter,  bitter  hour — per 
haps  proud  America  will  never  again  know  such  an  hour.  'She 
must  pack  and  fly — no  time  to  spare.  Those  white  palaces — the 
dome-crown'd  capjtol  there  on  the  hill,  so  stately  over  the  trees 
— shall  they  be  left- — or  destroy'd  first?  For  it  is  certain  that 
the  talk  among  certain  of  the  magnates  and  officers  and  clerks 
and  officials  everywhere,  for  twenty-four  hours  in  and  around 
Washington  after  Bull  Run,  was  loud  and  undisguised  for  yield- 


UNIVERSITY 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


ing  out  and  out,  and  substituting  the  southern  rule,  and  Lincoln 
promptly  abdicating  and  departing.  If  the  secesh  officers  and 
forces  had  immediately  follow'd,  and  by  a  bold  Napoleonic 
movement  had  enter 'd  Washington  the  first  day,  (or  even  the 
second,)  they  could  have  had  things  their  own  way,  and  a  pow 
erful  faction  north  to  back  them.  One  of  our  returning  colo 
nels  express'd  in  public  that  night,  amid  a  swarm  of  officers  and 
gentlemen  in  a  crowded  room,  the  opinion  that  it  was  useless  to 
fight,  that  the  southerners  had  made  their  title  clear,  and  that 
the  best  course  for  the  national  government  to  pursue  was  to  de 
sist  from  any  further  attempt  at  stopping  them,  and  admit  them 
again  to  the  lead,  on  the  best  terms  they  were  willing  to  grant. 
Not  a  voice  was  rais'd  against  this  judgment,  amid  that  large 
crowd  of  officers  and  gentlemen.  (The  fact  is,  the  hour  was  one 
of  the  three  or  four  of  those  crises  we  had  then  and  afterward, 
during  the  fluctuations  of  four  years,  when  human  eyes  appear'd 
at  least  just  as  likely  to  see  the  last  breath  of  the  Union  as  to  see 
it  continue.) 

THE  STUPOR  PASSES— SOMETHING  ELSE  BEGINS. 

But  the  hour,  the  day,  the  night  pass'd,  and  whatever  returns, 
an  hour,  a  day,  a  night  like  that  can  never  again  return.  The 
President,  recovering  himself,  begins  that  very  night — sternly, 
rapidly  sets  about  the  task  of  reorganizing  his  forces,  and  plac 
ing  himself  in  positions  for  future  and  surer  work.  If  there 
were  nothing  else  of  Abraham  Lincoln  for  history  to  stamp  him 
with,  it  is  enough  to  send  him  with  his  wreath  to  the  memory  of 
all  future  time,  that  he  endured  that  hour,  that  day,  bitterer  than 
gall — indeed  a  crucifixion  day — that  it  did  not  conquer  him — 
that  he  unflinchingly  stemm'd  it,  and  resolv'd  to  lift  himself  and 
the  Union  out  of  it. 

Then  the  great  New  York  papers  at  once  appear'd,  (commenc 
ing  that  evening,  and  following  it  up  the  next  morning,  and  in 
cessantly  through  many  days  afterwards,)  with  leaders  that  rang 
out  over  the  land  with  the  loudest,  most  reverberating  ring  of 
clearest  bugles,  full  of  encouragement,  hope,  inspiration,  unfalter 
ing  defiance.  Those  magnificent  editorials  !  they  never  flagg'd 
for  a  fortnight.  The  "  Herald  "  commenced  them — I  remember 
the  articles  well.  The  "Tribune"  was  equally  cogent  and  in 
spiriting — and  the  "Times,"  "Evening  Post,"  and  other  prin 
cipal  papers,  were  not  a  whit  behind.  They  came  in  good  time, 
for  they  were  needed.  For  in  the  humiliation  of  Bull  Run,  the 
popular  feeling  north,  from  its  extreme  of  superciliousness,  re- 
coil'd  to  the  depth  of  gloom  and  apprehension. 

(Of  all  the  days  of  the  war,  there  are  two  especially  I  can 


2 6  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

never  forget.  Those  were  the  day  following  the  news,  in  New  York 
and  Brooklyn,  of  that  first  Bull  Run  defeat,  and  the  day  of  Abra 
ham  Lincoln's  death.  I  was  home  in  Brooklyn  on  both  occa 
sions.  The  day  of  the  murder  we  heard  the  news  very  early  in 
the  morning.  Mother  prepared  breakfast — and  other  meals  after 
ward — as  usual ;  but  not  a  mouthful  was  eaten  all  day  by  either 
of  us.  We  each  drank  half  a  cup  of  coffee ;  that  was  all.  Little 
was  said.  We  got  every  newspaper  morning  and  evening,  and 
the  frequent  extras  of  that  period,  and  pass'd  them  silently  to 
each  other.) 

DOWN  AT  THE  FRONT. 

FALMOUTH,  VA.,  opposite  Fredericksburgh,  December  21, 1862. — 
Begin  my  visits  among  the  camp  hospitals  in  the  army  of  the 
Potomac.  Spend  a  good  part  of  the  day  in  a  large  brick  man 
sion  on  the  banks  of  the  Rappahannock,  used  as  a  hospital  since 
the  battle — seems  to  have  receiv'd  only  the  worst  cases.  Out 
doors,  at  the  foot  of  a  tree,  within  ten  yards  of  the  front  of  the 
house,  I  notice  a  heap  of  amputated  feet,  legs,  arms,  hands,  &c., 
a  full  load  for  a  one-horse  cart.  Several  dead  bodies  lie  near, 
each  cover'd  with  its  brown  woolen  blanket.  In  the  door-yard, 
towards  the  river,  are  fresh  graves,  mostly  of  officers,  their  names 
on  pieces  of  barrel- staves  or  broken  boards,  stuck  in  the  dirt. 
(Most  of  these  bodies  were  subsequently  taken  up  and  trans 
ported  north  to  their  friends.)  The  large  mansion  is  quite 
crowded  upstairs  and  down,  everything  impromptu,  no  system, 
all  bad  enough,  but  I  have  no  doubt  the  best  that  can  be  done ; 
all  the  wounds  pretty  bad,  some  frightful,  the  men  in  their  old 
clothes,  unclean  and  bloody.  Some  of  the  wounded  are  rebel 
soldiers  and  officers,  prisoners.  One,  a  Mississippian,  a  captain, 
hit  badly  in  leg,  I  talk'd  with  some  time ;  he  ask'd  me  for 
papers,  which  I  gave  him.  (I  saw  him  three  months  afterward 
in  Washington,  with  his  leg  amputated,  doing  well.)  I  went 
through  the  rooms,  downstairs  and  up.  Some  of  the  men  were 
dying.  I  had  nothing  to  give  at  that  visit,  but  wrote  a  few  let 
ters  to  folks  home,  mothers,  &c.  Also  talk'd  to  three  or  four, 
who  seem'd  most  susceptible  to  it,  and  needing  it. 

AFTER  FIRST  FREDERICKSBURG. 

December  23  to  ji. — The  results  of  the  late  battle  are  exhib 
ited  everywhere  about  here  in  thousands  of  cases,  (hundreds  die 
every  day,)  in  the  camp,  brigade,  and  division  hospitals.  These 
are  merely  tents,  and  sometimes  very  poor  ones,  the  wounded 
lying  on  the  ground,  lucky  if  their  blankets  are  spread  on  layers 
of  pine  or  hemlock  twigs,  or  small  leaves.  No  cots  ;  seldom  even 
a  mattress.  It  is  pretty  cold.  The  ground  is  frozen  hard,  and 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


27 


there  is  occasional  snow.  I  go  around  from  one  case  to  another. 
I  do  not  see  that  I  do  much  good  to  these  wounded  and  dying ; 
but  I  cannot  leave  them.  Once  in  awhile  some  youngster  holds 
on  to  me  convulsively,  and  I  do  what  I  can  for  him  ;  at  any  rate, 
stop  with  him  and  sit  near  him  for  hours,  if  he  wishes  it. 

Besides  the  hospitals,  I  also  go  occasionally  on  long  tours 
through  the  camps,  talking  with  the  men,  &c.  Sometimes  at 
night  among  the  groups  around  the  fires,  in  their  shebang  enclo 
sures  of  bushes.  These  are  curious  shows,  full  of  characters  and 
groups.  I  soon  get  acquainted  anywhere  in  camp,  with  officers 
or  men,  and  am  always  well  used.  Sometimes  I  go  down  on 
picket  with  the  regiments  I  know  best.  As  to  rations,  the  army 
here  at  present  seems  to  be  tolerably  well  supplied,  and  the  men 
have  enough,  such  as  it  is,  mainly  salt  pork  and  hard  tack.  Most 
of  the  regiments  lodge  in  the  flimsy  little  shelter-tents.  A  few 
have  built  themselves  huts  of  logs  and  mud,  with  fire-places. 

BACK  TO  WASHINGTON. 

January,  '6j. — Left  camp  at  Falmouth,  with  some  wounded,  a 
few  days  since,  and  came  here  by  Aquia  creek  railroad,  and  so  on 
government  steamer  up  the  Potomac.  Many  wounded  were  with 
us  on  the  cars  and  boat.  The  cars  were  just  common  platform 
ones.  The  railroad  journey  of  ten  or  twelve  miles  was  made 
mostly  before  sunrise.  The  soldiers  guarding  the  road- came  out 
from  their  tents  or  shebangs  of  bushes  with  rumpled  hair  and 
half-awake  look.  Those  on  duty  were  walking  their  posts,  some 
on  banks  over  us,  others  down  far  below  the  level  of  the  track. 
I  saw  large  cavalry  camps  off  the  road.  At  Aquia  creek  landing 
were  numbers  of  wounded  going  north.  While  I  waited  some 
three  hours,  I  went  around  among  them.  Several  wanted  word  sent 
home  to  parents,  brothers,  wives,  &c.,  which  I  did  for  them,  (by 
mail  the  next  day  from  Washington.)  On  the  boat  I  had  my 
hands  full.  One  poor  fellow  died  going  up. 

I  am  flow  remaining  in  and  around  Washington,  daily  visiting 
the  hospitals.  Am  much  in  Patent-office,  Eighth  street,  H  street, 
Armory-square,  and  others.  Am  now  able  to  do  a  little  good,  having 
money,  (as  almoner  of  others  home,)  and  getting  experience. 
To-day,  Sunday  afternoon  and  till  nine  in  the  evening,  visited 
Campbell  hospital;  attended  specially  to  one  case  in  ward  i, 
very  sick  with  pleurisy  and  typhoid  fever,  young  man,  farmer's 
son,  D.  F.  Russell,  company  E,  6oth  New  York,  downhearted 
and  feeble ;  a  long  time  before  he  would  take  any  interest ;  wrote 
a  letter  home  to  his  mother,  in  Malone,  Franklin  county,  N.  Y., 
at  his  request ;  gave  him  some  fruit  and  one  or  two  other  gifts; 
envelop'd  and  directed  his  letter,  &c.  Then  went  thoroughly 
through  ward  6,  observ'd  every  case  in  the  ward,  without,  I  think, 


28  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

missing  one ;  gave  perhaps  from  twenty  to  thirty  persons,  each 
one  some  little  gift,  such  as  oranges,  apples,  sweet  crackers,  figs, 
&c. 

Thursday,  Jan.  21. — Devoted  the  main  part  of  the  day  to 
Armory-square  hospital ;  went  pretty  thoroughly  through  wards 
F,  G,  H,  and  I ;  some  fifty  cases  in  each  ward.  In  ward  F  sup 
plied  the  men  throughout  with  writing  paper  and  stamp'd  en 
velope  each  ;  distributed  in  small  portions,  to  proper  subjects,  a 
large  jar  of  first-rate  preserv'd  berries,  which  had  been  donated 
to  me  by  a  lady — her  own  cooking.  Found  several  cases  I 
thought  good  subjects  for  small  sums  of  money,  which  I  fur- 
nish'd.  (The  wounded  men  often  come  up  broke,  and  it  helps 
their  spirits  to  have  even  the  small  sum  I  give  them.)  My  paper 
and  envelopes  all  gone,  but  distributed  a  good  lot  of  amusing 
reading  matter;  also,  as  I  thought  judicious,  tobacco,  oranges, 
apples,  &c.  interesting  cases  in  ward  I;  Charles  Miller,  bed 
19,  company  D,  53d  Pennsylvania,  is  only  sixteen  years  of  age, 
very  bright,  courageous  boy,  left  leg  amputated  below  the  knee ; 
next  bed  to  him,  another  youug  lad  very  sick ;  gave  each  appro 
priate  gifts.  In  the  bed  above,  also,  amputation  of  the  left  leg; 
gave  him  a  little  jar  of  raspberries;  bed  i,  this  ward,  gave  a 
small  sum  ;  also  to  a  soldier  on  crutches,  sitting  on  his  bed  near.... 
(I  am  more  and  more  surprised  at  the  very  great  proportion  of 
youngsters  from  fifteen  to  twenty-one  in  the  army.  I  afterwards 
found  a  still  greater  proportion  among  the  southerners.) 

Evening,  same  day,  went  to  see  D.  F.  R.,  before  alluded  to ; 
found  him  remarkably  changed  for  the  better ;  up  and  dress'd — 
quite  a  triumph ;  he  afterwards  got  well,  and  went  back  to  his 
regiment.  Distributed  in  the  wards  a  quantity  of  note-paper, 
and  forty  or  fifty  stamp'd  envelopes,  of  which  I  had  recruited 
my  stock,  and  the  men  were  much  in  need. 

FIFTY  HOURS  LEFT  WOUNDED  ON  THE  FIELD. 

Here  is  a  case  of  a  soldier  I  found  among  the  crowded  cots  in 
the  Paten t-office.  He  likes  to  have  some  one  to  talk  to,  and  we 
will  listen  to  him.  He  got  badly  hit'  in  his  leg  and  side  at  Fred- 
ericksburgh  that  eventful  Saturday,  i3th  of  December.  He  lay 
the  succeeding  two  days  and  nights  helpless  on  the  field,  between 
the  city  and  those  grim  terraces  of  batteries;  his  company  and 
regiment  had  been  compell'd  to  leave  him  to  his  fate.  To  make 
matters  worse,  it  happen'd  he  lay  with  his  head  slightly  down 
hill,  and  could  not  help  himself.  At  the  end  of  some  fifty  hours 
he  was  brought  off,  with  other  wounded,  under  a  flag  of  truce, 
I  ask  him  how  the  rebels  treated  him  as  he  lay  during  those  two 
days  and  nights  within  reach  of  them — whether  they  came  to 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS.  29 

him — whether  they  abused  him  ?  He  answers  that  several  of  the 
rebels,  soldiers  and  others,  came  to  him  at  one  time  and  another. 
A  couple  of  them,  who  were  together,  spoke  roughly  and  sarcas 
tically,  but  nothing  worse.  One  middle-aged  man,  however, 
who  seem'd  to  be  moving  around  the  field,  among  the  dead  and 
wounded,  for  benevolent  purposes,  came  to  him  in  a  way  he 
will  never  forget;  treated  our  soldier  kindly,  bound  up  his 
wounds,  cheer'd  him,  gave  him  a  couple  of  biscuits  and  a  drink 
of  whiskey  and  water;  asked  him  if  he  could  eat  some  beef. 
This  good  secesh,  however,  did  not  change  our  soldier's  position, 
for  it  might  have  caused  the  blood  to  burst  from  the  wounds, 
clotted  and  stagnated.  Our  soldier  is  from  Pennsylvania  ;  has 
had  a  pretty  severe  time;  the  wounds  proved  to  be  bad  ones. 
But  he  retains  a  good  heart,  and  is  at  present  on  the  gain.  (It 
is  not  uncommon  for  the  men  to  remain  on  the  field  this  way, 
one,  two,  or  even  four  or  five  days.) 

HOSPITAL  SCENES  AND  PERSONS. 

Letter  Writing. — When  eligible,  I  encourage  the  men  to  write, 
and  myself,  when  called  upon,  write  all  sorts  of  letters  for  them, 
(including  love  letters,  very  tender  ones.)  Almost  as  I  reel  off 
these  memoranda,  I  write  for  a  new  patient  to  his  wife.  M.  de  F., 
of  the  i  yth  Connecticut,  company  H,  has  just  come  up  (Febru 
ary  i  yth)  from  Windmill  point,  and  is  received  in  ward  H, 
Armory-square.  He  is  an  intelligent  looking  man,  has  a  foreign 
accent,  black-eyed  and  hair'd,  a  Hebraic  appearance.  'Wants 
a  telegraphic  message  sent  to  his  wife,  New  Canaan,  Conn.  I 
agree  to  send  the  message — but  to  make  things  sure  I  also  sit 
down  and  write  the  wife  a  letter,  and  despatch  it  to  the  post- 
office  immediately,  as  he  fears  she  will  come  on,  and  he  does  not 
wish  her  to,  as  he  will  surely  get  well. 

Saturday ',  January joth. — Afternoon,  visited  Campbell  hospital. 
Scene  of  cleaning  up  the  ward,  and  giving  the  men  ati  clean 
clothes — through  the  ward  (6)  the  patients  dressing  or  being 
dress' d — the  naked  upper  half  of  the  bodies — the  good-humor 
and  fun — the  shirts,  drawers,  sheets  of  beds,  &c.,  and  the  general 
fixing  up  for  Sunday.  Gave  J.  L.  50  cents. 

Wednesday,  February  ^th. — Visited  Armory-square  hospital, 
went  pretty  thoroughly  through  wards  E  and  D.  Supplied  paper 
and  envelopes  to  all  who  wish'd — as  usual,  found  plenty  of  men 
who  needed  those  articles.  Wrote  letters.  Saw  and  talk'd  with 
two  or  three  members  of  the  Brooklyn  i4th  regt.  A  poor  fel 
low  in  ward  D,  with  a  fearful  wound  in  a  fearful  condition,  was 
having  some  loose  splinters  of  bone  taken  from  the  neighborhood 
of  the  wound.  The  operation  was  long,  and  one  of  great  pain — 


30  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

yet,  after  it  was  well  commenced,  the  soldier  bore  it  in  silence. 
He  sat  up,  propp'd — was  much  wasted — had  lain  a  long  time 
quiet  in  one  position  (not  for  days  only  but  weeks,)  a  bloodless, 
brown-skinn'd  face,  with  eyes  full  of  determination — belong'd  to 
a  New  York  regiment.  There  was  an  unusual  cluster  of  surgeons, 
medical  cadets,  nurses,  &c.,  around  his  bed — I  thought  the  whole 
thing  was  done  with  tenderness,  and  done  well.  In  one  case,  the 
wife  sat  by  the  side  of  her  husband,  his  sickness  typhoid  fever, 
pretty  bad.  In  another,  by  the  side  of  her  son,  a  mother — she 
told  me  she  had  seven  children,  and  this  was  the  youngest.  (A 
fine,  kind,  healthy,  gentle  mother,  good-looking,  not  very  old, 
with  a  cap  on  her  head,  and  dress'd  like  home — what  a  charm  it 
gave  to  the  whole  ward.)  I  liked  the  woman  nurse  in  ward  E — 
I  noticed  how  she  sat  a  long  time  by  a  poor  fellow  who  just  had, 
that  morning,  in  addition  to  his  other  sickness,  bad  hemorrhage 
— she  gently  assisted  him,  reliev'd  him  of  the  blood,  holding  a 
cloth  to  his  mouth,  as  he  coughed  it  up — he  was  so  weak  he  could 
only  just  turn  his  head  over  on  the  pillow. 

One  young  New  York  man,  with  a  bright,  handsome  face,  had 
been  lying  several  months  from  a  most  disagreeable  wound,  re- 
ceiv'd  at  Bull  Run.  A  bullet  had  shot  him  right  through  the 
bladder,  hitting  him  front,  low  in  the  belly,  and  coming  out 
back.  He  had  suffer'd  much — the  water  came  out  of  the  wound, 
by  slow  but  steady  quantities,  for  many  weeks — so  that  he  lay 
almost  constantly  in  a  sort  of  puddle — and  there  were  other  dis 
agreeable  circumstances.  He  was  of  good  heart,  however.  At 
present  comparatively  comfortable,  had  a  bad  throat,  was  de 
lighted  with  a  stick  of  horehound  candy  I  gave  him,  with  one  or 
two  other  trifles. 

PATENT-OFFICE  HOSPITAL. 

February  23. — I  must  not  let  the  great  hospital  at  the  Patent- 
office  pass  away  without  some  mention.  A  few  weeks  ago  the 
vast  area  of  the  second  story  of  that  noblest  of  Washington 
buildings  was  crowded  close  with  rows  of  sick,  badly  wounded 
and  dying  soldiers.  They  were  placed  in  three  very  large  apart 
ments.  I  went  there  many  times.  It  was  a  strange,  solemn,  and, 
with  all  its  features  of  suffering  and  death,  a  sort  of  fascinating 
sight.  I  go  sometimes  at  night  to  soothe  and  relieve  par 
ticular  cases.  Two  of  the  immense  apartments  are  fill'd  with 
high  and  ponderous  glass  cases,  crowded  with  models  in  minia 
ture  of  every  kind  of  utensil,  machine  or  invention,  it  ever  en- 
ter'd  into  the  mind  of  man  to  conceive  ;  and  with  curiosities 
and  foreign  presents.  Between  these  cases  are  lateral  openings, 
perhaps  eight  feet  wide  and  quite  deep,  and  in  these  were  placed 
the  sick,  besides  a  great  long  double  row  of  them  up  and  down 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  31 

through  the  middle  of  the  hall.  Many  of  them  were  very  bad 
cases>  wounds  and  amputations.  Then  there  was  a  gallery  run 
ning  above  the  hall  in  which  there  were  beds  also.  It  was,  in 
deed,  a  curious  scene,  especially  at  night  when  lit  up.  The  glass 
cases,  the  beds,  the  forms  lying  there,  the  gallery  above,  and  the 
marble  pavement  under  foot — the  suffering,  and  the  fortitude  to 
bear  it  in  various  degrees — occasionally,  from  some,  the  groan 
that  could  not  be  repress'd — sometimes  a  poor  fellow  dying,  with 
emaciated  face  and  glassy  eye,  the  nurse  by  his  side,  the  doctor 
also  there,  but  no  friend,  no  relative — such  were  the  sights  but 
lately  in  the  Patent- office.  (The  wounded  have  since  been  re 
moved  from  there,  and  it  is  now  vacant  again.) 

THE  WHITE  HOUSE  BY  MOONLIGHT. 

February  24th. — A  spell  of  fine  soft  weather.  I  wander  about 
a  good  deal,  sometimes  at  night  under  the  moon.  To-night  took 
a  long  look  at  the  President's  house.  The  white  portico — the 
palace  like,  tall,  round  columns,  spotless  as  snow — the  walls  also 
— the  tender  and  soft  moonlight,  flooding  the  pale  marble,  and 
making  peculiar  faint  languishing  shades,  not  shadows — every 
where  a  soft  transparent  hazy,  thin,  blue  moon-lace,  hanging  in 
the  air — the  brilliant  and  extra-plentiful  clusters  of  gas,  on  and 
around  the  facade,  columns,  portico,  &c — everything  so  white, 
so  marbly  pure  and  dazzling,  yet  soft — the  White  House  of  future 
poems,  and  of  dreams  and  dramas,  there  in  the  soft  and  copious 
moon — the  gorgeous  front,  in  the  trees,  under  the  lustrous  flood 
ing  moon,  full  of  reality,  full  of  illusion — the  forms  of  the  trees, 
leafless,  silent,  in  trunk  and  myriad-angles  of  branches,  under 
the  stars  and  sky — the  White  House  of  the  land,  and  of  beauty 
and  night — sentries  at  the  gates,  and  by  the  portico,  silent,  pac 
ing  there  in  blue  overcoats — stopping  you  not  at  all,  but  eyeing 
you  with  sharp  eyes,  whichever  way  you  move. 
AN  ARMY  HOSPITAL  WARD. 

Let  me  specialize  a  visit  I  made  to  the  collection  of  barrack- 
like  one-story  edifices,  Campbell  hospital,  out  on  the  flats,  at  the 
end  of  the  then  horse  railway  route,  on  Seventh  street.  There 
is  a  long  building  appropriated  to  each  ward.  Let  us  go  into 
ward  6.  It  contains  to-day,  I  should  judge,  eighty  or  a  hundred 
patients,  half  sick,  half  wounded.  The  edifice  is  nothing  but 
boards,  well  whitewash'd  inside,  and  the  usual  slender-framed 
iron  bedsteads,  narrow  and  plain.  You  walk  down  the  central 
passage,  with  a  row  on  either  side,  their  feet  towards  you,  and 
their  heads  to  the  wall.  There  are  fires  in  large  stoves,  and  the 
prevailing  white  of  the  walls  is  reliev'd  by  some  ornaments,  stars, 
circles,  &c.,  made  of  evergreens.  The  view  of  the  whole  edifice 


32  SPECIMEN  DAYS. 

and  occupants  can  be  taken  at  once,  for  there  is  no  partition. 
You  may  hear  groans  or  other  sounds  of  unendurable  suffering 
from  two  or  three  of  the  cots,  but  in  the  main  there  is  quiet*— 
almost  a  painful  absence  of  demonstration  ;  but  the  pallid  face, 
the  dull'd  eye,  and  the  moisture  on  the  lip,  are  demonstration 
enough.  Most  of  these  sick  or  hurt  are  evidently  young  fellows 
from  the  country,  farmers'  sons,  and  such  like.  Look  at  the  fine 
large  frames,  the  bright  and  broad  countenances,  and  the  many 
yet  lingering  proofs  of  strong  constitution  and  physique.  Look 
at  the  patient  and  mute  manner  of  our  American  wounded  as 
they  lie  in  such  a  sad  collection  ;  representatives  from  all  New 
England,  and  from  New  York,  and  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsyl 
vania — indeed  from  all  the  States  and  all  the  cities— largely 
from  the  west.  Most  of  them  are  entirely  without  friends  or  ac 
quaintances  here — no  familiar  face,  and  hardly  a  word  of  judi 
cious  sympathy  or  cheer,  through  their  sometimes  long  and  te 
dious  sickness,  or  the  pangs  of  aggravated  wounds. 

A  CONNECTICUT  CASE. 

This  young  man  in  bed  25  is  H.  D.  B.,  of  the  27th  Connecti 
cut,  company  B.  His  folks  live  at  Northford,  near  New  Haven. 
Though  not  more  than  twenty-one,  or  thereabouts,  he  has  knock'd 
much  around  the  world,  on  sea  and  land,  and  has  seen  some  fight 
ing  on  both.  When  I  first  saw  him  he  was  very  sick,  with  no 
appetite.  He  declined  offers  of  money — said  he  did  not  need 
anything.  As  I  was  quite  anxious  to  do  something,  he  confess'd 
that  he  had  a  hankering  for  a  good  home-made  rice  pudding — 
thought  he  could  relish  it  better  than  anything.  At  this  time  his 
stomach  was  very  weak.  (The  doctor,  whom  I  consulted,  said 
nourishment  would  do  him  more  good  than  anything  ;  but  things 
in  the  hospital,  though  better  than  usual,  revolted  him.)  I  soon 
procured  B.  his  rice-pudding.  A  Washington  lady,  (Mrs.  O'C.), 
hearing  his  wish,  made  the  pudding  herself,  and  I  took  it  up  to 
him  the  next  day.  He  subsequently  told  me  he  lived  upon  it  for 
three  or  four  days.  This  B.  is  a  good  sample  of  the  American 
eastern  young  man — the  typical  Yankee.  I  took  a  fancy  to  him, 
and  gave  him  a  nice  pipe,  for  a  keepsake^  He  receiv'd  after 
wards  a  box  of  things  from  home,  and  nothing  would  do  but  I 
must  take  dinner  with  him,  which  I  did,  and  a  very  good  one  it 
was. 

TWO  BROOKLYN  BOYS. 

Here  in  this  same  ward  are  two  young  men  from  Brooklyn, 
members  of  the  5151  New  York.  I  had  known  both  the  two  as 
young  lads  at  home,  so  they  seem  near  to  me.  One  of  them,  J. 
L.,  lies  there  with  an  amputated  arm,  the  stump  healing  pretty 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  33 

well.  (I  saw  him  lying  on  the  ground  at  Fredericksburgh  last 
December,  all  bloody,  just  after  the  arm  was  taken  off.  He  was 
very  phlegmatic  about  it,  munching  away  at  a  cracker  in  the  re 
maining  hand — made  no  fuss.)  He  will  recover,  and  thinks  and 
talks  yet  of  meeting  the  Johnny  Rebs. 

A  SECESH  BRAVE. 

The  grand  soldiers  are  not  comprised  in  those  of  one  side,  any 
more  than  the  other.  Here  is  a  sample  of  an  unknown  south 
erner,  a  lad  of  seventeen.  At  the  War  department,  a  few  days 
ago.  I  witness'd  a  presentation  of  captured  flags  to  the  Secretary. 
Among  others  a  soldier  named  Gant,  of  the  io4th  Ohio  volun 
teers,  presented  a  rebel  battle-flag,  which  one  of  the  officers  stated 
to  me  was  borne  to  the  mouth  of  our  cannon  and  planted  there 
by  a  boy  but  seventeen  years  of  age,  who  actually  endeavor'd  to 
stop  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  with  fence-rails.  He  was  kill'd  in  the 
effort,  and  the  flag-staff  was  sever' d  by  a  shot  from  one  of  our 
men. 

THE  WOUNDED  FROM  CHANCELLORSVILLE. 

May,  '6j. — As  I  write  this,  the  wounded  have  begun  to  arrive 
from  Hooker's  command  from  bloody  Chancellorsville.  I  was 
down  among  the  first  arrivals.  The  men  in  charge  told  me  the 
bad  cases  were  yet  to  come.  If  that  is  so  I  pity  them,  for  these 
are  bad  enough.  You  ought  to  see  the  scene  of  the  wounded  ar 
riving  at  the  landing  here  at  the  foot  of  Sixth  street,  at  night. 
Two  boat  loads  came  about  half-past  seven  last  night.  A  little 
after  eight  it  rain'd  a  long  and  violent  shower.  The  pale,  help 
less  soldiers  had  been  debark'd,  and  lay  around  on  the  wharf  and 
neighborhood  anywhere.  The  rain  was,  probably,  grateful  to 
them ;  at  any  rate  they  were  exposed  to  it.  The  few  torches  light 
up  th'e  spectacle.  All  around — on  the  wharf,  on  the  ground,  out 
on  side  places — the  men  are  lying  on  blankets,  old  quilts,  &c., 
with  bloody  rags  bound  round  heads,  arms,  and  legs.  The  at 
tendants  are  few,  and  at  night  few  outsiders  also — only  a  few 
hard-work' d  transportation  men  and  drivers.  (The  wounded  are 
getting  to  be  common,  and  people  grow  callous.)  The  men, 
whatever  their  condition,  lie  there,  and  patiently  wait  till  their 
turn  comes  to  be  taken  up.  Near  by,  the  ambulances  are  now 
arriving  in  clusters,  and  one  after  another  is  call'd  to  back  up 
and  take  its  load.  Extreme  cases  are  sent  off  on  stretchers.  The 
men  generally  make  little  or  no  ado,  whatever  their  sufferings. 
A  few  groans  that  cannot  be  suppress'd,  and  occasionally  a  scream 
of  pain  as  they  lift  a  man  into  the  ambulance.  To-day,  as  I 
write,  hundreds  more  are  expected,  and  to-morrow  and  the  next 


34  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

day  more,  and  so  on  for  many  days.     Quite  often  they  arrive  at 
the  rate  of  loooaday. 

A  NIGHT  BATTLE,  OVER  A  WEEK  SINCE. 

May  12. — There  was  part  of  the  late  battle  at  Chancellors- 
ville,  (second  Fredericksburgh,)  a  little  over  a  week  ago,  Satur 
day,  Saturday  night  and  Sunday,  under  Gen.  Joe  Hooker,  I 
would  like  to  give  just  a  glimpse  of — (a  moment's  look  in  a  ter 
rible  storm  at  sea — of  which  a  few  suggestions  are  enough,  and 
full  details  impossible.)  The  righting  had  been  very  hot  during 
the  day,  and  after  an  intermission  the  latter  part,  was  resumed  at 
night,  and  kept  up  with  furious  energy  till  3  o'clock  in  the  morn 
ing.  That  afternoon  (Saturday)  an  attack  sudden  and  strong  by 
Stonewall  Jackson  had  gain'd  a  great  advantage  to  the  southern 
army,  and  broken  our  lines,  entering  us  like  a  wedge,  and  leaving 
things  in  that  position  at  dark.  But  Hooker  at  n  at  night  made 
a  desperate  push,  drove  the  secesh  forces  back,  restored  his  origi 
nal  lines,  and  resumed  his  plans.  This  night  scrimmage  was  very 
exciting,  and  afforded  countless  strange  and  fearful  pictures.  The 
fighting  had  been  general  both  at  Chancellorsville  and  northeast 
at  Fredericksburgh,  (We  hear  of  some  poor  fighting,  episodes, 
skedaddling  on  our  part.  I  think  not  of  it.  I  think  of  the  fierce 
bravery,  the  general  rule.)  One  corps,  the  6th,  Sedgewick's, 
fights  four  dashing  and  bloody  battles  in  thirty-six  hours,  retreat 
ing  in  great  jeopardy,  losing  largely  but  maintaining  itself,  fight 
ing  with  the  sternest  desperation  under  all  circumstances,  getting 
over  the  Rappahannock  only  by  the  skin  of  its  teeth,  yet  getting 
over.  It  lost  many,  many  brave  men,  yet  it  took  vengeance, 
ample  vengeance. 

But  it  was  the  tug  of  Saturday  evening,  and  through  the  night 
and  Sunday  morning,  I  wanted  to  make  a  special  note  of,  It 
was  largely  in  the  woods,  and  quite  a  general  engagement.  The 
night  was  very  pleasant,  at  times  the  moon  shining  out  full  and 
clear,  all  Nature  so  calm  in  itself,  the  early  summer  grass  so  rich, 
and  foliage  of  the  trees — yet  there  the  battle  raging,  and  many 
good  fellows  lying  helpless,  with  new  accessions  to  them,  and 
every  minute  amid  the  rattle  of  muskets  and  crash  of  cannon, 
(for  there  was  an  artillery  contest  too,)  the  red  life-blood  oozing 
out  from  heads  or  trunks  or  limbs  upon  that  green  and  dew-cool 
grass.  Patches  of  the  woods  take  fire,  and  several  of  the  wounded, 
unable  to  move,  are  consumed — quite  large  spaces  are  swept  over, 
burning  the  dead  also — some  of  the  men  have  their  hair  and 
beards  singed — some,  burns  on  their  faces  and  hands — others 
holes  burnt  in  their  clothing.  The  flashes  of  fire  from  the  can 
non,  the  quick  flaring  flames  and  smoke,  and  the  immense  roar— 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS.  35 

the  musketry  so  general,  the  light  nearly  bright  enough  for  each 
side  to  see  the  other — the  crashing,  tramping  of  men — the 
yelling — close  quarters — we  hear  the  secesh  yells — our  men  cheer 
loudly  back,  especially  if  Hooker  is  in  sight — hand  to  hand  con 
flicts,  each  side  stands  up  to  it,  brave,  detennin'd  as  demons,  they 
often  charge  upon  us — a  thousand  deeds  are  done  worth  to  write 
newer  greater  poems  on — and  still  the  woods  on  fire — still  many 
are  not  only  scorch'd — too  many,  unable  to  move,  are  burn'd  to 
death. 

Then  the  camps  of  the  wounded — O  heavens,  what  scene  is 
this  ? — is  this  indeed  humanity — these  butchers'  shambles  ?  There 
are  several  of  them.  There  they  lie,  in  the  largest,  in  an  open 
space  in  the  woods,  from  200  to  300  poor  fellows — the  groans 
and  screams — the  odor  of  blood,  mixed  with  the  fresh  scent  of 
the  night,  the  grass,  the  trees — that  slaughter-house  !  O  well  is 
it  their  mothers,  their  sisters  cannot  see  them — cannot  conceive, 
and  never  conceiv'd,  these  things.  One  man  is  shot  by  a  shell, 
both  in  the  arm  and  leg — both  are  amputated — there  lie  the  re 
jected  members.  Some  have  their  legs  blown  off — some  bullets 
through  the  breast — some  indescribably  horrid  wounds  in  the 
face  or  head,  all  mutilated,  sickening,  torn,  gouged  out — some 
in  the  abdomen — some  mere  boys — many  rebels,  badly  hurt — 
they  take  their  regular  turns  with  the  rest,  just  the  same  as  any— 
the  surgeons  use  them  just  the  same.  Such  is  the  camp  of  the 
wounded — such  a  fragment,  a  reflection  afar  off  of  the  bloody 
scene — while  over  all  the  clear,  large  moon  comes  out  at  times 
softly,  quietly  shining.  Amid  the  woods,  that  scene  of  flitting 
souls — amid  the  crack  and  crash  and  yelling  sounds — the  impal 
pable  perfume  of  the'woods — and  yet  the  pungent,  stifling  smoke — 
the  radiance  of  the  moon,  looking  from  heaven  at  intervals  so 
placid — the  sky  so  heavenly — the  clear-obscure  up  there,  those 
buoyant  upper  oceans — a  few  large  placid  stars  beyond,  coming 
silently  and  languidly  out,  and  then  disappearing — the  melan 
choly,  draperied  night  above,  around.  And  there,  upon  the 
roads,  the  fields,  and  in  those  woods,  that  contest,  never  one 
more  desperate  in  any  age  or  land — both  parties  now  in  force — 
masses — no  fancy  battle,  no  semi-play,  but  fierce  and  savage  de 
mons  fighting  there — courage  and  scorn  of  death  the  rule,  excep 
tions  almost  none. 

What  history,  I  say,  can  ever  give — for  who  can  know — the 
mad,  determin'd  tussle  of  the  armies,  in  all  their  separate  large 
and  little  squads — as  this — each  steep'd  from  crown  to  toe  in 
desperate,  mortal  purports?  Who  know  the  conflict,  hand-to- 
hand — the  many  conflicts  in  the  dark,  those  shadowy-tangled, 
flashing  moonbeam'd  woods — the  writhing  groups  and  squads — 


36  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

the  cries,  the  din,  the  cracking  guns  and  pistols — the  distant 
cannon — the  cheers  and  calls  and  threats  and  awful  music  of 
the  oaths — the  indescribable  mix — the  officers'  orders,  persua 
sions,  encouragements — the  devils  fully  rous'd  in  human  hearts — 
the  strong  shout,  Charge,  men,  charge — the  flash  of  the  naked 
sword,  and  rolling  flame  and  smoke?  And  still  the  broken,  clear 
and  clouded  heaven — and  still  again  the  moonlight  pouring  sil 
very  soft  its  radiant  patches  over  all.  Who  paint  the  scene,  the 
sudden  partial  panic  of  the  afternoon,  at  dusk?  Who  paint  the 
irrepressible  advance  of  the  second  division  of  the  Third  corps, 
under  Hooker  himself,  suddenly  order'd  up — those  rapid-filing 
phantoms  through  the  woods?  Who  show  what  moves  there  in 
the  shadows,  fluid  and  firm — to  save,  (and  it  did  save,)  the  army's 
name,  perhaps  the  nation  ?  as  there  the  veterans  hold  the  field. 
(Brave  Berry  falls  not  yet — but  death  has  mark'd  him — soon 
he  falls.) 

UNNAMED  REMAINS  THE  BRAVEST  SOLDIER. 

Of  scenes  like  these,  I  say,  who  writes — whoe'er  can  write  the 
story  ?  Of  many  a  score — aye,  thousands,  north  and  south,  of 
unwrit  heroes,  unknown  heroisms,  incredible,  impromptu,  first- 
class  desperations — who  tells?  No  history  ever — no  poem  sings, 
no  music  sounds,  those  bravest  men  of  all — those  deeds.  No 
fofmal  general's  report,  nor  book  in  the  library,  nor  column  in 
the  paper,  embalms  the  bravest,  north  or  south,  east  or  west. 
Unnamed,  unknown,  remain,  and  still  remain,  the  bravest  sol 
diers.  Our  manliest — our  boys — our  hardy  darlings ;  no  picture 
gives  them.  Likely,  the  typic  one  of  them  (standing,  no  doubt, 
for  hundreds,  thousands,)  crawls  aside  to  some  bush-clump,  or 
ferny  tuft,  on  receiving  his  death-shot — there  sheltering  a  little 
while,  soaking  roots,  grass  and  soil,  with  red  blood — the  battle 
advances,  retreats,  flits  from  the  scene,  sweeps  by — and  there, 
haply  with  pain  and  suffering  (yet  less,  far  less,  than  is  supposed,) 
the  last  lethargy  winds  like  a  serpent  round  him — the  eyes  glaze 
in  death — none  recks — perhaps  the  burial-squads,  in  truce,  a  week 
afterwards,  search  not  the  secluded  spot — and  there,  at  last,  the 
Bravest  Soldier  crumbles  in  mother  earth,  unburied  and  un 
known. 

SOME  SPECIMEN  CASES. 

June  i8th. — In  one  of  the  hospitals  I  find  Thomas  Haley,  com 
pany  M,  4th  New  York  cavalry — a  regular  Irish  boy,  a  fine  speci 
men  of  youthful  physical  manliness — shot  through  the  lungs — 
inevitably  dying — came  over  to  this  country  from  Ireland  to  en 
list — has  not  a  single  friend  or  acquaintance  here — is  sleeping 
soundly  at  this  moment,  (but  it  is  the  sleep  of  death) — has  a 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


37 


bullet-hole  straight  through  the  lung.  I  saw  Tom  when  first 
brought  here,  three  days  since,  and  didn't  suppose  he  could  live 
twelve  hours — (yet  he  looks  well  enough  in  the  face  to  a  casual 
observer. )  He  lies  there  with  his  frame  exposed  above  the  waist, 
all  naked,  for  coolness,  a  fine  built  man,  the  tan  not  yet  bleach 'd 
from  his  cheeks  and  neck.  It  is  useless  to  talk  to  him,  as  with 
his  sad  hurt,  and  the  stimulants  they  give  him,  and  the  utter 
strangeness  of  every  object,  face,  furniture,  &c.,  the  poor  fellow, 
even  when  awake,  is  like  some  frighten'd,  shy  animal.  Much  of 
the  time  he  sleeps,  or  half  sleeps.  (Sometimes  I  thought  he  knew 
more  than  he  show'd.)  I  often  come  and  sit  by  him  in  perfect 
silence;  he  will  breathe  for  ten  minutes  as  softly  and  evenly  as 
a  young  babe  asleep.  Poor  youth,  so  handsome,  athletic,  with 
profuse  beautiful  shining  hair.  One  time  as  I  sat  looking  at 
him  while  he  lay  asleep,  he  suddenly,  without  the  least  start, 
awaken'd,  open'd  his  eyes,  gave  me  a  long  steady  look,  turning 
his  face  very  slightly  to  gaze  easier — or.e  long,  clear,  silent  look 
— a  slight  sigh — then  turn'd  back  and  went  into  his  doze  again. 
Little  he  knew,  poor  death-stricken  boy,  the  heart  of  the  stranger 
that  hover'd  near. 

W.  H.  £.,  Co.  F.,  2d  JV.J. — His  disease  is  pneumonia.  He 
lay  sick  at  the  wretched  hospital  below  Aquia  creek,  for  seven  or 
eight  days  before  brought  here.  He  was  detail'd  from  his  regi 
ment  to  go  there  and  help  as  nurse,  but  was  soon  taken  down 
himself.  Is  an  elderly,  sallow-faced,  rather  gaunt,  gray-hair'd 
man,  a  widower,  with  children.  He  express'd  a  great  desire  for 
good,  strong  green  tea.  An  excellent  lady,  Mrs.  W.,  of  Wash 
ington,  soon  sent  him  a  package  ;  also  a  small  sum  of  money. 
The  doctor  said  give  him  the  tea  at  pleasure ;  it  lay  on  the  table 
by  his  side,  and  he  used  it  every  day.  He  slept  a  great  deal ; 
could  not  talk  much,  as  he  grew  deaf.  Occupied  bed  15,  ward  I, 
Armory.  (The  same  lady  above,  Mrs.  W.,  sent  the  men  a  large 
package  of  tobacco.) 

J.  G.  lies  in  bed  52,  ward  I;  is  of  company  B,  7th  Pennsyl 
vania.  I  gave  him  a  small  sum  of  money,  some  tobacco,  and  en 
velopes.  To  a  man  adjoining  also  gave  twenty-five  cents;  he 
flush'd  in  the  face  when  I  offer'd  it — refused  at  first,  but  as  I 
found  he  had  not  a  cent,  and  was  very  fond  of  having  the  daily 
papers  to  read,  I  prest  it  on  him.  He  was  evidently  very  grate 
ful,  but  said  little. 

J.  T.  L.,  of  company  F.,  Qth  New  Hampshire,  lies  in  bed  37, 
ward  I.  Is  very  fond  of  tobacco.  I  furnish  him  some  ;  also  with 
a  little  money.  Has  gangrene  of  the  feet ;  a  pretty  bad  case  ; 
will  surely  have  to  lose  three  toes.  Is  a  regular  specimen  of  an 
old-fashion'd,  rude,  hearty,  New  England  countryman,  impress- 


38  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

ing  me  with  his  likeness  to  that  celebrated  singed  cat,  who  was 
better  than  she  look'd. 

Bed  3,  ward  E,  Armory,  has  a  great  hankering  for  pickles, 
something  pungent.  After  consulting  the  doctor,  I  gave  him  a 
small  bottle  of  horse-radish ;  also  some  apples ;  also  a  book. 
Some  of  the  nurses  are  excellent.  The  woman-nurse  in  this 
ward  I  like  very  much.  (Mrs.  Wright — a  year  afterwards  I  found 
her  in  Mansion  house  hospital,  Alexandria — she  is  a  perfect 
nurse.) 

In  one  bed  a  young  man,  Marcus  Small,  company  K,  ;th 
Maine — sick  with  dysentery  and  typhoid  fever — pretty  critical 
case — I  talk  with  him  often — he  thinks  he  will  die — looks  like  it 
indeed.  I  write  a  letter  for  him  home  to  East  Livermore,  Maine 
— I  let  him  talk  to  me  a  little,  but  not  much,  advise  him  to  keep 
very  quiet — do  most  of  the  talking  myself — stay  quite  a  while 
with  him,  as  he  holds  on  to  my  hand — talk  to  him  in  a  cheering, 
but  slow,  low  and  measured  manner — talk  about  his  furlough, 
and  going  home  as  soon  as  he  is  able  to  travel. 

Thomas  Lindly,  ist  Pennsylvania  cavalry,  shot  very  badly 
through  the  foot — poor  young  man,  he  suffers  horribly,  has  to  be 
constantly  dosed  with  morphine,  his  face  ashy  and  glazed,  bright 
young  eyes — I  give  him  a  large  handsome  apple,  lay  it  in  sight, 
tell  him  to  have  it  roasted  in  the  morning,  as  he  generally  feels 
easier  then,  and  can  eat  a  little  breakfast.  I  write  two  letters 
for  him. 

Opposite,  an  old  Quaker  lady  is  sitting  by  the  side  of  her  son, 
Amer  Moore,  zd  U.  S.  artillery — shot  in  the  head  two  weeks  since, 
very  low,  quite  rational — from  hips  down  paralyzed — he  will 
surely  die.  I  speak  a  very  few  words  to  him  everyday  and  even 
ing — he  answers  pleasantly — wants  nothing — (he  told  me  soon 
after  he  came  about  his  home  affairs,  his  mother  had  been  an  in 
valid,  and  he  fear'd  to  let  her  know  his  condition.)  He  diecl 
soon  after  she  came 

MY  PREPARATIONS  FOR  VISITS. 

In  my  visits  to  the  hospitals  I  found  it  was  in'the  simple  matter 
of  personal  presence,  and  emanating  ordinary  cheer  and  mag 
netism,  that  I  succeeded  and  help'd  more  than  by  medical 
nursing,  or  delicacies,  or  gifts  of  money,  or  anything  else. 
During  the  war  I  possess'd  the  perfection  of  physical  health. 
My  habit,  when  practicable,  was  to  prepare  for  starting  out  on 
one  of  those  daily  or  nightly  tours  of  from  a  couple  to  four  or 
five  hours,  by  fortifying  myself  with  previous  rest,  the  bath, 
clean  clothes,  a  good  meal,  and  as  cheerful  an  appearance  as 
possible. 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS.  39 

AMBULANCE  PROCESSIONS. 

June  25,  Sundown. — As  I  sit  writing  this  paragraph  I  see  a  train 
of  about  thirty  huge  four- horse  wagons,  used  as  ambulances,  fill'd 
with  wounded,  passing  up  Fourteenth  street,  on  their  way,  prob 
ably,  to  Columbian,  Carver,  and  mount  Pleasant  hospitals.  This 
is  the  way  the  men  come  in  now,  seldom  in  small  numbers,  but 
almost  always  in  these  long,  sad  processions.  Through  the  past 
winter,  while  our  army  lay  opposite  Fredericksburgh,  the  like 
strings  of  ambulances  were  of  frequent  occurrence  along  Seventh 
street,  passing  slowly  up  from  the  steamboat  wharf,  with  loads 
from  Aquia  creek. 

BAD  WOUNDS— THE  YOUNG. 

The  soldiers  are  nearly  all  young  men,  and  far  more  American 
than  is  generally  supposed — I  should  say  nine-tenths  are  native- 
born.  Among  the  arrivals  from  -Chancellorsville  I  find  a  large 
proportion  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois  men.  As  usual,  there 
are  all  sorts  of  wounds.  Some  of  the  men  fearfully  burnt  from 
the  explosions  of  artillery  caissons.  One  ward  has  a  long  row 
of  officers,  some  with  ugly  hurts.  Yesterday  was  perhaps  worse 
than  usual.  Amputations  are  going  on — the  attendants  are  dress 
ing  wounds.  As  you  pass  by,  you  must  be  on  your  guard  where 
you  look.  I  saw  the  other  day  a  gentleman,  a  visitor  apparently 
from  curiosity,  in  one  of  the  wards,  stop  and  turn  a  moment  to 
look  at  an  awful  wound  they  were  probing.  He  turn'd  pale,  and 
in  a  moment  more  he  had  fainted  away  and  fallen  on  the  floor. 

THE  MOST  INSPIRITING  OF  ALL  WAR'S  SHOWS. 

June  29. — Just  before  sundown  this  evening  a  very  large  cav 
alry  force  went  by — a  fine  sight.  The  men  evidently  had  seen 
service.  First  came  a  mounted  band  of  sixteen  bugles,  drums 
and  cymbals,  playing  wild  martial  tunes — made  my  heart  jump. 
Then  the  principal  officers,  then  company  after  company,  with 
their  officers  at  their  heads,  making  of  course  the  main  part  of 
the  cavalcade ;  then  a  long  train  of  men  with  led  horses,  lots  of 
mounted  negroes  with  special  horses — and  a  long  string  of  bag 
gage-wagons,  each  drawn  by  four  horses — and  then  a  motley  rear 
guard.  It  was  a  pronouncedly  warlike  and  gay  show  ;  the  sabres 
clank'd,  the  men  look'd  young  and  healthy  and  strong  ;  the  elec 
tric  tramping  of  so  many  horses  on  the  hard  road,  and  the  gallant 
bearing,  fine  seat,  and  bright  faced  appearance  of  a  thousand  and 
more  handsome  young  American  men,  were  so  good  to  see.  An 
hour  later  another  troop  went  by,  smaller  in  numbers,  perhaps 
three  hundred  men.  They  too  look'd  like  serviceable  men,  cam 
paigners  used  to  field  and  fight. 

July  3. — This  forenoon,  for  more  than  an  hour,  again  long 


40  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

strings  of  cavalry,  several  regiments,  very  fine  men  and  horses, 
four  or  five  abreast.  I  saw  them  in  Fourteenth  street,  coming  in 
town  from  north'.  Several  hundred  extra  horses,  some  of  the 
mares  with  colts,  trotting  along.  (Appear'd  to  be  a  number  of 
prisoners  too.)  How  inspiriting  always  the  cavalry  regiments. 
Our  men  are  generally  well  mounted,  feel  good,  are  young,  gay 
on  the  saddle,  their  blankets  in  a  roll  behind  them,  their  sabres 
clanking  at  their  sides.  This  noise  and  movement  and  the  tramp 
of  many  horses'  hoofs  has  a  curious  effect  upon  one.  The  bugles 
play — presently  you  hear  them  afar  off,  deaden'd,  mix'd  with 
other  noises.  Then  just  as  they  had  all  pass'd,  a  string  of  ambu 
lances  commenc'd  from  the  other  way,  moving  up  Fourteenth 
street  north,  slowly  wending  along,  bearing  a  large  lot  of  wounded 
to  the  hospitals. 

BATTLE  OF  GETTYSBURG. 

July  4th. — The  weather  to-day,  upon  the  whole,  is  very  fine, 
warm,  but  from  a  smart  rain  last  night,  fresh  enough,  and  no  dust, 
which  is  a  great  relief  for  this  city.  I  saw  the  parade  about  noon, 
Pennsylvania  avenue,  from  Fifteenth  street  down  toward  the  capi- 
tol.  There  were  three  regiments  of  infantry,  (I  suppose  the  ones 
doing  patrol  duty  here,)  two  or  three  societies  of  Odd  Fellows, 
a  lot  of  children  in  barouches,  and  a  squad  of  policemen.  (A 
useless  imposition  upon  the  soldiers — they  have  work  enough  on 
their  backs  without  piling  the  like  of  this.)  As  I  went  down  the 
Avenue,  saw  a  big  flaring  placard  on  the  bulletin  board  of  a 
newspaper  office,  announcing  "Glorious  Victory  for  the  Union 
Army!"  Meade  had  fought  Lee  at  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania, 
yesterday  and  day  before,  and  repuls'd  him  most  signally,  taken 
3,000  prisoners,  &c.  (I  afterwards  saw  Meade's  despatch,  very 
modest,  and  a  sort  of  order  of  the  day  from  the  President  him 
self,  quite  religious,  giving  thanks  to  the  Supreme,  and  calling 
on  the  people  to  do  the  same.)  I  walk'd  on  to  Armory  hospi 
tal — took  along  with  me  several  bottles  of  blackberry  and  cherry 
syrup,  good  and  strong,  but  innocent.  Went  through  several  of 
the  wards,  announc'd  to  the  soldiers  the  news  from  Meade,  and 
gave  them  all  a  good  drink  of  the  syrups  with  ice  water,  quite 
refreshing — prepar'd  it  all  myself,  and  serv'd  it  around.  Mean 
while  the  Washington  bells  are  ringing  their  sundown  peals  for 
Fourth  of  July,  and  the  usual  fusilades  of  boys'  pistols,  crackers, 
and  guns. 

A  CAVALRY  CAMP. 

I  am  writing  this,  nearly  sundown,  watching  a  cavalry  com 
pany  (acting  Signal  service,)  just  come  in  through  a  shower, 
making  their  night's  camp  ready  on  some  broad,  vacant  ground, 
a  sort  of  hill,  in  full  view  opposite  my  window.  There  are  the 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  41 

men  in  their  yellow-striped  jackets.  All  are  dismounted ;  the 
freed  horses  stand  with  drooping  heads  and  wet  sides  ;  they  are 
to  be  led  off  presently  in  groups,  to  water.  The  little  wall-tents 
and  shelter  tents  spring  up  quickly.  I  see  the  fires  already  blazing, 
and  pots  and  kettles  over  them.  Some  among  the  men  are  driving 
in  tent-poles,  wielding  their  axes  with  strong,  slow  blows.  I  see 
great  huddles  of  horses,  bundles  of  hay,  groups  of  men  (some 
with  unbuckled  sabres  yet  on  their  sides,)  a  few  officers,  piles  of 
wood,  the  flames  of  the  fires,  saddles,  harness,  &c.  The  smoke 
streams  upward,  additional  men  arrive  and  dismount — some  drive 
in  stakes,  and  tie  their  horses  to  them  ;  some  go  with  buckets  for 
water,  some  are  chopping  wood,  and  so  on. 

July  6th. — A  steady  rain,  dark  and  thick  and  warm.  A  train 
of  six-mule  wagons  has  just  pass'd  bearing  pontoons,  great  square- 
end  flat-boats,  and  the  heavy  planking  for  overlaying  them.  We 
hear  that  the  Potomac  above  here  is  flooded,  and  are  wondering 
whether  Lee  will  be  able  to  get  back  across  again,  or  whether 
Meade  will  indeed  break  him  to  pieces.  The  cavalry  camp  on 
the  hill  is  a  ceaseless  field  of  observation  for  me.  This  forenoon 
there  stand  the  horses,  tether'd  together,  dripping,  steaming, 
chewing  their  hay.  The  men  emerge  from  their  tents,  dripping 
also.  The  fires  are  half  quench'd. 

July  loth. — Still  the  camp  opposite — perhaps  fifty  or  sixty  tents. 
Some  of  the  men  are  cleaning  their  sabres  (pleasant  to-day,)  some 
brushing  boots,  some  laying  off,  reading,  writing — some  -cooking, 
some  sleeping.  On  long  temporary  cross-sticks  back  of  the  tents 
are  cavalry  accoutrements — blankets  and  overcoats  are  hung  out 
to  air — there  are  the  squads  of  horses  tether'd,  feeding,  continu 
ally  stamping  and  whisking  their  tails  to  keep  off  flies.  I  sit  long 
in  my  third  story  window  and  look  at  the  scene — a  hundred  little 
things  going  on — peculiar  objects  connected  with  the  camp  that 
could  not  be  described,  any  one  of  them  justly,  without  much 
minute  drawing  and  coloring  in  words. 

A  NEW  YORK  SOLDIER. 

This  afternoon,  July  22d,  I  have  spent  a  long  time  with  Oscar 
F.  Wilber,  company  G,  i54th  New  York,  low  with  chronic  diar- 
rhcea,  and  a  bad  wound  also.  He  asked  me  to  read  him  a  chap 
ter  in  the  New  Testament.  I  complied,  and  ask'd  him  what  I 
should  read.  He  said,  "  Make  your  own  choice."  I  open'd  at 
the  close  of  one  of  the  first  books  of  the  evangelists,  and  read 
the  chapters  describing  the  latter  hours  of  Christ,  and  the  scenes 
at  the  crucifixion.  The  poor,  wasted  young  man  ask'd  me  to 
read  the  following  chapter  also,  how  Christ  rose  again.  I  read 
very  slowly,  for  Oscar  was  feeble.  It  pleased  him  very  much,  yet 

4 


42  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

the  tears  were  in  his  eyes.  He  ask'd  me  if  I  enjoy'd  religion. 
I  said,  "  Perhaps  not,  my  dear,  in  the  way  you  mean,  and  yet, 
may-be,  it  is  the  same  thing."  He  said,  "It  is  my  chief  reli 
ance."  He  talk'd  of  death,  and  said  he  did  not  fear  it.  I  said, 
"  Why,  Oscar,  don't  you  think  you  will  get  well?"  He  said,  "  I 
may,  but  it  is  not  probable."  He  spoke  calmly  of  his  condition. 
The  wound  was  very  bad,  it  discharg'd  much.  Then  the  diar 
rhoea  had  prostrated  him,  and  I  felt  that  he  was  even  then  the 
same  as  dying.  He  behaved  very  manly  and  affectionate.  The 
kiss  I  gave  him  as  I  was  about  leaving  he  return 'd  fourfold.  He 
gave  me  his  mother's  address,  Mrs.  Sally  D.  Wilber,  Alleghany 
post-office,  Cattaraugus  county,  N.  Y.  I  had  several  such  in 
terviews  with  him.  He  died  a  few  days  after  the  one  just  de 
scribed. 

HOME-MADE  MUSIC. 

August  8th. — To-night,  as  I  was  trying  to  keep  cool,  sitting  by 
a  wounded  soldier  in  Armory-square,  I  was  attracted  by  some 
pleasant  singing  in  an  adjoining  ward.  As  my  soldier  was  asleep, 
I  left  him,  and  entering  the  ward  where  the  music  was,  I  walk'd 
half-way  down  and  took  a  seat  by  the  cot  of  a  young  Frooklyn 
friend,  S.  R.,  badly  wounded  in  the  hand  at  Chancellorsville,  and 
who  has  suffer'd  much,  but  at  that  moment  in  the  evening  was 
wide  awake  and  comparatively  easy.  He  had  turn'd  over  on  his 
left  side  to  get  a  better  view  of  the  singers,  but  the  mosquito-cur 
tains  of  the  adjoining  cots  obstructed  the  sight.  I  stept  round 
and  loop'd  them  all  up,  so  that  he  had  a  clear  show,  and  then  sat 
down  again  by  him,  and  look'd  and  listen'd.  The  principal 
singer  was  a  young  lady-nurse  of  one  of  the  wards,  accompany 
ing  on  a  melodeon,  and  join'd  by  the  lady-nurses  of  other  wards. 
They  sat  there,  making  a  charming  group,  with  their  handsome, 
healthy  faces,  and  standing  up  a  little  behind  them  were  some  ten 
or  fifteen  of  the  convalescent  soldiers,  young  men,  nurses,  &c., 
with  books  in  their  hands,  singing.  Of  course  it  was  not  such 
a  performance  as  the  great  soloists  at  the  New  York  opera  house 
take  a  hand  in,  yet  I  am  not  sure  but  I  receiv'd  as  much  pleasure 
under  the  circumstances,  sitting  there,  as  I  have  had  from  the 
best  Italian  compositions,  express' d  by  world-famous  performers. 
The  men  lying  up  and  down  the  hospital,  in  their  cots,  (some 
badly  wounded — some  never  to  rise  thence,)  the  cots  themselves, 
with  their  drapery  of  white  curtains,  and  the  shadows  down  the 
lower  and  upper  parts  of  the  ward  ;  then  the  silence  of  the  men, 
and  the  attitudes  they  took — the  whole  was  a  sight  to  look  around 
upon  again  and  again.  And  there  sweetly  rose  those  voices  up 
to  the  high,  whitewash'd  wooden  roof,  and  pleasantly  the  roof 
sent  it  all  back  again.  They  sang  very  well,  mostly  quaint  old 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


43 


songs  and  declamatory  hymns,  to  fitting  tunes.     Here,  for  in.4 

stance  : 

My  days  are  swiftly  gliding  by,  and  I  a  pilgrim  stranger, 
Would  not  detain  them  as  they  fly,  those  hours  of  toil  and  danger; 
For  O  we  stand  on  Jordan's  strand,  our  friends  are  passing  over, 
And  just  before,  the  shining  shore  we  may  almost  discover. 

We'll  gird  our  loins  my  brethren  dear,  our  distant  home  discerning, 
Our  absent  Lord  has  left  us  word,  let  every  lamp  be  burning. 
For  O  we  stand  on  Jordan's  strand,  our  friends  are  passing  over, 
And  just  before,  the  shining  shore  we  may  almost  discover. 

ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 

August  I2th. — I  see  the  President  almost  every  day.  as  I  hap 
pen  to  live  where  he  passes  to  or  from  his  lodgings  out  of  town. 
He  never  sleeps  at  the  White  House  during  the  hot  season,  but 
has  quarters  at  a  healthy  location  some  three  miles  north  of  the 
city,  the  Soldiers'  home,  a  United  States  military  establishment. 
I  saw  him  this  morning  about  8^  coming  in  to  business,  riding 
on  Vermont  avenue,  near  L  street.  He  always  has  a  company  of 
twenty-five  or  thirty  cavalry,  with  sabres  drawn  and  held  upright 
over  their  shoulders.  They  say  this  guard  was  against  his  personal 
wish,  but  he  let  his  counselors  have  their  way.  The  party  makes  no 
great  show  in  uniform  or  horses.  Mr.  Lincoln  on  the  saddle  gen 
erally  rides  a  good-sized,  easy-going  gray  horse,  is  dress'd  in  plain 
black,  somewhat  rusty  and  dusty,  wears  a  black  stiff  hat,  and 
looks  about  as  ordinary  in  attire,  &c.,  as  the  commonest  man.  A 
lieutenant,  with  yellow  straps,  rides  at  his  left,  and  following  be 
hind,  two  by  two,  come  the  cavalry  men,  in  their  yellow-striped 
jackets.  They  are  generally  going  at  a  slow  trot,  as  that  is  the 
pace  set  them  by  the  one  they  wait  upon.  The  sabres  and  ac 
coutrements  clank,  and  the  entirely  unornamental  cortege  as  it 
trots  towards  Lafayette  square  arouses  no  sensation,  only  some 
curious  stranger  stops  and  gazes.  I  see  very  plainly  ABRAHAM 
LINCOLN'S  dark  brown  face,  with  the  deep-cut  lines,  the  eyes,  al 
ways  to  me  with  a  deep  latent  sadness  in  the  expression.  We  have 
got  so  that  we  exchange  bows,  and  very  cordial  ones.  Some 
times  the  President  goes  and  comes  in  an  open  barouche.  The 
cavalry  always  accompany  him,  with  drawn  sabres.  Often  I  no 
tice  as  he  goes  out  evenings — and  sometimes  in  the  morning, 
when  he  returns  early — he  turns  off  and  halts  at  the  large  and 
handsome  residence  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  on  K  street,  and 
holds  conference  there.  If  in  his  barouche,  I  can  see  from  my 
window  he  does  not  alight,  but  sits  in  his  vehicle,  and  Mr.  Stan- 
ton  comes  out  to  attend  him.  Sometimes  one  of  his  sons,  a  boy 
of  ten  or  twelve,  accompanies  him,  riding  at  his  right  on  a  pony. 
Earlier  in  the  summer  I  occasionally  saw  the  President  and  his 


44  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

•wife,  toward  the  latter  part  of  the  afternoon,  out  in  a  barouche, 
on  a  pleasure  ride  through  the  city.  Mrs.  Lincoln  was  dress'd 
in  complete  black,  with  a  long  crape  veil.  The  equipage  is  of  the 
plainest  kind,  only  two  horses,  and  they  nothing  extra.  They 
pass'd  me  once  very  close,  and  I  saw  the  President  in  the  face 
fully,  as  they  were  moving  slowly,  and  his  look,  though  abstracted, 
happen'd  to  be  directed  steadily  in  my  eye.  He  bow'd  and 
smiled,  but  far  beneath  his  smile  I  noticed  well  the  expression  I 
have  alluded  to.  None  of  the  artists  or  pictures  has  caught  the 
deep,  though  subtle  and  indirect  expression  of  this  man's  face. 
There  is  something  else  there.  One  of  the  great  portrait  painters 
of  two  or  three  centuries  ago  is  needed. 

HEATED  TERM. 

There  has  lately  been  much  suffering  here  from  heat ;  we  have 
had  it  upon  us  now  eleven  days.  I  go  around  with  an  umbrella 
and  a  fan.  I  saw  two  cases  of  sun-stroke  yesterday,  one  in  Penn 
sylvania  avenue,  and  another  in  Seventh  street.  The  City  rail 
road  company  loses  some  horses  every  day.  Yet  Washington  is 
having  a  livelier  August,  and  is  probably  putting  in  a  more  ener 
getic  and  satisfactory  summer,  than  ever  before  during  its  exist 
ence.  There  is  probably  more  human  electricity,  more  popula 
tion  to  make  it,  more  business,  more  light-heartedness,  than  ever 
before.  The  armies  that  swiftly  circumambiated  from  Fredericks- 
burgh — march'd,  struggled,  fought,  had  out  their  mighty  clinch 
and  hurl  at  Gettysburg — wheel'd,  circumambiated  again,  re- 
turn'd  to  their  ways,  touching  us  not,  either  at  their  going  or 
coming.  And  Washington  feels  that  she  has  pass'd  the  worst ; 
perhaps  feels  that  she  is  henceforth  mistress.  So  here  she  sits 
with  her  surrounding  hills  spotted  with  guns,  and  is  conscious  of 
a  character  and  identity  different  from  what  it  was  five  or  six 
short  weeks  ago,  and  very  considerably  pleasanter  and  prouder. 

SOLDIERS  AND  TALKS. 

Soldiers,  soldiers,  soldiers,  you  meet  everywhere  about  the 
city,  often  superb-looking  men,  though  invalids  dress'd  in  worn 
uniforms,  and  carrying  canes  or  crutches.  I  often  have  talks 
with  them,  occasionally  quite  long  and  interesting.  One,  for  in 
stance,  will  have  been  all  through  the  peninsula  under  McClellan 
— narrates  to  me  the  fights,  the  marches,  the  strange,  quick 
changes  of  that  eventful  campaign,  and  gives  glimpses  of  many 
things  untold  in  any  official  reports  or  books  or  journals.  These, 
indeed,  are  the  things  that  are  genuine  and  precious.  The  man 
was  there,  has  been  out  two  years,  has  been  through  a  dozen 
fights,  the  superfluous  flesh  of  talking  is  long  work'd  off  him,  and 
he  gives  me  little  but  the  hard  meat  and  sinew.  I  find  it  re- 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  45 

freshing,  these  hardy,  bright,  intuitive,  American  young  men, 
(experienc'd  soldiers  with  all  their  youth.)  The  vocal  play  and 
significance  moves  one  more  than  books.  Then  there  hangs 
something  majestic  about  a  man  who  has  borne  his  part  in  bat 
tles,  especially  if  he  is  very  quiet  regarding  it  when  you  desire 
him  to  unbosom.  I  am  continually  lost  at  the  absence  of  blow 
ing  and  blowers  among  these  old-young  American  militaires.  I 
have  found  some  man  or  other  who  has  been  in  every  battle  since 
the  war  began,  and  have  talk'd  with  them  about  each  one  in 
every  part  of  the  United  States,  and  many  of  the  engagements 
on  the  rivers  and  harbors  too.  I  find  men  here  from  every  State 
in  the  Union,  without  exception.  (There  are  more  Southerners, 
especially  border  State  men,  in  the  Union  army  than  is  gener 
ally  supposed.*)  I  now  doubt  whether  one  can  get  a  fair  idea  of 
what  this  war  practically  is,  or  what  genuine  America  is,  and  her 
character,  without  some  such  experience  as  this  I  am  having. 

DEATH  OF  A  WISCONSIN  OFFICER. 

Another  characteristic  scene  of  that  dark  and  bloody  1863, 
from  notes  of  my  visit  to  Armory-square  hospital,  one  hot  but 
pleasant  summer  day.  In  ward  H  we  approach  the  cot  of  a 
young  lieutenant  of  one  of  the  Wisconsin  regiments.  Tread  the 
bare  board  floor  lightly  here,  for  the  pain  and  panting  of  death 
are  in  this  cot.  I  saw  the  lieutenant  when  he  was  first  brought 
here  from  Chancellorsville,  and  have  been  with  him  occasionally 
from  day  to  day  and  night  to  night.  He  had  been  getting  along 
pretty  well  till  night  before  last,  when  a  sudden  hemorrhage  that 
could  not  be  stopt  came  upon  him,  and  to-day  it  still  continues 
at  intervals.  Notice  that  water-pail  by  the  side  of  the  bed,  with 
a  quantity  of  blood  and  bloody  pieces  of  muslin,  nearly  full ; 
that  tells  the  story.  The  poor  young  man  is  struggling  painfully 
for  breath,  his  great  dark  eyes  with  a  glaze  already  upon  them, 
and  the  choking  faint  but  audible  in  his  throat.  An  attendant 
sits  by  him,  and  will  not  leave  him  till  the  last ;  yet  little  or 
nothing  can  be  done.  He  will  die  here  in  an  hour  or  two,  with 
out  the  presence  of  kith  or  kin.  Meantime  the  ordinary  chat 
and  business  of  the  ward  a  little  way  off  goes  on  indifferently. 

*  MR.  GARFIELD  (In  the  House  of  Representatives,  April  ij,  '79.)  "Do 
gentlemen  know  that  (leaving  out  all  the  border  States)  there  were  fifty  regi 
ments  and  seven  companies  of  white  men  in  our  army  fighting  for  the  Union 
from  the  States  that  went  into  rebellion  ?  Do  they  know  that  from  the  single 
State  of  Kentucky  more  Union  soldiers  fought  under  our  flag  than  Napoleon 
took  into  the  battle  of  Waterloo  ?  more  than  Wellington  took  with  all  the 
allied  armies  against  Napoleon?  Do  they  remember  that  186,000  color'd  men 
fought  under  our  flag  against  the  rebellion  and  for  the  Union,  and  that  of  that 
number  90,000  were  from  the  States  which  went  into  rebellion  ?  " 


46  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

T" 

Some  of  the  inmates  are  laughing  and  joking,  others  are  playing 
checkers  or  cards,  others  are  reading,  &c. 

I  have  noticed  through  most  of  the  hospitals  that  as  long  as 
there  is  any  chance  for  a  man,  no  matter  how  bad  he  may  be, 
the  surgeon  and  nurses  work  hard,  sometimes  with  curious  tena 
city,  for  his  life,  doing  everything,  and  keeping  somebody  by  him 
to  execute  the  doctor's  o.rders,  and  minister  to  him  every  minute 
night  and  day.  See  that  screen  there.  As  you  advance  through 
the  dusk  of  early  candle-light,  a  nurse  will  step  forth  on  tip-toe, 
and  silently  but  imperiously  forbid  you  to  make  any  noise,  or 
perhaps  to  come  near  at  all.  Some  soldier's  life  is  flickering 
there,  suspended  between  recovery  and  death.  Perhaps  at  this 
moment  the  exhausted  frame  has  just  fallen  into  a  light  sleep 
that  a  step  might  shake.  You  must  retire.  The  neighboring  pa 
tients  must  move  in  their  stocking  feet.  I  have  been  several 
times  struck  with  such  mark'd  efforts — everything  bent  to  save  a 
life  from  the  very  grip  of  the  destroyer.  But  when  that  grip  is 
once  firmly  fix'd,  leaving  no  hope  or  chance  at  all,  the  surgeon 
abandons  the  patient.  If  it  is  a  case  where  stimulus  is  any  relief, 
the  nurse  gives  milk-punch  or  brandy,  or  whatever  is  wanted,  ad 
libitum.  There  is  no  fuss  made.  Not  a  bit  of  sentimentalism  or 
whining  have  I  seen  about  a  single  death-bed  in  hospital  or  on 
the  field,  but  generally  impassive  indifference.  All  is  over,  as  far 
as  any  efforts  can  avail ;  it  is  useless  to  expend  emotions  or  labors. 
While  there  is  a  prospect  they  strive  hard — at  least  most  surgeons 
do;  but  death  certain  and  evident,  they  yield  the  field. 

HOSPITALS  ENSEMBLE. 

Aug.,  Sep.,  and  Oct.,  '6j. — I  am  in  the  habit  of  going  to  all, 
and  to  Fairfax  seminary,  Alexandria,  and  over  Long  bridge  to 
the  great  Convalescent  camp.  The  journals  publish  a  regular 
directory  of  them — a  long  list.  As  a  specimen  of  almost  any 
one  of  the  larger  of  these  hospitals,  fancy  to  yourself  a  space  of 
three  to  twenty  acres  of  ground,  on  which  are  group'd  ten  or 
twelve  very  large  wooden  barracks,  with,  perhaps,  a  dozen  or 
twenty,  and  sometimes  more  than  that  number,  small  buildings, 
capable  altogether  of  accommodating  from  five  hundred  to  a 
thousand  or  fifteen  hundred  persons.  Sometimes  these  wooden 
barracks  or  wards,  each  of  them  perhaps  from  a  hnndred  tc  a 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  long,  are  rang'd  in 'a  straight  row,  evenly 
fronting  the  street ;  others  are  plann'd  so  as  to  form  an  immense 
V;  and  others  again  are  ranged  around  a  hollow  square.  They 
make  altogether  a  huge  cluster,  with  the  additional  tents,  extra 
wards  for  contagious  diseases,  guard-houses,  sutler's  stores,  chap 
lain's  house ;  in  the  middle  will  probably  be  an  edifice  devoted 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS,  47 

to  the  offices  of  the  surgeon  in  charge  and  the  ward  surgeons, 
principal  attaches,  clerks,  &c.  The  wards  are  either  letter'd  al 
phabetically,  ward  G,  ward  K,  or  else  numerically,  i,  2,  3,  &c. 
Each  has  its  ward  surgeon  and  corps  of  nurses.  Of  course,  there 
is,  in  the  aggregate,  quite  a  muster  of  employes,  and  over  all  the 
surgeon  in  charge.  Here  in  Washington,  when  these  army  hos 
pitals  are  all  fill'd,  (as  they  have  been  already  several  times,) 
they  contain  a  population  more  numerous  in  itself  than  the  whole 
of  the  Washington  of  ten  or  fifteen  years  ago.  Within  sight  of 
the  capitol,  as  I  write,  are  some  thirty  or  forty  such  collections, 
at  times  holding  from  fifty  to  seventy  thousand  men.  Looking 
from  any  eminence  and  studying  the  topography  in  my  rambles, 
I  use  them  as  landmarks.  Through  the  rich  August  verdure  of 
the  trees,  see  that  white  group  of -buildings  off  yonder  in  the  out 
skirts;  then  another  cluster  half  a  mile  to  the  left  of  the  first; 
then  another  a  mile  to  the  right,  and  another  a  mile  beyond,  and 
still  another  between  us  and  the  first.  Indeed,  we  can  hardly 
look  in  any  direction  but  these  clusters  are  dotting  the  landscape. 
and  environs.  That  little  town,  as  you  might  suppose  it,  off 
there  on  the  brow  of  a  hill,  is  indeed  a  town,  but  of  wounds, 
sickness,  and  death.  It  is  Finley  hospital,  northeast  of  the  city, 
on  Kendall  green,  as  it  used  to  be  call'd.  That  other  is  Camp 
bell  hospital.  Both  are  large  establishments.  I  have  known 
these  two  alone  to  have  from  two  thousand  to  twenty  five  hun 
dred  inmates.  Then  there  is  Carver  hospital,  larger  still,  a  wall'd 
and  military  city  regularly  laid  out,  and  guarded  by  squads  of 
sentries.  Again,  off  east,  Lincoln  hospital,  a  still  larger  one ; 
and  half  a  mile  further  Emory  hospital.  Still  sweeping  the  eye 
around  down  the  river  toward  Alexandria,  we  see,  to  the  right, 
the  locality  where  the  Convalescent  camp  stands,  with  its  five, 
eight,  or  sometimes  ten  thousand  inmates.  Even  all  these  are 
but  a  portion.  The  Harewood,  Mount  Pleasant,  Armory-square, 
Judiciary  hospitals,  are  some  of  the  rest,  and  all  large  collec 
tions. 

A  SILENT  NIGHT  RAMBLE. 

October  2oth. — To-night,  after  leaving  the  hospital  at  10 
o'clock,  (I  had  been  on  self-imposed  duty  some  five  hours,  pretty 
closely  confined,)  I  wander'd  a  long  time  around  Washington. 
The  night  was  sweet,  very  clear,  sufficiently  cool,  a  voluptuous 
half-moon,  slightly  golden,  the  space  near  it  of  a  transparent 
blue-gray  tinge.  I  walk'd  up  Pennsylvania  avenue,  and  then  to 
Seventh  street,  and  a  long  while  around  the  Patent-office.  Some 
how  it  look'd  rebukefully  strong,  majestic,  there  in  the  delicate 
moonlight.  The  sky,  the  planets,  the  constellations  all  so  bright, 
so  calm,  so  expressively  silent,  so  soothing,  after  those  hospital 


48  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

scenes.     I  wander' d  to  and  fro  till  the  moist  moon  set,  long  after 
midnight. 

SPIRITUAL  CHARACTERS  AMONG  THE  SOLDIERS. 

Every  now  and  then,  in  hospital  or  camp,  there  are  beings  I 
meet — specimens  of  unworldliness,  disinterestedness,  and  animal 
purity  and  heroism — perhaps  some  unconscious  Indianian,  or 
from  Ohio  or  Tennessee — on  whose  birth  the  calmness  of  heaven 
seems  to  have  descended,  and  whose  gradual  growing  up,  what 
ever  the  circumstances  of  work-life  or  change^  or  hardship,  or 
small  or  no  education  that  attended  it,  the  power  of  a  strange 
spiritual  sweetness,  fibre  and  inward  health,  have  also  attended. 
Something  veil'd  and  abstracted  is  often  a  part  of  the  manners 
of  these  beings.  I  have  met  them,  I  say,  not  seldom  in  the  army, 
in  camp,  and  in  the  hospitals.  The  Western  regiments  con 
tain  many  of  them.  They  are  often  young  men,  obeying  the 
events  and  occasions  about  them,  marching,  soldiering,  fighting, 
foraging,  cooking,  working  on  farms  or  at  some  trade  before 
the  war — unaware  of  their  own  nature,  (as  to  that,  who  is  aware 
of  his  own  nature  ?)  their  companions  only  understanding  that 
they  are  different  from  the  rest,  more  silent,  "  something  odd 
about  them,"  and  apt  to  go  off  and  meditate  and  muse  in  soli 
tude. 

CATTLE  DROVES  ABOUT  WASHINGTON. 

Among  other  sights  are  immense  droves  of  cattle  with  their 
drivers,  passing  through  the  streets  of  the  city.  Some  of  the 
men  have  a  way  of  leading  the  cattle  by  a  peculiar  call,  a  wild, 
pensive  hoot,  quite  musical,  prolong'd,  indescribable,  sounding 
something  between  the  cooing  of  a  pigeon  and  the  hoot  of  an 
owl.  I  like  to  stand  and  look  at  the  sight  of  one  of  these  im 
mense  droves — a  little  way  off— (as  the  dust  is  great.)  There  are 
always  men  on  horseback,  cracking  their  whips  and  shouting — 
the  cattle  low — some  obstinate  ox  or  steer  attempts  to  escape — 
then  a  lively  scene — the  mounted  men,  always  excellent  riders 
and  on  good  horses,  dash  after  the  recusant,  and  wheel  and  turn 
— a  dozen  mounted  drovers,  their  great  slouch'd,  broad-brim'd 
hats,  very  picturesque — another  dozen  on  foot — everybody  cov- 
er'd  with  dust — long  goads  in  their  hands — an  immense  drove 
of  perhaps  1000  cattle — the  shouting,  hooting,  movement,  &c. 

HOSPITAL  PERPLEXITY. 

To  add  to  other  troubles,  amid  the  confusion  of  this  great  army 
of  sick,  it  is  almost  impossible  for  a  stranger  to  find  any  friend 
or  relative,  unless  he  has  the  patient's  specific  address  to  start 
upon.  Besides  the  directory  printed  in  the  newspapers  here, 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


49 


there  are  one  or  two  general  directories  of  the  hospitals  kept  at 
provost's  headquarters,  but  they  are  nothing  like  complete;  they 
are  never  up  to  date,  and,  as  things  are,  with  the  daily  streams 
of  coming  and  going  and  changing,  cannot  be.  I  have  known 
rases,  for  instance  such  as  a  farmer  coming  here  from  northern 
New  York  to  find  a  wounded  brother,  faithfully  hunting  round 
for  a  week,  and  then  compell'd  to  leave  and  go  home  without 
getting  any  trace  of  him.  When  he  got  home  he  found  a  letter 
from  the  brother  giving  the  right  address. 

DOWN  AT  THE  FRONT. 

CULPEPPER,  VA.,  Feb.  '64. — Here  I  am  pretty  well  down 
toward  the  extreme  front.  Three  or  four  days  ago  General  S., 
who  is  now  in  chief  command,  (I  believe  Meade  is  absent,  sick,) 
moved  a  strong  force  southward  from  camp  as  if  intending  busi 
ness.  They  went  to  the  Rapidan  ;  there  has  since  been  some 
manoeuvring  and  a  little  fighting,  but  nothing  of  consequence. 
The  telegraphic  accounts  given  Monday  morning  last,  make  en 
tirely  too  much  of  it,  I  should  say.  What  General  S.  intended 
we  here  know  not,  but  we  trust  in  that  competent  commander. 
We  were  somewhat  excited,  (but  not  so  very  much  either,)  on 
Sunday,  during  the  day  and  night,  as  orders  were  sent  out  to  pack 
up  and  harness,  and  be  ready  to  evacuate,  to  fall  back  towards 
Washington.  But  I  was  very  sleepy  and  went  to  bed.  Some  tre 
mendous  shouts  arousing  me  during  the  night,  I  went  forth  and 
found  it  was  from  the  men  above  mention'd,  who  were  returning. 
I  talk'd  with  some  of  the  men;  as  usual  I  found  them  full  of 
gayety,  endurance,  and  many  fine  little  outshows,  the  signs  of 
the  most  excellent  good  manliness  of  the  world.  It  was  a  curious 
sight  to  see  those  shadowy  columns  moving  through  the  night. 
I  stood  unobserv'd  in  the  darkness  and  watch'd  them  long.  The 
mud  was  very  deep.  The  men  had  their  usual  burdens,  overcoats, 
knapsacks,  guns  and  blankets.  Along  and  along  they  filed  by 
me,  with  often  a  laugh,  a  song,  a  cheerful  word,  but  never  once 
a  murmur.  It  may  have  been  odd,  but  I  never  before  so  realized 
the  majesty  and  reality  of  the  American  people  en  masse.  It  fell 
upon  me  like  a  great  awe.  The  strong  ranks  moved  neither  fast 
nor  slow.  They  had  march'd  seven  or  eight  miles  already  through 
the  slipping  unctuous  mud.  The  brave  First  corps  stbpt  here. 
The  equally  brave  Third  corps  moved  on  to  Brandy  station.  The 
famous  Brooklyn  i4th  are  here,  guarding  the  town.  You  see  their 
red  legs  actively  moving  everywhere.  Then  they  have  a  theatre 
of  their  own  here.  They  give  musical  performances,  nearly 
everything  done  capitally.  Of  course  the  audience  is  a  jam.  It 
is  good  sport  to  attend  one  of  these  entertainments  of  the  1 4th. 


50  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

I  like  to  look  around  at  the  soldiers,  and  the  general  collection 
in  front  of  the  curtain,  more  than  the  scene  on  the  stage. 

PAYING  THE  BOUNTIES. 

One  of  the  things  to  note  here  now  is  the  arrival  of  the 
paymaster  with  his  strong  box,  and  the  payment  of  bounties  to 
veterans  re-enlisting.  Major  H.  is  here  to-day,  with  a  small 
mountain  of  greenbacks,  rejoicing  the  hearts  of  the  2d  division 
of  the  First  corps.  In  the  midst  of  a  rickety  shanty,  behind  a 
little  table,  sit  the  major  and  clerk  Eldridge,  with  the  rolls  be 
fore  them,  and  much  moneys.  A  re-enlisted  man  gets  in  cash 
about  $200  down,  (and  heavy  instalments  following,  as  the  pay 
days  arrive,  one  after  another.)  The  show  of  the  men  crowding 
around  is  quite  exhilarating ;  I  like  to  stand  and  look.  They 
feel  elated,  their  pockets  full,  and  the  ensuing  furlough,  the  visit 
home.  It  is  a  scene  of  sparkling  eyes  and  flush'd  cheeks.  The 
soldier  has  many  gloomy  and  harsh  experiences,  and  this  makes 
up  for  some  of  them.  Major  H.  is  order'd  to  pay  first  all  the 
re  enlisted  men  of  the  First  corps  their  bounties  and  back  pay, 
and  then  the  rest.  You  hear  the  peculiar  sound  of  the  rustling  of 
the  new  and  crisp  greenbacks  by  the  hour,  through  the  nimble 
fingers  of  the  major  and  my  friend  clerk  E. 

RUMORS,  CHANGES,  &c. 

About  the  excitement  of  Sunday,  and  the  orders  to  be  ready 
to  start,  I  have  heard  since  that  the  raid  orders  came  from  some 
cautious  minor  commander,  and  that  the  high  principalities  knew 
not  and  thought  not  of  any  such  move ;  which  is  likely.  The 
rumor  and  fear  here  intimated  a  long  circuit  by  Lee,  and  flank 
attack  on  our  right.  But  I  cast  my  eyes  at  the  mud,  which  was 
then  at  its  deepest  and  palmiest  condition,  and  retired  com 
posedly  to  rest.  Still  it  is  about  time  for  Culpepper  to  have  a 
change.  Authorities  have  chased  each  other  here  like  clouds  in 
a  stormy  sky.  Before  the  first  Bull  Run  this  was  the  rendezvous 
and  camp  of  instruction  of  the  secession  troops.  I  am  stopping 
at  the  house  of  a  lady  who  has  witness'd  all  the  eventful  changes 
of  the  war,  along  this  route  of  contending  armies.  She  is  a 
widow,  with  a  family  of  young  children,  and  lives  here  with  her 
sister  in  a  large  handsome  house,  A  number  of  army  officers 
board  with  them. 

VIRGINIA. 

Dilapidated,  fenceless,  and  trodden  with  war  as  Virginia  is, 
wherever  I  move  across  her  surface,  I  find  myself  rous'd  to  sur 
prise  and  admiration.  What  capacity  for  products,  improvements, 
human  life,  nourishment  and  expansion.  Everywhere  that  I 
have  been  in  the  Old  Dominion,  (the  subtle  mockery  of  that 


SPECIMEN  DAYS.  5 1 

title  now!)  such  thoughts  have  fill'd  me.  The  soil  is  yet  far 
above  the  average  of  any  of  the  northern  States.  And  how  full 
of  breadth  the  scenery,  everywhere  distant  mountains,  every 
where  convenient  rivers.  Even  yet  prodigal  in  forest  woods, 
and  surely  eligible  for  all  the  fruits,  orchards,  and  flowers.  The 
skies  and  atmosphere  most  luscious,  as  I  feel  certain,  from  more 
than  a  year's  residence  in  the  State,  and  movements  hither  and 
yon.  I  should  say  very  healthy,  as  a  general  thing.  Then  a  rich 
and  elastic  quality,  by  night  and  by  day.  The  sun  rejoices  in 
his  strength,  dazzling  and  burning,  and  yet,  to  me,  never  un 
pleasantly  weakening.  It  is  not  the  panting  tropical  heat,  but 
invigorates.  The  north  tempers  it.  The  nights  are  often  un 
surpassable.  Last  evening  (Feb.  8,)  I  saw  the  first  of  the  new 
moon,  the  outlined  old  moon  clear  along  with  it ;  the  sky  and 
air  so  clear,  such  transparent  hues  of  color,  it  seem'd  to  me  I  had 
never  really  seen  the  new  moon  before.  It  was  the  thinnest  cut 
crescent  possible.  It  hung  delicate  just  above  the  sulky  shadow 
of  the  Blue  mountains.  Ah,  if  it  might  prove  an  omen  and  good 
prophecy  for  this  unhappy  State. 

SUMMER  OF  1864. 

I  am  back  again  in  Washington,  on  my  regular  daily  and 
nightly  rounds.  Of  course  there  are  many  specialties.  Dotting 
a  ward  here  and  there  are  always  cases  of  poor  fellows,  long-suf 
fering  under  obstinate  wounds,  or  weak  and  dishearten'd  from 
typhoid  fever,  or  the  like:  mark'd  cases,  needing  special  and 
sympathetic  nourishment.  These  I  sit  down  and  either  talk  to, 
or  silently  cheer  them  up.  They  always  like  it  hugely,  (and  so 
do  I.)  Each  case  has  its  peculiarities,  and  needs  some  new 
adaptation.  I  have  learnt  to  thus  conform — learnt  a  good  deal 
of  hospital  wisdom.  Some  of  the  poor  young  chaps,  away  from 
home  for  the  first  time  in  their  lives,  hunger  and  thirst  for  affec 
tion  ;  this  is  sometimes  the  only  thing  that  will  reach  their  con 
dition.  The  men  like  to  have  a  pencil,  and  something  to  write 
in.  I  have  given  them  cheap  pocket-diaries,  and  almanacs  for 
1864,  interleav'd  with  blank  paper.  For  reading  I  generally 
have  some  old  pictorial  magazines  or  story  papers — they  are  al 
ways  acceptable.  Also  the  morning  or  evening  papers  of  the 
day.  The  best  books  I  do  not  give,  but  lend  to  read  through 
the  wards,  and  then  take  them  to  others,  and  so  on  ;  they  are 
very  punctual  about  returning  the  books.  In  these  wards,  or  on 
the  field,  as  I  thus  continue  to  go  round,  I  have  come  to  adapt 
myself  to  each  emergency,  after  its  kind  or  call,  however  trivial, 
however  solemn,  every  one  justified  and  made  real  under  its  cir 
cumstances — not  only  visits  and  cheering  talk  and  little  gifts — 


s  2  SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS. 

not  only  washing  and  dressing  wounds,  (I  have  some  cases  where 
the  patient  is  unwilling  any  one  should  do  this  but  me) — but 
passages  from  the  Bible,  expounding  them,  prayer  at  the  bed 
side,  explanations  of  doctrine,  &c.  (I  think  I  see  my  friends 
smiling  at  this  confession,  but  I  was  never  more  in  earnest  in  my 
life.)  In  camp  and  everywhere,  I  was  in  the  habit  of  reading  or 
giving  recitations  to  the  men.  They  were  very  fond  of  it,  and 
liked  declamatory  poetical  pieces.  We  would  gather  in  a  large 
group  by  ourselves,  after  supper,  and  spend  the  time  in  such 
readings,  or  in  talking,  and  occasionally  by  an  amusing  game 
called  the  game  of  twenty  questions. 

A  NEW  ARMY  ORGANIZATION  FIT  FOR  AMERICA. 

It  is  plain  to  me  out  of  the  events  of  the  war,  north  and  south, 
and  out  of  all  considerations,  that  the  current  military  theory, 
practice,  rules  and  organization,  (adopted  from  Europe  from  the 
feudal  institutes,  with,  of  course,  the  "modern  improvements," 
largely  from  the  French,)  though  tacitly  follow'd,  and  believ'd 
in  by  the  officers  generally,  are  not  at  all  consonant  with  the 
United  States,  nor  our  people,  nor  our  days.  What  it  will  be  I 
know  not — but  I  know  that  as  entire  an  abnegation  of  the  present 
military  system,  and  the  naval  too,  and  a  building  up  from  radi 
cally  different  root-bases  and  centres  appropriate  to  us,  must 
eventually  result,  as  that  our  political  system  has  resulted  and  be 
come  establish'd,  different  from  feudal  Europe,  and  built  up  on 
itself  from  original,  perennial,  democratic  premises.  We  have 
undoubtedly  in  the  United  States  the  greatest  military  power — 
an  exhaustless,  intelligent,  brave  and  reliable  rank  and  file — in 
the  world,  any  land,  perhaps  all  lands.  The  problem  is  to  or 
ganize  this  in  the  manner  fully  appropriate  to  it,  to  the  princi 
ples  of  the  republic,  and  to  get  the  best  service  out  of  it.  In 
the  present  struggle,  as  already  seen  and  review'd,  probably  three- 
fourths  of  the  losses,  men,  lives,  &c.,  have  been  sheer  superfluity, 
extravagance,  waste. 

DEATH  OF  A  HERO. 

I  wonder  if  I  could  ever  convey  to  another — to  you,  for  in 
stance,  reader  dear — the  tender  and  terrible  realities  of  such 
cases,  (many,  many  happen'd,)  as  the  one  I  am  now  going  to 
mention.  Stewart  C.  Glover,  company  E,  5th  Wisconsin — was 
wounded  May  5,  in  one  of  those  fierce  tussles  of  the  Wilderness — 
died  May  21 — aged  about  20.  He  was  a  small  and  beardless 
young  man — a  splendid  soldier — in  fact  almost  an  ideal  Ameri 
can,  of  his  age.  He  had  serv'd  nearly  three  years,  and  would 
have  been  entitled  to  his  discharge  in  a  few  days.  He  was  in 
Hancock's  corps.  The  fighting  had  about  ceas'd  for  the  day, 

* 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


53 


and  the  general  commanding  the  brigade  rode  by  and  call'd  for 
volunteers  to  bring  in  the  wounded.  Glover  responded  among 
the  first — went  out  gayly — but  while  in  the  act  of  bearing  in  a 
wounded  sergeant  to  our  lines,  was  shot  in  the  knee  by  a  rebel 
sharpshooter  ;  consequence,  amputation  and  death.  He  had  re 
sided  with  his  father,  John  Glover,  an  aged  and  feeble  man,  in 
Batavia,  Genesee  county,  N.  Y.,  but- was  at  school  in  Wisconsin, 
after  the  war  broke  out,  and  there  enlisted — soon  took  to  soldier- 
life,  liked  it,  was  very  manly,  was  belov'd  by  officers  and  com 
rades.  He  kept  a  little  diary,  like  so  many  of  the  soldiers.  On 
the  day  of  his  death  he  wrote  the  following  in  it,  to-day  the  doctor 
says  I  must  die— all  is  over  with  me — ah,  so  young  to  die.  On  an 
other  blank  leaf  he  pencill'd  to  his  brother,  dear  brother  Thomas, 
I  have  been  brave  but  wicked — -pray  for  me. 

HOSPITAL  SCENES.— INCIDENTS. 

It  is  Sunday  afternoon,  middle  of  summer,  hot  and  oppressive, 
and  very  silent  through  the  ward.  I  am  taking  care  of  a  critical 
case,  now  lying  in  a  half  lethargy.  Near  where  I  sit  is  a  suffer 
ing  rebel,  from  the  8th  Louisiana ;  his  name  is  Irving.  He  has 
been  here  a  long  time,  badly  wounded,  and  lately  had  his  leg 
amputated  ;  it  is  not  doing  very  well.  Right  opposite  me  is  a 
sick  soldier-boy,  laid  down  with  his  clothes  on,  sleeping,  looking 
much  wasted,  his  pallid  face  on  his  arm.  I  see  by  the  yellow 
trimming  on  his  jacket  that  he  is  a  cavalry  boy.  I  step  softly 
over  and  find  by  his  card  that  he  is  named  William  Cone,  of  the 
ist  Maine  cavalry,  and  his  folks  live  in  Skowhegan. 

Ice  Cream  Treat. — One  hot  day  toward  the  middle  of  June,  I 
gave1  the  inmates  of  Carver  hospital  a  general  ice  cream  treat, 
purchasing  a  large  quantity,  and,  under  convoy  of  the  doctor  or 
head  nurse,  going  around  personally  through  the  wards  to  see  to 
its  distribution. 

An  Incident. — In  one  of  the  fights  before  Atlanta,  a  rebel  sol 
dier,  of  large  size,  evidently  a  young  man,  was  mortally  wounded 
top  of  the  head,  so  that  the  brains  partially  exuded.  He  lived 
three  days,  lying  on  his  back  on  the  spot  where  he  first  dropt. 
He  dug  with  his  heel  in  the  ground  during  that  time  a  hole  big 
enough  to  put  in  a  couple  of  ordinary  knapsacks.  He  just  lay 
there  in  the  open  air,  and  with  little  intermission  kept  his  heel 
going  night  and  day.  Some  of  our  soldiers  then  moved  him  to 
a  house,  but  he  died  in  a  few  minutes. 

Another. — After  the  battles  at  Columbia,  Tennessee,  where  we 
repuls'd  about  a  score  of  vehement  rebel  charges,  they  left  a 
great  many  wounded  on  the  ground,  mostly  within  our  range. 
Whenever  any  of  these  wounded  attempted  to  move  away  by  any 


54  SPECIMEN  DA  F£ 

means,  generally  by  crawling  off,  our  men  without  exception 
brought  them  down  by  a  bullet.  They  let  none  crawl  away,  no 
matter  what  his  condition. 

A  YANKEE  SOLDIER. 

As  I  turn'd  off  the  Avenue  one  cool  October  evening  into 
Thirteenth  street,  a  soldier  with  knapsack  and  overcoat  stood  at 
the  corner  inquiring  his  way.  I  found  he  wanted  to  go  part  of 
the  road  in  my  direction,  so  we  walk'd  on  together.  We  soon 
fell  into  conversation.  He  was  small  and  not  very  young,  and  a 
tough  little  fellow,  as  I  judged  in  the  evening  light,  catching 
glimpses  by  the  lamps  we  pass'd.  His  answers  were  short,  but 
clear.  His  name  was  Charles  Carroll ;  he  belong'd  to  one  of  the 
Massachusetts  regiments,  and  was  born  in  or  near  Lynn.  His 
parents  were  living,  but  were  very  old.  There  were  four  sons, 
and  all  had  enlisted.  Two  had  died  of  starvation  and  misery  in 
the  prison  at  Andersonville,  and  one  had  been  kill'd  in  the  we-t. 
He  only  was  left.  He  was  now  going  home,  and  by  the  way  he 
talk'd  I  inferr'd  that  his  time  was  nearly  out.  He  made  great 
calculations  on  being  with  his  parents  to  comfort  them  the  rest 
of  their  days. 

UNION  PRISONERS  SOUTH. 

Michael  Stansbury,  48  years  of  age,  a  sea- faring  man,  a  south 
erner  by  birth  and  raising,  formerly  captain  of  U.  S.  light  ship 
Long  Shoal,  station'd  at  Long  Shoal  point,  Pamlico  sound — though 
a  southerner,  a  firm  Union  man — was  captur'd  Feb.  17,  1863, 
and  has  been  nearly  two  years  in  the  Confederate  prisons ;  was 
at  one  time  order'd  releas'd  by  Governor  Vance,  but  a  rebel  offi 
cer  re-arrested  him  ;  then  sent  on  to  Richmond  for  exchange — 
but  instead  of  being  exchanged  was  sent  down  (as  a  southern 
citizen,  not  a  soldier,)  to  Salisbury,  N.  C.,  where  he  remain'd 
until  lately,  when  he  escap'd  among  the  exchang'd  by  assuming 
the  name  of  a  dead  soldier,  and  coming  up  via  Wilmington  with 
the  rest.  Was  about  sixteen  months  in  Salisbury.  Subsequent 
to  October,  '64,  there  were  about  11,000  Union  prisoners  in  the 
stockade;  about  100  of  them  southern  unionists,  200  U.  S.  de 
serters.  During  the  past  winter  1500  of  the  prisoners,  to  save 
their  lives,  join'd  the  confederacy,  on  condition  of  being  assign'd 
merely  to  guard  duty.  Out  of  the  11,000  not  more  than  2500 
came  out ;  500  of  these  were  pitiable,  helpless  wretches — the  rest 
were  in  a  condition  to  travel.  There  were  often  60  dead  bodies 
to  be  buried  in  the  morning;  the  daily  average  would  be  about 
40.  The  regular  food  was  a  meal  of  corn,  the  cob  and  husk 
ground  together,  and  sometimes  once  a  week  a  ration  of  sorghum 
molasses.  A  diminutive  ration  of  meat  might  possibly  come 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


55 


once  a  month,  not  oftener.  In  the  stockade,  containing  the 
11,000  men,  there  was  a  partial  show  of  tents,  not  enough  for 
2000.  A  large  proportion  of  the  men  lived  in  holes  in  the 
ground,  in  the  utmost  wretchedness.  Some  froze  to  death,  others 
had  their  hands  and  feet  frozen.  The  rebel  guards  would  occa 
sionally,  and  on  the  least  pretence,  fire  into  the  prison  from  mere 
demonism  and  wantonness..  All  the  horrors  that  can  be  named, 
starvation,  lassitude,  filth,  vermin,  despair,  swift  loss  of  self-respect, 
idiocy,  insanity,  and  frequent  murder,  were  there.  Stansbury  has 
a  wife  and  child  living  in  Newbern — has  written  to  them  from 
here — is  in  the  U.  S.  light-hpuse  employ  still — (had  been  home 
to  Newbern  to  see  his  family,  and  on  his  return  to  the  ship  was 
captured  in  his  boat.)  Has  seen  men  broflght  there  to  Salisbury 
as  hearty  as  you  ever  see  in  your  life — in  a  few  weeks  completely 
dead  gone,  much  of  it  from  thinking  on  their  condition — hope 
all  gone.  Has  himself  a  hard,  sad,  strangely  deaden'd  kind  of 
look,  as  of  one  chill'd  for  years  in  the  cold  and  dark,  where  his 
good  manly  nature  had  no  room  to  exercise  itself. 

DESERTERS. 

Oct.  24. — Saw  a  large  squad  of  our  own  deserters,  (over  300) 
surrounded  with  a  cordon  of  arrn'd  guards,  marching  along  Penn 
sylvania  avenue.  The  most  motley  collection  I  ever  saw,  all 
sorts  of  rig,  all  sorts  of  hats  and  caps,  many  fine-looking  young 
fellows,  some  of  them  shame-faced,  some  sickly,  most  of  them 
dirty,  shirts  very  dirty  and  long  worn,  &c.  They  tramp'd  along 
without  order,  a  huge  huddling  mass,  not  in  ranks.  I  saw  some 
of  the  spectators  laughing,  but  I  felt  like  anything  else  but  laugh 
ing.  These  deserters  are  far  more  numerous  than  would  be 
thought.  Almost  every  day  I  see  squads  of  them,  sometimes  two 
or  three  at  a  time,  with  a  small  guard  ;  sometimes  ten  or  twelve, 
under  a  larger  one.  (I  hear  that  desertions  from  the  army  now 
in  the  field  have  often  averaged  10,000  a  month.  One  of  the 
commonest  sights  in  Washington  is  a  squad  of  deserters.) 

A  GLIMPSE  OF  WAR'S  HELL-SCENES. 

In  one  of  the  late  movements  of  our  troops  in  the  valley,  (near 
Upperville,  I  think,)  a  strong  force  of  Moseby's  mounted  gueril 
las  attack'd  a  train  of  wounded,  and  the  guard  of  cavalry  con 
voying  them.  The  ambulances  contain' d  about  60  wounded, 
quite  a  number  of  them  officers  of  rank.  The  rebels  were  in 
strength,  and  the  capture  of  the  train  and  its  partial  guard  after 
a  short  snap  was  effectually  accomplish'd.  No  sooner  had  our 
men  surrender'd,  the-  rebels  instantly  commenced  robbing  the 
train  and  murdering  their  prisoners,  even  the  wounded.  Here  is 


5  6  SPECIMEN  DAYS. 

the  scene  or  a  sample  of  it,  ten  minutes  after.  Among  the 
wounded  officers  in  the  ambulances  were  one,  a  lieutenant  of 
regulars,  and  another  of  higher  rank.  These  two  were  dragg'd 
out  on  the  ground  on  their  backs,  and  were  now  surrounded  by 
the  guerillas,  a  demoniac  crowd,  each  member  of  which  was  stab 
bing  them  in  different  parts  of  their  bodies.  One  of  the  officers 
had  his  feet  pinn'd  firmly  to  the  ground  by  bayonets  stuck  through 
them  and  thrust  into  the  ground.  These  two  officers,  as  after 
wards  found  on  examination,  had  receiv'd  about  twenty  such 
thrusts,  some  of  them  through  the  mouth,  face,  &c.  The 
wounded  had  all  been  dragg'd  (to  give  a  better  chance  also  for 
plunder,)  out  of  their  wagons;  some  had  been  effectually  dis- 
patch'd,  and  their  bodies  were  lying  there  lifeless  and  bloody. 
Others,  not  yet  dead,  but  horribly  mutilated,  were  moaning  or 
groaning.  Of  our  men  who  surrender'd,  most  had  been  thus 
maim'd  or  slaughter'd. 

At  this  instant  a  force  of  our  cavalry,  who  had  been  following 
the  train  at  some  interval,  charged  suddenly  upon  the  secesh  cap 
tors,  who  proceeded  at  once  to  make  the  best  escape  they  could. 
Most  of  them  got  away,  but  we  gobbled  two  officers  and  seven 
teen  men,  in  the  very  acts  just  described.  The  sight  was  one 
which  admitted  of  little  discussion,  as  may  be  imagined.  The 
seventeen  captur'd  men  and  two  officers  were  put  under  guard 
for  the  night,  but  it  was  decided  there  and  then  that  they  should 
die.  The  next  morning  the  two  officers  were  taken  in  the  town, 
separate  places,  put  in  the  centre  of  the  street,  and  shot.  The 
seventeen  men  were  taken  to  an  open  ground,  a  little  one  side. 
They  were  placed  in  a  hollow  square,  half-encompass'd  by  two 
of  our  cavalry  regiments,  one  of  which  regiments  had  three  days 
before  found  the  bloody  corpses  of  three  of  their  men  hamstrung 
and  hung  up  by  the  heels  to  limbs  of  trees  by  Moseby's  guerillas, 
and  the  other  had  not  long  before  had  twelve  men,  after  surren 
dering,  shot  and  then  hung  by  the  neck  to  limbs  of  trees,  and 
jeering  inscriptions  pinn'd  to  the  breast  of  one  of  the  corpses, 
who  had  been  a  sergeant.  Those  three,  and  those  twelve,  had 
been  found,  I  say,  by  these  environing  regiments.  Now,  with 
revolvers,  they  form'd  the  grim  cordon  of  the  seventeen  prison 
ers.  The  latter  were  placed  in  the  midst  of  the  hollow  square, 
unfasten'd,  and  the  ironical  remark  made  to  them  that  they  were 
now  to  be  given  "a.  chance  for  themselves."  A  few  ran  for  it. 
But  what  use  ?  From  every  side  the  deadly  pills  came.  In  a  few 
minutes  the  seventeen  corpses  strew'd  the  hollow  square.  I  was 
curious  to  know  whether  some  of  the  Union  soldiers,  some  few, 
(some  one  or  two  at  least  of  the  youngsters,)  did  not  abstain 
from  shooting  on  the  helpless  men.  Not  one.  There  was  no 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  YS.  5  7 

exultation,  very  little  said,  almost  nothing,  yet  every  man  there 
contributed  his  shot. 

Multiply  the  above  by  scores,  aye  hundreds — verify  it  in  all 
the  forms  that  different  circumstances,  individuals,  places,  could 
afford — light  it  with  every  lurid  passion,  the  wolfs,  the  lion's 
lapping  thirst  for  blood — the  passionate,  boiling  volcanoes  of  hu 
man  revenge  for  comrades,  brothers  slain — with  the  light  of  burn 
ing  farms,  and  heaps  of  smutting,  smouldering  black  embers — 
and  in  the  human  heart  everywhere  black,  worse  embers — and 
you  have  an  inkling  of  this  war. 

GIFTS— MONEY— DISCRIMINATION. 

As  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  wounded  came  up  from 
the  front  without  a  cent  of  money  in  their  pockets,  I  soon  dis- 
cover'd  that  it  was  about  the  best  thing  I  could  do  to  raise 
their  spirits,  and  show  them  that  somebody  cared  for  them,  and 
practically  felt  a  fatherly  or  brotherly  interest  in  them,  to  give 
them  small  sums  in  such  cases,  using  tact  and  discretion  about 
it.  I  am  regularly  supplied  with  funds  for  this  purpose  by  good 
women  and  men  in  Boston,  Salem,  Providence,  Brooklyn,  and 
New  York.  I  provide  myself  with  a  quantity  of  bright  new  ten- 
cent  and  five-cent  bills,  and,  when  I  think  it  incumbent,  I  give 
25  or  30  cents,  or  perhaps  50  cents,  and  occasionally  a  still  larger 
sum  to  some  particular  case.  As  I  have  started  this  subject,  I 
take  opportunity  to  ventilate  the  financial  question.  My  supplies, 
altogether  voluntary,  mostly  confidential,  often  seeming  quite 
Providential,  were  numerous  and  varied.  For  instance,  there 
were  two  distant  and  wealthy  ladies,  sisters,  who  sent  regularly, 
for  two  years,  quite  heavy  sums,  enjoining  that  their  names  should 
be  kept  secret.  The  same  delicacy  was  indeed  a  frequent  condi 
tion.  From  several  I  had  carte  blanche.  Many  were  entire 
strangers.  From  these  sources,  during  from  two  to  three  years, 
in  the  manner  described,  in  the  hospitals,  I  bestowed,  as  almoner 
for  others,  many,  many  thousands  of  dollars.  I  learn'd  one  thing 
conclusively — that  beneath  all  the  ostensible  greed  and  heartless- 
ness  of  our  times  there  is  no  end  to  the  generous  benevolence  of 
men  and  women  in  the  United  States,  when  once  sure  of  their 
object.  Another  thing  became  clear  to  me — while  cash  is  not 
amiss  to  bring  up  the  rear,  tact  and  magnetic  sympathy  and  unc 
tion  are,  and  ever  will  be,  sovereign  still. 

ITEMS  FROM  MY  NOTE  BOOKS. 

Some  of  the  half-eras'd,  and  not  over-legible  when  made,  mem 
oranda  of  things  wanted  by  one  patient  or  another,  will  convey 
quite  a  fair  idea.  D.  S.  G.,  bed  52,  wants  a  good  book;  has  a 
sore,  weak  throat ;  would  like  some  horeho.und  candy ;  is  from 


58  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

New  Jersey,  28th  regiment.  C.  H.  L.,  i45th  Pennsylvania,  lies 
in  bed  6,  with  jaundice  and  erysipelas;  also  wounded;  stomach 
easily  nauseated  ;  bring  him  some  oranges,  also  a  little  tart  jelly ; 
hearty,  full-blooded  young  fellow — (he  got  better  in  a  few  days, 
and  is  now  home  on  a  furlough.)  J.  H.  G.,  bed  24,  wants  an 
undershirt,  drawers,  and  socks ;  has  not  had  a  change  for  quite 
a  while ;  is  evidently  a  neat,  clean  boy  from  New  England — (I 
supplied  him  ;  also  with  a  comb,  tooth-brush,  and  some  soap  and 
towels ;  I  noticed  afterward  he  was  the  cleanest  of  the  whole 
ward.)  Mrs.  G.,  lady-nurse,  ward  F,  wants  a  bottle  of  brandy 
— has  two  patients  imperatively  requiring  stimulus — low  with 
wounds  and  exhaustion.  (I  supplied  her  with  a  bottle  of  first- 
rate  brandy  from  the  Christian  commission  rooms.) 

A  CASE  FROM   SECOND  BULL  RUN. 

Well,  poor  John  Mahay  is  dead.  He  died  yesterday.  His 
was  a  painful  and  long-lingering  case,  (see  p.  30  ante.)  I  have 
been  with  him  at  times  for  the  past  fifteen  months.  He  belonged 
to  company  A,  joist  New  York,  and  was  shot  through  the  lower 
region  of  the  abdomen  at  second  Bull  Run,  August,  '62.  One 
scene  at  his  bedside  will  suffice  for  the  agonies  of  nearly  two 
years.  The  bladder  had  been  'perforated  by  a  bullet  going  en 
tirely  through  him.  Not  long  since  I  sat  a  good  part  of  the  morn 
ing  by  his  bedside,  ward  E,  Armory  square.  The  water  ran  out 
of  his  eyes  from  the  intense  pain,  and  the  muscles  of  his  face 
were  distorted,  but  he  utter'd  nothing  except  a  low  groan  now 
and  then.  Hot  moist  cloths  were  applied,  and  reliev'd  him  some 
what.  Poor  Mahay,  a  mere  boy  in  age,  but  old  in  misfortune. 
He  never  knew  the  love  of  parents,  was  placed  in  infancy  in  one 
of  the  New  York  charitable  institutions,  and  subsequently  bound 
out  to  a  tyrannical  master  in  Sullivan  county,  (the  scars  of  whose 
cowhide  and  club  remain'd  yet  on  his  back.)  His  wound  here 
was  a  most  disagreeable  one,  for  he  was  a  gentle,  cleanly,  and  af 
fectionate  boy.  He  found  friends  in  his  hospital  life,  and,  indeed, 
was  a  universal  favorite.  He  had  quite  a  funeral  ceremony. 

ARMY  SURGEONS— AID  DEFICIENCIES. 
I  must  bear  my  most  emphatic  testimony  to  the  zeal,  manli 
ness,  and  professional  spirit  and  capacity,  generally  prevailing 
among  the  surgeons,  many  of  them  young  men,  in  the  hospitals 
and  the  army.  I  will  not  say  much  about  the  exceptions,  for  they 
are  few ;  (but  I  have  met  some  of  those  few,  and  very  incompe 
tent  and  airish  they  were.)  I  never  ceas'd  to  find  the  best  men, 
and  the  hardest  and  most  disinterested  workers,  among  the  sur 
geons  in  the  hospitals.  They  are  full  of  genius,  too.  I  have 
seen  many  hundreds  of  them  and  this  is  my  testimony.  There 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


59 


are,  however,  serious  deficiencies,  wastes,  sad  want  of  system, 
in  the  commissions,  contributions,  and  in  all  the  voluntary,  and 
a  great  part  of  the  governmental  nursing,  edibles,  medicines, 
stores,  &c.  (I  do  not  say  surgical  attendance,  because  the  sur 
geons  cannot  do  more  than  human  endurance  permits.)  What 
ever  puffing  accounts  there  may  be  in  the  papers  of  the  North, 
this  is  the  actual  fact.  No  thorough  previous  preparation,  no 
system,  no  foresight,  no  genius.  Always  plenty  of  stores,  no 
doubt,  but  never  where  they  are  needed,  and  never  the  proper 
application.  Of  all  harrowing  experiences,  none  i*  greater  than 
that  of  the  days  following  a  heavy  battle.  Scores,  hundreds  of 
the  noblest  men  on  earth,  uncomplaining,  lie  helpless,  mangled, 
faint,  alone,  and  so  bleed  to  death,  or  die  from  exhaustion,  either 
actually  untouch'd  at  all,  or  merely  the  laying  of  them  down 
and  leaving  them,  when  there  ought  to  be  means  provided  to  save 
them. 

THE  BLUE  EVERYWHERE. 

This  city,  its  suburbs,  the  capitol,  the  front  of  the  White 
House,  the  places  of  amusement,  the  Avenue,  and  all  the  main 
streets,  swarm  with  soldiers  this  winter,  more  than  ever  before. 
Some  are  out  from  the  hospitals,  some  from  the  neighboring 
camps,  £c.  One  source  or  another,  they  pour  plenteously,  and 
make,  I  should  say,  the  mark'd  feature  in  the  human  movement 
and  costume-appearance  of  our  national  city.  Their  blue  pants 
and  overcoats  are  everywhere.  The  clump  of  crutches  is  heard 
up  the  stairs  of  the  paymasters'  offices,  and  there  are  character 
istic  groups  around  the  doors  of  the  same,  often  waiting  long  and 
wearily  in  the  cold.  Toward  the  latter  part  of  the  afternoon, 
you  see  the  furlough'd  men,  sometimes  singly,  sometimes  in  small 
squads,  making  their  way  to  the  Baltimore  depot.  At  all  times, 
except  early  in  the  morning,  the  patrol  detachments  are  moving 
around,  especially  during  the  earlier  hours  of  evening,  examining 
passes,  and  arresting  all  soldiers  without  them.  They  do  not 
question  the  one-legged,  or  men  badly  disabled  or  maim'd,  but 
all  others  are  stopt.  They  also  go  around  evenings  through  the 
auditoriums  of  the  theatres,  and  make  officers  and  all  show  their 
passes,  or  other  authority,  for  being  there. 

A  MODEL  HOSPITAL. 

Sunday,  January  2$tht  1865. — Have  been  in  Armory-square 
this  afternoon.  The  wards  are  very  comfortable,  new  floors  and 
plaster  walls,  and  models  of  neatness.  I  am  not  sure  but  this  is 
a  model  hospital  after  all,  in  important  respects.  I  found  several 
sad  cases  of  old  lingering  wounds.  One  Delaware  soldier,  William 
H.  Millis,  from  Bridgeville,  whom  I  had  been  with  after  the  bat- 


60  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

ties  of  the  Wilderness,  last  May,  where  he  receiv'd  a  very  bad 
wound  in  the  chest,  with  another  in  the  left  arm,  and  whose  case 
was  serious  (pneumonia  had  set  in)  all  last  June  and  July,  I  now 
find  well  enough  to  do  light  duty.  For  three  weeks  at  the  time 
mention'd  he  just  hovered  between  life  and  death. 

BOYS  IN  THE  ARMY. 

As  I  walk'd  home  about  sunset,  I  saw  in  Fourteenth  street  a 
very  young  soldier,  thinly  clad,  standing  near  the  house  I  was 
about  to  enteV.  I  stopt  a  moment  in  front  of  the  door  and  call'd 
him  to  me.  I  knew  that  an  old  Tennessee  regiment,  and  also  an 
Indiana  regiment,  were  temporarily  stopping  in  new  barracks, 
near  Fourteenth  street.  This  boy  I  found  belonged  to  the  Ten 
nessee  regiment.  But  I  could  hardly  believe  he  carried  a  musket. 
He  was  but  15  years  old,  yet  had  been  twelve  months  a  soldier, 
and  had  borne  his  part  in  several  battles,  even  historic  ones.  I 
ask'd  him  if  he  did  not  suffer  from  the  cold,  and  if  he  had  no 
overcoat.  No,  he  did  not  suffer  from  cold,  and  had  no  overcoat, 
but  could  draw  one  whenever  he  wish'd.  His  father  was  dead, 
and  his  mother  living  in  some  part  of  East  Tennessee ;  all  the 
men  were  from  that  part  of  the  country.  The  next  forenoon  I 
saw  the  Tennessee  and  Indiana  regiments  marching  down  the 
Avenue.  My  boy  was  with  the  former,  stepping  along  with  the 
rest.  There  were  many  other  boys  no  older.  I  stood  and  watch' d 
them  as  they  tramp'd  along  with  slow,  strong,  heavy,  regular 
steps.  There  did  not  appear  to  be' a  man  over  30  years  of  age, 
and  a  large  proportion  were  from  15  to  perhaps  22  or  23.  They 
had  all  the  look  of  veterans,  worn,  stain'd,  impassive,  and  a  cer 
tain  unbent,  lounging  gait,  carrying  in  addition  to  their  regular 
arms  and  knapsacks,  frequently  a  frying-pan,  broom,  &c.  They 
were  all  of  pleasant  physiognomy ;  no  refinement,  nor  blanch'd 
with  intellect,  but  as  my  eye  pick  d  them,  moving  along,  rank 
by  rank,  there  did  not  seem  to  be  a  single  repulsive,  brutal  or 
markedly  stupid  face  among  them. 

BURIAL  OF  A  LADY  NURSE. 

Here  is  an  incident  just  occurr'd  in  one  of  the  hospitals.  A 
lady  named  Miss  or  Mrs.  Billings,  who  has  long  been  a  practical 
friend  of  soldiers,  and  nurse  in  the  army,  and  had  become  at 
tached  to  it  in  a  way  that  no  one  can  realize  but  him  or  her  who 
has  had  experience,  was  taken  sick,  early  this  winter,  linger'd 
some  time,  and  finally  died  in  the  hospital.  It  was  her  request 
that  she  should  be  buried  among  the  soldiers,  and  after  the  mili 
tary  method.  This  request  was  fully  carried  out.  Her  coffin  was 
carried  to  the  grave  by  soldiers,  with  the  usual  escort,  buried, 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  6 1 

and  a  salute  fired  over  the  grave.     This  was  at  Annapolis  a  few 
days  since. 

FEMALE  NURSES  FOR  SOLDIERS. 

There  are  many  women  in  one  position  or  another,  among  the 
hospitals,  mostly  as  nurses  here  in  Washington,  and  among  the 
military  stations  ;  quite  a  number  of  them  young  ladies  acting  as 
volunteers.  They  are  a  help  in  certain  ways,  and  deserve  to  be 
mention'd  with  respect.  Then  it  remains  to  be  distinctly  said 
that  few  or  no  young  ladies,  under  the  irresistible  conventions  of 
society,  answer  the  practical  requirements  of  nurses  for  soldiers. 
Middle-aged  or  healthy  and  good  condition'd  elderly  women, 
mothers  of  children,  are  always  best.  Many  of  the  wounded 
must  be  handled.  A  hundred  things  which  cannot  be  gainsay'd, 
must  occur  and  must  be  done.  The  presence  of  a  good  middle- 
aged  or  elderly  woman,  the  magnetic  touch  of  hands,  the  ex 
pressive  features  of  the  mother,  the  silent  soothing  of  her  pres 
ence,  her  words,  her  knowledge  and  privileges  arrived  at  only 
through  having  had  children,  are  precious  and  final  qualifications. 
It  is  a  natural  faculty  that  is  required  ;  it  is  not  merely  having 
a  genteel  young  woman  at  a  table  in  a  ward.  One  of  the'  finest 
nurses  I  met  was  a  red-faced  illiterate  old  Irish  woman ;  I  have 
seen  her  take  the  poor  wasted  naked  boys  so  tenderly  up  in  her 
arms.  There  are  plenty  of  excellent  clean  old  black  women  that 
would  make  tip-top  nurses. 

SOUTHERN  ESCAPEES. 

Feb.  2j,  '65. — I  saw  a  large  procession  of  young  men  from  the 
rebel  army,  (deserters  they  are  call'd,  but  the  usual  meaning  of 
the  word  does  not  apply  to  them,)  passing  the  Avenue  to-day. 
There  were  nearly  200,  come  up  yesterday  by  boat  from  James 
river.  I  stood  and  watch' d  them  as  they  shuffled  along,  in  a 
slow,  tired,  worn  sort  of  way ;  a  large  proportion  of  light-hair'd, 
blonde,  light  gray-eyed  young  men  among  them.  Their  costumes 
had  a  dirt-stain'd  uniformity;  most  had  been  originally  gray; 
some  had  articles  of  our  uniform,  pants  on  one,  vest  or  coat  on 
another ;  I  think  they  were  mostly  Georgia  and  North  Carolina 
boys.  They  excited  little  or  no  attention.  As  I  stood  quite 
close  to  them,  several  good  looking  enough  youths,  (but  O  what 
a  tale  of  misery  their  appearance  told,)  nodded  or  just  spoke  to 
me,  without  doubt  divining  pity  and  fatherliness  out  of  my  face, 
for  my  heart  was  full  enough  of  it.  Several  of  the  couples  trudg'd 
along  with  their  arms  about  each  other,  some  probably  brothers, 
as  if  they  were  afraid  they  might  somehow  get  separated.'  They 
nearly  all  look'd  what  one  might  call  simple,  yet  intelligent,  too. 
Some  had  pieces  of  old  carpet,  some  blankets,  and  others  old 


$j  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

bags  around  their  shoulders.  Some  of  them  here  and  there  had 
fine  faces,  still  it  was  a  procession  of  misery.  The  two  hundred 
had  with  them  about- half  a  dozen  arm'd  guards.  Along  this 
week  I  saw  some  such  procession,  more  or  less  in  numbers,  every 
day,  as  they  were  brought  up  by  the  boat.  The  government  does 
what  it  can  for  them,  and  sends  them  north  and  west. 

Feb.  27. — Some  three  or  four  hundred  more  escapees  from  the 
confederate  army  came  up  on  the  boat.  As  the  day  has  been 
very  pleasant  indeed,  (after  a  long  spell  of  bad  weather,)  I  have 
been  wandering  around  a  good  deal,  without  any  other  object 
than  to  be  out-doors  and  enjoy  it;  have  met  these  escaped  men 
in  all  directions.  Their  apparel  is  the  same  ragged,  long-worn 
motley  as  before  described.  I  talk'd  with  a  number  of  the  men. 
Some  are  quite  bright  and  stylish,  for  all  their  poor  clothes — 
walking  with  an  air,  wearing  their  old  head-coverings  on  one 
side,  quite  saucily.  I  find  the  old,  unquestionable  proofs,  as  all 
along  the  past  four  years,  of  the  unscrupulous  tyranny  exercised 
by  the  secession  government  in  conscripting  the  common  people 
by  absolute  force  everywhere,  and  paying  no  attention  whatever 
to  the  men's  time  being  up — keeping  them  in  military  service 
just  the  same.  One  gigantic  young  fellow,  a  Georgian,  at  least 
six  feet  thre.e  inches  high,  broad-sized  in  proportion,  attired  in 
the  dirtiest,  drab,  well-smear'd  rags,  tied  with  strings,  his  trou 
sers  at  the  knees  all  strips  and  streamers,  was  complacently  stand 
ing  eating  some  bread  and  meat.  He  appear'd  contented 
enough.  Then  a  few  minutes  after  I  saw  him  slowly  walking 
along.  It  was  plain  he  did  not  take  anything  to  heart. 

Feb.  28. — As  I  pass'd  the  military  headquarters  of  the  city, 
not  far  from  the  President's  house,  I  stopt  to  interview  some  of 
the  crowd  of  escapees  who  were  lounging  there.  In  appearance 
they  were  the  same  as  previously  mention'd.  Two  of  them,  one 
about  17,  and  the  other  perhaps  25  or  '6,  I  talk'd  with  some  time. 
They  were  from  North  Carolina,  born  and  rais'd  there,  and  had 
folks  there.  The  elder  had  been  in  the  rebel  service  four  years. 
He  was  first  conscripted  for  two  years.  He  was  then  kept  arbi 
trarily  in  the  ranks.  This  is  the  case  with  a  large  proportion  of 
the  secession  army.  There  was  nothing  downcast  in  these  young 
men's  manners ;  the  younger  had  been  soldiering  about  a 
year ;  he  was  conscripted  ;  there  were  six  brothers  (all  the  boys 
of  the  family)  in  the  army,  part  of  them  as  conscripts,  part  as 
volunteers ;  three  had  been  kill'd  ;  one  had  escaped  about  four 
months  ago,  and  now  this  one  had  got  away ;  he  was  a  pleasant 
and  well-talking  lad,  with  the  peculiar  North  Carolina  idiom  (not 
at  all  disagreeable  to  my  ears.)  He  and  the  elder  one  were  of 
the  same  company,  and  escaped  together — and  wish'd  to  remain 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  63 

together.  They  thought  of  getting  transportation  away  to  Mis 
souri,  and  working  there  ;  but  were  not  sure  it  was  judicious.  I 
advised  them  rather  to  go  to  some  of  the  directly  northern  States, 
and  get  farm  work  for  the  present.  The  younger  had  made  six 
dollars  on  the  boat,  with  some  tobacco  he  brought ;  he  had 
three  and  a  half  left.  The  elder  had  nothing  ;  I  gave  him  a 
trifle.  Soon  after,  met  John  Wormley,  gth  Alabama,  a  West 
Tennessee  rais'd  boy,  parents  both  dead — had  the  look  of  one 
for  a  long  time  on  short  allowance — said  very  little — chew'd  to 
bacco  at  a  fearful  rate,  spitting  in  proportion — large  clear  dark- 
brown  eyes,  very  fine — didn't  know  what  to  make  of  me — told 
me  at  last  he  wanted  much  to  get  some  clean  underclothes,  and 
a  pair  of  decent  pants.  Didn't  care  about  coat  or  hat  fixings. 
Wanted  a  chance  to  wash  himself  well,  and  put  on  the  under 
clothes.  I  had  the  very  great  pleasure  of  helping  him  to  accom 
plish  all  those  wholesome  designs.' 

March  ist. — Plenty  more  butternut  or  clay-color'd  escapees 
every  day.  About  160  came  in  to-day,  a  large  portion  South 
Carolinians.  They  generally  take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  and  are 
sent  north,  west,  or  extreme  south-west  if  they  wish.  Several  of 
them  told  me  that  the  desertions  in  their  army,  of  men  going 
home,  leave  or  no  leave,  are  far  more  numerous  than  their  deser 
tions  to  our  side.  I  saw  a  very  forlorn  looking  squad  of  about  a 
hundred,  late  this  afternoon,  on  their  way  to  the  Baltimore 
depot. 

THE  CAPITOL  BY  GAS-LIGHT. 

To-night  I  have  been  wandering  awhile  in  the  capitol,  which 
is  all  lit  up.  The  illuminated  rotunda  looks  fine.  I  like  to 
stand  aside  and  look  a  long,  long  while,  up  at  the  dome;  it  com 
forts  me  somehow.  The  House  and  Senate  were  both  in  session 
till  very  late.  I  look'd  in  upon  them,  but  only  a  few  moments; 
they  were  hard  at  work  on  tax  and  appropriation  bills.  I  wan 
der' d  through  the  long  and  rich  corridors  and  apartments  under 
the  Senate ;  an  old  habit  of  mine,  former  winters,  -and  now  more 
satisfaction  than  ever.  Not  many  persons  down  there,  occasion 
ally  a  flitting  figure  in  the  distance. 

THE  INAUGURATION. 

March  4. — The  President  very  quietly  rode  down  to  the  capi 
tol  in  his  own  carriage,  by  himself,  on  a  sharp  trot,  about  noon, 
either  because  he  wish'd  to  be  on  hand  to  sig-n  bills,  or  to  get 
rid  of  marching  in  line  with  the  absurd  procession,  the  muslin 
temple  of  liberty,  and  pasteboard  monitor.  I  saw  him  on  his 
return,  at  three  o'clock,  after  the  performance  was  over.  He 
was  in  his  plain  two-horse  barouche,  and  look'd  very  much  worn 


64  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

and  tired  ;  the  lines,  indeed,  of  vast  responsibilities,  intricate 
questions,  and  demands  of  life  and  death,  cut  deeper  than  ever 
upon  his  dark  brown  face ;  yet  all  the  old  goodness,  tenderness, 
sadness,  and  canny  shrewdness,  underneath  the  furrows.  (I  never 
see  that  man  without  feeling  that  he  is  one  to  become  personally 
attach'd  to,  for  his  combination  of  purest,  heartiest  tenderness, 
and  native  western  form  of  manliness.)  By  his  side  sat  his  little 
boy,  of  ten  years.  There  were  no  soldiers,  only  a  lot  of  civilians 
on  horseback,  with  huge  yellow  scarfs  over  their  shoulders,  riding 
around  the  carriage.  (At  the  inauguration  four  years  ago,  he 
rode  down  and  back  again  surrounded  by  a  dense  mass  of  arm'd 
cavalrymen  eight  deep,  with  drawn  sabres ;  and  there  were  sharp 
shooters  station'd  at  every  corner  on  the  route.)  I  ought  to 
make  mention  of  the  closing  levee  of  Saturday  night  last.  Never 
before  was  such  a  compact  jam  in  front  of  the  White  House — all 
the  grounds  fill'd,  and  away  o'ut  to  the  spacious  sidewalks.  I 
was  there,  as  I  took  a  notion  to  go — was  in  the  rush  inside  with 
the  crowd — surged  along  the  passage-ways,  the  blue  and  other 
rooms,  and  through  the  great  east  room.  Crowds  of  country 
people,  some  very  funny.  Fine  music  from  the  Marine  band, 
off  in  a  side  place.  I  saw  Mr.  Lincoln,  drest  all  in  black,  with 
white  kid  gloves  and  a  claw-hammer  coat,  receiving,  as  in  duty 
bound,  shaking  hands,  looking  very  disconsolate,  and  as  if  he 
would  give  anything  to  be  somewhere  else. 

ATTITUDE  OF  FOREIGN  GOVERNMENTS  DURING  THE  WAR. 

Looking  over  my  scraps,  I  find  I  wrote  the  following  during 
1864.  The  happening  to  our  America,  abroad  as  well  as  at  home, 
these  years,  is  indeed  most  strange.  The  democratic  republic 
has  paid  her  to-day  the  terrible  and  resplendent  compliment  of 
the  united  wish  of  all  the  nations  of  the  world  that  her  union 
should  be  broken,  her  future  cut  off,  and  that  she  should  be  com- 
pell'd  to  descend  to  the  level  of  kingdoms  and  empires  ordinarily 
great.  There  is  certainly  not  one  government  in  Europe  but  is 
now  watching  the  war  in  this  country,  with  the  ardent  prayer 
that  the  United  States  may  be  effectually  split,  crippled,  and  dis 
member 'd  by  it.  There  is  not  one  but  would  help  toward  that 
dismemberment,  if  it  dared.  I  say  such  is  the  ardent  wish  to-day 
of  England  and  of  France,  as  governments,  and  of  all  the  nations 
of  Europe,  as  governments.  I  think  indeed  it  is  to-day  the  real, 
heartfelt  wish  of.  all  the  nations  of  the  world,  with  the  single  ex 
ception  of  Mexico — Mexico,  the  only  one  to  whom  we  have  ever 
really  done  wrong,  and  now  the  only  one  who  prays  for  us  and 
for  our  triumph,  with  genuine  prayer.  Is  it  not  indeed  strange? 
America,  made  up  of  all,  cheerfully  from  the  beginning  opening 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  65 

her  arms  to  all,  the  result  and  justifier  of  all,  of  Britain,  Ger 
many,  France  and  Spain — all  here — the  accepter,  the  friend, 
hope,  last  resource  and  general  house  of  all — she  who  has  harm'd 
none,  but  been  bounteous  to  so  many,  to  millions,  the  mother  of 
strangers  and  exiles,  all  nations — should  now  I  say  be  paid  this 
dread  compliment  of  general  governmental  fear  and  hatred.  Are 
we  indignant?  alarm'd?  Do  we  feel  jeopardized ?  No;  help' d, 
braced,  concentrated,  rather.  We  are  all  too  prone  to  wander 
from  ourselves,  to  affect  Europe,  and  watch  her  frowns  and  smiles. 
We  need  this  hot  lesson  of  general  hatred,  and  henceforth  must 
never  forget  it.  Never  again  will  we  trust  the  moral  sense  nor 
abstract  friendliness  of  a  single  government  of  the  old  world. 

THE  WEATHER.— DOES  IT  SYMPATHIZE  WITH  THESE  TIMES? 

Whether  the  rains,  the  heat  and  cold,  and  what  underlies  them 
all,  are  affected  with  what  affects  man  in  masses,  and  follow  his 
play  of  passionate  action,  strain'd  stronger  than  usual,  and  on  a 
larger  scale  than  usual — whether  this,  or  no,  it  is  certain  that 
there  is  now,  and  has  been  for  twenty  months  or  more,  on  this 
American  continent  north,  many  a  remarkable,  many  an  unpre 
cedented  expression  of  the  subtile  world  of  air  above  us  and 
around  us.  There,  since  this  war,  and  the  wide  and  deep  na 
tional  agitation,  strange  analogies,  different  combinations,  a  dif 
ferent  sunlight,  or  absence  of  it ;  different  products  even  out  of 
the  ground.  After  every  great  battle,  a  great  storm.  Even  civic 
events  the  same.  On  Saturday  last,  a  forenoon  like  whirling 
demons,  dark,  with  slanting  rain,  full  of  rage  ;  and  then  the  after 
noon,  so  calm,  so  bathed  with  flooding  splendor  from  heaven's 
most  excellent  sun,  with  atmosphere  of  sweetness ;  so  clear,  it 
show'd  the  stars,  long,  long  before  they  were  due.  As  the  Presi 
dent  came  out  on  the  capitol  portico,  a  curious  little  white  cloud, 
the  only  one  in  that  part  of  the  sky,  appear'd  like  a  hovering 
bird,  right  over  him. 

Indeed,  the  heavens,  the  elements,  all  the  meteorological  in 
fluences,  have  run  riot  for  weeks  past.  Such  caprices,  abruptest 
alternation  of  frowns  and  beauty,  I  never  knew.  It  is  a  common 
remark  that  (as  last  summer  was  different  in  its  spells  of  intense 
heat  from  any  preceding  it,)  the  winter  just  completed  has  been 
without  parallel.  It  has  remain'd  so  down  to  the  hour  I  am 
writing.  Much  of  the  daytime  of  the  past  month  was  sulky,  with 
leaden  heaviness,  fog,  interstices  of  bitter  cold,  and  some  insane 
storms.  But  there  have  been  samples  of  another  description. 
Nor  earth  nor  sky  ever  knew  spectacles  of  superber  beauty  than 
some  of  the  nights  lately  here.  The  western  star,  Venus,  in  the 
earlier  hours  of  evening,  has  never  been  so  large,  so  clear;  it 

6 


66  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

seems  as  if  it  told  something,  as  if  it  held  rapport  indulgent 
with  humanity,  with  us  Americans.  Five  or  six  nights  since,  it 
hung  close  by  the  moon,  then  a  little  past  its  first  quarter.  The 
star  was  wonderful,  the  moon  like  a  young  mother.  The  sky, 
dark  blue,  the  transparent  night,  the  planets,  the  moderate  west 
wind,  the  elastic  temperature,  the  miracle  of  that  great  star,  and 
the  young  and  swelling  moon  swimming  in  the  west,  suffused  the 
soul.  Then  I  heard,  slow  and  clear,  the  deliberate  notes  of  a 
bugle  come  up  out  of  the  silence,  sounding  so  good  through  the 
night's  mystery,  no  hurry,  l>ut  firm  and  faithful,  floating  along, 
rising,  falling  leisurely,  with  here  and  there  a  long-drawn  note  ; 
the  bugle,  well  play'd,  sounding  tattoo,  in  one  of  the  army  hos 
pitals  near  here,  where  the  wounded  (some  of  them  personally 
so  dear  to  me,)  are  lying  in  their  cots,  and  many  a  sick  boy  come 
down  to  the  war  from  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  and 
the  rest. 

INAUGURATION  BALL. 

March  6. — I  have  been  up  to  look  at  the  dance  and  supper- 
rooms,  for  the  inauguration  ball  at  the  Patent  office;  and  I  could 
not  help  thinking,  what  a  different  scene  they  presented  to  my 
view  a  while  since,  fill'd  with  a  crowded  mass  of  the  worst 
wounded  of  the  war,  brought  in  from  second  Bull  Run,  Antietam, 
and  Fredericksburgh.  To-night,  beautiful  women,  perfumes,  the 
violins'  sweetness,  the  polka  and  the  waltz;  then  the  amputation, 
the  blue  face,  the  groan,  the  glassy  eye  of  the  dying,  the  clotted 
rag,  the  odor  of  wounds  and  blood,  and  many  a  mother's  son 
amid  strangers,  passing  away  untended  there,  (for  the  crowd  of 
the  badly  hurt  was  great,  and  much  for  nurse  to  do,  and  much 
for  surgeon.) 

SCENE  AT  THE  CAPITOL. 

I  must  mention  a  strange  scene  at  the  capitol,  the  hall  of  Rep 
resentatives,  the  morning  of  Saturday  last,  (March  4th.)  The 
day  just  dawn'd,  but  in  half-darkness,  everything  dim,  leaden, 
and  soaking.  In  that  dim  light,  the  members  nervous  from  long 
drawn  duty,  exhausted,  some  asleep,  and  many  half  asleep.  The 
gas-light,  mix'd  with  the  dingy  day-break,  produced  an  un 
earthly  effect.  The  poor  little  sleepy,  stumbling  pages,  the  smell 
of  the  hall,  the  members  with  heads  leaning  on  their  desks,  the 
sounds  of  the  voices  speaking,  with  unusual  intonations — the 
general  moral  atmosphere  also  of  the  close  of  this  important  ses 
sion — the  strong  hope  that  the  war  is  approaching  its  close — the 
tantalizing  dread  lest  the  hope  may  be  a  false  one — the  grandeur 
of  the  hall  itself,  with  its  effect  of  vast  shadows  up  toward  the 
panels  and  spaces  over  the  galleries — all  made  a  mark'd  combi 
nation. 


SPECIMEN  DAYS.  67 

In  the  midst  of  this,  with  the  suddenness  of  a  thunderbolt, 
burst  one  of  the  most  angry  and  crashing  storms  of  rain  and  hail 
ever  heard.  It  beat  like  a  deluge  on  the  heavy  glass  roof  of  the 
hall,  and  the  wind  literally  howl'd  and  roar'd.  For  a  moment, 
(and  no  wonder,)  the  nervous  and  sleeping  Representatives  were 
thrown  into  confusion.  The  slumberers  awaked  with  fear,  some 
started  for  the  doors,  some  look'd  up  with  blanch'd  cheeks  and 
lips  to  the  roof,  and  the  little  pages  began  to  cry ;  it  was  a  scene. 
But  it  was  over  almost  as  soon  as  the  drowsied  men  were  actually 
awake.  They  recover'd  themselves ;  the  storm  raged  on,  beat 
ing,  dashing,  and  with  loud  noises  at  times.  But  the  House  went 
ahead  with  its  business  then,  I  think,  as  calmly  and  with  as  much 
deliberation  as  at  any  time  in  its  career.  Perhaps  the  shock  did 
it  good.  (One  is  not  without  impression,  after  all,  amid  these 
members  of  Congress,  of  both  the  Houses,  that  if  the  flat  routine 
of  their  duties  should  ever  be  broken  in  upon  by  some  great 
emergency  involving  real  danger,  and  calling  for  first-class  per 
sonal  qualities,  those  qualities  would  be  found  generally  forth 
coming,  and  from  men  not  now  credited  with  them.) 

A  YANKEE  ANTIQUE. 

March  27,  i86j. — Sergeant  Calvin  F.  Harlowe,  company  C, 
2gth  Massachusetts,  3d  brigade,  ist  division,  Ninth  corps — a 
mark'd  sample  of  heroism  and  death,  (some  may  say  bravado, 
but  I  say  heroism,  of  grandest,  oldest  order) — in  the  late  attack 
by  the  rebel  troops,  and  temporary  capture  by  them,  of  fort 
Steadman,  at  night.  The  fort  was  surprised  at  dead  of  night. 
Suddenly  awaken'd  from  their  sleep,  and  rushing  from  their  tents, 
Harlowe,  with  others,  found  himself  in  the  hands  of  the  secesh 
— they  demanded  his  surrender — he  answer'd,  Never  while  I  live. 
(Of  course  it  was  useless.  The  others  surrender'd ;  the  odds 
were  too  great.)  Again  he  was  ask'd  to  yield,  this  time  by  a 
rebel  captain.  Though  surrounded,  and  quite  calm,  he  again 
refused,  call'd  sternly  to  his  comrades  to  fight  on,  and  himself 
attempted  to  do  so.  The  rebel  captain  then  shot  him — but  at 
the  same  instant  he  shot  the  captain.  Both  fell  together  mor 
tally  wounded.  Harlowe  died  almost  instantly.  The  rebels 
were  driven  out  in  a  very  short  time.  The  body  was  buried  next 
day,  but  soon  taken  up  and  sent  home,  (Plymouth  county,  Mass.) 
Harlowe  was  only  22  years  of  age — was  a  tall,  slim,  dark-hair'd, 
blue-eyed  young  man — had  come  out  originally  with  the  2pth ; 
and  that  is  the  way  he  met  his  death,  after  four  years'  campaign. 
He  was  in  the  Seven  Days  fight  before  Richmond,  in  second  Bull 
Run,  Antietam,  first  Fredericksburgh,  Vicksburgh,  Jackson,  Wil 
derness,  and  the  campaigns  following — was  as  good  a  soldier  as 


68  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

ever  wore  the  blue,  and  every  old  officer  in  the  regiment  will  bear 
that  testimony.  Though  so  young,  and  in  a  common  rank,  he 
had  a  spirit  as  resolute  and  brave  as  any  hero  in  the  books,  an 
cient  or  modern — It  was  too  great  to  say  the  words  "  I  surren 
der  " — and  so  he  died.  (When  I  think  of  such  things,  knowing 
them  well,  all  the  vast  and  complicated  events  of  the  war,  on 
which  history  dwells  and  makes  its  volumes,  fall  aside,  and  for 
the  moment  at  any  rate  I  see  nothing  but  young  Calvin  Har- 
lowe's  figure  in  the  night,  disdaining  to  surrender.) 

WOUNDS  AND  DISEASES. 

The  war  is  over,  but  the  hospitals  are  fuller  than  ever,  from 
former  and  current  cases.  A  large  majority  of  the  wounds  are 
in  the  arms  and  legs.  But  there  is  every  kind  of  wound,  in  every 
part  of  the  body.  I  should  say  of  the  sick,  from  my  observa 
tion,  that  the  prevailing  maladies  are  typhoid  fever  and  the  camp 
fevers  generally,  diarrhoea,  catarrhal  affections  and  bronchitis, 
rheumatism  and  pneumonia.  These  forms  of  sickness  lead;  all 
the  rest  follow.  There  are  twice  as  many  sick  as  there  are  wounded. 
The  deaths  range  from  seven  to  ten  per  cent,  of  those  under 
treatment.* 

DEATH  OF  PRESIDENT  LINCOLN. 

April  16,  '65. — I  find  in  my  notes  of  the  time,  this  passage  on 
the  death  of  Abraham  Lincoln  :  He  leaves  for  America's  history 
and  biography,  so  far,  not  only  its  most  dramatic  reminiscence — 
he  leaves,  in  my  opinion,  the  greatest,  best,  most  characteristic, 
artistic,  moral  personality.  Not  but  that  he  had  faults,  and 
show'd  them  in  the  Presidency ;  but  honesty,  goodness,  shrewd 
ness,  conscience,  and  (a  new  virtue,  unknown  to  other  lands,  and 
hardly  yet  really  known  here,  but  the  foundation  and  tie  of  all, 
as  the  future  will  grandly  develop,)  UNIONISM,  in  its  truest  and 
amplest  sense,  form'd  the  hard-pan  of  his  character.  These  he 
seal'd  with  his  life.  The  tragic  splendor  of  his  death,  purging, 
illuminating  all,  throws  round  his  form,  his  head,  an  aureole  that 
will  remain  and  will  grow  brighter  through  time,  while  history 
lives,  and  love  of  country  lasts.  By  many  has  this  Union  been, 
help'd  ;  but  if  one  name,  one  man,  must  be  pick'd  out,  he,  most 
of  all,  is  the  conservator  of  if,  to  the  future.  He  was  assassi 
nated — but  the  Union  is  not  assassinated — $a  ira .'  One  falls, 
and  another  falls.  The  soldier  drops,  sinks  like  a  wave — but  the 
ranks  of  the  ocean  eternally  press  on.  Death  does  its  work,  ob- 

*  In  the  U.  S.  Surgeon-General's  office  since,  there  is  a  formal  record  and 
treatment  of  253,142  cases  of  wounds  by  government  surgeons.  What  must 
have  been  the  number  unofficial,  indirect — to  say  nothing  of  the  Southern 
armies? 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS.  69 

literates  a  hundred,  a  thousand — President,  general,  captain,  pri 
vate — but  the  Nation  is  immortal. 

SHERMAN'S  ARMY'S  JUBILATION— ITS  SUDDEN  STOPPAGE. 
When  Sherman's  armies,  (long  after  they  left  Atlanta,)  were 
marching  through  South  and  North  Carolina — after  leaving  Sa 
vannah,  the  news  of  Lee's  capitulation  having  been  receiv'd — 
the  men  never  mov'd  a  mile  without  from  some  part  of  the  line 
sending  up  continued,  inspiriting  shouts.  At  intervafs  allvday 
long  sounded  out  the  wild  music  of  those  peculiar  army  cries. 
They  would  be  commenc'd  by  one  regiment  or  brigade,  imme 
diately  taken  up  by  others,  and  at  length  whole  corps  and  armies 
would  join  in  these  wild  triumphant  choruses.  It  was  one  of  the 
characteristic  expressions  of  the  western  troops,  and  became  a 
habit,  serving  as  a  relief  and  outlet  to  the  men — a  vent  for  their 
feelings  of  victory,  returning  peace,  &c.  Morning,  noon,  and 
afternoon,  spontaneous,  for  occasion  or  without  occasion,  these 
huge,  strange  cries,  differing  from  any  other,  echoing  through 
the  open  air  for  many  a  mile,  expressing  youth,  joy,  wildness, 
irrepressible  strength,  and  the  ideas  of  advance  and  conquest, 
sounded  along  the  swamps  and  uplands  of  the  South,  floating  to 
the  skies.  ('  There  never  were  men  that  kept  in  better  spirits  in 
danger  or  defeat — what  then  could  they  do  in  victory  ?' — said 
one  of  the  i5th  corps  to  me,  afterwards.)  This  exuberance  con 
tinued  till  the  armies  arrived  at  Raleigh.  There  the  news  of  the 
President's  murder  was  receiv'd.  Then  no  more  shouts  or  yells, 
for  a  week.  All  the  marching  was  comparatively  muffled.  It 
was  very  significant — hardly  a  loud  word  or  laugh  in  many  of  the 
regiments.  A  hush  and  silence  pervaded  all. 

NO  GOOD  PORTRAIT  OF  LINCOLN. 

Probably  the  'reader  has  seen  physiognomies  (often  old  farmers, 
sea-captains,  and  such)  that,  behind  their  homeliness,  or  even 
ugliness,  held  superior  points  so  subtle,  yet  so  palpable,  making 
the  real  life  of  their  faces  almost  as  impossible  to  depict  as  a  wild 
perfume  or  fruit-taste,  or  a  passionate  tone  of  the  living  voice — 
and  such  was  Lincoln's  face,  the  peculiar  color,  the  lines  of  it, 
the  eyes,  mouth,  expression.  Of  technical  beauty  it  had  noth 
ing — but  to  the  eye  of  a  great  artist  it  furnished  a  rare  study,  a 
feast  and  fascination.  The  current  portraits  are  all  failures — 
most  of  them  caricatures. 

RELEAS'D  UNION  PRISONERS  FROM  SOUTH. 
The  releas'd  prisoners  of  war  are  now  coming  up  from  the 
southern  prisons.     I  have  seen  a  number  of  them.     The  sight  is 
worse  than  any  sight  of  battle-fields,  or  any  collection  of  wounded, 


yo  SPECIMEN  DA  K9. 

even  the  bloodiest.  There  was,  (as  a  sample,)  one  large  boat 
load,  of  several  hundreds,  brought  about  the  25th,  to  Annapo 
lis  ;  and  out  of  the  whole  number  only  three  individuals  were 
able  to  walk  from  the  boat.  The  rest  were  carried  ashore  and 
laid  down  in  one  place  or  another.  Can  those  be  men — those 
little  livid  brown,  ash-streak'd,  monkey-looking  dwarfs? — are 
they  really  not  mummied,  dwindled  corpses?  They  lay  there, 
most  of  .them,  quite  still,  but  with  a  horrible  look  in  their  eyes 
and  skinny  lips  (often  with  not  enough  flesh  on  the  lips  to  cover 
their  teeth.)  Probably  no  more  appalling  sight  was  ever  seen  on 
this  earth.  (There  are  deeds,  crimes,  that  may  be  forgiven ;  but 
this  is  not  among  them.  It  steeps  its  perpetrators  in  blackest, 
escapeless,  endless  damnation.  Over  50,000  have  been  compell'd 
to  die  the  death  of  starvation — reader,  did  you  ever  try  to  realize 
what  starvation  actually  is  ? — in  those  prisons — and  in  a  land  of 
plenty.)  An  indescribable  meanness,  tyranny,  aggravating 
course  of  insults,  almost  incredible — was  evidently  the  rule  of 
treatment  through  all  the  southern  military  prisons.  The  dead 
there  are  not  to  be  pitied  as  much  as  some  of  the  living  that  come 
from  there — if  they  can  be  call'd  living — many  of  them  are  men 
tally  imbecile,  and  will  never  recuperate.* 

*  Front  a   review  of  "  ANDERSONVILLB,   A   STORY  OF  SOUTHERN  MILITARY  PRISONS," 
published  serially  in  the  "  Toledo  Blade"  in  JS7Q,  and  afterwards  in  book  form. 

"  There  is  a  deep  fascination  in  the  subject  of  Andersonville — for  that  Gol 
gotha,  in  which  lie  the  whitening  bones  of  13,000  gallant  young  men,  repre 
sents  the  dearest  and  costliest  sacrifice  of  the  war  for  the  preservation  of  our 
national  unity.  It  is  a  type,  too,  of  its  class.  Its  more  than  hundred  heca 
tombs  of  dead  represent  several  times  that  number  of  their  brethren,  for 
whom  the  prison  gates  of  Belle  Isle,  Danville,  Salisbury,  Florence,  Columbia, 
and  Cahaba  open'd  only  in  eternity.  There  are  few  families  in  the  North 
who  have  not  at  least  one  dear  relative  or  friend  among  these  60,000  whose 
sad  fortune  it  was  to  end  their  service  for  the  Union  by  lying  down  and  dying 
for  it  in  a  southern  prison  pen.  The  manner  of  their  death,  the  horrors  that 
cluster'd  thickly  around  every  moment  of  their  existence,  the  loyal,  unfalter 
ing  stead  fastness  with  which  they  endured  all  that  fate  had  brought  them,  has 
never  been  adequately  told.  It  was  not  with  them  as  with  their  comrades  in 
the  field,  whose  every  act  was  perform'd  in  the  presence  of  those  whose  duty 
it  was  to  observe  such  matters  and  report  them  to  the  world.  Hidden  from 
the  view  of  their  friends  in  the  north  by  the  impenetrable  veil  which  the  mili 
tary  operations  of  the  rebels  drew  around  the  so-called  confederacy,  the  people 
knew  next  to  nothing  of  their  career  or  their  sufferings.  Thousands  died  there 
less  heeded  even  than  the  hundreds  who  perish'd  on  the  battle-field.  Grant  did 
not  lose  as  many  men  kill'd  outright,  in  the  terrible  campaign  from  the  Wil 
derness  to  the  James  river — 43  days  of  desperate  fighting — as  died  in  July  and 
August  at  Andersonville.  Nearly  twice  as  many  died  in  that  prison  as  fell 
from  the  day  that  Grant  cross'd  the  Rapidan,  till  he  settled  down  in  the 
trenches  before  Petersburg.  More  than  four  times  as  many  Union  dead  lie 
under  the  solemn  soughing  pines  about  that  forlorn  little  village  in  southern 
Georgia,  than  mark  the  course  of  Sherman  from  Chattanooga  to  Atlanta.  The 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  7 1 

DEATH  OF  A  PENNSYLVANIA  SOLDIER. 
Frank  H.  Irwin,  company  E,  gjd  Pennsylvania — died  May  i, 
'6j — My  letter  to  his  mother. — Dear  madam  :  No  doubt  you  and 
Frank's  friends  have  heard  the  sad  fact  of  his  death  in  hospital 
here,  through  his  uncle,  or  the  lady  from  Baltimore,  who  took 
his  things.  (I  have  not  seen  them,  only  heard  of  them  visiting 
Frank.)  I  will  write  you  a  few  lines — as  a  casual  friend  that  sat 
by  his  death-bed.  Your  son,  corporal  Frank  H.  Irwin,  was 
wounded  near  fort  Fisher,  Virginia,  March  251)1,  1865 — the  wound 
was  in  the  left  knee,  pretty  bad.  He  was  sent  up  to  Washing 
ton,  was  receiv'd  in  ward  C,  Armory-square  hospital,  March  28th — 
the  wound  became  worse,  and  on  the  4th  of  April  the  leg  was 
amputated  a  little  above  the  knee — the  operation  was  perform'd 
by  Dr.  Bliss,  one  of  the  best  surgeons  in  the  army — he  did  the 
whole  operation  himself — there  was  a  good  deal  of  bad  matter 
gather'd — the  bullet  was  found  in  the  knee.  For  a  couple  of 
weeks  afterwards  he  was  doing  pretty  well.  I  visited  and  sat  by 
him  frequently,  as  he  was  fond  of  having  me.  The  last  ten  or 

nation  stands  aghast  at  the  expenditure  of  life  which  attended  the  two  bloody 
campaigns  of  1864,  which  virtually  crush'd  the  confederacy,  but  no  one  re 
members  that  more  Union  soldiers  died  in  the  rear  of  the  rebel  lines  than 
were  kill'd  in  the  front  of  them.  The  great  military  events  which  stamp'd 
out  the  rebellion  drew  attention  away  from  the  sad  drama  which  starvation 
and  disease  play'd  in  those  gloomy  pens  in  the  far  recesses  of  sombre  southern 
forests." 

Front  a  letter  of  "  Johnny  Bouquet"  in  N.  Y.  Tribune,  March  27,  'Si. 
"I  visited  at  Salisbury,  N.  C.,  the  prison  pen  or  the  site  of  it,  from  which 
nearly  12,000  victims  of  southern  politicians  were  buried,  being  confined  in  a 
pen  without  shelter,  exposed  to  all  the  elements  could  do,  to  all  the  disease 
herding  animals  together  could  create,  and  to  all  the  starvation  and  cruelty  an 
incompetent  and  intense  caitiff  government  could  accomplish.  From  the  con 
versation  and  almost  from  the  recollection  of  the  northern  people  this  place 
has  dropp'd,  but  not  so  in  the  gossip  of  the  Salisbury  people,  nearly  all  of 
whom  say  that  the  half  was  never  told ;  that  such  was  the  nature  of  habitual 
outrage  here  that  when  Federal  prisoners  escaped  the  townspeople  harbor'd 
them  in  their  barns,  afraid  the  vengeance  of  God  would  fall  on  them,  to  de 
liver  even  their  enemies  back  to  such  cruelty.  Said  one  old  man  at  the  Boy- 
den  House,  who  join'd  in  the  conversation  one  evening :  '  There  were  often 
men  buried  out  of  that  prison  pen  still  alive.  I  have  the  testimony  of  a  sur 
geon  that  he  has  seen  them  pull'd  out  of  the  dead  cart  with  their  eyes  open 
and  taking  notice,  but  too  weak  to  lift  a  finger.  There  was  not  the  least  ex 
cuse  for  such  treatment,  as  the  confederate  government  had  seized  every  saw 
mill  in  the  region,  and  could  just  as  well  have  put  up  shelter  for  these  pris 
oners  as  not,  wood  being  plentiful  here.  It  will  be  hard  to  make  any  honest 
man  in  Salisbury  say  that  there  was  the  slightest  necessity  for  those  prisoners 
having  to  live  in  old  tents,  caves  and  holes  half-full  of  water.  Representa 
tions  were  made  to  the  Davis  government  against  the  officers  in  charge  of  it, 
but  no  attention  was  paid  to  them.  Promotion  was  the  punishment  for  cruelty 
there.  The  inmates  were  skeletons.  Hell  could  have  no  terrors  for  any  man 
who  died  there,  except  the  inhuman  keepers.'  " 


7  2  SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS. 

twelve  days  of  April  I  saw  that  his  case  was  critical.  He  pre 
viously  had  some  fever,  with  cold  spells.  The  last  week  in  April 
he  was  much  of  the  time  flighty — but  always  mild  and  gentle. 
He  died  first  of  May.  The  actual  cause  of  death  was  pyaemia, 
(the  absorption  of  the  matter  in  the  system  instead  of  its  dis 
charge.)  Frank,  as  far  as  I  saw,  had  everything  requisite  in  sur 
gical  treatment,  nursing,  &c.  He  had  watches  much  of  the  time. 
He  was  so  good  and  well-behaved  and  affectionate,  I  myself  liked 
him  very  much.  I  was  in  the  habit  of  coming  in  afternoons  and 
sitting  by  him,  and  soothing  him,  and  he  liked  to  have  me — liked 
to  put  his  arm  out  and  lay  his  hand  on  my  knee — would  keep  it 
so  a  long  while.  Toward  the  last  he  was  more  restless  and  flighty 
at  night — often  fancied  himself  with  his  regiment — by  his  talk 
sometimes  seem'd  as  if  his  feelings  were  hurt  by  being  blamed  by 
his  officers  for  something  he  was  entirely  innocent  of — said,  "  I 
never  in  my  life  was  thought  capable  of  such  a  thing,  and  never 
was."  At  other  times  he  would  fancy  himself  talking  as  it  seem'd 
to  children  or  such  like,  his  relatives  I  suppose,  and  giving  them 
good  advice  ;  would  talk  to  them  a  long  while.  All  the  time  he 
was  out  of  his  head  not  one  single  bad  word  or  idea  escaped  him. 
It  was  remark'd  that  many  a  man's  conversation  in  his  senses 
was  not  half  as  good  as  Frank's  delirium.  He  seem'd  quite 
willing  to  die — he  had  become  very  weak  and  had  suffer'd  a  good 
deal,  and  was  perfectly  resign'd,  poor  boy.  I  do  not  know  his 
past  life,  but  I  feel  as  if  it  must  have  been  good.  At  any  rate 
what  I  saw  of  him  here,  under  the  most  trying  circumstances, 
with  a  painful  wound,  and  among  strangers,  I  can  say  that  he  be 
haved  so  brave,  so  composed,  and  so  sweet  and  affectionate,  it 
could  not  be  surpass'd.  And  now  like  many  other  noble  and 
good  men,  after  serving  his  country  as  a  soldier,  he  has  yielded 
up  his  young  life  at  the  very  outset  in  her  service.  Such  things 
are  gloomy — yet  there  is  a  text,  "  God  doeth  all  things  well " — 
the  meaning  of  which,  after  due  time,  appears  to  the  soul. 

I  thought  perhaps  a  few  words,  though  from  a  stranger,  about 
your  son,  from  one  who  was  with  him  at  the  last,  might  be  worth 
while— for  I  loved  the  young  man,  though  I  but  saw  him  imme 
diately  to  lose  him.  I  am  merely  a  friend  visiting  .the  hospitals 
occasionally  to  cheer  the  wounded  and  sick.  W.  W. 

THE  ARMIES  RETURNING. 

May  7. — Sunday. — To-day  as  I  was  walking  a  mile  or  two  south 
of  Alexandria,  I  fell  in  with  several  large  squads  of  the  returning 
Western  army,  {Sherman 's  men  as  they  call'd  themselves)  about 
a  thousand  in  all,  the  largest  portion  of  them  half  sick,  some 
convalescents,  on  their  way  to  a  hospital  camp.  These  fragmen- 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


73 


tary  excerpts,  with  the  unmistakable  Western  physiognomy  and 
idioms,  crawling  along  slowly — after  a  great  campaign,  blown 
this  way,  as  it  were,  out  of  their  latitude — I  mark'd  with  curi 
osity,  and  talk'd  with  off  and  on  for  over  an  hour.  Here  and 
there  was  one  very  sick;  but  all  were  able  to  walk,  except  some 
of  the  last,  who  had  given  out,  and  were  seated  on  the  ground, 
faint  and  despondent.  These  I  tried  to  cheer,  told  them  the 
camp  they  were  to  reach  was  only  a  little  way  further  over  the 
hill,  and  so  got  them  up  and  started,  accompanying  some  of  the 
worst  a  little  way,  and  helping  them,  or  putting  them  under  the 
support  of  stronger  comrades. 

May  21. — Saw  General  Sheridan  and  his  cavalry  to-day;  a 
strong,  attractive  sight;  the  men  were  mostly  young,  (a  few  mid 
dle-aged,)  superb-looking  fellows,  brown,  spare,  keen,  with  well- 
worn  clothing,  many  with  pieces  of  water-proof  cloth  around 
their  shoulders,  hanging  down.  They  dash'd  along  pretty  fast, 
in  wide  close  ranks,  all  spatter'd  with  mud  ;  no  holiday  soldiers; 
brigade  after  brigade.  I  could  have  watch'd  for  a  week.  Sheri 
dan  stood  on  a  balcony,  under  a  big  tree,  coolly  smoking  a  cigar. 
His  looks  and  manner  impress'd  me  favorably. 

May  22. — Have  been  taking  a  walk  along  Pennsylvania  avenue 
and  Seventh  street  north.  The  city  is  full  of  soldiers,  running 
around  loose.  Officers  everywhere,  of  all  grades.  All  have  the 
weather-beaten  look  of  practical  service.  It  is  a  sight  I  never 
tire  of.  All  the  armies  are  now  here  (or  portions  of  them,)  for 
to-morrow's  review.  You  see  them  swarming  like  bees  every 
where. 

THE  GRAND  REVIEW. 

For  two  days  now  the  broad  spaces  of  Pennsylvania  avenue 
along  to  Treasury  hill,  and  so  by  detour  around  to  the  Presi 
dent's  house,  and  so  up  to  Georgetown,  and  across  the  aque 
duct  bridge,  have  been  alive  with  a  magnificent  sight,  the  return 
ing  armies.  In  their  wide  ranks  stretching  clear  across  the 
Avenue,  I  watch  them  march  or  ride  along,  at  a  brisk  pace, 
through  two  whole  days — infantry,  cavalry,  artillery — some  200,- 
ooo  men.  Some  days  afterwards  one  or  two  other  corps ;  and 
then,  still  afterwards,  a  good  part  of  Sherman's  immense  army, 
brought  up  from  Charleston,  Savannah,  &c. 

WESTERN  SOLDIERS. 

May  26-7. — The  streets,  the  public  buildings  and  grounds  of 
Washington,  still  swarm  with  soldiers  from  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Ohio,  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  all  the  Western  States.  I  am  contin 
ually  meeting  and  talking  with  them.  They  often  speak  to  me 
first,  and  always  show  great  sociability,  and  glad  to  have  a  good 

7 


74  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

interchange  of  chat.  These  Western  soldiers  are  more  slow  in 
their  movements,  and  in  their  intellectual  quality  also  ;  have  no 
extreme  alertness.  They  are  larger  in  size,  have  a  more  serious 
physiognomy,  are  continually  looking  at  you  as  they  pass  in  the 
street.  They  are  largely  animal,  and  handsomely  so.  During 
the  war  I  have  been  at  times  with  the  Fourteenth,  Fifteenth, 
Seventeenth,  and  Twentieth  Corps.  I  always  feel  drawn  toward 
the  men,  and  like  their  personal  contact  when  we  are  crowded 
close  together,  as  frequently  these  days  in  the  street-cars.  They 
all  think  the  world  of  General  Sherman  ;  call  him  "  old  Bill," 
or  sometimes  "uncle  Billy." 

A  SOLDIER  ON  LINCOLN. 

May  28. — As  I  sat  by  the  bedside  of  a  sick  Michigan  soldier 
in  hospital  to-day,  a  convalescent  from  the  adjoining  bed  rose 
and  came  to  me,  and  presently  we  began  talking,  He  was  a 
middle-aged  man,  belonged  to  the  2d  Virginia  regiment,  but 
lived  in  Racine,  Ohio,  and  had  a  family  there.  He  spoke  of 
President  Lincoln,  and  said  :  "The  war  is  over,  and  many  are 
lost.  And  now  we  have  lost  the  best,  the  fairest,  the  truest  man 
in  America.  Take  him  altogether,  he  was  the  best  man  this 
country  ever  produced.  It  was  quite  a  while  I  thought  very  dif 
ferent  ;  but  some  time  before  the  murder,  that's  the  way  I  have 
seen  it."  There  was  deep  earnestness  in  the  soldier.  (I  found 
upon  further  talk  he  had  known  Mr.  Lincoln  personally,  and 
quite  closely,  years  before.)  He  was  a  veteran  ;  was  now  in  the 
fifth  year  of  his  service ;  was  a  cavalry  man,  and  had  been  in 
a  good  deal  of  hard  fighting. 

TWO  BROTHERS,  ONE  SOUTH,  ONE  NORTH. 

May  28-9. — I  staid  to-night  a  long  time  by  the  bedside  of  a 
new  patient,  a  young  Baltimorean,  aged  about  19  years,  W.  S.  P., 
(2d  'Maryland,  southern,)  very  feeble,  right  leg  amputated,  can't 
sleep  hardly  at  all — has  taken  a  great  deal  of  morphine,  which, 
as  usual,  is  costing  more  than  it  comes  to.  Evidently  very  in 
telligent  and  well  bred — very  affectionate — held  on  to  my  hand, 
and  put  it  by  his  face,  not  willing  to  let  me  leave.  As  I  was 
lingering,  soothing  him  in  his  pain,  he  says  to  me  suddenly,  "  I 
hardly  think  you  know  who  I  am — I  don't  wish  to  impose  upon 
you — I  am  a  rebel  soldier. ' '  I  said  I  did  not  know  that,  but  it  made 
no  difference.  Visiting  him  daily  for  about  two  weeks  after  that, 
while  he  lived,  (death  had  mark'd  him,  and  he  was  quite  alone,) 
I  loved  him  much,  always  kiss'd  him,  and  he  did  me.  In  an  ad 
joining  ward  I  found  his  brother,  an  officer  of  rank,  a  Union  sol 
dier,  a  brave  and  religious  man,  (Col.  Clifton  K.  Prentiss,  sixth 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


75 


Maryland  infantry,  Sixth  corps,  wounded  in  one  of  the  engage 
ments  at  Petersburgh,  April  2 — linger'd,  suffer'd  much,  died  in 
Brooklyn,  Aug.  20,  '65.)  It  was  in  the  same  battle  both  were 
hit.  One  was  a  strong  Unionist,  the  other  Secesh ;  both  fought 
on  their  respective  sides,  both  badly  wounded,  and  both  brought 
together  here  after  a  separation  of  four  years.  Each  died  for  his 
cause. 

SOME  SAD  CASES  YET. 

May  31. — James  H.  Williams,  aged  21,  3d  Virginia  cavalry. — 
About  as  mark'd  a  case  of  a  strong  man  brought  low  by  a  com 
plication  of  diseases,  (laryngitis,  fever,  debility  and  diarrhoea,) 
as  I  have  ever  seen — has  superb  physique,  remains  swarthy  yet, 
and  flushed  and  red  with  fever — is  altogether  flighty — flesh  of  his 
great  breast  and  arms  tremulous,  and  pulse  pounding  away  with 
treble  quickness — lies  a  good  deal  of  the  time  in  a  partial  sleep, 
but  with  low  muttering  and  groans — a  sleep  in  which  there  is  no 
rest.  Powerful  as  he  is,  and  so  young,  he  will  not  be  able  to  stand 
many  more  days  of  the  strain  and  sapping  heat  of  yesterday 
and  to-day.  His  throat  is  in  a  bad  way,  tongue  and  lips  parch'd. 
When  I  ask  him  how  he  feels,  he  is  able  just  to  articulate;  "  I 
feel  pretty  bad  yet,  old  man,"  and  looks  at  me  with  his  great 
bright  eyes.  Father,  John  Williams,  Millensport,  Ohio. 

June  9-10. — I  have  been  sitting  late  to-night  by  the  bedside  of 
a  wounded  captain,  a  special  friend  of  mine,  lying  with  a  painful 
fracture  of  left  leg  in  one  of  the  hospitals,  in  a  large  ward  par 
tially  vacant.  The  lights  were  put  out,  all  but  a  little  candle,  far 
from  where  I  sat.  The  full  moon  shone  in  through  the  windows, 
making  long,  slanting  silvery  patches  on  the  floor.  All  was  still, 
my  friend  too  was  silent,  but  could  not  sleep ;  so  I  sat  there  by 
him,  slowly  wafting  the  fan,  and  occupied  with  the  musings  that 
arose  out  of  the  scene,  the  long  shadowy  ward,  the  beautiful 
ghostly  moonlight  en  the  floor,  the  white  beds,  here  and  there 
an  occupant  with  huddled  form,  the  bed-clothes  thrown  off.  The 
hospitals  have  a  number  of  cases  of  sun-stroke  and  exhaustion 
by  heat,  from  the  late  reviews.  There  are  many  such  from  the 
Sixth  corps,  from  the  hot  parade  of  day  before  yesterday.  (Some 
of  these  shows  cost  the  lives  of  scores  of  men.) 

Sunday,  Sep.  10. — Visited  Douglas  and  Stanton  hospitals.  They 
are  quite  full.  Many  of  the  cases  are  bad  ones,  lingering  wounds, 
and  old  sickness.  There  is  a  more  than  usual  look  of  despair 
on  the  countenances  of  many  of  the  men ;  hope  has  left  them. 
I  went  through  the  wards,  talking  as  usual.  There  are  several 
here  from  the  confederate  army  whom  I  had  seen  in  other  hos 
pitals,  and  they  recognized  me.  Two  were  in  a  dying  con 
dition. 


7  6  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

CALHOUN'S  REAL  MONUMENT. 

In  one  of  the  hospital  tents  for  special  cases,  as  I  sat  to-day 
tending  a  new  amputation,  I  heard  a  couple  of  neighboring  sol 
diers  talking  to  each  other  from  their  cots.  One  down  with  fever, 
but  improving,  had  come  up  belated  from  Charleston  not  long 
before.  The  other  was  what  we  now  call  an  "  old  veteran," 
(/.  <?.,  he  was  a  Connecticut  youth,  probably  of  less  than  the  age 
of  twenty-five  years,  the  four  last  of  which  he  had  spent  in 
active  service  in  the  war  in  all  parts  of  the  country.)  The  two 
were  chatting  of  one  thing  and  another.  The  fever  soldier  spoke 
of  John  C.  Calhoun's  monument,  which  he  had  seen,  and  was 
describing  it.  The  veteran  said  :  "I  have  seen  Calhoun's  monu 
ment.  That  you  saw  is  not  the  real  monument.  But  I  have  seen 
it.  It  is  the  desolated,  ruined  south  ;  nearly  the  whole  genera 
tion  of  young  men  between  seventeen  and  thirty  destroyed  or 
maim'd  ;  all  the  old  families  used  up — the  rich  impoverished,  the 
plantations  cover'd  with  weeds,  the  slaves  unloos'd  and  become 
the  masters,  and  the  name  of  southerner  blacken 'd  with  every 
shame — all  that  is  Calhoun's  real  monument." 

HOSPITALS  CLOSING. 

October  j. — There  are  two  army  hospitals  now  remaining.  I 
went  to  the  largest  of  these  (Douglas)  and  spent  the  afternoon 
and  evening.  There  are  many  sad  cases,  old  wounds,  incurable 
sickness,  and  some  of  the  wounded  from  the  March  and  April 
battles  before  Richmond.  Few  realize  how  sharp  and  bloody 
those  closing  battles  were.  Our  men  exposed  themselves  more 
than  usual ;  press'd  ahead  without  urging.  Then  the  southern 
ers  fought  with  extra  desperation.  Both  sides  knew  that  with 
the  successful  chasing  of  the  rebel  cabal  from  Richmond,  and  the 
occupation  of  that  city  by  the  national  troops,  the  game  was  up. 
The  dead  and  wounded  were  unusually  many.  Of  the  wounded 
the  last  lingering  driblets  have  been  brought  to  hospital  here.  I 
find  many  rebel  wounded  here,  and  have  been  extra  busy  to  day 
'tending  to  the  worst  cases  of  them  with  the  rest. 

Oct.,  Nov.  and  Dec.,  '6j — Sundays. — Every  Sunday  of  these 
months  visited  Harewood  hospital  out  in  the  woods,  pleasant  and 
recluse,  some  two  and  a  half  or  three  miles  north  of  the  capitol. 
The  situation  is  healthy,  with  broken  ground,  grassy  slopes  and 
patches  of  oak  woods,  the  trees  large  and  fine.  It  was  one  of 
the  most  extensive  of  the  hospitals,  now  reduced  to  four  or  five 
partially  occupied  wards,  the  numerous  others  being  vacant.  In 
November,  this  became  the  last  military  hospital  kept  up  by  the 
government,  all  the  others  being  closed.  Cases  of  the  worst  and 
most  incurable  wounds,  obstinate  illness,  and  of  poor  fellows  who 
have  no  homes  to  go  to,  are  found  here. 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS.  77 

Dec.  10 — Sunday. — Again  spending  a  good  part  of  the  day  at 
Harewood.  I  write  this  about  an  hour  before  sundown.  I  have 
walk'd  out  for  a  few  minutes  to  the  edge  of  the  woods  to  soothe 
myself  with  the  hour  and  scene.  It  is  a  glorious,  warm,  golden- 
sunny,  still  afternoon.  The  only  noise  is  from  a  crowd  of  caw 
ing  crows,  on  some  trees  three  hundred  yards  distant.  Clusters 
of  gnats  swimming  and  dancing  in  the  air  in  all  directions.  The 
oak  leaves  are  thick  under  the  bare  tfrees,  and  give  a  strong  and 
delicious  perfume.  Inside  the  wards  everything  is  gloomy. 
Death  is  there.  As  I  enter'd,  I  was  confronted  by  it  the  first 
thing;  a  corpse  of  a  poor  soldier,  just  dead,  of  typhoid  fever. 
The  attendants  had  just  straighten'd  the  limbs,  put  coppers  on 
the  eyes,  and  were  laying  it  out. 

The  roads. — A  great  recreation,  the  past  three  years,  has  been 
in  taking  long  walks  out  from  Washington,  five,  seven,  perhaps 
ten  miles  and  back ;  generally  with  my  friend  Peter  Doyle,  who 
i.s  as  fond  of  it  as  I  am.  Fine  moonlight  nights,  over  the  perfect 
military  roads,  hard  and  smooth — or  Sundays — we  had  these  de 
lightful  walks,  never  to  be  forgotten.  The  roads  connecting 
Washington  and  the  numerous  forts  around  the  city,  made  one 
useful  result,  at  any  rate,  out  of  the  war. 

TYPICAL  SOLDIERS. 

Even  the  typical  soldiers  I  have  been  personally  intimate  with, 
— it  seems  to  me  if  I  were  to  make  a  list  of  them  it  would  be  like 
a  city  directory.  Some  few  only  have  I  mention'd  in  the  fore 
going  pages — most  are  dead — a  few  yet  living.  There  is  Reuben 
Farwell,  of  Michigan,  (little  'Mitch  ;')  Benton  H.  Wilson,  color- 
bearer,  i85th  New  York;  Wm.  Stansberry;  Manvill  Winterstein, 
Ohio;  Bethuel  Smith;  Capt.  Simms,  of  5ist  New  York,  (kill'd 
at  Petersburgh  mine  explosion,)  Capt.  Sam.  Pooley  and  Lieut. 
Fred.  McReady,  same  reg't.  Also,  same  reg't.,  my  brother, 
George  W.  Whitman — in  active  service  all  through,  four  years, 
re-enlisting  twice — was  promoted,  step  by  step,  (several  times 
immediately  after  battles,)  lieutenant,  captain,  major  and  lieut. 
colonel — was  in  the  actions  at  Roanoke,  Newbern,  2d  Bull  Run, 
Chantilly,  South  Mountain,  Antietam,  Fredericksburgh,  Vicks- 
burgh,  Jackson,  the  bloody  conflicts  of  the  Wilderness,  and  at 
Spottsylvania,  Cold  Harbor,  and  afterwards  around  Petersburgh; 
at  one  of  these  latter  was  taken  prisoner,  and  pass'd  four  or  five 
months  in  secesh  military  prisons,  narrowly  escaping  with  life, 
from  a  severe  fever,  from  starvation  and  half-nakedness  in  the 
winter.  (What  a  history  that  5ist  New  York  had!  Went  out 
early — march'd,  fought  everywhere — was  in  storms  at  sea,  nearly 
wreck'd — storm'd  forts — tramp'd  hither  and  yon  in  Virginia, 


78  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

night  and  day,  summer  of  '62 — afterwards  Kentucky  and  Missis 
sippi — re-enlisted — was  in  all  the  engagements  and  campaigns,  as 
above.)  I  strengthen  and  comfort  myself  much  with  the  cer 
tainty  that  the  capacity  for  just  such  regiments,  (hundreds,  thou 
sands  of  them)  is  inexhaustible  in  the  United  States,  and  that 
there  isn't  a  county  nor  a  township  in  the  republic — nor  a  street 
in  any  city — but  could  turn  out,  and,  on  occasion,  would  turn 
out,  lots  of  just  such  typical  soldiers,  whenever  wanted. 

"  CONVULSIVENESS." 

As  I  have  look'd  over  the  proof-sheets  of  the  preceding  pages, 
I  have  once  or  twice  fear'd  that  my  diary  would  prove,  at  best, 
but  a  batch  of  convulsively  written  reminiscences.  Well,  be  it 
so.  They  are  but  parts  of  the  actual  distraction,  heat,  smoke 
and  excitement  of  those  times.  The  war  itself,  with  the  temper 
of  society  preceding  it,  can  indeed  be  best  described  by  that  very 
word  convulsiveness, 

THREE  YEARS  SUMM'D  UP. 

During  those  three  years  in  hospital,  camp  or  field,  I  made 
over  six  hundred  visits  or  tours,  and  went,  as  I  estimate,  counting 
all,  among  from  eighty  thousand  to  a  hundred  thousand  of  the 
wounded  and  sick,  as  sustainer  of  spirit  and  body  in  some  de 
gree,  in  time  of  need.  These  visits  varied  from  an  hour  or  two, 
to  all  day  or  night ;  for  with  dear  or  critical  cases  I  generally 
watch'd  all  night.  Sometimes  I  took  up  my  quarters  in  the  hos 
pital,  and  slept  or  watch'd  there  several  nights  in  succession. 
Those  three  years  I  consider  the  greatest  privilege  and  satisfac 
tion,  (with  all  their  feverish  excitements  and  physical  depriva 
tions  and  lamentable  sights,)  and,  of  course,  the  most  profound 
lesson  of  my  life.  I  can  say  that  in  my  ministerings  I  compre 
hended  all,  whoever  came  in  my  way,  northern  or  southern,  and 
slighted  none.  It  arous'd  and  brought  out  and  decided  un- 
dream'd-of  depths  of  emotion.  It  has  given  me  my  most  fervent 
views  of  the  true  enscmbk  and  extent  of  the  States.  While  I  was 
with  wounded  and  sick  in  thousands  of  cases  from  the  New  Eng 
land  States,  and  from  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania, 
and  from  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  all 
the  Western  States,  I  was  with  more  or  less  from  all  the  States, 
North  and  South,  without  exception.  I  was  with  many  from  the 
border  States,  especially  from  Maryland  and  Virginia,  and  found, 
during  those  lurid  years  1862-63,  far  more  Union  southerners, 
especially  Tennesseans,  than  is  supposed.  I  was  with  many  rebel 
officers  and  men  among  our  wounded,  and  gave  them  always  what 
I  had,  and  tried  to  cheer  them  the  same  as  any.  I  was  among 
the  army  teamsters  considerably,  and,  indeed,  always  found  my- 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


79 


self  drawn  to  them.  Among  the  black  soldiers,  wounded  or  sick, 
and  in  the  contraband  camps,  I  also  took  my  way  whenever  in 
their  neighborhood,  and  did  what  I  could  for  them. 

THE  MILLION  DEAD,  TOO,  SUMM'D  UP. 

The  dead  in  this  war — there  they  lie,  strewing  the  fields  and 
woods  and  valleys  and  battle-fields  of  the  south — Virginia,  the 
Peninsula — Malvern  hill  and  Fair  Oaks — the  banks  of  theChick- 
ahominy — the  terraces  of  Fredericksburgh — Antietam  bridge — 
the  grisly  ravines  of  Manassas — the  bloody  promenade  of  the 
Wilderness — the  varieties  of  the  strayed  dead,  (the  estimate  of 
the  War  department  is  25,000  national  soldiers  kill'd  in  battle 
and  never  buried  at  all,  5,000  drown'd — 15,000  inhumed  by 
strangers,  or  on  the  march  in  haste,  in  hitherto  unfound  locali 
ties — 2,000  graves  cover'd  by  sand  and  mud  by  Mississippi 
freshets,  3,000  carried  away  by  caving-in  of  banks,  &c.,) — Get- 
tysburgh,  the  West,  Southwest — Vicksburgh — Chattanooga — the 
trenches  of  Petersburgh — the  numberless  battles,  camps,  hospitals 
everywhere — the  crop  reap'd  by  the  mighty  reapers,  typhoid, 
dysentery,  inflammations — and  blackest  and  loathesomest  of  all, 
the  dead  and  living  burial-pits,  the  prison-pens  of  Andersonville, 
Salisbury,  Belle-Isle,  &c.,  (not  Dante's  pictured  hell  and  all  its 
woes,  its  degradations,  filthy  torments,  excell'd  those  prisons) — 
the  dead,  the  dead,  the  dead — our  dead — or  South  or  North,  ours 
all,  (all,  all,  all,  finally  dear  to  me) — or  East  or  West — Atlantic 
coast  or  Mississippi  valley — somewhere  theycrawl'd  to  die,  alone, 
in  bushes,  low  gullies,  or  on  the  sides  of  hills — (there,  in  se 
cluded  spots,  their  skeletons,  bleach'd  bones,  tufts  of  hair,  but 
tons,  fragments  of  clothing,  are  occasionally  found  yet) — our 
young  men  once  so  handsome  and  so  joyous,  taken  from  us — the 
son  from  the  mother,  the  husband  from  the  wife,  the  dear  friend 
from  the  dear  friend — the  clusters  of  camp  graves,  in  Georgia, 
the  Carolinas,  and  in  Tennessee — the  single  graves  left  in  the 
woods  or  by  the  road  side,  (hundreds,  thousands,  obliterated) — 
the  corpses  floated  down  the  rivers,  and  caught  and  lodged, 
(dozens,  scores,  floated  down  the  upper  Potomac,  after  the 
cavalry  engagements,  the  pursuit  of  Lee,  following  Gettysburgh) 
— some  lie  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea — the  general  million,  and 
the  special  cemeteries  in  almost  all  the  States — the  infinite  dead 
— (the  land  entire  saturated,  perfumed  with  their  impalpable 
ashes'  exhalation  in  Nature's  chemistry  distill'd,  and  shall  be  so 
forever,  in  every  future  grain  of  wheat  and  ear  of  corn,  and 
every  flower  that  grows,  and  every  breath  we  draw) — not  only 
Northern  dead  leavening  Southern  soil — thousands,  aye  tens  of 
thousands,  of  Southerners,  crumble  to-day  in  Northern  earth. 


80  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

And  everywhere  among  these  countless  graves — everywhere  in 
the  many  soldier  Cemeteries  of  the  Nation,  (there  are  now,  I  be 
lieve,  over  seventy  of  them) — as  at  the  time  in  the  vast  trenches, 
the  depositories  of  slain,  Northern  and  Southern,  after  the  great 
battles — not  only  where  the  scathing  trail  passed  those  years,  but 
radiating  since  in  all  the  peaceful  quarters  of  the  land — we  see, 
and  ages  yet  may  see,  on  monuments  and  gravestones,  singly  or 
in  masses,  to  thousands  or  tens  of  thousand's,  the  significant 
word  Unknown. 

(In  some  of  the  cemeteries  nearly  all  the  dead  are  unknown. 
At  Salisbury,  N.  C.,  for  instance,  the  known  are  only  85,  while 
the  unknown  are  12,027,  a°d  11,700  of  these  are  buried  in 
trenches.  A  national  monument  has  been  put  up  here,  by  order 
of  Congress,  to  mark  the  spot — but  what  visible,  material  monu 
ment  can  ever  fittingly  commemorate  that  spot  ?) 

THE  REAL  WAR  WILL  NEVER  GET  IN  THE  BOOKS. 

And  so  good-bye  to  the  war.  I  know  not  how  it  may  have 
been,  or  may  be,  to  others — to  me  the  main  interest  I  found,  (and 
still,  on  recollection,  find,)  in  the  rank  and  file  of  the  armies, 
both  sides,  and  in  those  specimens  amid  the  hospitals,  and  even 
the  dead  on  the  field.  To  me  the  points  illustrating  the  latent 
personal  character  and  eligibilities  of  these  States,  in  the  two  or 
three  millions  of  American  young  and  middle-aged  men,  North 
and  South,  embodied  in  those  armies — and  especially  the  one- 
third  or  one-fourth  of  their  number,  stricken  by  wounds  or  dis 
ease  at  some  time  in  the  course  of  the  contest — were  of  more 
significance  even  than  the  political  interests  involved.  (As  so 
much  of  a  race  depends  on  how  it  faces  death,  and  how  it  stands 
personal  anguish  and  sickness.  As,  in  the  glints  of  emotions 
under  emergencies,  and  the  indirect  traits  and  asides  in  Plutarch, 
we  get  far  profounder  clues  to  the  antique  world  than  all  its  mo.re 
formal  history.) 

Future  years  will  never  know  the  seething  hell  and  the  black 
infernal  background  of  countless  minor  scenes  and  interiors,  (not 
the  official  surface-courteousness  of  the  Generals,  not  the  few  great 
battles)  of  the  Secession  war;  and  it  is  best  they  should  not — the 
real  war  will  never  get  in  the  books.  In  the  mushy  influences  of 
current  times,  too,  the  fervid  atmosphere  and  typical  events  of 
those  years  are  in  danger  of  being  totally  forgotten.  I  have  at 
night  watch'd  by  the  side  of  a  sick  man  in  the  hospital,  one  who 
could  not  live  many  hours.  I  have  seen  his  eyes  flash  and  burn 
as  he  raised  himself  and  recurr'd  to  the  cruelties  on  his  surren- 
der'd  brother,  and  mutilations  of  the  corpse  afterward.  (See,  in 
the  preceding  pages,  the  incident  at  Upperville — the  seventeen 


SPE CIMEN  DAYS,  8 1 

kill'd  as  in  the  description,  were  left  there  on  the  ground.  After 
they  dropt  dead,  no  one  touch' d  them — all  were  made  sure  of, 
however.  The  carcasses  were  left  for  the  citzens  to  bury  or  not, 
as  they  chose.) 

Such  was  the  war.  It  was  not  a  quadrille  in  a  ball-room.  Its 
inteiior  history  will  not  only,  never  be  written — its  practicality, 
minutiae  of  deeds  and  passions,  will  never  be  even  suggested.  The 
actual  soldier  of  i86;>-'65,  North  and  South,  with  all  his  ways, 
his  incredible  dauntlessness,  habits,  practices,  tastes,  language, 
his  fierce  friendship,  his  appetite,  rankness,  his  superb  strength 
and  animality,  lawless  gait,  and  a  hundred  unnamed  lights  and 
shades  of  camp,  I  say,  will  never  be  written — perhaps  must  not 
and  should  not  be. 

The  preceding  notes  may  furnish  a  few  stray  glimpses  into  that 
life,  and  into  those  lurid  interiors,  never  to  be  fully  convey'd  to 
the  future.  The  hospital  part  of  the  drama  from  '61  to  '65,  de 
serves  indeed  to  be  recorded.  Of  that  many-threaded  drama, 
with  its  sudden  and  strange  surprises,  its  confounding  of  prophe 
cies,  its  moments  of  despair,  the  dread  of  foreign  interference, 
the  interminable  campaigns,  the  bloody  battles,  the  mighty  and 
cumbrous  and  green  armies,  the  drafts  and  bounties — the  im 
mense  money  expenditure,  like  a  heavy-pouring  constant  rain — 
with,  over  the  whole  land,  the  last  three  years  of  the  struggle, 
an  unending,  universal  mourning-wail  of  women,  parents,  or 
phans — the  marrow  of  the  tragedy  concentrated  in  those  Army 
Hospitals — (it  seem'd  sometimes  as  if  the  whole  interest  of  the 
land,  North  and  South,  was  one  vast  central  hospital,  and  all  the 
rest  of  the  affair  but  flanges) — those  forming  the  untold  and  un 
written  history  of  the  war — infinitely  greater  (like  life's)  than 
the  few  scraps  and  distortions  that  are  ever  told  or  written. 
Think  how  much,  and  of  importance,  will  be — how  much,  civic 
and  military,  has  already  been — buried  in  the  grave,  in  eternal 
darkness. 

AN  INTERREGNUM  PARAGRAPH. 

Several  years  now  elapse  before  I  resume  my  diary.  I  con 
tinued  at  Washington  working  in  the  Attorney-General's  depart 
ment  through  '66  and  '67,  and  some  time  afterward.  In  Feb 
ruary  '73  I  was  stricken  down  by  paralysis,  gave  up  my  desk, 
and  migrated  to  Camden,  New  Jersey,  where  I  lived  during  '74 
and  '75,  quite  unwell — but  after  that  began  to  grow  better  ;  com- 
menc'd  going  for  weeks  at  a  time,  even  for  months,  down  in  the 
country,  to  a  charmingly  recluse  and  rural  spot  along  Timber 
creek,  twelve  or  thirteen  miles  from  where  it  enters  the  Delaware 
river.  Domicil'd  at  the  farm-house  of  my  friends,  the  Staffords, 
near  by,  I  lived  half  the  time  along  this  creek  and  its  adjacent 


82  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

fields  and  lanes.  And  it  is  to  my  life  here  that  I,  perhaps,  owe 
partial  recovery  (a  sort  of  second  wind,  or  semi-renewal  of  the 
lease  of  life)  from  the  prostration  of  1874-' 75.  If  the  notes  of 
that  outdoor  life  could  only  prove  as  glowing  to  you,  reader  dear, 
as  the  experience  itself  was  to  me.  Doubtless  in  the  course  of 
the  following,  the  fact  of  invalidism  will  crop  out,  (I  call  my 
self  a  half-Paralytic  these  days,  and  reverently  bless  the  Lord 
it  is  no  worse,)  between  some  of  the  lines — but  I  get  my  share 
of  fun  and  healthy  hours,  and  shall  try  to  indicate  them.  (The 
trick  is,  I  find,  to  tone  your  wants  and  tastes  low  down  enough, 
and  make  much  of  negatives,  and  of  mere  daylight  and  the 
skies.) 

NEW  THEMES  ENTERED  UPON. 

1876,  '77. — I  find  the  woods  in  mid-May  and  early  June  my 
best  places  for  composition.*  Seated  on  logs  or  stumps  there, 
or  resting  on  rails,  nearly  all  the  following  memoranda  have  been 
jotted  down.  Wherever  I  go,  indeed,  winter  or  summer,  city  or 
country,  alone  at  home  or  traveling,  I  must  take  notes — (the 
ruling  passion  strong  in  age  and  disablement,  and  even  the  ap 
proach  of — but  I  must  not  say  it  yet.)  Then  underneath  the  follow 
ing  excerpta — crossing  the  t's  and  dotting  the  fs  of  certain  mod 
erate  movements  of  late  years — I  am  fain  to  fancy  the  founda 
tions  of  quite  a  lesson  learn'd.  After  you  have  exhausted  what 
there  is  in  business,  politics,  conviviality,  love,  and  so  on — have 
found  that  none  of  these  finally  satisfy,  or  permanently  wear — 
what  remains?  Nature  remains  ;  to  bring  out  from  their  torpid 
recesses,  the  affinities  of  a  man  or  woman  with  the  open  air,  the 
trees,  fields,  the  changes  of  seasons — the  sun  by  day  and  the  stars 
of  heaven  by  night.  We  will  begin  from  these  convictions. 
Literature  flies  so  high  and  is  so  hotly  spiced,  that  our  notes  may 
seem  hardly  more  than  breaths  of  common  air,  or  draughts  of 
water  to  drink.  But  that  is  part  of  our  lesson. 

Dear,  soothing,  healthy,  restoration-hours — after  three  confin 
ing  years  of  paralysis — after*  the  long  strain  of  the  war,  and  its 
wounds  and  death. 

*  Without  apology  for  the  abrupt  change  of  field  and  atmosphere — after 
what  I  have  put  in  the  preceding  fifty  or  sixty  pages — temporary  episodes, 
thank  heaven! — I  restore  my  book  to  the  bracing  and  buoyant  equilibrium  of 
concrete  outdoor  Nature,  the  only  permanent  reliance  for  sanity  of  book  or 
human  life. 

Who  knows,  (I  have  it  in  my  fancy,  my  ambition,)  but  the  pages  now  en 
suing  may  carry  ray  of  sun,  or  smell  of  grass  or  corn,  or  call  of  bird,  or  gleam 
of  stars  by  night,  or  snow-flakes  falling  fresh  and  mystic,  to  denizen  of  heated 
city  house,  or  tired  workman  or  workwoman  ? — or  may-be  in  sick-room  or 
prison — to  serve  as  cooling  breeze,  or  Nature's  aroma,  to  some  fever'd  mouth 
or  latent  pulse. 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS.  83 

ENTERING  A  LONG  FARM-LANE. 

As  every  man  has  his  hobby-liking,  mine  is  for  a  real  farm-lane 
fenced  by  old  chestnut-rails  gray-green  with  dabs  of  moss  and 
lichen,  copious  weeds  and  briers  growing  in  spots  athwart  the 
heaps  of  stray-pick'd  stones  at  the  fence  bases — irregular  paths 
worn  between,  and  horse  and  cow  tracks — all  characteristic  ac 
companiments  marking  and  scenting  the  neighborhood  in  their 
seasons — apple-tree  blossoms  in  forward  April — pigs,  poultry,  a 
field  of  August  buckwheat,  and  in  another  the  long  flapping  tas 
sels  of  maize — and  so  to  the  pond,  the  expansion  of  the  creek, 
the  secluded-beautiful,  with  young  and  old  trees,  and  such  re 
cesses  and  vistas ! 

TO  THE  SPRING  AND  BROOK. 

So,  still  sauntering  on,  to  the  spring  under  the  willows — musi 
cal  as  soft  clinking  glasses — pouring  a  sizeable  stream,  thick  as 
my  neck,  pure  and  clear,  out  from  its  vent  where  the  bank  arches 
over  like  a  great  brown  shaggy  eyebrow  or  mouth-roof — gurg 
ling,  gurgling  ceaselessly — meaning,  saying  something,  of  course 
(if  one  could  only  translate  it) — always  gurgling  there,  the  whole 
year  through — never  giving  out — oceans  of  mint,  blackberries  in 
summer — choice  of  light  and  shade — just  the  place  for  my  July 
sun-baths  and  water-baths  too — but  mainly  the  inimitable  soft 
sound-gurgles  of  it,  as  I  sit  there  hot  afternoons.  How  they  and 
all  grow  into  me,  day  after  day — everything  in  keeping — the 
wild,  just-palpable  perfume,  and  the  dapple  of  leaf-shadows,  and 
all  the  natural-medicinal,  elemental-moral  influences  of  the  spot. 

Babble  on,  O  brook,  with  that  utterance  of  thine  !  I  too  will 
express  what  I  have  gather'd  in  my  days  and  progress,  native,  sub 
terranean,  past — and  now  thee.  Spin  and  wind  thy  way — I  with 
thee,  a  little  while,  at  any  rate.  As  I  haunt  thee  so  often,  sea 
son  by  season,  thou  knowest  reckest  not  me,  (yet  why  be  so  cer 
tain?  who  can  tell?) — but  I  will  learn  from  thee,  and  dwell  on 
thee — receive,  copy,  print  from  thee. 

AN  EARLY  SUMMER  REVEILLE. 

Away  then  to  loosen;  to  unstring  the  divine  bow,  so  tense,  so 
long.  Away,  from  curtain ,  carpet,  sofa,  book — from  "  society ' ' — 
from  city  house,  street,  and  modern  improvements  and  luxuries — 
away  to  the  primitive  winding,  aforementioned  wooded  creek, 
with  its  untrimm'd  bushes  and  turfy  banks — away  from  ligatures, 
tight  boots,  buttons,  and  the  whole  cast-iron  civilizee  life — from 
entourage  of  artificial  store,  machine,  studio,  office,  parlor — from 
tailordom  and  fashion's  clothes — from  any  clothes,  perhaps,  for 
the  nonce,  the  summer  heats  advancing,  there  in  those  watery, 
shaded  solitudes.  Away,  thou  soul,  (let  me  pick  thee  out  singly, 


84  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

reader  dear,  and  talk  in  perfect  freedom,  negligently,  confiden 
tially,)  for  one  day  and  night  at  least,  returning  to  the  naked 
source-life  of  us  all — to  the  breast  of  the  great  silent  savage 
all-acceptive  Mother.  Alas !  how  many  of  us  are  so  sodden — 
how  many  have  wander'd  so  far  away,  that  return  is  almost  im 
possible. 

But  to  my  jottings,  taking  them  as  they  come,  from  the  heap, 
without  particular  selection.  There  is  little  consecutiveness  in 
dates.  They  run  any  time  within  nearly  five  or  six  years.  Each 
was  carelessly  pencilled  in  the  open  air,  at  the  time  and  place. 
The  printers  will  learn  this  to  some  vexation  perhaps,  as  much 
of  their  copy  is  from  those  hastily-written  first  notes. 
BIRDS  MIGRATING  AT  MIDNIGHT. 

Did  you  ever  chance  to  hear  the  midnight  flight  of  birds  pass 
ing  through  the  air  and  darkness  overhead,  in  countless  armies, 
changing  their  early  or  late  summer  habitat  ?  It  is  something  not 
to  be  forgotten.  A  friend  called  me  up  just  after  12  last  night 
to  mark  the  peculiar  noise  of  unusually  immense  flocks  migrating 
north  (rather  late  this  year.)  In  the  silence,  shadow  and  deli 
cious  odor  of  the  hour,  (the  natural  perfume  belonging  to  the  night 
alone,)  I  thought  it  rare  music.  You  could  hear  the  character 
istic  motion — once  or  twice  "the  rush  of  mighty  wings,"  but 
oftener  a  velvety  rustle,  long  drawn  out — sometimes  quite  near — 
with  continual  calls  and  chirps,  and  some  song-notes.  It  all 
lasted  from  1 2  till  after  2.  Once  in  a  while  the  species  was  plainly 
distinguishable ;  I  could  make  out  the  bobolink,  tanager,  Wil 
son's  thrush,  white-crown'd  sparrow,  and  occasionally  from  high 
in  the  air  came  the  notes  of  the  plover. 
BUMBLE-BEES. 

May-month — month  of  swarming,  singing,  mating  birds — the 
bumble-bee  month — month  of  the  flowering  lilac — (and  then  my 
own  birth-month.)  As  I  jot  this  paragraph,  I  am  out  just  after 
•sunrise,  and  down  towards  the  creek.  The  lights,  perfumes, 
melodies — the  blue  birds,  grass  birds  and  robins,  in  every  direc 
tion — the  noisy,  vocal,  natural  concert.  For  undertones,  a  neigh 
boring  wood-pecker  tapping  his  tree,  and  the  distant  clarion  of 
chanticleer.  Then  the  fresh  earth  smells — the  colors,  the  delicate 
drabs  and  thin  blues  of  the  perspective.  The  bright  green  of 
the  grass  has  receiv'd  an  added  tinge  from  the  last  two  days' 
mildness  and  moisture.  How  the  sun  silently  mounts  in  the 
broad  clear  sky,  on  his  day's  journey!  How  the  warm  beams 
bathe  all,  and  come  streaming  kissingly  and  almost  hot  on  my 
face. 

A  while  since  the  croaking  of  the  pond  frogs  and  the  first  white 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  85 

• 

of  the  dog-wood  blossoms.  Now  the  golden  dandelions  in  end 
less  profusion,  spotting  the  ground  everywhere.  The  white  cherry 
and  pear-blows — the  wild  violets,  with  their  blue  eyes  looking 
up  and  saluting  my  feet,  as  I  saunter  the  wood-edge — the  rosy 
blush  of  budding  apple-trees — the  light-clear  emerald  hue  of 
the  wheat-fields — the  darker  green  of  the  rye — a  warm  elasticity 
pervading  the  air — the  cedar-bushes  profusely  deck'd  with  their 
little  brown  apples — the  summer  fully  awakening — the  convoca 
tion  of  black  birds,  garrulous  flocks  of  them,  gathering  on  some 
tree,  and  making  the  hour  and  place  noisy  as  I  sit  near. 

Later. — Nature  marches  in  procession,  in  sections,  like  the 
corps  of  an  army.  All  have  done  much  for  me,  and  still  do. 
But  for  the  last  two  days  it  has  been  the  great  wild  bee,  the 
humble-bee,  or  "  bumble,"  as  the  children  call  him.  As  I  walk, 
or  hobble,  from  the  farm-house  down  to  the  creek,  I  traverse  the 
before-mention'd  lane,  fenced  by  old  rails,  with  many  splits, 
splinters,  breaks,  holes,  &c.,  the  choice  habitat  of  those  crooning, 
hairy  insects.  Up  and  down  and  by  and  between  these  rails, 
they  swarm  and  dart  and  fly  in  countless  myriads.  As  I  wend 
slowly  along,  I  am  often  accompanied  with  a  moving  cloud  of 
them.  They  play  a  leading  part  in  my  morning,  midday  or  sun 
set  rambles,  and  often  dominate  the  landscape  in  a  way  I  never 
before  thought  of — fill  the  long  lane,  not  by  scores  or  hundreds 
only,  but  by  thousands.  Large  and  vivacious  and  swift,  with 
wonderful  momentum  and  a  loud  swelling  perpetual  hum,  varied 
now  and  then  by  something  almost  like  a  shriek,  they  dart  to 
and  fro,  in  rapid  flashes,  chasing  each  other,  and  (little  things  as 
they  are,)  conveying  to  me  a  new  and  pronounc'd  sense  of 
strength,  beauty,  vitality  and  movement.  Are  they  in  their 
mating  season  ?  or  what  is  the  meaning  of  this  plenitude,  swift 
ness,  eagerness,  display?  As  I  walk'd,  I  thought  I  was  follow'd 
by  a  particular  swarm,  but  upon  observation  I  saw  that  it  was  a 
rapid  succession  of  changing  swarms,  one  after  another. 

As  I  write,  I  am  seated  under  a  big  wild-cherry  tree — the  warm 
day  temper'd  by  partial  clouds  and  a  fresh  breeze,  neither  too 
heavy  nor  light — and  here  I  sit  long  and  long,  envelop'd  in  the 
deep  musical  drone  of  these  bees,  flitting,  balancing,  darting  to 
and  fro  about  me  by  hundreds — big  fellows  with  light  yellow 
jackets,  great  glistening  swelling  bodies,  stumpy  heads  and  gauzy 
wings — humming  their  perpetual  rich  mellow  boom.  (Is  there 
not  a  hint  in  it  for  a  musical  composition,  of  which  it  should  be 
the  back-ground  ?  some  bumble-bee  symphony  ?)  How  it  all 
nourishes,  lulls  me,  in  the  way  most  needed;  the  open  air,  the 
rye-fields,  the  apple  orchards.  The  last  two  days  have  been 
faultless  in  sun,  breeze,  temperature  and  everything ;  never  two 


86  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

more  perfect  days,  and  I  have  enjoy'd  them  wonderfully.  My 
health  is  somewhat  better,  and  my  spirit  at  peace.  (Yet  the  anni 
versary  of  the  saddest  loss  and  sorrow  of  my  life  is  close  at  hand.) 

Another  jotting,  another  perfect  day :  forenoon,  from  7  to  9, 
two  hours  envelop'd  in  sound  of  bumble-bees  and  bird-music. 
Down  in  the  apple-trees  and  in  a  neighboring  cedar  were  three 
or  four  russet-back'd  thrushes,  each  singing  his  best,  and  rou- 
lading  in  ways  I  never  heard  surpass'd.  Two  hours  I  abandon 
myself  to  hearing  them,  and  indolently  absorbing  the  scene. 
Almost  every  bird  I  notice  has  a  special  time  in  the  year — some 
times  limited  to  a  few  days — when  it  sings  its  best ;  and  now  is 
the  period  of  these  russet-backs.  Meanwhile,  up  and  down  the 
lane,  the  darting,  droning,  musical  bumble  bees.  A  great  swarm 
again  for  my  entourage  as  I  return  home,  moving  along  with  me 
as  before. 

As  I  write  this,  two  or  three  weeks  later,  I  am  sitting  near  the 
brook  under  a  tulip  tree,  70  feet  high,  thick  with  the  fresh  verdure 
of  its  young  maturity — a  beautiful  object — every  branch,  every 
leaf  perfect.  From  top  to  bottom,  seeking  the  sweet  juice  in  the 
blossoms,  it  swarms  with  myriads  of  these  wild  bees,  whose  loud 
and  steady  humming  makes  an  undertone  to  the  whole,  and  to  my 
mood  and  the  hour.  All'  of  which  I  will  bring  to  a  close  by  ex 
tracting  the  following  verses  from  Henry  A.  Beers's  little  volume : 

"  As  I  lay  yonder  in  tall  grass 
A  drunken  bumble-bee  went  past 
Delirious  with  honey  toddy. 
The  golden  sash  about  his  body 
Scarce  kept  it  in  his  swollen  belly 
Distent  with  honeysuckle  jelly. 
Rose  liquor  and  the  sweet-pea  wine 
Had  fill'd  his  soul  with  song  divine; 
Deep  had  he  drunk  the  warm  night  through, 
His  hairy  thighs  were  wet  with  dew. 
Pull  many  an  antic  he  had  play'd 
While  the  world  went  round  through  sleep  and  shade. 
Oft  had  he  lit  with  thirsty  lip 
Some  flower-cup's  nectar'd  sweets  to  sip, 
When  on  smooth  petals  he  would  slip, 
Or  over  tangled  stamens  trip, 
And  headlong  in  the  pollen  roll'd, 
Crawl  out  quite  dusted  o'er  with  gold; 
Or  else  his  heavy  feet  would  stumble 
Against  some  bud,  and  down  he'd  tumble 
Amongst  the  grass;  there  lie  and  grumble 
In  low,  soft  bass — poor  maudlin  bumble !" 

CEDAR-APPLES. 

As  I  journey'd  to-day  in  a  light  wagon  ten  or  twelve  miles 
through  the  country,  nothing  pleas'd  me  more,  in  their  homely 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS.  87 

beauty  and  novelty  (I  had  either  never  seen  the  little  things  to 
such  advantage,  or  had  never  noticed  them  before)  than  that 
peculiar  fruit,  with  its  profuse  clear-yellow  dangles  of  inch-long 
silk  or  yarn,  in  boundless  profusion  spotting  the  dark-green  cedar 
bushes — contrasting  well  with  their  bronze  tufts — the  flossy  shreds 
covering  the  knobs  all  over,  like  a  shock  of  wild  hair  on  elfin 
pates.  On  my  ramble  afterward  down  by  the  creek  I  pluck'd 
one  from  its  bush,  and  shall  keep  it.  These  cedar-apples  last  only 
a  little  while  however,  and  soon  crumble  and  fade. 

SUMMER  SIGHTS  AND  INDOLENCIES. 

June  loth. — As  I  write,  5^2  P.  M.,  here  by  the  creek,  nothing 
can  exceed  the  quiet  splendor  and  freshness  around  me.  We  had 
a  heavy  shower,  with  brief  thunder  and  lightning,  in  the  middle 
of  the  day  ;  and  since,  overhead,  one  of  those  not  uncommon  yet 
indescribable  skies  (in  quality,  not  details  or  forms)  of  limpid 
blue,  with  rolling  silver-fringed  clouds,  and  a  pure-dazzling  sun. 
For  underlay,  trees  in  fulness  of  tender  foliage — liquid,  reedy, 
long-drawn  notes  of  birds — based  by  the  fretful  mewing  of  a 
querulous  cat-bird,  and  the  pleasant  chippering-shriek  of  two 
kingfishers.  I  have  been  watching  the  latter  the  last  half  hour, 
on  their  regular  evening  frolic  over  and  in  the  stream  ;  evidently 
a  spree  of  the  liveliest  kind.  They  pursue  each  other,  whirling 
and  wheeling  around,  with  many  a  jocund  downward  dip,  splash 
ing  the  spray  in  jets  of  diamonds — and  then  off  they  swoop,  with 
slanting  wings  and  graceful  flight,  sometimes  so  near  me  I  ca"n 
plainly  see  their  dark-gray  feather-bodies  and  milk-white  necks. 

SUNDOWN  PERFUME— QUAIL-NOTES-THE  HERMIT-THRUSH. 
June  igth,  4  to  6^,  p.  M. — Sitting  alone  by  the  creek — solitude 
here,  but  the  scene  bright  and  vivid  enough — the  sun  shining, 
and  quite  a  fresh  wind  blowing  (some  heavy  showers  last  night,)  the 
grass  and  trees  looking  their  best — the  clare-obscure  of  different 
greens,  shadows,  half-shadows,  and  the  dappling  glimpses  of  the 
water,  through  recesses — the  wild  flageolet-note  of  a  quail  near 
by — the  just-heard  fretting  of  some  hylas  down  there  in  the  pond 
— crows  cawing  in  the  distance — a  drove  of  young  hogs  rooting 
in  soft  ground  near  the  oak  under  which  I  sit — some  come  sniffing 
near  me,  and  then  scamper  away,  with  grunts.  And  still  the 
clear  notes  of  the  quail — the  quiver  of  leaf-shadows  over  the  paper 
as  I  write — the  sky  aloft,  with  white  clouds,  and  the  sun  well 
declining  to  the  west — the  swift  darting  of  many  sand-swallows 
coming  and  going,  their  holes  in  a  neighboring  marl-bank — the 
odor  of  the  cedar  and  oak,  so  palpable,  as  evening  approaches — 
perfume,  color,  the  bronze-and-gold  of  nearly  ripen'd  wheat — 
clover-fields,  with  honey-scent — the  well-up  maize,  with  long  and 


88  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

rustling  leaves — the  great  patches  of  thriving  potatoes,  dusky 
green,  fleck' d  all  over  with  white  blossoms — the  old,  warty, 
venerable  oak  above  me — and  ever,  mix'd  with  the  dual  notes  of 
the  quail,  the  soughing  of  the  wind  through  some  near-by 
pines. 

As  I  rise  for  return,  I  linger  long  to  a  delicious  song-epilogue 
(is  it  the  hermit-thrush  ?)  from  some  bushy  recess  off  there  in  the 
swamp,  repeated  leisurely  and  pensively  over  and  over  again. 
This,  to  the  circle-gambols  of  the  swallows  flying  by  dozens  in 
concentric  rings  in  the  last  rays  of  sunset,  like  flashes  of  some 
airy  wheel. 

A  JULY  AFTERNOON  BY  THE  POND. 

The  fervent  heat,  but  so  much  more  endurable  in  this  pure 
air — the  white  and  pink  pond-blossoms,  with  great  heart-shaped 
leaves;  the  glassy  waters  of  the  creek,  the  banks,  with  dense 
bushery,  and  the  picturesque  beeches  and  shade  and  turf;  the 
tremulous,  reedy  call  of  some  bird  from  recesses,  breaking  the 
warm,  indolent,  half-voluptuous  silence  ;  an  occasional  wasp, 
hornet,  honey-bee  or  bumble  (they  hover  near  my  hands  or  face, 
yet  annoy  me  not,  nor  I  them,  as  they  appear  to  examine,  find 
nothing,  and  away  they  go) — the  vast  space  of  the  sky  overhead 
so  clear,  and  the  buzzard  up  there  sailing  his  slow  whirl  in  ma 
jestic  spirals  and  discs;  just  over  the  surface  of  the  pond,  two 
large  slate-color'd  dragon-flies,  with  wings  of  lace,  circling  and 
darting  and  occasionally  balancing  themselves  quite  still,  their 
wings  quivering  all  the  time,  (are  they  not  showing  off  for  my 
amusement  ?) — the  pond  itself,  with  the  sword-shaped  calamus ; 
the  water  snakes — occasionally  a  flitting  blackbird,  with  red 
dabs  on  his  shoulders,  as  he  darts  slantingly  by — the  sounds  that 
bring  out  the  solitude,  warmth,  light  and  shade — the  quawk  of 
some  pond  duck — (the  crickets  and  grasshoppers  are  mute  in  the 
noon  heat,  but  I  hear  the  song  of  the  first  cicadas ;) — then  at 
some  distance  the  rattle  and  whirr  of  a  reaping  machine  as  the 
horses  draw  it  on  a  rapid  walk  through  a  rye  field  on  the  oppo 
site  side  of  the  creek — (what  was  the  yellow  or  light- brown  bird, 
large  as  a  young  hen,  with  short  neck  and  long-stretch'd  legs  I 
just  saw,  in  flapping  and  awkward  flight  over  there  through  the 
trees?) — the  prevailing  delicate,  yet  palpable,  spicy,  grassy, 
clovery  perfume  to  my  nostrils;  and  over  all,  encircling  all,  to 
my  sight  and  soul,  the  free  space  of  the  sky,  transparent  and  blue 
— and  hovering  there  in  the  west,  a  mass  of  white-gray  fleecy 
clouds  the  sailors  call  "shoals  of  mackerel  " — the  sky,  with  sil 
ver  swirls  like  locks  of  toss'd  hair,  spreading,  expanding — a  vast 
voiceless,  formless  simulacrum — yet  may-be  the  most  real  reality 
and  formulator  of  everything — who  knows? 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  89 

LOCUSTS  AND  KATYDIDS. 

Aug.  22. — Reedy  monotones  of  locust,  or  sounds  of  katydid 
— I  hear  the  latter  at  night,  and  the  other  both  day  and  night. 
I  thought  the  morning  and  evening  warble  of  birds  delightful ; 
but  I  find  I  can  listen  to  these  strange  insects  with  just  as  much 
pleasure.  A  single  locust  is  now  heard  near  noon  from  a  tree 
two  hundred  feet  off,  as  I  write — a  long  whirring,  continued, 
quite  loud  noise  graded  in  distinct  whirls,  or  swinging  circles, 
increasing  in  strength  and  rapidity  up  to  a  certain  point,  and 
then  a  fluttering,  quietly  tapering  fall.  Each  strain  is  continued 
from  one  to  two  minutes.  The  locust-song  is  very  appropriate 
to  the  scene — gushes,  has  meaning,  is  masculine,  is  like  some 
fine  old  wine,  not  sweet,  but  far  better  than  sweet. 

But  the  katydid — how  shall  I  describe  its  piquant  utterances? 
One  sings  from  a  willow-tree  just  outside  my  open  bedroom  win 
dow,  twenty  yards  distant ;  every  clear  night  for  a  fortnight  past 
has  sooth'd  me  to  sleep.  I  rode  through  a  piece  of  woods  for  a 
hundred  rods  the  other  evening,  and  heard  the  katydids  by 
myriads — very  curious  fur  once ;  but  I  like  better  my  single 
neighbor  on  the  tree. 

Let  me  say  more  about  the  song  of  the  locust,  even  to  repeti 
tion ;  a  long,  chromatic,  tremulous  crescendo,  like  a  brass  disk- 
whirling  round  and  round,  emitting  wave  after  wave  of  notes, 
beginning  with  a  certain  moderate  beat  or  measure,  rapidly  in? 
creasing  in  speed  and  emphasis,  reaching  a  point  of  great  energy 
and  significance,  and  then  quickly  and  gracefully  dropping  down 
and  out.  Not  the  melody  of  the  singing-bird — far  from  it ;  the 
common  musician  might  think  without  melody,  but  surely  having 
to  the  finer  ear  a  harmony  of  its  own  ;  monotonous — but  what  a 
swing  there  is  in  that  brassy  drone,  round  and  round,  cymbal- 
line — or  like  the  whirling  of  brass  quoits. 

THE  LESSON  OF  A  TREE. 

Sept.  i. — I  should  not  take  either  the  biggest  or  the  most  pic 
turesque  tree  to  illustrate  it.  Here  is  one  of  my  favorites  now 
before  me,  a  fine  yellow  poplar,  quite  straight,  perhaps  90  feet 
high,  and  four  thick  at  the  butt.  How  strong,  vital,  enduring! 
how  dumbly  eloquent !  What  suggestions  of  imperturbability 
and  being,  as  against  the  human  trait  of  mere  seeming.  Then  the 
qualities,  almost  emotional,  palpably  artistic,  heroic,  of  a  tree  ;  so 
innocent  and  harmless,  yet  so  savage.  It  is,  yet  says  nothing. 
How  it  rebukes  by  its  tough  and  equable  serenity  all  weathers, 
this  gusty-temper'd  little  whiffet,  man,  that  runs  indoors  at  a 
mite  of  rain  or  snow.  Science  (or  rather  half-way  science)  scoffs 
at  reminiscence  of  dryad  and  hamadryad,  and  of  trees  speaking. 

8 


9o 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


But,  if  they  don't,  they  do  as  well  as  most  speaking,  writing, 
poetry,  sermons — or  rather  they  do  a  great  deal  better.  I  should 
say  indeed  that  those  old  dryad-reminiscences  are  quite  as  true 
as  any,  and  profounder  than  most  reminiscences  we  get.  ("  Cut 
this  out,"  as  the  quack  mediciners  say,  and  keep  by  you.)  Go 
and  sit  in  a  grove  or  woods,  with  one  or  more  of  those  voiceless 
companions,  and  read  the  foregoing,  and  think. 

One  lesson  from  affiliating  a  tree — perhaps  the  greatest  moral 
lesson  anyhow  from  earth,  rocks,  animals,  is  that  same  lesson  of 
inherency,  of  what  is,  without  the  least  regard  to  what  the  looker 
on  (the  critic)  supposes  or  says,  or  whether  he  likes  or  dislikes. 
What  worse — what  more  general  malady  pervades  each  and  all 
of  us,  our  literature,  education,  attitude  toward  each  other,  (even 
toward  ourselves,)  than  a  morbid  trouble  about  seems,  (gener 
ally  temporarily  seems  too,)  and  no  trouble  at  all,  or  hardly  any, 
about  the  sane,  slow-growing,  perennial,  real  parts  of  character, 
books,  friendship,  marriage — humanity's  invisible  foundations 
and  hold-together?  (As  the  all-basis,  the  nerve,  the  great-sym 
pathetic,  the  plenum  within  humanity,  giving  stamp  to  every 
thing,  is  necessarily  invisible.) 

Aug.  4,  6  P.M. — Lights  and  shades  and  rare  effects  on  tree- 
.  foliage  and  grass — transparent  greens,  grays,  &c.,  all  in  sunset 
pomp  and  dazzle.  The  clear  beams  are  now  thrown  in  many 
new  places,  on  the  quilted,  seam'd,  bronze-drab,  lower  tree- 
trunks,  shadow'd  except  at  this  hour — now  flooding  their  young 
and  old  columnar  ruggedness  with  strong  light,  unfolding  to  my 
sense  new  amazing  features  of  silent,  shaggy  charm,  the  solid 
bark,  the  expression  of  harmless  impassiveness,  with  many  a 
bulge  and  gnarl  unreck'd  before.  In  the  revealings  of  such 
light,  such  exceptional  hour,  such  mood,  one  does  not  wonder 
at  the  old  story  fables,  (indeed,  why  fables?)  of  people  falling  into 
love-sickness  with  trees,  seiz'd  extatic  with  the  mystic  realism  of 
the  resistless  silent  strength  in  them — strength,  which  after  all  is 
perhaps  the  last,  completest,  highest  beauty. 

Trees  I  am  familiar  with  here. 

Oaks,  (many  kinds — one   sturdy  ern  Illinois,  140  feet  high  and 

old  fellow,  vital,  green,  bushy,  8  feet  thick  at  the  butt*;  does 

five  feet  thick  at  the  butt,  I  sit  not  transplant  well;  best  rais'd 

under  every  day.)  from    seeds  —  the    lumbermen 

Cedars,  plenty.  call  it  yellow  poplar.) 

Tulip  trees,  (Liriodendron,  is  of  Sycamores. 

the  magnolia   family — I   have  Gum-trees,  both  sweet  and  sour, 

seen  it  in  Michigan  and  south-  Beeches. 

*  There  is  a  tulip  poplar  within  sight  of  Woodstown,  which  is  twenty  feet 
around,  three  feet  from  the  ground,  four  feet  across  about  eighteen  feet  up  the 
trunk,  which  is  broken  off  about  three  or  four  feet  higher  up.  On  the  south 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS.  9 1 

Black-walnuts.  Dogwood. 

Sassafras.  Pine. 

Willows.  the  Elm. 

Catalpas.  Chestnut. 

Persimmons.  Linden. 

Mountain-ash.  Aspen. 

Hickories.  Spruce. 

Maples,  many  kinds.  Hornbeam. 

Locusts.  Laurel. 

Birches.  Holly. 

AUTUMN  SIDE-BITS. 

Sept.  20. — Under  an  old  black  oak,  glossy  and  green,  exhaling 
aroma — amid  a  grove  the  Albic  druids  might  have  chosen — en- 
velop'd  in  the  warmth  and  light  of  the  noonday  sun,  and  swarms 
of  flitting  insects — with  the  harsh  cawing  of  many  crows  a  hun 
dred  rods  away — here  I  sit  in  solitude,  absorbing,  enjoying  all. 
The  corn,  stack'd  in  its  cone-shaped  stacks,  russet-color 'd  and 
sere — a  large  field  spotted  thick  with  scarlet-gold  pumpkins — an 
adjoining  one  of  cabbages,  showing  well  in  their  green  and  pearl, 
mottled  by  much  light  and  shade — melon  patches,  with  their 
bulging  ovals,  and  great  silver-streak'd,  ruffled,  broad-edged 
leaves — and  many  an  autumn  sight  and  sound  beside — the  dis 
tant  scream  of  a  flock  of  guinea-hens — and  pour'd  over  all  the 
September  breeze,  with  pensive  cadence  through  the  tree  tops. 

Another  Day. — The  ground  in  all  directions  strew'd  with  de 
bris  from  a  storm.  Timber  creek,  as  I  slowly  pace  its  banks,  has 
ebb'd  low,  and  shows  reaction,  from  the  turbulent  swell  of  the 
late  equinoctial.  As  I  look  around,  I  take  account  of  stock — 
weeds  and  shrubs,  knolls,  paths,  occasional  stumps,  some  with 
smooth'd  tops,  (several  I  use  as  seats  of  rest,  from  place  to  place, 
and  from  one  I  am  now  jotting  these  lines,) — frequent  wild- 
flowers,  little  white,  star-shaped  things,  or  the  cardinal  red  of  the 
lobelia,  or  the  cherry-ball  seeds  of  the  perennial  rose,  or  the 
many-threaded  vines  winding  up  and  around  trunks  of  trees. 

Oct.  i,  2  and  3. — Down  every  day  in  the  solitude  of  the  creek. 
A  serene  autumn  sun  and  westerly  breeze  to-day  (3d)  as  I  sit 
here,  the  water  surface  prettily  moving  in  wind-ripples  before 
me.  On  a  stout  old  beech  at  the  edge,  decayed  and  slanting, 
almost  fallen  to  the  stream,  yet  with  life  and  leaves  in  its  mossy 

side  an  arm  has  shot  out  from  which  rise  two  stems,  each  to  about  ninety-one 
or  ninety-two  feet  from  the  ground.  Twenty-five  (or  more)  years  since  the 
cavity  in  the  butt  was  large  enough  for,  and  nine  men  at  one  time,  ate  dinner 
therein.  It  is  supposed  twelve  to  fifteen  men  could  now,  at  one  time,  stand 
within  its  trunk.  The  severe  winds  of  1877  and  1878  did  not  seem  to  damage 
it,  and  the  two  stems  send  out  yearly  many  blossoms,  scenting  the  air  imme 
diately  about  it  with  their  sweet  perfume.  It  is  entirely  unprotected  by  other 
trees,  on  a  hill. —  Woodstown,  N.  J.,  "  Register"  April  ij,  '79- 


9  2  SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS. 

limbs,  a  gray  squirrel,  exploring,  runs  up  and  down,  flirts  his 
tail,  leaps  to  the  ground,  sits  on  his  haunches  upright  as  he  sees 
me,  (a  Darwinian  hint  ?)  and  then  races  up  the  tree  again. 

Oct.  4. — Cloudy  and  coolish  ;  signs  of  incipient  winter.  Yet 
pleasant  here,  the  leaves  thick- fall  ing,  the  ground  brown  with 
them  already ;  rich  coloring,  yellows  of  all  hues,  pale  and  dark- 
green,  shades  from  lightest  to  richest  red — all  set  in  and  toned 
down  by  the  prevailing  brown  of  the  earth  and  gray  of  the  sky. 
So,  winter  is  coming  ;  and  I  yet  in  my  sickness.  I  sit  here  amid 
all  these  fair  sights  and  vital  influences,  and  abandon  myself  to 
that  thought,  with  its  wandering  trains  of  speculation. 

THE  SKY— DAYS  AND  NIGHTS— HAPPINESS. 

Oct.  20. — A  clear,  crispy  day — dry  and  breezy  air,  full  of  oxy 
gen.  Out  of  the  sane,  silent,  beauteous  miracles  that  envelope 
and  fuse  me — trees,  water,  grass,  sunlight,  and  early  frost — the 
one  I  am  looking  at  most  to-day  is  the  sky.  It  has  that  delicate, 
transparent  blue,  peculiar  to  autumn,  and  the  only  clouds  are 
little  or  larger  white  ones,  giving  their  still  and  spiritual  motion 
to  the  great  concave.  All  through  the  earlier  day  (say  from  7 
to  n)  it  keeps  a  pure,  yet  vivid  blue.  But  as  noon  approaches 
the  color  gets  lighter,  quite  gray  for  two  or  three  hours — then 
still  paler  for  a  spell,  till  sun-down— which  last  I  watch  dazzling 
through  the  interstices  of  a  knoll  of  big  trees — darts  of  fire  and 
a  gorgeous  show  of  light-yellow,  liver-color  and  red,  with  a  vast 
silver  glaze  askant  on  the  water— the  transparent  shadows,  shafts, 
sparkle,  and  vivid  colors  beyond  all  the  paintings  ever  made. 

I  don't  know  what  or  how,  but  it  seems  to  me  mostly  owing 
to  these  skies,  (every  now  and  then  I  think,  while  I  have  of  course 
seen  them  every  day  of  my  life,  I  never  really  saw  the  skies  be 
fore,)  I  have  had  this  autumn  some  wondrously  contented  hours 
— may  I  not  say  perfectly  happy  ones  ?  As  I've  read,  Byron  just 
before  his  death  told  a  friend  that  he  had  known  but  three  happy 
hours  during  his  whole  existence.  Then  there  is  the  old  German 
legend  of  the  king's  bell,  to  the  same  point.  While  I  was  out 
there  by  the  wood,  that  beautiful  sunset  through  the  trees,  I 
thought  of  Byron's  and  the  bell  story,  and  the  notion  started  in 
me  that  I  was  having  a  happy  hour.  (Though  perhaps  my  best 
moments  I  never  jot  down;  when  they  come  I  cannot  afford  to 
break  the  charm  by  inditing  memoranda.  I  just  abandon  my 
self  to  the  mood,  and  let  it  float  on,  carrying  me  in  its  placid 
extasy.) 

What  is  happiness,  anyhow?  Is  this  one  of  its  hours,  or  the 
like  of  it  ? — so  impalpable — a  mere  breath,  an  evanescent  tinge? 
I  am  not  sure — so  let  me  give  myself  the  benefit  of  the  doubt. 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


93 


Hast  Thou,  pellucid,  in  Thy  azure  depths,  medicine  for  case  like 
mine  ?  (Ah,  the  physical  shatter  and  troubled  spirit  of  me  the 
last  three  years.)  And  dost  Thou  subtly  mystically  now  drip  it 
through  the  air  invisibly  upon  me? 

Night  of  Oct.  28. — The  heavens  unusually  transparent — the 
stars  out  by  myriads — the  great  path  of  the  Milky  Way,  with  its 
branch,  only  seen  of  very  clear  nights — Jupiter,  setting  in  the 
west,  looks  like  a  huge  hap-hazard  splash,  and  has  a  little  star  for 
companion. 

Clothed  in  his  white  garments, 

Into  the  round  and  clear  arena  slowly  entered  the  brahmin, 

Holding  a  little  child  by  the  hand, 

Like  the  moon  with  the  planet  Jupiter  in  a  cloudless  night-sky. 

Old  Hindu  Poem. 

Early  in  Nwember. — At  its  farther  end  the  lane  already  de 
scribed  opens  into  a  broad  grassy  upland  field  of  over  twenty 
acres,  slightly  sloping  to  the  south.  Here  I  am  accustom'd  to 
walk  for  sky  views  and  effects,  either  morning  or  sundown.  To 
day  from  this  field  my  soul  is  calm'd  and  expanded  beyond  de 
scription  the  whole  forenoon  by  the  clear  blue  arching  over  all, 
cloudless,  nothing  particular,  only  sky  and  daylight.  Their 
soothing  accompaniments,  autumn  leaves,  the  cool  dry  air,  the 
faint  aroma — crows  cawing  in  the  distance — two  great  buz 
zards  wheeling  gracefully  and  slowly  far  up  there — the  occasional 
murmur  of  the  wind,  sometimes  quite  gently,  then  threatening 
through  the  trees — a  gang  of  farm-laborers  loading  corn-stalks  in 
a  field  in  sight,  and  the  patient  horses  waiting. 

COLORS— A  CONTRAST. 

Such  a  play  of  colors  and  lights,  different  seasons,  different 
hours  of  the  day — the  lines  of  the  far  horizon  where  the  faint- 
tinged  edge  of  the  landscape  loses  itself  in  the  sky.  As  I  slowly 
hobble  up  the  lane  toward  day-close,  an  incomparable  sunset 
shooting  in  molten  sapphire  and  gold,  shaft  after  shaft,  through 
the  ranks  of  the  long-leaved  corn,  between  me  and  the  west. 

Another  day. — The  rich  dark  green  of  the  tulip-trees  and  the 
oaks,  the  gray  of  the  swamp-willows,  the  dull  hues  of  the  syca 
mores  and  black-walnuts,  the  emerald  of  the  cedars  (after  rain,) 
and  the  light  yellow  of  the  beeches. 

NOVEMBER  8,  '76. 

The  forenoon  leaden  and  cloudy,  not  cold  or  wet,  but  indica 
ting  both.  As  I  hobble  down  here  and  sit  by  the  silent  pond, 
how  different  from  the  excitement  amid  which,  in  the  cities, 
millions  of  people  are  now  waiting  news  of  yesterday's  Presi- 


94  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

dential  election,  or  receiving  and  discussing  the  result — in  this 
secluded  place  uncared-for,  unknown. 

CROWS  AND  CROWS. 

Nov.  14. — As  I  sit  here  by  the  creek,  resting  after  my  walk,  a 
warm  languor  bathes  me  from  the  sun.  No  sound  but  a  cawing 
of  crows,  and  no  motion  but  their  black  flying  figures  from  over 
head,  reflected  in  the  mirror  of  the  pond  below.  Indeed  a  prin 
cipal  feature  of  the  scene  to-day  is  these  crows,  their  incessant 
cawing,  far  or  near,  and  their  countless  flocks  and  processions 
moving  from  place  to  place,  and  at  times  almost  darkening  the 
air  with  their  myriads.  As  I  sit  a  moment  writing  this  by  the 
bank,  I  see  the  black,  clear-cut  reflection  of  them  far  below,  flying 
through  the  watery  looking-glass,  by  ones,  twos,  or  long  strings. 
All  last  night  I  heard  the  noises  from  their  great  roost  in  a  neigh 
boring  wood. 

A- WINTER  DAY  ON  THE  SEA-BEACH. 

One  bright  December  mid-day  lately  I  spent  down  on  the  New 
Jersey  sea-shore,  reaching  it  by  a  little  more  than  an  hour's 
railroad  trip  over  the  old  Camden  and  Atlantic.  I  had  started 
betimes,  fortified  by  nice  strong  coffee  and  a  good  breakfast 
(cook'd  by  the  hands  I  love,  my  dear  sister  Lou's — how  much 
better  it  makes  the  victuals  taste,  and  then  assimilate,  strengthen 
you,  perhaps  make  the  whole  day  comfortable  afterwards.)  Five 
or  six  miles  at  the  last,  our  track  enter'd  a  broad  region  of  salt 
grass  meadows,  intersected  by  lagoons,  and  cut  up  everywhere  by 
watery  runs.  The  sedgy  perfume,  delightful  to  my  nostrils,  re 
minded  me  of  "  the  mash  "  and  south  bay  of  my  native  island. 
I  could  have  journey'd  contentedly  till  night  through  these  flat 
and  odorous  sea-prairies.  From  half-past  1 1  till  2  I  was  nearly 
all  the  time  along  the  beach,  or  in  sight  of  the  ocean,  listening 
to  its  hoarse  murmur,  and  inhaling  the  bracing  and  welcome 
breezes.  First,  a  rapid  five-mile  drive  over  the  hard  sand — our 
carriage  wheels  hardly  made  dents  in  it.  Then  after  dinner  (as 
there  were  nearly  two  hours  to  spare)  I  walk'd  off  in  another  di 
rection,  (hardly  met  or  saw  a  person,)  and  taking  possession  of 
what  appear'd  to  have  been  the  reception-room  of  an  old  bath 
house  range,  had  a  broad  expanse  of  view  all  to  myself — quaint, 
refreshing,  unimpeded — a  dry  area  of  sedge  and  Indian  grass 
immediately  before  and  around  me — space,  simple,  unornamented 
space.  Distant  vessels,  and  the  far-off,  just  visible  trailing  smoke 
of  an  inward  bound  steamer  ;  more  plainly,  ships,  brigs,  schooners, 
in  sight,  most  of  them  with  every  sail  set  to  the  firm  and  steady 
wind.  . 

The  attractions,  fascinations  there  are  in  sea  and  shore !    How 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


95 


one  dwells  on  their  simplicity,  even  vacuity  !  What  is  it  in  us, 
arous'd  by  those  indirections  and  directions?  That  spread  of 
waves  and  gray-white  beach,  salt,  monotonous,  senseless — such 
an  entire  absence  of  art,  books,  talk,  elegance — so  indescribably 
comforting,  even  this  winter  day — grim,  yet  so  delicate-looking, 
so  spiritual — striking  emotional,  impalpable  depths,  subtler  than 
all  the  poems,  paintings,  music,  I  have  ever  read,  seen,  heard. 
(Yet  let  me  be  fair,  perhaps  it  is  because  I  have  read  those  poems 
and  heard  that  music.) 

SEA-SHORE  FANCIES. 

Even  as  a  boy,  I  had  the  fancy,  the  wish,  to  write  a  piece,  per 
haps  a  poem,  about  the  sea-shore — that  suggesting,  dividing  line, 
contact,  junction,  the  solid  marrying  the  liquid — that  curious, 
lurking  something,  (as  doubtless  every  objective  form  finally  be 
comes  to  the  subjective  spirit,)  which  means  far  more  than  its 
mere  first  sight,  grand  as  that  is — blending  the  real  and  ideal, 
and  each  made  portion  of  the  other.  Hours,  days,  in  my  Long 
Island  youth  and  early  manhood,  I  haunted  the  shores  of  Rocka- 
way  or  Coney  island,  or  away  east  to  the  Hamptons  or  Montauk. 
Once,  at  the  latter  place,  (by  the  old  lighthouse,  nothing  but 
sea-tossings  in  sight  in  every  direction  as  far  as  the  eye  could 
reach,)  I  remember  well,  I  felt  that  I  must  one  day  write  a  book 
expressing  this  liquid,  mystic  theme.  Afterward,  I  recollect, 
how  it  came  to  me  that  instead  of  any  special  lyrical  or  epical  or 
literary  attempt,  the  sea-shore  should  be  an  invisible  influence,  a 
pervading  gauge  and  tally  for  me,  in  my  composition.  (Let  me 
give  a  hint  here  to  young  writers.  I  am  not  sure  but  I  have  un 
wittingly  follow'd  out  the  same  rule  with  other  powers  besides 
sea  and  shores — avoiding  them,  in  the  way  of  any  dead  set  at 
poetizing  them,  as  too  big  for  formal  handling — quite  satisfied  if  I 
could  indirectly  show  that  we  have  met  and  fused,  even  if  only 
once,  but  enough — that  we  have  really  absorb' d  each  other  and 
understand  each  other.) 

There  is  a  dream,  a  picture,  that  for  years  at  intervals,  (some 
times  quite  long  ones,  but  surely  again,  in  time,)  has  come  noise 
lessly  up  before  me,  and  I  really  believe,  fiction  as  it  is,  has  enter'd 
largely  into  my  practical  life — certainly  into  my  writings,  and 
shaped  and  color' d  them.  It  is  nothing  more  or  less  than  a 
stretch  of  interminable  white-brown  sand,  hard  and  smooth  and 
broad,  with  the  ocean  perpetually,  grandly,  rolling  in  upon  it, 
with  slow-measured  sweep,  with  rustle  and  hiss  and  foam,  and 
many  a  thump  as  of  low  bass  drums.  This  scene,  this  picture,  I 
say,  has  risen  before  me  at  times  for  years.  Sometimes  I  wake  at 
night  and  can  hear  and  see  it  plainly. 


96 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


IN  MEMORY  OF  THOMAS  PAINE. 

Spoken   at  Lincoln  Hall,  Philadelphia.  Sunday,  fan.  s8,  '77, /or  i&th  anniversary  of 
T.  P's  birth-day. 

Some  thirty-five  years  ago,  in  New  York  city,  at  Tammany 
hall,  of  which  place  I  was  then  a  frequenter,  I  happen'd  to  be 
come  quite  well  acquainted  with  Thomas  Paine's  perhaps  most 
intimate  chum,  and  certainly  his  later  years'  very  frequent  com 
panion,  a  remarkably  fine  old  man,  Col.  Fellows,  who  may  yet 
be  remember'd  by  some  stray  relics  of  that  period  and  spot.  If 
you  will  allow  me,  I  will  first  give  a  description  of  the  Colonel 
himself.  He  was  tall,  of  military  bearing,  aged  about  78  I  should 
think,  hair  white  as  snow,  clean-shaved  on  the  face,  dress'd  very 
neatly,  a  tail-coat  of  blue  cloth  with  metal  buttons,  buff  vest, 
pantaloons  of  drab  color,  and  his  neck,  breast  and  wrists  show 
ing  the  whitest  of  linen.  Under  all  circumstances,  fine  man 
ners;  a  good  but  not  profuse  talker,  his  wits  still  fully  about 
him,  balanced  and  live  and  undimm'd  as  ever.  He  kept  pretty 
fair  health,  though  so  old.  For  employment— for  he  was  poor — 
he  had  a  post  as  constable  of  some  of  the  upper  courts.  I  used 
to  think  him  very  picturesque  on  the  fringe  of  a  crowd  holding 
a  tall  staff,  with  his  erect  form,  and  his  superb,  bare,  thick- 
hair'd,  closely-cropt  white  head.  The  judges  and  young  lawyers,' 
with  whom  he  was  ever  a  favorite,  and  the  subject  of  respect, 
used  to  call  him  Aristides.  It  was  the  general  opinion  among 
them  that  if  manly  rectitude  and  the  instincts  of  absolute  jus 
tice  remain'd  vital  anywhere  about  New  York  City  Hall,  or  Tam 
many,  they  were  to  be  found  in  Col.  Fellows.  He  liked  young 
men,  and  enjoy'd  to  leisurely  talk  with  them  over  a  social  glass 
of  toddy,  after  his  day's  work,  (he  on  these  occasions  never 
drank  but  one  glass,)  and  it  was  at  reiterated  meetings  of  this 
kind  in  old  Tammany's  back  parlor  of  those  days,  that  he  told 
me  much  about  Thomas  Paine.  At  one  of  our  interviews  he 
gave  me  a  minute  account  of  Paine's  sickness  and  death.  In 
short,  from  those  talks,  I  was  and  am  satisfied  that  my  old  friend, 
with  his  mark'd  advantages,  had  mentally,  morally  and  emotion 
ally  gauged  the  author  of  "  Common  Sense,"  and  besides  giving 
me  a  good  portrait  of  his  appearance  and  manners,  had  taken 
the  true  measure  of  his  interior  character. 

Paine's  practical  demeanor,  and  much  of  his  theoretical  be 
lief,  was  a  mixture  of  the  French  and  English  schools  of  a  cen 
tury  ago,  and  the  best  of  both.  Like  most  old-fashion'd  people, 
he  drank  a  glass  or  two  everyday,  but  was  no  tippler,  nor  intem 
perate,  let  alone  being  a  drunkard.  He  lived  simply  and  eco 
nomically,  but  quite  well — was  always  cheery  and  courteous,  per 
haps  occasionally  a  little  blunt,  having  very  positive  opinions 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS.  9  7 

upon  politics,  religion,  and  so  forth.  That  he  labor'd  well  and 
wisely  for  the  States  in  the  trying  period  of  their  parturition,  and 
in  the  seeds  of  their  character,  there  seems  to  me  no  question. 
I  dare  not  say  how  much  of  what  our  Union  is  owning  and  en 
joying  to  day — its  independence — its  ardent  belief  in,  and  sub 
stantial  practice  of,  radical  human  rights — and  the  severance  of 
its  government  from  all  ecclesiastical  and  superstitious  dominion 
— 1  dare  not  say  how  much  of  all  this  is  owing  to  Thomas  Paine, 
but  I  am  inclined  to  think  a  good  portion  of  it  decidedly  is. 

But  I  was  not  going  either  into  an  analysis  or  eulogium  of  the 
man.  I  wanted  to  carry  you  back  a  generation  or  two,  and  give 
you  by  indirection  a  moment's  glance — and  also  to  ventilate  a 
very  earnest  and  I  believe  authentic  opinion,  nay  conviction,  of 
that  time,  the  fruit  of  the  interviews  I  have  mention'd,  and  of 
questioning  and  cross-questioning,  clench'd  by  my  best  informa 
tion  since,  that  Thomas  Paine  had  a  noble  personality,  as  exhib 
ited  in  presence,  face,  voice,  dress,  manner,  and  what  may  be 
call'd  his  atmosphere  and  magnetism,  especially  the  later  years 
of  his  life.  I  am  sure  of  it.  Of  the  foul  and  foolish  fictions  yet 
told  about  the  circumstances  of  his  decease,  the  absolute  fact  is 
that  as  he  lived  a  good  life,  after  its  kind,  he  died  calmly  and 
philosophically,  as  became  him.  He  served  the  embryo  Union 
with  most  precious  service — a  service  that  every  man,  woman 
and  child  in  our  thirty-eight  States  is  to  some  extent  receiving 
the  benefit  of  to  day — and  I  for  one  here  cheerfully,  reverently 
throw  my  pebble  on  the  cairn  of  his  memory.  As  we  all  know, 
the  season  demands — or  rather,  will  it  ever  be  out  of  season? — 
that  America  learn  to  better  dwell  on  her  choicest  possession, 
the  legacy  of  her  good  and  faithful  men — that  she  well  preserve 
their  fame,  if  unquestion'd — or,  if  need  be,  that  she  fail  not  to 
dissipate  what  clouds  have  intruded  on  that  fame,  and  burnish  it 
newer,  truer  and  brighter,  continually. 

A  TWO  HOURS'  ICE-SAIL. 

Feb.  3,  '77. — From  4  to  6  P.  M.  crossing  the  Delaware,  (back 
again  at  my  Camden  home,)  unable  to  make  our  landing,  through 
the  ice  ;  our  boat  stanch  and  strong  and  skilfully  piloted,  but 
old  and  sulky,  and  poorly  minding  her  helm.  (Power,  so  impor 
tant  in  poetry  and  war,  is  also  first  point  of  all  in  a  winter  steam 
boat,  with  long  stretches  of  ice-packs  to  tackle.)  For  over  two 
hours  we  bump'd  and  beat  about,  the  invisible  ebb,  sluggish  but 
irresistible,  often  carrying  us  long  distances  against  our  will.  In 
the  first  tinge  of  dusk,  as  I  look'd  around,  I  thought  there  could 
not  be  presented  a  more  chilling,  arctic,  grim-extended,  depress 
ing  scene.  Everything  was  yet  plainly  visible ;  for  miles  north 
and  south,  ice,  ice,  ice,  mostly  broken,  but  some  big  cakes,  and 


9g  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

no  clear  water  in  sight.  The  shores,  piers,  surfaces,  roofs,  ship 
ping,  mantled  with  snow.  A  faint  winter  vapor  hung  a  fitting 
accompaniment  around  and  over  the  endless  whitish  spread,  and 
gave  it  just  a  tinge  of  steel  and  brown. 

Feb.  6. — As  I  cross  home  in  the  6  P.  M.  boat  again,  the  trans 
parent  shadows  are  filled  everywhere  with  leisurely  falling,  slightly 
slanting,  curiously  sparse  but  very  large,  flakes  of  snow.  On  the 
shores,  near  and  far,  the  glow  of  just-lit  gas-clusters  at  intervals. 
The  ice,  sometimes  in  hummocks,  sometimes  floating  fields, 
through  which  our  boat  goes  crunching.  The  light  permeated 
by  that  peculiar  evening  haze,  right  after  sunset,  which  sometimes 
renders  quite  distant  objects  so  distinctly. 

SPRING  OVERTURES— RECREATIONS. 

Feb.  10. — The  first  chirping,  almost  singing,  of  a  bird  to-day. 
Then  I  noticed  a  couple  of  honey-bees  spirting  and  humming 
about  the  open  window  in  the  sun. 

Feb.  n, — In  the  soft  rose  and  pale  gold  of  the  declining  light, 
this  beautiful  evening,  I  heard  the  first  hum  and  preparation  of 
awakening  spring — very  faint — whether  in  the  earth  or  roots,  or 
starting  of  insects,  I  know  not — but  it  was  audible,  as  I  lean'd 
on  a  rail  (I  am  down  in  my  country  quarters  awhile,)  and  look'd 
long  at  the  western  horizon.  Turning  to  the  east,  Sirius,  as  the 
shadows  deepen'd,  came  forth  in  dazzling  splendor.  And  great 
Orion  ;  and  a  little  to  the  north-east  the  big  Dipper,  standing 
on  end. 

Feb.  20. — A  solitary  and  pleasant  sundown  hour  at  the  pond, 
exercising  arms,  chest,  my  whole  body,  by  a  tough  oak  sapling 
thick  as  my  wrist,  twelve  feet  high — pulling  and  pushing,  inspir 
ing  the  good  air.  After  I  wrestle  with  the  tree  awhile,  I  can  feel 
its  young  sap  and  virtue  welling  up  out  of  the  ground  and  ting 
ling  through  me  from  crown  to  toe,  like  health's  wine.  Then 
for  addition  and  variety  I  launch  forth  in  my  vocalism ;  shout 
declamatory  pieces,  sentiments,  sorrow,  anger,  &c.,  from  the 
stock  poets  or  plays — or  inflate  my  lungs  and  sing  the  wild  tunes 
and  refrains  I  heard  of  the  blacks  down  south,  or  patriotic  songs 
I  learn'd  in  the  army.  I  make  the  echoes  ring,  I  tell  you !  As 
the  twilight  fell,  in  a  pause  of  these  ebullitions,  an  owl  somewhere 
the  other  side  of  the  creek  sounded  too-oo-oo-oo-oo,  soft  and  pen 
sive  (and  I  fancied  a  little  sarcastic)  repeated  four  or  five  times. 
Either  to  applaud  the  negro  songs — or  perhaps  an  ironical  com 
ment  on  the  sorrow,  anger,  or  style  of  the  stock  poets. 

ONE  OF  THE  HUMAN  KINKS. 

How  is  it  that  in  all  the  serenity  and  lonesomeness  of  solitude, 
away  off  here  amid  the  hush  of  the  forest,  alone,  or  as  I  have 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


99 


found  in  prairie  wilds,  or  mountain  stillness,  one  is  never  entirely 
without  the  instinct  of  looking  around,  (I  never  am,  and  others 
tell  me  the  same  of  themselves,  confidentially,)  for  somebody  to 
appear,  or  start  up  out  of  the  earth,  or  from  behind  some  tree  or 
rock?  Is  it  a  lingering,  inherited  remains  of  man's  primitive 
wariness,  from  the  wild  animals?  or  from  his  savage  ancestry  far 
back?  It  is  not  at  all  nervousness  or  fear.  Seems  as  if  something 
unknown  were  possibly  lurking  in  those  bushes,  or  solitary  places. 
Nay,  it  is  quite  certain  there  is — some  vital  unseen  presence. 

AN  AFTERNOON  SCENE. 

Feb.  22. — Last  night  and  to  day  rainy  and  thick,  till  mid-after 
noon,  when  the  wind  chopp'd  round,  the  clouds  swiftly  drew  off 
like  curtains,  the  clear  appear'd,  and  with  it  the  fairest,  grandest, 
most  wondrous  rainbow  I  ever  saw,  all  complete,  very  vivid  at 
its  earth-ends,  spreading  vast  effusions  of  illuminated  haze,  violet, 
yellow,  drab-green,  in  all  directions  overhead,  through  which  the 
sun  beam'd — an  indescribable  utterance  of  color  and  light,  so 
gorgeous  yet  so  soft,  such  as  I  had  never  witness'd  before.  Then 
its  continuance:  a  full  hour  pass'd  before  the  last  of  those  earth- 
ends  disappear'd.  The  sky  behind  was  all  spread  in  translucent 
blue,  with  many  little  white  clouds  and  edges.  To  these  a  sun 
set,  filling,  dominating  the  esthetic  and  soul  senses,  sumptuously, 
tenderly,  full.  I  end  this  note  by  the  pond,  just  light  enough  to 
see,  through  the  evening  shadows,  the  western  reflections  in  its 
water-mirror  surface,  with  inverted  figures  of  trees.  I  hear  now 
and  then  ihzftup  of  a  pike  leaping  out,  and  rippling  the  water. 

THE  GATES  OPENING. 

April  6. — Palpable  spring  indeed,  or  the  indications  of  it.  I 
am  sitting  in  bright  sunshine,  at  the  edge  of  the  creek,  the  sur 
face  just  rippled  by  the  wind.  All  is  solitude,  morning  fresh 
ness,  negligence.  For  companions  my  two  kingfishers  sailing, 
winding,  darting,  dipping,  sometimes  capriciously  separate,  then 
flying  together.  I  hear  their  guttural  twittering  again  and  again ; 
for  awhile  nothing  but  that  peculiar  sound.  As  noon  approaches 
other  birds  warm  up.  The  reedy  notes«of  the  robin,  and  a  mu 
sical  passage  of  two  parts,  one  a  clear  delicious  gurgle,  with  sev 
eral  other  birds  I  cannot  place.  To  which  is  join'd,  (yes,  I  just 
hear  it,)  one  low  purr  at  intervals  from  some  impatient  hylas  at 
the  pond-edge.  The  sibilant  murmur  of  a  pretty  stiff  breeze 
now  and  then  through  the  trees.  Then  a  poor  little  dead  leaf, 
long  frost-bound,  whirls  from  somewhere  up  aloft  in  one  wild 
escaped  freedom-spree  in  space  and  sunlight,  and  then  dashes 
down  to  the  waters,  which  hold  it  closely  and  soon  drown  it  out 
of  sight.  The  bushes  and  trees  are  yet  bare,  but  the  beeches  have 


I00  SPECIMEN  DA  FS. 

their  wrinkled  yellow  leaves  of  last  season's  foliage  largely  left, 
frequent  cedars  and  pines  yet  green,  and  the  grass  not  without 
proofs  of  coming  fulness.  And  over  all  a  wonderfully  fine  dome 
of  clear  blue,  the  play  of  light  coming  and  going,  and  great 
fleeces  of  white  clouds  swimming  so  silently. 

THE  COMMON  EARTH,  THE  SOIL. 

The  soil,  too — let  others  pen-and-ink  the  sea,  the  air,  (as  I  some 
times  try) — but  now  I  feel  to  choose  the  common  soil  for  theme — 
naught  else.  The  brown  soil  here,  (just  between  winter-close 
and  opening  spring  and  vegetation) — the  rain-shower  at  night, 
and  the  fresh  smell  next  morning — the  red  worms  wriggling  out 
of  the  ground — the  dead  leaves,  the  incipient  grass,  and  the  latent 
life  underneath — the  effort  to  start  something — already  in  shel- 
ter'd  spots  some  little  flowers — the  distant  emerald  show  of  win 
ter  wheat  and  the  rye-fields — the  yet  naked  trees,  with  clear  in 
terstices,  giving  prospects  hidden  in  summer — the  tough  fallow 
and  the  plow-team,  and  the  stout  boy  whistling  to  his  horses  for 
encouragement — and  there  the  dark  fat  earth  in  long  slanting 
stripes  upturn'd. 

BIRDS  AND  BIRDS  AND  BIRDS. 

A  little  later — bright  weather. — An  unusual  melodiousness, 
these  days,  (last  of  April  and  first  of  May)  from  the  blackbirds; 
indeed  all  sorts  of  birds,  darting,  whistling,  hopping  or  perch'd 
on  trees.  Never  before  have  I  seen,  heard,  or  been  in  the  midst 
of,  and  got  so  flooded  and  saturated  with  them  and  their  perform 
ances,  as  this  current  month.  Such  oceans,  such  successions  of 
them.  Let  me  make  a  list  of  those  I  find  here  : 

Black  birds  (plenty,)  Meadow-larks  (plenty,) 

Ring  doves,  Cat-birds  (plenty,) 

Owls,  Cuckoos, 

Woodpeckers,  Pond  snipes  (plenty,) 

King-birds,  Cheewinks, 

Crows  (plenty,)  Quawks, 

Wrens,  Ground  robins, 

Kingfishers,  Ravens, 

Quails,  Gray  snipes, 

Turkey-buzzards,  Eagles, 

Hen-hawks,  High-holes, 

Yellow  birds,  Herons, 

Thrushes,  Tits, 

Reed  birds,  Woodpigeons. 

Early  came  the 

Blue  birds,  Meadow  lark, 

Killdeer,  White-bellied  swallow, 

Plover,  Sandpiper, 

Robin,  Wilson's  thrush. 

Woodcock,  Flicker. 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS.  I O I 

FULL-STARR'D  NIGHTS. 

May  21. — Back  in  Camden.  Again  commencing  one  of  those 
unusually  transparent,  full-starr'd,  blue-black  nights,  as  if  to 
show  that  however  lush  and  pompous  the  day  may  be,  there  is 
something  left  in  the  not-day  that  can  outvie  it.  The  rarest, 
finest  sample  of  long-drawn-out  clear-obscure,  from  sundown  to 
9  o'clock.  I  went  down  to  the  Delaware,  and  cross'd  and  cross'd. 
Venus  like  blazing  silver  well  up  in  the  west.  The  large  pale 
thin  crescent  of  the  new  moon,  half  an  hour  high,  sinking  languidly 
under  a  bar-sinister  of  cloud,  and  then  emerging.  Arcturus  right 
overhead.  A  faint  fragrant  sea-odor  wafted  up  from  the  south. 
The  gloaming,  the  temper'd  coolness,  with  every  feature  of  the 
scene,  indescribably  soothing  and  tonic — one  of  those  hours  that 
give  hints  to  the  soul,  impossible  to  put  in  a  statement.  (Ah, 
where  would  be  any  food  for  spirituality  without  night  and  the 
stars?)  The  vacant  spaciousness  of  the  air,  and  the  veil'd  blue 
of  the  heavens,  seem'd  miracles  enough. 

As  the  night  advanc'd  it  changed  its  spirit  and  garments  to 
ampler  stateliness.  I  was  almost  conscious  of  a  definite  pres 
ence,  Nature  silently  near.  The  great  constellation  of  the  Water- 
Serpent  stretch'd  its  coils  over  more  than  half  the  heavens.  The 
Swan  with  outspread  wings  was  flying  down  the  Milky  Way. 
The  northern  Crown,  the  Eagle,  Lyra,  all  up  there  in  their 
places.  From  the  whole  dome  shot  down  points  of  light,  rap 
port  with  me,  through  the  clear  blue-black.  All  the  usual  sense 
of  motion,  all  animal  life,  seem'd  discarded,  seem'd  a  fiction;  a 
curious  power,  like  the  placid  rest  of  Egyptian  gods,  took  pos 
session,  none  the  less  potent  for  being  impalpable.  Earlier  I 
had  seen  many  bats,  balancing  in  the  luminous  twilight,  darting 
their  black  forms  hither  and  yon  over  the  river ;  but  now  they 
altogether  disappear'd.  The  evening  star  and  the  moon  had 
gone.  Alertness  and  peace  lay  calmly  couching  together  through 
the  fluid  universal  shadows. 

Aug.  26. — Bright  has  the  day  been,  and  my  spirits  an  equal 
forzando.  Then  comes  the  night,  different,  inexpressibly  pen 
sive,  with  its  own  tender  and  temper'd  splendor.  Venus  lingers 
in  the  west  with  a  voluptuous  dazzle  unshown  hitherto  this  sum 
mer.  Mars  rises  early,  and  the  red  sulky  moon,  two  days  past 
her  full ;  Jupiter  at  night's  meridian,  and  the  long  curling- 
slanted  Scorpion  stretching  full  view  in  the  south,  Antares-neck'd. 
Mars  walks  the  heavens  lord-paramount  now;  all  through  this 
month  I  go  out  after  supper  and  watch  for  him ;  sometimes  get 
ting  up  at  midnight  to  take  another  look  at  his  unparallel'd  lustre. 
(I  see  lately  an  astronomer  has  made  out  through  the  new  Wash 
ington  telescope  that  Mars  has  certainly  one  moon,  perhaps 


I02  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

two.)     Pale  and  distant,  but  near  in  the  heavens,  Saturn  pre 
cedes  him. 

MULLEINS  AND  MULLEINS. 

Large,  placid  mulleins,  as  summer  advances,  velvety  in  tex 
ture,  of  a  light  greenish-drab  color,  growing  everywhere  in  the 
fields — at  first  earth's  big  rosettes  in  their  broad-leav'd  low  cluster- 
plants,  eight,  ten,  twenty  leaves  to  a  plant — plentiful  on  the  fal 
low  twenty-acre  lot,  at  the  end  of  the  lane,  and  especially  by 
the  ridge-sides  of  the  fences — then  close  to  the  ground,  but  soon 
springing  up — leaves  as  broad  as  my  hand,  and  the  lower  ones 
twice  as  long — so  fresh  and  dewy  in  the  morning — stalks  now  four 
or  five,  even  seven  or  eight  feet  high.  The  farmers,  I  find,  think 
the  mullein  a  mean  unworthy  weed,  but  I  have  grown  to  a  fond 
ness  for  it.  Every  object  has  its  lesson,  enclosing  the  suggestion 
of  everything  else — and  lately  I  sometimes  think  all  is  concen 
trated  for  me  in  these  hardy,  yellow-flower'd  weeds.  As  I  come 
down  the  lane  early  in  the  morning,  I  pause  before  their  soft 
wool-like  fleece  and  stem  and  broad  leaves,  glittering  with  count 
less  diamonds.  Annually  for  three  summers  now,  they  and  I 
have  silently  return'd  together  ;  at  such  long  intervals  I  stand  or 
sit  among  them,  musing — and  woven  with  the  rest,  of  so  many 
hours  and  moods  of  partial  rehabilitation — of  my  sane  or  sick 
spirit,  here  as  near  at  peace  as  it  can  be. 

DISTANT  SOUNDS. 

The  axe  of  the  wood-cutter,  the  measured  thud  of  a  single 
threshing-flail,  the  crowing  of  chanticleer  in  the  barn-yard,  (with 
invariable  responses  from  other  barn-yards,)  and  the  lowing  of 
cattle — but  most  of  all,  or  far  or  near,  the  wind — through  the 
high  tree-tops,  or  through  low  bushes,  laving  one's  face  and 
hands  so  gently,  this  balmy-bright  noon,  the  coolest  for  a  long 
time,  (Sept.  2) — I  will  not  call  it  sighing,  for  to  me  it  is  always  a 
firm,  sane,  cheery  expression,  though  a  monotone,  giving  many 
varieties,  or  swift  or  slow,  or  dense  or  delicate.  The  wind  in  the 
patch  of  pine  woods  off  there — how  sibilant.  Or  at  sea,  I  can 
imagine  it  this  moment,  tossing  the  waves,  with  spirts  of  foam 
flying  far,  and  the  free  whistle,  and  the  scent  of  the  salt — and 
that  vast  paradox  somehow  with  all  its  action  and  restlessness 
conveying  a  sense  of  eternal  rest. 

Other  adjuncts. — But  the  sun  and  moon  here  and  these  times. 
As  never  more  wonderful  by  day,  the  gorgeous  orb  imperial,  so 
vast,  so  ardently,  lovingly  hot — so  never  a  more  glorious  moon 
of  nights,  especially  the  last  three  or  four.  The  great  planets  too 
— Mars  never  before  so  flaming  bright,  so  flashing-large,  with 
slight  yellow  tinge,  (the  astronomers  say — is  it  true  ? — nearer  to 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  YS.  !  o  j 

us  than  any  time  the  past  century) — and  well  up,  lord  Jupiter, 
(a  little  while  since  close  by  the  moon) — and  in  the  west,  after 
the  sun  sinks,  voluptuous  Venus,  now  languid  and  shorn  of  her 
beams,  as  if  from  some  divine  excess. 

A  SUN-BATH—NAKEDNESS. 

Sunday,  Aug.  27. — Another  day  quite  free  from  mark'd  pros 
tration  and  pain.  It  seems  indeed  as  if  peace  and  nutriment 
from  heaven  subtly  filter  into  me  as  I  slowly  hobble  down  these 
country  lanes  and  across  fields,  in  the  good  air — as  I  sit  here  in 
solitude  with  Nature — open,  voiceless,  mystic,  far  removed,  yet 
palpable,  eloquent  Nature.  I  merge  myself  in  the  scene,  in  the 
perfect  day.  Hovering  over  the  clear  brook-water,  I  am  sooth'd 
by  its  soft  gurgle  in  one  place,  and  the  hoarser  murmurs  of  its 
three-foot  fall  in  another.  Come,  ye  disconsolate,  in  whom  any 
latent  eligibility  is  left — come  get  the  sure  virtues  of  creek-shore, 
and  wood  and  field.  Two  months  (July  and  August,  '77,)  have 
I  absorb' d  them,  and  they  begin  to  make  a  new  man  of  me. 
Every  day,  seclusion — every  day  at  least  two  or  three  hours  of 
freedom,  bathing,  no  talk,  no  bonds,  no  dress,  no  books,  no  man 
ners. 

Shall  I  tell  you,  reader,  to  what  I  attribute  my  already  much-re 
stored  health  ?  That  I  have  been  almost  two  years,  off  and  on, 
without  drugs  and  medicines,  and  daily  in  the  open  air.  Last 
summer  I  found  a  particularly  secluded  little  dell  off  one  side  by 
my  creek,  originally  a  large  dug-out  marl-pit,  now  abandon'd,  fill'd 
with  bushes,  trees,  grass,  a  group  of  willows,  a  straggling  bank, 
and  a  spring  of  delicious  water  running  right  through  the  middle 
of  it,  with  two  or  three  little  cascades.  Here  I  retreated  every 
hot  day,  and  follow  it  up  this  summer.  Here  I  realize  the  mean 
ing  of  that  old  fellow  who  said  he  was  seldom  less  alone  than 
when  alone.  Never  before  did  I  get  so  close  to  Nature;  never 
before  did  she  come  so  close  to  me.  By  old  habit,  I  pencill'd 
down  from  to  time  to  time,  almost  automatically,  moods,  sights, 
hours,  tints  and  outlines,  on  the  spot.  Let  me  specially  record 
the  satisfaction  of  this  current  forenoon,  so  serene  and  primi 
tive,  so  conventionally  exceptional,  natural. 

An  hour  or  so  after  breakfast  I  wended  my  way  down  to  the 
recesses  of  the  aforesaid  dell,  which  I  and  certain  thrushes,  cat 
birds,  &c.,  had  all  to  ourselves.  A  light  south-west  wind  was 
blowing  through  the  tree-tops.  It  was  just  the  place  and  time 
for  my  Adamic  air-bath  and  flesh-brushing  from  head  to  foot.  So 
hanging  clothes  on  a  rail  near  by,  keeping  old  broadbrim  straw 
on  head  and  easy  shoes  on  feet,  havn't  I  had  a  good  time  the 
last  two  hours  !  First  with  the  stiff-elastic  bristles  rasping  arms, 


I04  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

breast,  sides,  till  they  turn'd  scarlet — then  partially  bathing  in  the 
clear  waters  of  the  running  brook — taking  everything  very  leis 
urely,  with  many  rests  and  pauses — stepping  about  barefooted 
every  few  minutes  now  and  then  in  some  neighboring  black  ooze, 
for  unctuous  mud-bath  to  my  feet — a  brief  second  and  third 
rinsing  in  the  crystal  running  waters — rubbing  with  the  fragrant 
towel — slow  negligent  promenades  on  the  turf  up  and  down  in 
the  sun,  varied  with  occasional  rests,  and  further  frictions  of  the 
bristle-brush — sometimes  carrying  my  portable  chair  with  me 
from  place  to  place,  as  my  range  is  quite  extensive  here,  nearly 
a  hundred  rods,  feeling  quite  secure  from  intrusion,  (and  that 
indeed  I  am  not  at  all  nervous  about,  if  it  accidentally  happens.) 

As  I  walk'd  slowly  over  the  grass,  the  sun  shone  out  enough 
to  show  the  shadow  moving  with  me.  Somehow  I  seem'd  to  get 
identity  with  each  and  every  thing  around  me,  in  its  condition. 
Nature  was  naked,  and  I  was  also.  It  was  too  lazy,  soothing, 
and  joyous-equable  to  speculate  about.  Yet  I  might  have 
thought  somehow  in  this  vein  :  Perhaps  the  inner  never  lost  rap 
port  we  hold  with  earth,  light,  air,  trees,  &c.,  is  not  to  be  real 
ized  through  eyes  and  mind  only,  but  through  the  whole  corpo 
real  body,  which  I  will  not  have  blinded  or  bandaged  any  more 
than  the  eyes.  Sweet,  sane,  still  Nakedness  in  Nature  ! — ah  if 
poor,  sick,  prurient  humanity  in  cities  might  really  know  you 
once  more  !  Is  not  nakedness  then  indecent  ?  No,  not  inhe 
rently.  It  is  your  thought,  your  sophistication,  your  fear,  your 
respectability,  that  is  indecent.  There  come  moods  when  these 
clothes  of  ours  are  not  only  too  irksome  to  wear,  but  are  them 
selves  indecent.  Perhaps  indeed  he  or  she  to  whom  the  free  ex 
hilarating  extasy  of  nakedness  in  Nature  has  never  been  eligible 
( and  how  many  thousands  there  are  !)  has  not  really  known  what 
purity  is — nor  what  faith  or  art  or  health  really  is.  (Probably 
the  whole  curriculum  of  first-class  philosophy,  beauty,  heroism, 
form,  illustrated  by  the  old  Hellenic  race — 'the  highest  height 
and  deepest  depth  known  to  civilization  in  those  departments — 
came  from  their  natural  and  religious  idea  of  Nakedness.) 

Many  such  hours,  from  time  to  time,  the  last  two  summers — 
I  attribute  my  partial  rehabilitation  largely  to  them.  Some  good 
people  may  think  it  a  feeble  or  half-crack'd  way  of  spending 
one's  time  and  thinking.  May-be  it  is. 

THE  OAKS  AND  I. 

Sept.  5,  '77. — I  write  this,  n  A.  M.,  shelter'd  under  a  dense  oak 
by  the  bank,  where  I  have  taken  refuge  from  a  sudden  rain.  I 
came  down  here,  (we  had  sulky  drizzles  all  the  morning,  but  an 
hour  ago  a  lull,)  for  the  before-mention'd  daily  and  simple  exer- 


SPE CIMEN  DA  YS.  1 05 

cise  I  am  fond  of — to  pull  on  that  young  hickory  sapling  out 
there — to  sway  and  yield  to  its  tough-limber  upright  stem — haply 
to  get  into  my  old  sinews  some  of  its  elastic  fibre  and  clear  sap. 
I  stand  on  the  turf  and  take  these  health-pulls  moderately  and  at 
intervals  for  nearly  an  hour,  inhaling  great  draughts  of  fresh  air. 
Wandering  by  the  creek,  I  have  three  or  four  naturally  favorable 
spots  where  I  rest — besides  a  chair  I  lug  with  me  and  use  for 
more  deliberate  occasions.  At  other  spots  convenient  I  have  se 
lected,  besides  the  hickory  just  named,  strong  and  limber  boughs 
of  beech  or  holly,  in  easy-reaching  distance,  for  my  natural 
gymnasia,  for  arms,  chest,  trunk- muscles.  I  can  soon  feel  the 
sap  and  sinew  rising  through  me,  like  mercury  to  heat.  I  hold 
on  boughs  or  slender  trees  caressingly  there  in  the  sun  and  shade, 
wrestle  with  their  innocent  stalwartness — and  know  the  virtue 
thereof  passes  from  them  into  me.  (Or  may-be  we  interchange 
— may-be  the  trees  are  more  aware  of  it  all  than  I  ever  thought.) 
But  now  pleasantly  imprison'd  here  under  the  big  oak — the 
rain  dripping,  and  the  sky  cover'd  with  leaden  clouds — nothing 
but  the  pond  on  one  side,  and  the  other  a  spread  of  grass,  spot 
ted  with  the  milky  blossoms  of  the  wild  carrot — the  sound  of  an 
axe  wielded  at  some  distant  wood-pile — yet  in  this  dull  scene,  (as 
most  folks  would  call  it,)  why  am  I  so  (almost)  happy  here  and 
alone?  Why  would  any  intrusion,  even  from  people  I  like,  spoil 
the  charm  ?  But  am  I  alone  ?  Doubtless  there  comes  a  time — 
perhaps  it  has  come  to  me — when  one  feels  through  his  whole 
being,  and  pronouncedly  the  emotional  part,  that  identity  be 
tween  himself  subjectively  and  Nature  objectively  which  Schell- 
ing  and  Fichte  are  so  fond  of  pressing.  How  it  is  I  know  not, 
but  I  often  realize  a  presence  here — in  clear  moods  I  am  certain 
of  it,  and  neither  chemistry  nor  reasoning  nor  esthetics  will  give 
the  least  explanation.  All  the  past  two  summers  it  has  been 
strengthening  and  nourishing  my  sick  body  and  soul,  as  never 
before.  Thanks,  invisible  physician,  for  thy  silent  delicious  medi 
cine,  thy  day  and  night,  thy  waters  and  thy  airs,  the  banks,  the 
grass,  the  trees,  and  e'en  the  weeds ! 

A  QUINTETTE. 

While  I  have  been  kept  by  the  rain  under  the  shelter  of  my 
great  oak,  (perfectly  dry  and  comfortable,  to  the  rattle  of  the 
drops  all  around,)  I  have  pencill'd  off  the  mood  of  the  hour  in  a 
little  quintette,  which  I  will  give  you  : 

At  vacancy  with  Nature, 

Acceptive  and  at  ease, 

Distilling  the  present  hour, 

Whatever,  wherever  it  is, 

And  over  the  past,  oblivion. 


1 06  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

Can  you  get  hold  of  it,  reader  ^dear?  and  how  do  you  like  it 
anyhow  ? 

THE  FIRST  FROST— MEMS. 

"Where  I  was  stopping  I  saw  the  first  palpable  frost,  on  my  sun 
rise  walk,  October  6;  all  over  the  yet-green  spread  a  light  blue- 
gray  veil,  giving  a  new  show  to  the  entire  landscape.  I  had  but 
little  time  to  notice  it,  for  the  sun  rose  cloudless  and  mellow- 
warm,  and  as  I  returned  along  the  lane  it  had  turn'd  to  glittering 
patches  of  wet.  As  I  walk  I  notice  the  bursting  pods  of  wild- 
cotton,  (Indian  hemp  they  call  it  here,)  with  flossy-silky  contents, 
and  dark  red-brown  seeds — a  startled  rabbit — I  pull  a  handful 
of  the  balsamic  life-everlasting  and  stuff  it  down  in  my  trowsers- 
pocket  for  scent. 

THREE  YOUNG  MEN'S  DEATHS. 

December  20, — Somehow  I  got  thinking  to-day  of  young 
men's  deaths — not  at  all  sadly  or  sentimentally,  but  gravely, 
realistically,  perhaps  a  little  artistically.  Let  me  give  the  follow 
ing  three  cases  from  budgets  of  personal  memoranda,  which  I 
have  been  turning  over,  alone  in  my  room,  and  resuming  and 
dwelling  on,  this  rainy  afternoon.  Who  is  there  to  whom  the 
theme  does  not  come  home?  Then  I  don't  know  how  it  may  be 
to  others,  but  to  me  not  only  is  there  nothing  gloomy  or  depress 
ing  in  such  cases — on  the  contrary,  as  reminiscences,  I  find  them 
soothing,  bracing,  tonic. 

ERASTUS  HASKELL. — [I  just  transcribe  verbatim  from  a  letter 
written  by  myself  in  one  of  the  army  hospitals,  16  years  ago, 
during  the  secession  war.]  Washington,  July  28,  1863. — Dear 
M., — I  am  writing  this  in  the  hospital,  sitting  by  the  side  of  a 
soldier,  I  do  not  expect  to  last  many  hours.  His  fate  has  been  a 
hard  one — he  seems  to  be  only  about  19  or  20 — Erastus  Haskell, 
company  K,  14151  N.  Y. — has  been  out  about  a  year,  and  sick 
or  half-sick  more  than  half  that  time — has  been  down  on  the 
peninsula — was  detail'd  to  go  in  the  band  as  fifer-boy.  While 
sick,  the  surgeon  told  him  to  keep  up  with  the  rest — (probably 
work'd  and  march'd  too  long.)  He  is  a  shy,  and  seems  to  me 
a  very  sensible  boy — has  fine  manners — never  complains — was 
sick  down  on  the  peninsula  in  an  old  storehouse — typhoid  fever. 
The  first  week  this  July  was  brought  up  here — journey  very  bad, 
no  accommodations,  no  nourishment,  nothing  but  hard  jolting, 
and  exposure  enough  to  make  a  well  man  sick ;  (these  fearful 
journeys  do  the  job  for  many) — arrived  here  July  nth — a  silent 
dark-skinn'd  Spanish-looking  youth,  with  large  very  dark  blue 
eyes,  peculiar  looking.  Doctor  F.  here  made  light  of  his  sick 
ness — said  he  would  recover  soon,  &c. ;  but  I  thought  very  differ- 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


107 


ent,  and  told  F.  so  repeatedly;  (I  came  near  quarreling  with  him 
about  it  from  the  first) — but  he  laugh'd,  and  would  not  listen  to 
me.  About  four  days  ago,  I  told  Doctor  he  would  in  my  opinion 
lose  the  boy  without  doubt — but  F.  again  laugh'd  at  me.  The 
next  day  he  changed  his  opinion — I  brought  the  head  surgeon 
of  the  post — he  said  the  boy  would  probably  die,  but  they  would 
make  a  hard  fight  for  him. 

The  last  two  days  he  has  been  lying  panting  for  breath — a  piti 
ful  sight.  I  have  been  with  him  some  every  day  or  night  since 
he  arrived.  He  suffers  a  great  deal  with  the  heat — says  little  or 
nothing — is  flighty  the  last  three  days,  at  times — knows  me  al 
ways,  however — calls  me  "  Walter" — (sometimes  calls  the  name 
over  and  over  and  over  again,  musingly,  abstractedly,  to  himself.) 
His  father  lives  at  Breesport,  Chemung  county,  N.  Y.,  is  a  me 
chanic  with  large  family — is  a  steady,  religious  man ;  his  mother 
too  is  living.  I  have  written  to  them,  and  shall  write  again  to 
day — Erastus  has  not  receiv'd  a  word  from  home  for  months. 

As  I  sit  here  writing  to  you,  M.,  I  wish  you  could  see  the 
whole  scene.  This  young  man  lies  within  reach  of  me,  flat  on 
his  back,  his  hands  clasp'd  across  his  breast,  his  thick  black  hair 
cut  close ;  he  is  dozing,  breathing  hard,  every  breath  a  spasm — 
it  looks  so  cruel.  He  is  a  noble  youngster, — I  consider  him  past 
all  hope.  Often  there  is  no  one  with  him  for  a  long  while.  I 
am  here  as  much  as  possible. 

WILLIAM  ALCOTT,  fireman.  Camden,  IVtw.,  1874. — Last  Monday 
afternoon  his  widow,  mother,  relatives,  mates  of  the  fire  depart 
ment,  and  his  other  friends,  (I  was  one,  only  lately  it  is  true, 
but  our  love  grew  fast  and  close,  the  days  and  nights  of  those 
eight  weeks  by  the  chair  of  rapid  decline,  and  the  bed  of  death,) 
gather'd  to  the  funeral  of  this  young  man,  who  had  grown  up, 
and  was  well  known  here.  With  nothing  special,  perhaps,  to 
record,  I  would  give  a  word  or  two  to  his  memory.  He  seem'd 
to  me  not  an  inappropriate  specimen  in  character  and  elements, 
of  that  bulk  of  the  average  good  American  race  that  ebbs  and 
flows  perennially  beneath  this  scum  of  eructations  on  the  surface. 
Always  very  quiet  in  manner,  neat  in  person  and  dress,  good 
temper'd — punctual  and  industrious  at  his  work,  till  he  could 
work  no  longer — he  just  lived  his  steady,  square,  unobtrusive 
life,  in  its  own  humble  sphere,  doubtless  unconscious  of  itself. 
(Though  I  think  there  were  currents  of  emotion  and  intellect  un- 
develop'd  beneath,  far  deeper  than  his  acquaintances  ever  sus 
pected — or  than  he  himself  ever  did.)  Ke  was  no  talker.  His 
troubles,  when  he  had  any,  he  kept  to  himself.  As  there  was 
nothing  querulous  about  him  in  life,  he  made  no  complaints 
during  his  lait  sickness.  He  was  one  of  those  persons  that  while 


108  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

his  associates  never  thought  of  attributing  any  particular  talent  or 
grace  to  him,  yet  all  insensibly,  really,  liked  Billy  Alcott. 

I,  too,  loved  him.  At  last,  after  being  with  him  quite  a  good 
deal — after  hours  and  days  of  panting  for  breath,  much  of  the 
time  unconscious,  (for  though  the  consumption  that  had  been 
lurking  in  his  system,  once  thoroughly  started,  made  rapid  prog 
ress,  there  was  still  great  vitality  in  him,  and  indeed  for  four  or 
five  days  he  lay  dying,  before  the  close,)  late  on  Wednesday 
night,  Nov.  4th,  where  we  surrounded  his  bed  in  silence,  there 
came  a  lull — a  longer  drawn  breath,  a  pause,  a  faint  sigh — another 
— a  weaker  breath,  another  sigh — a  pause  again  and  just  a  trem 
ble — and  the  face  of  the  poor  wasted  young  man  (he  was  just  26,) 
fell  gently  over,  in  death,  on  my  hand,  on  the  pillow. 

CHARLES  CASWELL. — [I  extract  the  following,  verbatim,  from 
a  letter  to  me  dated  September  29,  from  my  friend  John  Bur 
roughs,  at  Esopus-on-Hudson,  New  York  State.]  "S.  was  away 
when  your  picture  came,  attending  his  sick  brother,  Charles — 
who  has  since  died — an  event  that  has  sadden 'd  me  much. 
Charlie  was  younger  than  S.,  and  a  most  attractive  young  fellow. 
He  work'd  at  my  father's,  and  had  done  so  for  two  years.  He 
was  about  the  best  specimen  of  a  young  country  farm-hand  I  ever 
knew.  You  would  have  loved  him.  He  was  like  one  of  your 
poems.  With  his  great  strength,  his  blond  hair,  his  cheerfulness 
and  contentment,  his  universal  good  will,  and  his  silent  manly 
ways,  he  was  a  youth  hard  to  match.  He  was  murder'd  by  an 
old  doctor.  He  had  typhoid  fever,  and  the  old  fool  bled  him 
twice.  He  lived  to  wear  out  the  fever,  but  had  not  strength  to 
rally.  He  was  out  of  his  head  nearly  all  the  time.  In  the  morn 
ing,  as  he  died  in  the  afternoon,  S.  was  standing  over  him,  when 
Charlie  put  up  his  arms  around  S.'s  neck,  and  pull'd  his  face 
down  and  kiss'd  him.  S.  said  he  knew  then  the  end  was  near. 
(S.  stuck  to  him  day  and  night  to  the  last.)  When  I  was  home 
in  August,  Charlie  was  cradling  on  the  hill,  and  it  was  a  picture 
to  see  him  walk  through  the  grain.  All  work  seem'd  play  to 
him.  He  had  no  vices,  any  more  than  Nature  has,  and  was  be- 
lov'd  by  all  who  knew  him. 

"I  have  written  thus  to  you  about  him,  for  such  young  men  be 
long  to  you  ;  he  was  of  your  kind.  I  wish  you  could  have  known 
him.  He  had  the  sweetness  of  a  child,  and  the  strength  and 
courage  and  readiness  of  a  young  Viking.  His  mother  and  father 
are  poor;  they  have  a  rough,  hard  farm.  His  mother  works  in 
the  field  with  her  husband  when  the  work  presses.  She  has  had 
twelve  children." 

FEBRUARY  DAYS. 

February  7,  1878. — Glistening  sun  to-day,  with  slight  haze, 
warm  enough,  and  yet  tart,  as  I  sit  here  in  the  open  air,  down 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


109 


in  my  country  retreat,  under  an  old  cedar.  For  two  hours  I 
have  been  idly  wandering  around  the  woods  and  pond,  lugging 
my  chair,  picking  out  choice  spots  to  sit  awhile — then  up  and 
slowly  on  again.  All  is  peace  here.  Of  course,  none  of  the 
summer  noises  or  vitality;  to-day  hardly  even  the  winter  ones. 
I  amuse  myself  by  exercising  my  voice  in  recitations,  and  in 
ringing  the  changes  on  all  the  vocal  and  alphabetical  sounds.  Not 
even  an  echo  ;  only  the  cawing  of  a  solitary  crow,  flying  at  some 
distance.  The  pond  is  one  bright,  flat  spread,  without  a  ripple — 
a  vast  Claude  Lorraine  glass,  in  which  I  study  the  sky,  the  light, 
the  leafless  trees,  and  an  occasional  crow,  with  flapping  wings, 
flying  overhead.  The  brown  fields  have  a  few  white  patches  of 
snow  left. 

Feb.  9. — After  an  hour's  ramble,  now  retreating,  resting,  sit 
ting  close  by  the  pond,  in  a  warm  nook,  writing  this,  shelter'd 
from  the  breeze,  just  before  noon.  The  emotional  aspects  and 
influences  of  Nature !  I,  too,  like  the  rest,  feel  these  modern 
tendencies  (from  all  the  prevailing  intellections,  literature  and 
poems,)  to  turn  everything  to  pathos,  ennui,  morbidity,  dissatis 
faction,  death.  Yet  how  clear  it  is  to  me  that  those  are  not  the 
born  results,  influences  of  Nature  at  all,  but  of  one's  own  dis 
torted,  sick  or  silly  soul.  Here,  amid  this  wild,  free  scene,  how 
healthy,  how  joyous,  how  clean  and  vigorous  and  sweet ! 

Mid-afternoon. — One  of  my  nooks  is  south  of  the  barn,  and 
here  I  am  sitting  now,  on  a  log,  still  basking  in  the  sun,  shielded 
from  the  wind.  Near  me  are  the  cattle,  feeding  on  corn-stalks. 
Occasionally  a  cow  or  the  young  bull  (how  handsome  and  bold 
he  is  !)  scratches  and  munches  the  far  end  of  the  log  on  which  I 
sit.  The  fresh  milky  odor  is  quite  perceptible,  also  the  perfume  ' 
of  hay  from  the  barn.  The  perpetual  rustle  of  dry  corn-stalks, 
the  low  sough  of  the  wind  round  the  barn  gables,  the  grunting 
of  pigs,  the  distant  whistle  of  a  locomotive,  and  occasional  crow 
ing  of  chanticleers,  are  the  sounds. 

Feb.  19. — Cold  and  'sharp  last  night — clear  and  not  much 
wind — the  full  moon  shining,  and  a  fine  spread  of  constellations 
and  little  and  big  stars — Sirius  very  bright,  rising  early,  preceded 
by  many-orb'd  Orion,  glittering,  vast,  sworded,  and  chasing  with 
his  dog.  The  earth  hard  frozen,  and  a  stiff  glare  of  ice  over  the 
pond.  Attracted  by  the  calm  splendor  of  the  night,  I  attempted 
a  short  walk,  but  was  driven  back  by  the  cold.  Too  severe  for 
me  also  at  9  o'clock,  when  I  came  out  this  morning,  so  I  turn'd 
back  again.  But  now,  near  noon,  I  have  walk'd  down  the  lane, 
basking  all  the  way  in  the  sun  (this  farm  has  a  pleasant  southerly 
exposure,)  and  here  I  am,  seated  under  the  lee  of  a  bank,  close 
by  the  water.  There  are  blue-birds  already  flying  about,  and  I 


1 1  o  SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS. 

hear  much  chirping  and  twittering  and  two  or  three  real  songs, 
sustain 'd  quite  awhile,  in  the  mid-day  brilliance  and  warmth. 
(There  !  that  is  a  true  carol,  coming  out  boldly  and  repeatedly, 
as  if  the  singer  meant  it.)  Then  as  the  noon  strengthens,  the 
reedy  trill  of  the  robin — to  my  ear  the  most  cheering  of  bird- 
notes.  At  intervals,  like  bars  and  breaks  (out  of  the  low  murmur 
that  in  any  scene,  however  quiet,  is  never  entirely  absent  to  a 
delicate  ear,)  the  occasional  crunch  and  cracking  of  the  ice-glare 
congeal'd  over  the  creek,  as  it  gives  way  to  the  sunbeams — some 
times  with  low  sigh — sometimes  with  indignant,  obstinate  tug 
and  snort. 

(Robert  Burns  says  in  one  of  his  letters:  "There  is  scarcely 
any  earthly  object  gives  me  more — I  do  not  know  if  I  should 
call  it  pleasure — but  something  which  exalts  me — something 
which  enraptures  me — than  to  walk  in  the  shelter'd  side  of  a 
wood  in  a  cloudy  winter  day,  and  hear  the  stormy  wind  howling 
among  the  trees,  and  raving  over  the  plain.  It  is  rriy  best  season 
of  devotion."  Some  of  his  most  characteristic  poems  were  com 
posed  in  such  scenes  and  seasons.) 

A  MEADOW  LARK. 

March  16. — Fine,  clear,  dazzling  morning,  the  sun  an  hour 
high,  the  air  just  tart  enough.  What  a  stamp  in  advance  my 
whole  day  receives  from  the  song  of  that  meadow  lark  perch' d 
on  a  fence-stake  twenty  rods  distant !  Two  or  three  liquid- 
simple  notes,  repeated  at  intervals,  full  of  careless  happiness  and 
hope.  With  its  peculiar  shimmering  slow  progress  and  rapid- 
noiseless  action  of  the  wings,  it  flies  on  a  ways,  lights  on  another 
stake,  and  so  on  to  another,  shimmering  and  singing  many 
minutes. 

SUNDOWN  LIGHTS. 

May  6,  5  P.  M. — This  is  the  hour  for  strange  effects  in  light 
and  shade — enough  to  make  a  colorist  go  delirious — long  spokes 
of  molten  silver  sent  horizontally  through  the  trees  (now  in  their 
brightest  tenderest  green,)  each  leaf  and  branch  of  endless  foli 
age  a  lit-up  miracle,  then  lying  all  prone  on  the  youthful-ripe,  in 
terminable  grass,  and  giving  the  blades  not  only  aggregate  but 
individual  splendor,  in  ways  unknown  to  any  other  hour.  I  have 
particular  spots  where  I  get  these  effects  in  their  perfection.  One 
broad  splash  lies  on  the  water,  with  many  a  rippling  twinkle, 
offset  by  the  rapidly  deepening  black-green  murky-transparent 
shadows  behind,  and  at  intervals  all  along  the  banks.  These, 
with  great  shafts  of  horizontal  fire  thrown  among  the  trees  and 
along  the  grass  as  the  sun  lowers,  give  effects  more  and  more 
peculiar,  more  and  more  superb,  unearthly,  rich  and  dazzling. 


SPECIMEN  DAYS.  Ill 

THOUGHTS  UNDER  AN  OAK— A  DREAM. 

June  2. — This  is  the  fourth  day  of  a  dark  northeast  storm,  wind 
and  rain.  Day  before  yesterday  was  my  birthday.  I  have  now 
enter'd  on  my  6oth  year.  Every  day  of  the  storm,  protected 
by  overshoes  and  a  waterproof  blanket,  I  regularly  come  down 
to  the  pond,  and  ensconce  myself  under  the  lee  of  the  great  oak ; 
I  am  here  now  writing  these  lines.  The  dark  smoke-color'd 
clouds  roll  in  furious  silence  athwart  the  sky;  the  soft  green 
leaves  dangle  all  round  me ;  the  wind  steadily  keeps  up  its  hoarse, 
soothing  music  over  my  head — Nature's  mighty  whisper.  Seated 
here  in  solitude  I  have  been  musing  over  my  life — connecting 
events,  dates,  as  links  of  a  chain,  neither  sadly  nor  cheerily,  but 
somehow,  to-day  here  under  the  oak,  in  the  rain,  in  an  unusually 
matter-of-fact  spirit. 

But  my  great  oak — sturdy,  vital,  green — five  feet  thick  at  the 
butt.  I  sit  a  great  deal  near  or  under  him.  Then  the  tulip  tree 
near  by — the  Apollo  of  the  woods — tall  and  graceful,  yet  robust  and 
sinewy,  inimitable  in  hang  of  foliage  and  throwing-out  of  limb ; 
as  if  the  beauteous,  vital,  leafy  creature  could  walk,  if  it  only 
would.  (I  had  a  sort  of  dream-trance  the  other  day,  in  which  I 
saw  my  favorite  trees  step  out  and  promenade  up,  down  and 
around,  very  curiously — with  a  whisper  from  one,  leaning  down 
as  he  pass'd  me,  We  do  all  this  on  the  present  occasion,  exceptionally, 
just  for  you.'} 

CLOVER  AND  HAY  PERFUME. 

July  jd,  4th,  $th. — Clear,  hot,  favorable  weather — has  been  a 
good  summer — the  growth  of  clover  and  grass  now  generally 
mow'd.  The  familiar  delicious  perfume  fills  the  barns  and  lanes. 
As  you  go  along  you  see  the  fields  of  grayish  white  slightly 
tinged  with  yellow,  the  loosely  stack'd  grain,  the  slow-moving 
wagons  passing,  and  farmers  in  the  fields  with  stout  boys  pitch 
ing  and  loading  the  sheaves.  The  corn  is  about  beginning  to 
tassel.  All  over  the  middle  and  southern  states  the  spear-shaped 
battalia,  multitudinous,  curving,  flaunting — long,  glossy,  dark- 
green  plumes  for  the  great  horseman,  earth.  I  hear  the  cheery 
notes  of  my  old  acquaintance  Tommy  quail ;  but  too  late  for  the 
whip-poor-will,  (though  I  heard  one  solitary  lingerer  night  before 
last.)  I  watch  the  broad  majestic  flight  of  a  turkey-buzzard, 
sometimes  high  up,  sometimes  low  enough  to  see  the  lines  of  his 
form,  even  his  spread  quills,  in  relief  against  the  sky.  Once  or 
twice  lately  I  have  seen  an  eagle  here  at  early  candle-light  flying 
low. 

AN  UNKNOWN. 

June  15. — To-day  I  noticed  a  new  large  bird,  size  of  a  nearly 
grown  hen — a  haughty,  white-bodied  dark-wing'd  hawk — I  sup- 


!  j  2  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

pose  a  hawk  from  his  bill  and  general  look — only  he  had  a  clear, 
loud,  quite  musical,  sort  of  bell-like  call,  which  he  repeated 
again  and  again,  at  intervals,  from  a  lofty  dead  tree-top,  over 
hanging  the  water.  Sat  there  a  long  time,  and  I  on  the  opposite 
bank  watching  him.  Then  he  darted  down,  skimming  pretty 
close  to  the  stream — rose  slowly,  a  magnificent  sight,  and  sail'd 
with  steady  wide-spread  wings,  no  flapping  at  all,  up  and  down 
the  pond  two  or  three  times,  near  me,  in  circles  in  clear  sight,  as 
if  for  my  delectation.  Once  he  came  quite  close  over  my  head  ; 
I  saw  plainly  his  hook'd  bill  and  hard  restless  eyes. 

BIRD-WHISTLING. 

How  much  music  (wild,  simple,  savage,  doubtless,  but  so  tart- 
sweet,)  there  is  in  mere  whistling.  It  is  four-fifths  of  the  utter 
ance  of  birds.  There  are  all  sorts  and  styles.  For  the  last  half- 
hour,  now,  while  I  have  been  sitting  here,  some  feather'd  fellow 
away  off  in  the  bushes  has  been  repeating  over  and  over  again 
what  I  may  call  a  kind  of  throbbing  whistle.  And  now  a  bird 
about  the  robin  size  has  just  appear' d,  all  mulberry  red,  flitting 
among  the  bushes — head,  wings,  body,  deep  red,  not  very  bright 
— no  song,  as  I  have  heard.  4  o'clock :  There  is  a  real  concert 
going  on  around  me — a  dozen  different  birds  pitching  in  with  a 
will.  There  have  been  occasional  rains,  and  the  growths  all 
show  its  vivifying  influences.  As  I  finish  this,  seated  on  a  log 
close  by  the  pond-edge,  much  chirping  and  trilling  in  the  dis 
tance,  and  a  feather'd  recluse  in  the  woods  near  by  is  singing 
deliciously — not  many  notes,  but  full  of  music  of  almost  human 
sympathy — continuing  for  a  long,  long  while. 
HORSE-MINT. 

Aug.  22. — Not  a  human  being,  and  hardly  the  evidence  of  one, 
in  sight.  After  my  brief  semi-daily  bath,  I  sit  here  for  a  bit,  the 
brook  musically  brawling,  to  the  chromatic  tones  of  a  fretful 
cat-bird  somewhere  off  in  the  bushes.  On  my  walk  hither  two 
hours  since,  through  fields  and  the  old  lane,  I  stopt  to  view,  now 
the  sky,  now  the  mile-off  woods  on  the  hill,  and  now  the  apple 
orchards.  What  a  contrast  from  New  York's  or  Philadelphia's 
streets  !  Everywhere  great  patches  of  dingy-blossom'd  horse- 
mint  wafting  a  spicy  odor  through  the  air,  (especially  evenings.) 
Everywhere  the  flowering  boneset,  and  the  rose-bloom  of  the 
wild  bean. 

THREE  OF  US. 

July  14. — My  two  kingfishers  still  haunt  the  pond.  In  the 
bright  sun  and  breeze  and  perfect  temperature  of  to-day,  noon,  I 
am  sitting  here  by  one  of  the  gurgling  brooks,  dipping  a  French 
water-pen  in  the  limpid  crystal,  and  using  it  to  write  these  lines, 


SPE  CIMEN  DAYS.  j  :  3 

again  watching  the  feather'd  twain,  as  they  fly  and  sport  athwart 
the  water,  so  close,  almost  touching  into  its  surface.  Indeed  there 
seem  to  be  three  of  us.  For  nearly  an  hour  I  indolently  look 
and  join  them  while  they  dart  and  turn  and  take  their  airy  gam 
bols,  sometimes  far  up  the  creek  disappearing  for  a  few  moments, 
and  then  surely  returning  again,  and  performing  most  of  their 
flight  within  sight  of  me,  as  if  they  knew  I  appreciated  and  ab- 
sorb'd  their  vitality,  spirituality,  faithfulness,  and  the  rapid,  van 
ishing,  delicate  lines  of  moving  yet  quiet  electricity  they  draw 
for  me  across  the  spread  of  the  grass,  the  trees,  and  the  blue  sky. 
While  the  brook  babbles,  babbles,  and  the  shadows  of  the  boughs 
dapple  in  the  sunshine  around  me,  and  the  cool  west  by-nor'- 
west  wind  faintly  soughs  in  the  thick  bushes  and  tree  tops. 

Among  the  objects  of  beauty  and  interest  now  beginning  to 
appear  quite  plentifully  in  this  secluded  spot,  I  notice  the  hum 
ming-bird,  the  dragon-fly  with  its  wings  of  slate-color'd  gauze, 
and  many  varieties  of  beautiful  and  plain  butterflies,  idly  flap 
ping  among  the  plants  and  wild  posies.  The  mullein  has  shot 
up  out  of  its  nest  of  broad  leaves,  to  a  tall  stalk  towering  some 
times  five  or  six  feet  high,  now  studded  with  knobs  of  golden 
blossoms.  The  milk-weed,  (I  see  a  great  gorgeous  creature  of 
gamboge  and  black  lighting  on  one  as  I  write,)  is  in  flower,  with 
its  delicate  red  fringe  ;  and  there  are  profuse  clusters  of  a  feathery 
blossom  waving  in  the  wind  on  taper  stems.  I  see  lots  of  these 
and  much  else  in  every  direction,  as  I  saunter  or  sit.  For  the 
last  half  hour  a  bird  has  persistently  kept  up  a  simple,  sweet, 
melodious  song,  from  the  bushes.  (I  have  a  positive  conviction 
that  some  of  these  birds  sing,  and  others  fly  and  flirt  about  here, 
for  my  especial  benefit.) 

DEATH  OF  WILLIAM'  CULLEN  BRYANT. 

New  York  City. — Came  on  from  West  Philadelphia,  June  13, 
in  the  2  P.  M.  train  to  Jersey  city,  and  so  across  and  to  my  friends^ 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  H.  J.,  and  their  large  house,  large  family  (and 
large  hearts,)  amid  which  I  feel  at  home,  at  peace — away  up  on 
Fifth  avenue,  near  Eighty-sixth  street,  quiet,  breezy,  overlook 
ing  the  dense  woody  fringe  of  the  park — plenty  of  space  and 
sky,  birds  chirping,  and  air  comparatively  fresh  and  odorless. 
Two  hours  before  starting,  saw  the  announcement  of  William 
Cullen  Bryant's  funeral,  and  felt  a  strong  desire  to  attend.  I  had 
known  Mr.  Bryant  over  thirty  years  ago,  and  he  had  been  mark 
edly  kind  to  me.  Off  and  on,  along  that  time  for  years  as  they 
pass'd,  we  met  and  chatted  together.  I  thought  him  very  socia 
ble  in  his  way,  and  a  man  to  become  attach'd  to.  We  were 
both  walkers,  and  when  I  work'd  in  Brooklyn  he  several  times 

10 


1 1 4  SPE  C1MEN  DA  YS. 

came  over,  middle  of  afternoons,  and  we  took  rambles  miles  long, 
till  dark,  out  towards  Bedford  or  Flatbush,  in  company.  On 
these  occasions  he  gave  me  clear  accounts  of  scenes  in  Europe — 
the  cities,  looks,  architecture,  art,  especially  Italy — where  he  had 
travel'd  a  good  deal. 

June  14. — The  Funeral. — And  so  the  good,  stainless,  noble 
old  citizen  and  poet  lies  in  the  closed  coffin  there — and  this  is 
his  funeral.  A  solemn,  impressive,  simple  scene,  to  spirit  and 
senses.  The  remarkable  gathering  of  gray  heads,  celebrities — 
the  finely  render'd  anthem,  and  other  music — the  church,  dim 
even  now  at  approaching  noon,  in  its  light  from  the  mellow- 
stain'd  windows — the  pronounc'd  eulogy  on  the  bard  who  loved 
Nature  so  fondly,  and  sung  so  well  her  shows  and  seasons — ending 
with  these  appropriate  well-known  lines : 

I  gazed  upon  the  glorious  sky, 

And  the  green  mountains  round, 
And  thought  that  when  I  came  to  lie 

At  rest  within  the  ground, 
'Twere  pleasant  that  in  flowery  June, 
When  brooks  send  up  a  joyous  tune, 

And  groves  a  cheerful  sound, 
The  sexton's  hand,  my  grave  to  make, 
The  rich  green  mountain  turf  should  break. 

JAUNT  UP  THE  HUDSON. 

June2Oth. — On  the  "Mary  Powell,"  enjoy'd  everything  beyond 
precedent.  The  delicious  tender  summer  day,  just  warm  enough 
— the  constantly  changing  but  ever  beautiful  panorama  on  both 
sides  of  the  river — (went  up  near  a  hundred  miles) — the  high 
straight  walls  of  the  stony  Palisades — beautiful  Yonkers,  and 
beautiful  Irvington — the  never-ending  hills,  mostly  in  rounded 
lines,  swathed  with  verdure,  —  the  distant  turns,  like  great 
shoulders  in  blue  veils — the  frequent  gray  and  brown  of  the  tall- 
rising  rocks — the  river  itself,  now  narrowing,  now  expanding — 
the  white  sails  of  the  many  sloops,  yachts,  £c.,  some  near,  some 
in  the  distance — the  rapid  succession  of  handsome  villages  and 
cities,  (our  boat  is  a  swift  traveler,  and  makes  few  stops) — the 
Race — picturesque  West  Point,  and  indeed  all  along — the  costly 
and  often-  turreted  mansions  forever  showing  in  some  cheery 
light  color,  through  the  woods — make  up  the  scene. 

HAPPINESS  AND  RASPBERRIES. 

June  21. — Here  I  am,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  80 

miles  north  of  New  York,  near  Esopus,  at  the  handsome,  roomy, 

honeysuckle-and-rose-embower'd   cottage   of    John    Burroughs. 

.  The  place,  the  perfect  June  days  and  nights,  (leaning  toward 

crisp  and  cool,)  the  hospitality  of  J.  and  Mrs.  B.,  the  air,  the 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  YS.  115 

fruit,  (especially  my  favorite  dish,  currants  and  raspberries, 
mixed,  sugar'd,  fresh  and  ripe  from  the  bushes — I  pick  'em  my 
self) — the  room  I  occupy  at  night,  the  perfect  bed,  the  window 
giving  an  ample  view  of  the  Hudson  and  the  opposite  shores,  so 
wonderful  toward  sunset,  and  the  rolling  music  of  the  RR. 
trains,  far  over  there — the  peaceful  rest — the  early  Venus-her 
alded  dawn — the  noiseless  splash  of  sunrise,  the  light  and  warmth 
indescribably  glorious,  in  which,  (soon  as  the  sun  is  well  up,)  I 
have  a  capital  rubbing  and  rasping  with  the  flesh-brush — with  an 
extra  scour  on  the  back  by  Al.  J.,  who  is  here  with  us — all  in 
spiriting  my  invalid  frame  with  new  life,  for  the  day.  Then, 
after  some  whiffs  of  morning  air,  the  delicious  coffee  of  Mrs.  B., 
with  the  cream,  strawberries,  and  many  substantials,  for  break 
fast. 

A  SPECIMEN  TRAMP  FAMILY. 

June  22. — This  afternoon  we  went  out  (J.  B.,  Al.  and  I)  on 
quite  a  drive  around  the  country.  The  scenery,  the  perpetual 
stone  fences,  (some  venerable  old  fellows,  dark-spotted  with 
lichens) — the  many  fine  locust-trees — the  runs  of  brawling  water, 
often  over  descents  of  rock — these,  and  lots  else.  It  is  lucky  the 
roads  are  first-rate  here,  (as  they  are,)  for  it  is  up  or  down  hill 
everywhere,  and  sometimes  steep  enough.  B.  has  a  tip-top 
horse,  strong,  young,  and  both  gentle  and  fast.  There  is  a  great 
deal  of  waste  land  and  hills  on  the  river  edge  of  Ulster  county, 
with  a  wonderful  luxuriance  of  wild  flowers  and  bushes — and  it 
seems  to  me  I  never  saw  more  vitality  of  trees — eloquent  hem 
locks,  plenty  of  locusts  and  fine  maples,  and  the  balm  of  Gilead, 
giving  out  aroma.  In  the  fields  and  along  the  road-sides  un 
usual  crops  of  the  tall-stemm'd  wild  daisy,  white  as  milk  and 
yellow  as  gold. 

We  pass'd  quite  a  number  of  tramps,  singly  or  in  couples — 
one  squad,  a  family  in  a  rickety  one-horse  wagon,  with  some 
baskets  evidently  their  work  and  trade — the  man  seated  on  a  low 
board,  in  front,  driving — the  gauntish  woman  by  his  side,  with 
a  baby  well  bundled  in  her  arms,  its  little  red  feet  and  lower  legs 
sticking  out  right  towards  us  as  we  pass'd — and  in  the  wagon  be 
hind,  we  saw  two  (or  three)  crouching  little  children.  It  was  a 
queer,  taking,  rather  sad  picture.  If  I  had  been  alone  and  on 
foot,  I  should  have  stopp'd  and  held  confab.  But  on  our  return 
nearly  two  hours  afterward,  we  found  them  a  ways  further  along 
the  same  road,  in  a  lonesome  open  spot,  haul'd  aside,  unhitch'd, 
and  evidently  going  to  camp  for  the  night.  The  freed  horse  was 
not  far  off,  quietly  cropping  the  grass.  The  man  was  busy  at  the 
wagon,  the  boy  had  gather'd  some  dry  wood,  and  was  making  a 
fire — and  as  we  went  a  little  further  we  met  the  woman  afoot.  I 


!  j  6  SPE  CIMEX  DA  YS. 

could  not  see  her  face,  in  its  great  sun-bonnet,  but  somehow  her 
figure  and  gait  told  misery,  terror,  destitution.  She  had  the  rag- 
bundled,  half-starv'd  infant  still  in  her  arms,  and  in  her  hands 
held  two  or  three  baskets,  which  she  had  evidently  taken  to  the 
next  house  for  sale.  A  little  barefoot  five-year  old  girl-child, 
with  fine  eyes,  trotted  behind  her,  clutching  her  gown.  We 
stopp'd,  asking  about  the  baskets,  which  we  bought.  As  we 
paid  the  money,  she  kept  her  face  hidden  in  the  recesses  of  her 
bonnet.  Then  as  we  started,  and  stopp'd  again,  Al.,  (whose 
sympathies  were  evidently  arous'd,)  went  back  to  the  camping 
group  to  get  another  basket.  He  caught  a  look  of  her  face,  and 
talk'd  with  her  a  little.  Eyes,  voice  and  manner  were  those  of  a 
corpse,  animated  by  electricity.  She  was  quite  young— the  man 
she  was  traveling  with,  middle-aged.  Poor  woman — what  story 
was  it,  out  of  her  fortunes,  to  account  for  that  inexpressibly  scared 
way,  those  glassy  eyes,  and  that  hollow  voice  ? 

MANHATTAN  FROM  THE  BAY. 

June  25. — Returned  to  New  York  last  night.  Out  to-day  on 
the  waters  for  a  sail  in  the  wide  bay,  southeast  of  Staten  island — a 
rough,  tossing  ride,  and  a  free  sight — the  long  stretch  of  Sandy 
Hook,  the  highlands  of  Navesink,  and  the  many  vessels  outward 
and  inward  bound.  We  came  up  through  the  midst  of  all,  in  the 
full  sun.  I  especially  enjoy' d  the  last  hour  or  two.  A  moderate 
sea-breeze  had  set  in  ;  yet  over  the  city,  and  the  waters  adjacent, 
was  a  thin  haze,  concealing  nothing,  only  adding  to  the  beauty. 
From  my  point  of  view,  as  I  write  amid  the  soft  breeze,  with  a 
sea-temperature,  surely  nothing  on  earth  of  its  kind  can  go  be 
yond  this  show.  To  the  left  the  North  river  with  its  far  vista — 
nearer,  three  or  four  war-ships,  anchor'd  peacefully — the  Jersey 
side,  the  banks  of  Weehawken,  the  Palisades,  and  the  gradually 
receding  blue,  lost  in  the  distance — to  the  right  the  East  river — 
the  mast-hemm'd  shores — the  grand  obelisk-like  towers  of  the 
bridge,  one  on  either  side,  in  haze,  yet  plainly  defin'd,  giant 
brothers  twain,  throwing  free  graceful  interlinking  loops  high 
across  the  tumbled  tumultuous  current  below — (the  tide  is  just 
changing  to  its  ebb)  —  the  broad  water-spread  everywhere 
crowded — no,  not  crowded,  but  thick  as  stars  in  the  sky — with 
all  sorts  and  sizes  of  sail  and  steam  vessels,  plying  ferry-boats, 
arriving  and  departing  coasters,  great  ocean  Dons,  iron-black, 
modern,  magnificent  in  size  and  power,  fill'd  with  their  incalcu 
lable  value  of  human  life  and  precious  merchandise — with  here 
and  there,  above  all,  those  daring,  careening  things  of  grace  and 
wonder,  those  white  and  shaded  swift-darting  fish-birds,  (I  won 
der  if  shore  or  sea  elsewhere  can  outvie  them,)  ever  with  their 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


117 


slanting  spars,  and  fierce,  pure,  hawk-like  beauty  and  motion — 
first-class  New  York  sloop  or  schooner  yachts,  sailing,  this  fine 
day,  the  free  sea  in  a  good  wind.  And  rising  out  of  the  midst, 
tall-topt,  ship-hemm'd,  modern,  American,  yet  strangely  oriental, 
V-shaped  Manhattan,  with  its  compact  mass,  its  spires,  its  cloud- 
touching  edifices  group'd  at  the  centre — the  green  of  the  trees, 
and  all  the  white,  brown  and  gray  of  the  architecture  well  blended, 
as  I  see  it,  under  a  miracle  of  limpid  sky,  delicious  light  of 
heaven  above,  and  June  haze  on  the  surface  below. 

HUMAN  AND  HEROIC  NEW  YORK. 

The  general  subjective  view  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn — (will 
not  the  time  hasten  when  the  two  shall  be  municipally  united  in 
one,  and  named  Manhattan  ?) — what  I  may  call  the  human  inte 
rior  and  exterior  of  these  great  seething  oceanic  populations,  as 
I  get  it  in  this  visit,  is  to  me  best  of  all.  After  an  absence  of 
many  years,  (I  went  away  at  the  outbreak  of  the  secession  war, 
and  have  never  been  back  to  stay  since,)  again  I  resume  with 
curiosity  the  crowds,  the  streets  I  knew  so  well,  Broadway,  the 
ferries,  the  west  side  of  the  city,  democratic  Bowery — human 
appearances  and  manners  as  seen  in  all  these,  and  along  the 
wharves,  and  in  the  perpetual  travel  of  the  horse-cars,  or  the 
crowded  excursion  steamers,  or  in  Wall  and  Nassau  streets  by 
day — in  the  places  of  amusement  at  night — bubbling  and  whirl 
ing  and  moving  like  its  own  environment  of  waters — endless 
humanity  in  all  phases — Brooklyn  also — taken  in  for  the  last 
three  weeks.  No  need  to  specify  minutely — enough  to  say  that 
(making  all  allowances  for  the  shadows  and  side-streaks  of  a 
million-headed-city)  the  brief  total  of  the  impressions,  the 
human  qualities,  of  these  vast  cities,  is  to  me  comforting,  even 
heroic,  beyond  statement.  Alertness,  generally  fine  physique, 
clear  eyes  that  look  straight  at  you,  a  singular  combination  of 
reticence  and  self-possession,  with  good  nature  and  friendli 
ness — a  prevailing  range  of  according  manners,  taste  and  in 
tellect,  surely  beyond  any  elsewhere  upon  earth — and  a  palpa 
ble  outcropping  of  that  personal  comradeship  I  look  forward  to 
as  the  subtlest,  strongest  future  hold  of  this  many-item'd  Union — 
are  not  only  constantly  visible  here  in  these  mighty  channels  of 
men,  but  they  form  the  rule  and  average.  To-day,  I  should  say — 
defiant  of  cynics  and  pessimists,  and  with  a  full  knowledge  of 
all  their  exceptions — an  appreciative  and  perceptive  study  of  the 
current  humanity  of  New  York  gives  the  directest  proof  yet  of 
successful  Democracy,  and  of  the  solution  of  that  paradox,  the 
eligibility  of  the  free  and  fully  developed  individual  with  the  para 
mount  aggregate.  In  old  age,  lame  and  sick,  pondering  for  years 


1 1 8  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

on  many  a  doubt  and  danger  for  this  republic  of  ours — fully 
aware  of  all  that  can  be  said  on  the  other  side — I  find  in  this 
visit  to  New  York,  and  the  daily  contact  and  rapport  with  its 
myriad  people,  on  the  scale  of  the  oceans  and  tides,  the  best, 
most  effective  medicine  my  soul  has  yet  partaken — the  grandest 
physical  habitat  and  surroundings  of  land  and  water  the  globe 
affords — namely,  Manhattan  island  and  Brooklyn,  which  the  future 
shall  join  in  one  city — city  of  superb  democracy,  amid  superb 
surroundings. 

HOURS  FOR  THE  SOUL. 

July  22tt,  1878. — Living  down  in  the  country  again.  A  won 
derful  conjunction  of  all  that  goes  to  make  those  sometime  mira 
cle-hours  after  sunset — so  near  and  yet  so  far.  Perfect,  or  nearly 
perfect  days,  I  notice,  are  not  so  very  uncommpn  ;  but  the  com 
binations  that  make  perfect  nights  are  few,  even  in  a  life  time. 
We  have  one  of  those  perfections  to-night.  Sunset  left  things 
pretty  clear;  the  larger  stars  were  visible  soon  as  the  shades 
allow'd.  A  while  after  8,  three  or  four  great  black  clouds  suddenly 
rose,  seemingly  from  different  points,  and  sweeping  with  broad 
swirls  of  wind  but  no  thunder,  underspread  the  orbs  from  view 
everywhere,  and  indicated  a  violent  heat-storm.  But  without 
storm,  clouds,  blackness  and  all,  sped  and  vanish'd  as  suddenly 
as  they  had  risen  ;  and  from  a  little  after  9  till  1 1  the  atmosphere 
and  the  whole  show  above  were  in  that  state  of  exceptional  clear 
ness  and  glory  just  alluded  to.  In  the  northwest  turned  the  Great 
Dipper  with  its  pointers  round  the  Cynosure.  A  little  south  of 
east  the  constellation  of  the  Scorpion  was  fully  up,  with  red  An- 
tares  glowing  in  its  neck ;  while  dominating,  majestic  Jupiter 
swam,  an  hour  and  a  half  risen,  in  the  east — (no  moon  till  after 
11.)  A  large  part  of  the  sky  seem'd  just  Ia4d  in  great  splashes 
of  phosphorus.  You  could  look  deeper  in,  farther  through,  than 
usual ;  the  orbs  thick  as  heads  of  wheat  in  a  field.  Not  that  there 
was  any  special  brilliancy  either — nothing  near  as  sharp  as  I  have 
seen  of  keen  winter  nights,  but  a  curious  general  luminousness 
throughout  to  sight,  sense,  and  soul.  The  latter  had  much  to  do 
with  it.  (I  am  convinced  there  are  hours  of  Nature,  especially 
of  the  atmosphere,  mornings  and  evenings,  address'd  to  the  soul. 
Night  transcends,  for  that  purpose,  what  the  proudest  day  can 
do.)  Now,  indeed,  if  never  before,  the  heavens  declared  the 
glory  of  God.  It  was  to  the  full  the  sky  of  the  Bible,  of  Arabia, 
of  the  prophets,  and  of  the  oldest  poems.  There,  in  abstraction 
and  stillness,  (I  had  gone  off  by  myself  to  absorb  the  scene,  to 
have  the  spell  unbroken,)  the  copiousness,  the  removedness,  vi 
tality,  loose-clear-crowdedness,  of  that  stellar  concave  spreading 
overhead,  softly  absorb'd  into  me,  rising  so  free,  interminably 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


119 


high,  stretching  east,  west,  north,  south — and  I,  though  but  a 
point  in  the  centre  below,  embodying  all. 

As  if  for  the  first  time,  indeed,  creation  noiselessly  sank  into 
and  through  me  its  placid  and  untellable  lesson,  beyond — O,  so 
infinitely  beyond  ! — anything  from  art,  books,  sermons,  or  from 
science,  old  or  new.  The  spirit's  hour — religion's  hour — the 
visible  suggestion  of  God  in  space  and  time — now  once  definitely 
indicated,  if  never  again.  The  untold  pointed  at — the  heavens 
all  paved  with  it.  The  Milky  Way,  as  if  some  superhuman  sym 
phony,  some  ode  of  universal  vagueness,  disdaining  syllable  and 
sound — a  flashing  glance  of  Deity,  address'd  to  the  soul.  All 
silently — the  indescribable  night  and  stars — far  off  and  silently. 

THE  DAWN. — July  23. — This  morning,  between  one  and  two 
hours  before  sunrise,  a  spectacle  wrought  on  the  same  back 
ground,  yet  of  quite  different  beauty  and  meaning.  The  moon 
well  up  in  the  heavens,  and  past  her  half,  is  shining  brightly — 
the  air  and  sky  of  that  cynical-clear,  Minerva-like  quality,  virgin 
cool — not  the  weight  of  sentiment  or  mystery,  or  passion's  ec 
stasy  indefinable — not  the  religious  sense,  the  varied  All,  distill'd 
and  sublimated  into  one,  of  the  night  just  described.  Every  star 
no"w  clear-cut,  showing  for  just  what  it  is,  there  in  the  colorless 
ether.  The  character  of  the  heralded  morning,  ineffably  sweet 
and  fresh  and  limpid,  but  for  the  esthetic  sense  alone,  and  for 
purity  without  sentiment.  I  have  itemized  the  night — but  dare 
I  attempt  the  cloudless  dawn  ?  (What  subtle  tie  is  this  between 
one's  soul  and  the  break  of  day?  Alike,  and  yet  no  two  nights 
or  morning  shows  ever  exactly  alike.)  Preceded  by  an  immense 
star,  almost  unearthly  in  its  effusion  of  white  splendor,  with  two 
or  three  long  unequal  spoke-rays  of  diamond  radiance,  shedding 
down  through  the  fresh  morning  air  below — an  hour  of  this,  and 
then  the  sunrise. 

THE  EAST. — What  a  subject  for  a  poem  !  Indeed,  where  else 
a  more  pregnant,  more  splendid  one  ?  Where  one  more  idealistic- 
real,  more  subtle,  more  sensuous- delicate?  The  East,  answering 
all  lands,  all  ages,  peoples  ;  touching  all  senses,  here,  immediate, 
now — and  yet  so  indescribably  far  off — such  retrospect !  The  East 
— long-stretching — so  losing  itself — the  orient,  the  gardens  of 
Asia,  the  womb  of  history  and  song — forth-issuing  all  those 
strange,  dim  cavalcades — 

Florid  with  blood,  pensive,  rapt  with  musings,  hot  with  passion, 
Sultry  with  perfume,  with  ample  and  flowing  garments, 
With  sunburnt  visage,  intense  soul  and  glittering  eyes. 

Always  the  East — old,  how  incalculably  old  !  And  yet  here 
the  same — ours  yet,  fresh  as  a  rose,  to  every  morning,  every  life, 
to-day — and  always  will  be. 


1 20  SPECIMEN  DA  KS1. 

Sept.  77. — Another  presentation— same  theme  —  just  before 
sunrise  again,  (a  favorite  hour  with  me.)  The  clear  gray  sky,  a 
faint  glow  in  the  dull  liver-color  of  the  east,  the  cool  fresh  odor 
and  -the  moisture — the  cattle  and  horses  off  there  grazing  in  the 
fields — the  star  Venus  again,  two  hours  high.  For  sounds,  the 
chirping  of  crickets  in  the  grass,  the  clarion  of  chanticleer,  and 
the  distant  cawing  of  an  early  crow.  Quietly  over  the  dense 
fringe  of  cedars  and  pines  rises  that  dazzling,  red,  transparent 
disk  of  flame,  and  the  low  sheets  of  white  vapor  roll  and  roll 
into  dissolution. 

THE  MOON. — May  18. — I  went  to  bed  early  last  night,  but 
found  myself  waked  shortly  after  12,  and,  turning  awhile  sleepless 
and  mentally  feverish,  I  rose,  dress'd  myself,  sallied  forth  and 
walk'd  down  the  lane.  The  full  moon,  some  three  or  four  hours 
up — a  sprinkle  of  light  and  less-light  clouds  just  lazily  moving — 
Jupiter  an  hour  high  in  the  east,  and  here  and  there  throughout 
the  heavens  a  random  star  appearing  and  disappearing.  So,  beau 
tifully  veil'd  and  varied — the  air,  with  that  early-summer  perfume, 
not  at  all  damp  or  raw — at  times  Luna  languidly  emerging  in 
richest  brightness  for  minutes,  and  then  partially  envelop'd  again. 
Far  off"  a  whip-poor-will  plied  his  notes  incessantly.  It  was  that 
silent  time  between  i  and  3. 

The  rare  nocturnal  scene,  how  soon  it  sooth' d  and  pacified  me  ! 
Is  there  not  something  about  the  moon,  some  relation  or  re 
minder,  which  no  poem  or  literature  has  yet  caught  ?  (In  very 
old  and  primitive  ballads  I  have  come  across  lines  or  asides  that 
suggest  it.)  After  a  while  the  clouds  mostly  clear'd,  and  as  the 
moon  swam  on,  she  carried,  shimmering  and  shifting,  delicate 
color-effects  of  pellucid  green  and  tawny  vapor.  Let  me  con 
clude  this  part  with  an  extract,  (some  writer  in  the  "Tribune," 
May  16,  1878:) 

No  one  ever  gets  tired  of  the  moon.  Goddess  that  she  is  by  dower  of  her 
eternal  beauty,  she  is  a  true  woman  by  her  tact — knows  the  charm  of  being 
seldom  seen,  of  coming  by  surprise  and  staying  but  a  little  while ;  never 
wears  the  same  dress  two  nights  running,  nor  all  night  the  same  way ;  com 
mends  herself  to  the  matter-of-fact  people  by  her  usefulness,  and  makes  her 
uselessness  adored  by  poets,  artists,  and  all  lovers  in  all  lands ;  lends  herself 
to  every  symbolism  and  to  every  emblem ;  is  Diana's  bow  and  Venus's  mir 
ror  and  Mary's  throne;  is  a  sickle,  a  scarf,  an  eyebrow,  his  face  or  her  face, 
as  look'd  at  by  her  or  by  him;  is  the  madman's  hell,  the  poet's  heaven,  the 
baby's  toy,  the  philosopher's  study ;  and  while  her  admirers  follow  her  foot 
steps,  and  hang  on  her  lovely  looks,  she  knows  how  to  keep  her  woman's 
secret — her  other  side — unguess'd  and  unguessable. 

Furthermore. — February  19,  1880. — Just  before  10  p.  M.  cold 
and  entirely  clear  again,  the  show  overhead,  bearing  southwest, 
of  wonderful  and  crowded  magnificence.  The  moon  in  her  third 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS.  !  2 1 

quarter — the  clusters  of  the  Hyades  and  Pleiades,  with  the  planet 
Mars  between — in  full  crossing  sprawl  in  the  sky  the  great  Egyp 
tian  X,  (Sirius,  Procyon,  and  the  main  stars  in  the  constellations 
of  the  Ship,  the  Dove,  and  of  Orion ; )  just  north  of  east  Bootes,  and 
in  his  knee  Arcturus,  an  hour  high,  mounting  the  heaven,  ambi 
tiously  large  and  sparkling,  as  if  he  meant  to  challenge  with  Sirius 
the  stellar  supremacy. 

With  the  sentiment  of  the  stars  and  moon  such  nights  I  get  all 
the  free  margins  and  indefiniteness  of  music  or  poetry,  fused  in 
geometry's  utmost  exactness. 

STRAW-COLOR'D  AND  OTHER  PSYCHES. 

Aug.  4. — A  pretty  sight !  Where  I  sit  in  the  shade — a  warm 
day,  the  sun  shining  from  cloudless  skies,  the  forenoon  well  ad- 
vanc'd — I  look  over  a  ten-acre  field  of  luxuriant  clover-hay,  (the 
second  crop) — the  livid-ripe  red  blossoms  and  dabs  of  August 
brown  thickly  spotting  the  prevailing  dark-green.  Over  all  flut 
ter  myriads  of  light-yellow  butterflies,  mostly  skimming  along 
the.  surface,  dipping  and  oscillating,  giving  a  curious  animation 
to  the  scene.  The  beautiful,  spiritual  insects  !  straw-color'd 
Psyches  !  Occasionally  one  of  them  leaves  his  mates,  and  mounts, 
perhaps  spirally,  perhaps  in  a  straight  line  in  the  air,  fluttering 
up,  up,  till  literally  out  of  sight.  In  the  lane  as  I  came  along 
just  now  I  noticed  one  spot,  ten  feet  square  or  so,  where  more 
than  a  hundred  had  collected,  holding  a  revel,  a  gyration-dance, 
or  butterfly  good  time,  winding  and  circling,  down  and  across,  but 
always  keeping  within  the  limits.  The  little  creatures  have  come 
out  all  of  a  sudden  the  last  few  days,  and  are  now  very  plentiful.  As 
I  sit  outdoors,  or  walk,  I  hardly  look  around  without  somewhere 
seeing  two  (always  two)  fluttering  through  the  air  in  amorous  dal 
liance.  Then  their  inimitable  color,  their  fragility,  peculiar 
motion — and  that  strange,  frequent  way  of  one  leaving  the  crowd 
and  mounting  up,  up  in  the  free  ether,  and  apparently  never  re 
turning.  As  I  look  over  the  field,  these  yellow-wings  everywhere 
mildly  sparkling,  many  snowy  blossoms  of  the  wild  carrot  grace 
fully  bending  on  their  tall  and  taper  stems — while  for  sounds,  the 
distant  guttural  screech  of  a  flock  of  guinea-hens  comes  shrilly 
yet  somehow  musically  to  my  ears.  And  now  a  faint  growl  of 
heat-thunder  in  the  north — and  ever  the  low  rising  and  falling 
wind-purr  from  the  tops  of  the  maples  and  willows. 

Aug.  20. — Butterflies  and  butterflies,  (taking  the  place  of  the 
bumble-bees  of  three  months  since,  who  have  quite  disappear'd,) 
continue  to  flit  to  and  fro,  all  sorts,  white,  yellow,  brown,  pur 
ple — now  and  then  some  gorgeous  fellow  flashing  lazily  by  on 
wings  like  artists'  palettes  dabb'd  with  every  color.  Over  the 

ii 


!  2  2  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

breast  of  the  pond  I  notice  many  white  ones,  crossing,  pursuing 
their  idle  capricious  flight.  Near  where  I  sit  grows  a  tall-stemm'd 
weed  topt  with  a  profusion  of  rich  scarlet  blossoms,  on  which  the 
snowy  insects  alight  and  dally,  sometimes  four  or  five  of  them  at 
a  time.  By-and-by  a  humming-bird  visits  the  same,  and  I  watch 
him  coming  and  going,  daintily  balancing  and  shimmering 
about.  These  white  butterflies  give  new  beautiful  contrasts  to 
the  pure  greens  of  the  August  foliage,  (we  have  had  some  co 
pious  rains  lately,)  and  over  the  glistening  bronze  of  the  pond- 
surface.  You  can  tame  even  such  insects ;  I  have  one  big  and 
handsome  moth  down  here,  knows  and  comes  to  me,  likes  me  to 
hold  him  up  on  my  extended  hand. 

Another  Day,  later. — A  grand  twelve-acre  field  of  ripe  cabbages 
with  their  prevailing  hue  of  malachite  green,  and  floating -flying 
over  and  among  them  in  all  directions  myriads  of  these  same 
white  butterflies.  As  I  came  up  the  lane  to-day  I  saw  a  living 
globe  of  the  same,  two  to  three  feet  in  diameter,  many  scores 
cluster'd  together  and  rolling  along  in  the  air,  adhering  to  their 
ball-shape,  six  or  eight  feet  above  the  ground. 
A  NIGHT  REMEMBRANCE. 

Aug.  25,  9-10  a.  nt. — I  sit  by  the  edge  of  the  pond,  every 
thing  quiet,  the  broad  polish'd  surface  spread  before  me — the 
blue  of  the  heavens  and  the  white  clouds  retum'd  from  it — and 
flitting  across,  now  and  then,  the  reflection  of  some  flying  bird. 
Last  night  I  was  down  here  with  a  friend  till  after  midnight; 
everything  a  miracle  of  splendor — the  glory  of  the  stars,  and  the 
completely  rounded  moon — the  passing  clouds,  silver  and  lumi 
nous-tawny — now  and  then  masses  of  vapory  illuminated  scud — 
and  silently  by  my  side  my  dear  friend.  The  shades  of  the  trees, 
and  patches  of  moonlight  on  the  grass — the  softly  blowing 
breeze,  and  just-palpable  odor  of  the  neighboring  ripening  corn 
— the  indolent  and  spiritual  night,  inexpressibly  rich,  tender, 
suggestive — something  altogether  to  filter  through  one's  soul, 
and  nourish  and  feed  and  soothe  the  memory  long  afterwards. 

WILD  FLOWERS. 

This  has  been  and  is  yet  a  great  season  for  wild  flowers ;  oceans 
of  them  line  the  roads  through  the  woods,  border  the  edges  of 
the  water-runlets,  grow  all  along  the  old  fences,  and  are  scatter'd 
in  profusion  over  the  fields.  An  eight-petal'd  blossom  of  gold- 
yellow,  clear  and  bright,  with  a  brown  tuft  in  the  middle,  nearly 
as  large  as  a  silver  half-dollar,  is  very  common  ;  yesterday  on  a 
long  drive  I  noticed  it  thickly  lining  the  borders  of  the  brooks 
everywhere.  Then  there  is  a  beautiful  weed  cover'd  with  blue 
flowers,  (the  blue  of  the  old  Chinese  teacups  treasur'd  by  our 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


123 


grand-aunts,)  I  am  continually  stopping  to  admire — a  little 
larger  than  a  dime,  and  very  plentiful.  White,  however,  is  the 
prevailing  color.  The  wild  carrot  I  have  spoken  of;  also  the 
fragrant  life-everlasting.  But  there  are  all  hues  and  beauties, 
especially  on  the  frequent  tracts  of  half-open  scrub-oak  and  dwarf- 
cedar  hereabout — wild  asters  of  all  colors.  Notwithstanding  the 
frost-touch  the  hardy  little  chaps  maintain  themselves  in  all  their 
bloom.  The  tree-leaves,  too,  "some  of  them  are  beginning  to 
turn  yellow  or  drab  or  dull  green.  The  deep  wine-color  of  the 
sumachs  and  gum-trees  is  already  visible,  and  the  straw-color  of 
the  dog-wood  and  beech.  Let  me  give  the  names  of  some  of 
these  perennial  blossoms  and  friendly  weeds  I  have  made  acquaint 
ance  with  hereabout  one  season  or  another  in  my  walks : 

wild  azalea,  dandelions, 

wild  honeysuckle,  yarrow, 

wild  roses,  coreopsis, 

golden  rod,  wild  pea, 

larkspur,  woodbine, 

early  crocus,  elderberry, 

sweet  flag,  (great  patches  of  it,)  poke-weed, 

creeper,  trumpet-flower,  sun-flower, 

scented  marjoram,  chamomile, 

snakeroot,  violets, 

Solomon's  seal,  clematis, 

sweet  balm,  bloodroot, 

mint,  (great  plenty,)  swamp  magnolia, 

wild  geranium,  milk-weed, 

wild  heliotrope,  wild  daisy,  (plenty,) 

burdock,  wild  chrysanthemum. 

A  CIVILITY  TOO  LONG  NEGLECTED. 

The  foregoing  reminds  me  of  something.  As  the  individuali 
ties  I  would  mainly  portray  have  certainly  been  slighted  by  folks 
who  make  pictures,  volumes,  poems,  out  of  them — as  a  faint 
testimonial  of  my  own  gratitude  for  many  hours  of  peace  and 
comfort  in  half-sickness,  (and  not  by  any  means  sure  but  they 
will  somehow  get  wind  of  the  compliment,)  I  hereby  dedicate  the 
last  half  of  these  Specimen  Days  to  the 

bees,  water-snakes, 

black-birds,  crows, 

dragon-flies,  millers, 

pond-turtles,  mosquitoes, 

mulleins,  tansy,  peppermint,  butterflies, 

moths    ("great    and    little,    some  wasps  and  hornets, 

splendid  fellows,)  cat  birds  (and  all  other  birds,) 

glow-worms,  (swarming  millions  cedars, 

of  them  indescribably  strange  tulip-trees  (and  all  other  trees,) 

and  beautiful  at  night  over  the  and  to  the  spots  and  memories  of 

pond  and  creek,)  those  days,  and  of  the  creek. 


124  SPE  C1MEJV  DA  YS. 

DELAWARE  RIVER— DAYS  AND  NIGHTS. 

Aprils,  l879-— With  the  return  of  spring  to  the  skies,  airs, 
waters  of  the  Delaware,  depart  the  sea-gulls.  I  never  tire  of  watch 
ing  their  broad  and  easy  flight,  in  spirals,  or  as  they  oscillate  with 
slow  unflapping  wings,  or  look  down  with  curved  beak,  or  dipping 
to  the  water  after  food.  The  crows,  plenty  enough  all  through 
the  winter,  also  vanish'd  with  the  ice.  Not  one  of  them  now  to 
be  seen.  The  steamboats  have  again  come  forth — bustling  up, 
handsome,  freshly  painted,  for  summer  work — the  Columbia,  the 
Edwin  Forrest,  (the  Republic  not  yet  out,)  the  Reybold,  the 
Nelly  White,  the  Twilight,  the  Ariel,  the  Warner,  the  Perry,  the 
Taggart,  the  Jersey  Blue — even  the  hulky  old  Trenton — not  for 
getting  those  saucy  little  bull-pups  of  the  current,  the  steamtugs. 

But  let  me  bunch  and  catalogue  the  affair — the  river  itself,  all 
the  way  from  the  sea — cape  Island  on  one  side  and  Henlopen 
light  on  the  other — up  the  broad  bay  north,  and  so  to  Philadel 
phia,  and  on  further  to  Trenton  ; — the  sights  I  am  most  familiar 
with,  (as  I  live  a  good  part  of  the  time  in  Camden,  I  view  mat 
ters  from  that  outlook) — the  great  arrogant,  black,  full -freighted 
ocean  steamers,  inward  or  outward  bound — the  ample  width 
here  between  the  two  cities,  intersected  by  Windmill  island — an 
occasional  man-of-war,  sometimes  a  foreigner,  at  anchor,  with 
her  guns  and  port-holes,  and  the  boats,  and  the  brown-faced 
sailors,  and  the  regular  oar -strokes,  and  the  gay  crowds  of  "  visit 
ing  day" — the  frequent  large  and  handsome  three-masted  schoon 
ers,  (a  favorite  style  of  marine  build,  hereabout  of  late  years,) 
some  of  them  new  and  very  jaunty,  with  their  white-gray  sails 
and  yellow  pine  spars — the  sloops  dashing  along  in  a  fair  wind — 
(I  see  one  now,  coming  up,  under  broad  canvas,  her  gaff-topsail 
shining  in  the  sun,  high  and  picturesque — what  a  thing  of  beauty 
amid  the  sky  and  waters  !) — the  crowded  wharf-slips  along  the 
city — the  flags  of  different  nationalities,  the  sturdy  English  cross 
on  its  ground  of  blood,  the  French  tricolor,  the  banner  of  the 
great  North  German  empire,  and  the  Italian  and  the  Spanish 
colors — sometimes,  of  an  afternoon,  the  whole  scene  enliven'd 
by  a  fleet  of  yachts,  in  a  half  calm,  lazily  returning  from  a  race 
down  at  Gloucester; — the  neat,  rakish,  revenue  steamer  ''Hamil 
ton"  in  mid-stream,  with  her  perpendicular  stripes  flaunting  aft — 
and,  turning  the  eyes  north,  the  long  ribands  of  fleecy-white 
steam,  or  dingy-black  smoke,  stretching  far,  fan-shaped,  slanting 
diagonally  across  from  the  Kensington  or  Richmond  shores,  in 
the  west-by-south-west  wind. 

SCENES  ON  FERRY  AND  RIVER— LAST  WINTER'S  NIGHTS. 
Then  the  Camden  ferry.     What  exhilaration,  change,  people, 
business,   by  day.     What  soothing,  silent,  wondrous  hours,  at 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


125 


night,  crossing  on  the  boat,  most  all  to  myself — pacing  the  deck, 
alone,  forward  or  aft.  What  communion  with  the  waters,  the 
air,  the  exquisite  chiaroscuro — the  sky  and  stars,  that  speak  no 
word,  nothing  to  the  intellect,  yet  so  eloquent,  so  communica 
tive  to  the  soul.  And  the  ferry  men — little  they  know  how  much 
they  have  been  to  me,  day  and  night — how  many  spells  of  list- 
lessness,  ennui,  debility,  they  and  their  hardy  ways  have  dis- 
pell'd.  And  the  pilots — captains  Hand,  Walton,  and  Giberson 
by  day,  and  captain  Olive  at  night ;  Eugene  Crosby,  with  his 
strong  young  arm  so  often  supporting,  circling,  convoying  me 
over  the  gaps  of  the  bridge,  through  impediments,  safely  aboard. 
Indeed  all  my  ferry  friends — captain  Frazee  the  superintendent, 
Lindell,  Hiskey,  Fred  Rauch,  Price,  Watson,  and  a  dozen  more. 
And  the  ferry  itself,  with  its  queer  scenes' — sometimes  children 
suddenly  born  in  the  waiting-houses  (an  actual  fact — and  more 
than  once) — sometimes  a  masquerade  party,  going  over  at  night, 
with  a  band  of  music,  dancing  and  whirling  like  mad  on  the 
broad  deck,  in  their  fantastic  dresses  ;  sometimes  the  astronomer, 
Mr.  Whitall,  (who  posts  me  up  in  points  about  the  stars  by  a 
living  lesson  there  and  then,  and  answering  every  question) — 
sometimes  a  prolific  family  group,  eight,  nine,  ten,  even  twelve  ! 
(Yesterday,  as  I  cross'd,  a  mother,  father,  and  eight  children, 
waiting  in  the  ferry-house,  bound  westward  somewhere.) 

I  have  mention 'd  the  crows.  I  always  watch  them  from  the 
boats.  They  play  quite  a  part  in  the  winter  scenes  on  the  river, 
by  day.  Their  black  splatches  are  seen  in  relief  against  the  snow 
and  ice  everywhere  at  that  season — sometimes  flying  and  flap 
ping — sometimes  on  little  or  larger  cakes,  sailing  up  or  down  the 
stream.  One  day  the  river  was  mostly  clear — only  a  single  long 
ridge  of  broken  ice  making  a  narrow  stripe  by  itself,  running 
along  down  the  current  for  over  a  mile,  quite  rapidly.  On  this 
white  stripe  the  crows  were  congregated,  hundreds  of  them — a 
funny  procession — ("  half  mourning  "  was  the  comment  of  some 
one.) 

Then  the  reception  room,  for  passengers  waiting — life  illus 
trated  thoroughly.  Take  a  March  picture  I  jotted  there  two  or 
three  weeks  since.  Afternopn,  about  3^  o'clock,  it  begins  to 
snow.  There  has  been  a  matinee  performance  at  the  theater 
— from  4^  to  5  comes  a  stream  of  homeward  bound  ladies.  I 
never  knew  the  spacious  room  to  present  a  gayer,  more  lively 
scene — handsome,  well-drest  Jersey  women  and  girls,  scores  of 
them,  streaming  in  for  nearly  an  hour — the  bright  eyes  and 
glowing  faces,  coming  in  from  the  air — a  sprinkling  of  snow  on 
bonnets  or  dresses  as  they  enter — the  five  or  ten  minutes'  wait 
ing — the  chatting  and  laugljing- — (women  can  have  capital  times 


1 2  6  SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS. 

among  themselves,  with  plenty  of  wit,  lunches,  jovial  abandon) 
—  Lizzie,  the  pleasant-rnanner'd  waiting-room  woman  —  for 
sound,  the  bell-taps  and  steam-signals  of  the  departing  boats 
with  their  rhythmic  break  and  undertone — the  domestic  pictures, 
mothers  with  bevies  of  daughters,  (a  charming  sight) — children, 
countrymen — the  railroad  men  in  their  blue  clothes  and  caps — 
all  the  various  characters  of  city  and  country  represented  or  sug 
gested.  Then  outside  some  belated  passenger  frantically  run 
ning,  jumping  after  the  boat.  Towards  six  o'clock  the  human 
stream  gradually  thickening — now  a  pressure  of  vehicles,  drays, 
piled  railroad  crates — now  a  drove  of  cattle,  making  quite  an  ex 
citement,  the  drovers  with  heavy  sticks,  belaboring  the  steaming 
sides  of  the  frighten'd  brutes.  Inside  the  reception  room,  busi 
ness  bargains,  flirting,  love-making,  eclaircissements,  proposals — 
pleasant,  sober-faced  Phil  coming  in  with  his  burden  of  afternoon 
papers — or  Jo,  or  Charley  (who  jump'd  in  the  dock  last  week, 
and  saved  a  stout  lady  from  drowning,)  to  replenish  the  stove, 
after  clearing  it  with  long  crow-bar  poker. 

Besides  all  this  "comedy  human,"  the  river  affords  nutri 
ment  of  a  higher  order.  Here  are  some  of  my  memoranda  of 
the  past  winter,  just  as  pencill'd  down  on  the  spot. 

A  January  Night. — Fine  trips  across  the  wide  Delaware  to 
night.  Tide  pretty  high,  and  a  strong  ebb.  River,  a  little  after 
8,  full  of  ice,  mostly  broken,  but  some  large  cakes  making  our 
strong-timber'd  steamboat  hum  and  quiver  as  she  strikes  them. 
In  the  clear  moonlight  they  spread,  strange,  unearthly,  silvery, 
faintly  glistening,  as  far  as  1  can  see.  Bumping,  trembling, 
sometimes  hissing  like  a  thousand  snakes,  the  tide-procession,  as 
we  wend  with  or  through  it,  affording  a  grand  undertone,  in 
keeping  with  the  scene.  Overhead,  the  splendor  indescribable; 
yet  something  haughty,  almost  supercilious,  in  the  night.  Never 
did  I  realize  more  latent  sentiment,  almost  passion,  in  those  silent 
interminable  stars  up  there.  One  can  understand,  such  a  night, 
why,  from  the  days  of  the  Pharaohs  or  Job,  the  dome  of  heaven, 
sprinkled  with  planets,  has  supplied  the  subtlest,  deepest  criti 
cism  on  human  pride,  glory,  ambition. 

Another  Winter  Night, — I  don't;  know  anything  more  filling 
than  to  be  on  the  wide  firm  deck  of  a  powerful  boat,  a  clear,  cool, 
extra-moonlight  night,  crushing  proudly  and  resistlessly  through 
this  thick,  marbly,  glistening  ice.  The  whole  river  is  now  spread 
with  it — some  immense  cakes.  There  is  such  weirdness  about 
the  scene — partly  the  quality  of  the  light,  with  its  tinge  of  blue, 
the  lunar  twilight — only  the  large  stars  holding  their  own  in  the 
radiance  of  the  moon.  Temperature  sharp,  comfortable  for  mo 
tion,  dry,  full  of  oxygen.  But  the  fense  of  power — the  steady, 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  YS.  127 

scornful,  imperious  urge  of  our  strong  new  engine,  as  she  ploughs 
her  way  through  the  big  and  little  cakes. 

Another. — For  two  hours  I  cross'd  and  recross'd,  merely  for 
pleasure — for  a  still  excitement.  Both  sky  and  river  went 
through  several  changes.  The  first  for  awhile  held  two  vast  fan- 
shaped  echelons  of  light  clouds,  through  which  the  moon  waded, 
now  radiating,  carrying  with  her  an  aureole  of  tawny  transpar 
ent  brown,  and  now  flooding  the  whole  vast  with  clear  vapory 
light-green,  through  which,  as  through  an  illuminated  veil,  she 
moved  with  measur'd  womanly  motion.  Then,  another  trip,  the 
heavens  would  be  absolutely  clear,  and  Luna  in  all  her  efful 
gence.  The  big  Dipper  in  the  north,  with  the  double  star  in  the 
handle  much  plainer  than  common.  Then  the  sheeny  track  of 
light  in  the  water,  dancing  and  rippling.  Such  transformations  ; 
such  pictures  and  poems,  inimitable. 

Another. — I  am  studying  the  stars,  under  advantages,  as  I  cross 
to-night.  (It  is/late  in  February,  and  again  extra  clear.)  High 
toward  the  west,  the  Pleiades,  tremulous  with  delicate  sparkle,  in 
the  soft  heavens.  Aldebaran,  leading  the  V-shaped  Hyades — 
and  overhead  Capella  and  her  kids.  Most  majestic  of  all,  in 
full  display  in  the  high  south,  Orion,  vast-spread,  roomy,  chief 
histrion  of  the  stage,  with  his  shiny  yellow  rosette  on  his  shoul 
der,  and  his  three  Kings — and  a  little  to  the  east,  Sirius,  calmly 
arrogant,  most  wondrous  single  star.  Going  late  ashore,  (I 
couldn't  give  up  the  beauty  and  soothingness  of  the  night,)  as  I 
staid  around,  or  slowly  wander'd,  I  heard  the  echoing  calls  of  the 
railroad  men  in  the  West  Jersey  depot  yard,  shifting  and  switch 
ing  trains,  engines,  &c. ;  amid  the  general  silence  otherways,  and 
something  in  the  acoustic  quality  of  the  air,  musical,  emotional 
effects,  never  thought  of  before.  I  linger'd  long  and  long,  listen 
ing  to  them. 

Night  of  March  18,  '/p. — One  of  the  calm,  pleasantly  cool, 
exquisitely  clear  and  cloudless,  early  spring  nights — the  atmos 
phere  again  that  rare  vitreous  blue-black,  welcom'd  by  astrono 
mers.     Just  at  8,  evening,  the  scene  overhead  of  certainly  sol- 
emnest  beauty,  never  surpass'd.     Venus  nearly  down  in  the  west, 
of  a  size  and  lustre  as  if  trying  to  outshow  herself,  before  depart 
ing.     Teeming,  maternal  orb — I  take  you  again  to  myself.     I  am 
reminded  of  that  spring  preceding  Abraham   Lincoln's  murder, 
when  I,  restlessly  haunting  the  Potomac  banks,  around  Washing 
ton  city,  watch'd  you,  off  there,  aloof,  moody  as  myself: 
As  we  walk'd  up  and  down  in  the  dark  blue  so  mystic, 
As  we  walk'd  in  silence  the  transparent  shadowy  night, 
As  I  saw  you  had  something  to  tell,  as  you  bent  to  me  night  after  night, 
As  you  droop  from  the  sky  low  down,  as  if  to  my  side,  (while  the  other  stars 

all  look'd  on,) 
As  we  -wander'd  together  the  solemn  night. 


!  28  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

With  departing  Venus,  large  to  the  last,  and  shining  even  to 
the  edge  of  the  horizon,  the  vast  dome  presents  at  this  moment, 
such  a  spectacle  !  Mercury  was  visible  just  after  sunset — a  rare 
sight.  Arcturus  is  now  risen,  just  north  of  east.  In  calm  glory 
all  the  stars  of  Orion  hold  the  place  of  honor,  in  meridian,  to 
the  south — with  the  Dog-star  a  little  to  the  left.  And  now,  just 
rising,  Spica,  late,  low,  and  slightly  veil'd.  Castor,  Regulus  and 
the  rest,  all  shining  unusually  clear,  (no  Mars  or  Jupiter  or  moon 
till  morning.)  On  the  edges  of  the  river,  many  lamps  twinkling 
— with  two  or  three  huge  chimneys,  a  couple  of  miles  up,  belch 
ing  forth  molten,  steady  flames,  volcano-like,  illuminating  all 
around — and  sometimes  an  electric  or  calcium,  its  Dante-Inferno 
gleams,  in  far  shafts,  terrible,  ghastly-powerful.  Of  later  May 
nights,  crossing,  I  like  to  watch  the  fishermen's  little  buoy-lights 
— so  pretty,  so  dreamy — like  corpse  candles — undulating  delicate 
and  lonesome  on  the  surface  of  the  shadowy  waters,  floating  with 
the.  current. 

THE  FIRST  SPRING  DAY  ON  CHESTNUT  STREET. 

Winter  relaxing  its  hold,  has  already  allow'd  us  a  foretaste  of 
spring.  As  I  write,  yesterday  afternoon's  softness  and  bright 
ness,  (after  the  morning  fog,  which  gave  it  a  better  setting,  by 
contrast,)  show'd  Chestnut  street — say  between  Broad  and  Fourth 
— to  more  advantage  in  its  various  asides,  and  all  its  stores,  and 
gay-dress'd  crowds  generally,  than  for  three  months  past.  I  took 
a  walk  there  between  one  and  two.  Doubtless,  there  were  plenty 
of  hard-up  folks  along  the  pavements,  but  nine-tenths  of  the  myr 
iad-moving  human  panorama  to  all  appearance  seem'd  flush, 
well-fed,  and  fully-provided.  At  all  events  it  was  good  to  be  on 
Chestnut  street  yesterday.  The  peddlers  on  the  sidewalk — 
("  sleeve-buttons,  three  for  five  cents  ") — the  handsome  little  fel 
low  with  canary-bird  whistles — the  cane  men,  toy  men,  toothpick 
men — the  old  woman  squatted  in  a  heap  on  the  cold  stone  flags, 
with  her  basket  of  matches,  pins  and  tape — the  young  negro 
mother,  sitting,  begging,  with  her  two  little  coffee-color' d  twins 
on  her  lap — the  beauty  of  the  cramm'd  conservatory  of  rare 
flowers,  flaunting  reds,  yellows,  snowy  lilies,  incredible  orchids, 
at  the  Baldwin  mansion  near  Twelfth  street — the  show  of  fine 
poultry,  beef,  fish,  at  the  restaurants — the  china  stores,  with  glass 
and  statuettes — the  luscious  tropical  fruits — the  street  cars  plod 
ding  along,  with  their  tintinnabulating  bells — the  fat,  cab-look 
ing,  rapidly  driven  one-horse  vehicles  of  the  post-office,  squeez'd 
full  of  coming  or  going  letter-carriers,  so  healthy  and  handsome 
and  manly-looking,  in  their  gray  uniforms — the  costly  books, 
pictures,  curiosities,  in  the  windows — the  gigantic  policemen  at 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


129 


most  of  the  corners — will  all  be  readily  remember'd  and  recog 
nized  as  features  of  this  principal  avenue  of  Philadelphia. 
Chestnut  street,  I  have  discover'd,  is  not  without  individuality, 
and  its  own  points,  even  when  compared  with  the  great  prome 
nade-streets  of  other  cities.  1^  have  never  been  in  Europe,  but 
acquired  years'  familiar  experience  with  New  York's,  (perhaps 
the  world's,)  great  thoroughfare,  Broadway,  and  possess  to  some 
extent  a  personal  and  saunterer's  knowledge  of  St.  Charles  street 
in  New  Orleans,  Tremont  street  in  Boston,  and  the  broad  trot- 
toirs  of  Pennsylvania  avenue  in  Washington.  Of  course  it  is  a 
pity  that  Chestnut  were  not  two  or  three  times  wider ;  but  the 
street,  any  fine  day,  shows  vividness,  motion,  variety,  not  easily 
to  be  surpass'd.  (Sparkling  eyes,  human  faces,  magnetism,  well- 
dress'd  women,  ambulating  to  and  fro — with  lots  of  fine  things 
in  the  windows — are  they  not  about  the  same,  the  civilized  world 
over  ?) 

How  fast  the  flitting  figures  come ! 
The  mild,  the  tierce,  the  stony  face; 

Some  bright  with  thoughtless  smiles — and  some 
Where  secret  tears  have  left  their  trace. 

A  few  days  ago  one  of  the  six-story  clothing  stores  along  here 
had  the  space  inside  its  plate-glass  show-window  partition'd  into 
a  little  corral,  and  litter'd  deeply  with  rich  clover  and  hay,  (I 
could  smell  the  odor  outside,)  on  which  reposed  two  magnificent 
fat  sheep,  full-sized  but  young — the  handsomest  creatures  of  the 
kind  I  ever  saw.  I  stopp'd  long  and  long,  with  the  crowd,  to 
view  them — one  lying  down  chewing  the  cud,  and  one  standing 
up,  looking  out,  with  dense-fringed  patient  eyes.  Their  wool, 
of  a  clear  tawny  color,  with  streaks  of  glistening  black — alto 
gether  a  queer  sight  amidst  that  crowded  promenade  of  dandies, 
dollars  and  drygoods. 

UP  THE  HUDSON  TO  ULSTER  COUNTY. 

April  23. — Off  to  New  York  on  a  little  tour  and  visit.  Leav 
ing  the  hospitable,  home-like  quarters  of  my  valued  friends,  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  J.  H.  Johnston — took  the  4  P.  M.  boat,  bound  up  the 
Hudson,  100  miles  or  so.  Sunset  and  evening  fine.  Especially 
enjoy'd  the  hour  after  we  passed  Cozzens's  landing — the  night  lit 
by  the  crescent  moon  and  Venus,  now  swimming  in  tender 
glory,  and  now  hid  by  the  high  rocks  and  hills  of  the  western 
shore,  which  we  hugg'd  close.  (Where  I  spend  the  next  ten 
days  is  in  Ulster  county  and  its  neighborhood,  with  frequent 
morning  and  evening  drives,  observations  of  the  river,  and  short 
rambles.) 

April  24. — Noon, — A  little  more  and  the  sun  would  be  oppres 
sive.  The  bees  are  out  gathering  their  bread  from  willows  and 


!  30  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

other  trees.  I  watch  them  returning,  darting  through  the  air  or 
lighting  on  the  hives,  their  thighs  covered  with  the  yellow  forage. 
A  solitary  robin  sings  near.  I  sit  in  my  shirt  sleeves  and  gaze 
from  an  open  bay-window  on  the  indolent  scene — the  thin  haze, 
the  Fishkill  hills  in  the  distance. — off  on  the  river,  a  sloop  with 
slanting  mainsail,  and  two  or  three  little  shad-boats.  Over  on 
the  railroad  opposite,  long  freight  trains,  sometimes  weighted  by 
cylinder-tanks  of  petroleum,  thirty,  forty,  fifty  cars  in  a  string, 
panting  and  rumbling  along  in  full  view,  but  the  sound  soften'd 
by  distance. 

DAYS  AT  J.  B.'s— TURF-FIRES— SPRING  SONGS. 

April  26, — At  sunrise,  the  pure  clear  sound  of  the  meadow 
lark.  An  hour  later,  some  notes,  few  and  simple,  yet  delicious 
and  perfect,  from  the  bush-sparrow — towards  noon  the  reedy  trill 
of  the  robin.  To-day  is  the  fairest,  sweetest  yet — penetrating 
warmth — a  lovely  veil  in  the  air,  partly  heat-vapor  and  partly 
from  the  turf- fires  everywhere  in  patches  on  the  farms.  A  group 
of  soft  maples  near  by  silently  bursts  out  in  crimson  tips,  buzzing 
all  day  with  busy  bees.  The  white  sails  of  sloops  and  schooners 
glide  up  or  down  the  river;  and  long  trains  of  cars,  with  pon 
derous  roll,  or  faint  bell  notes,  almost  constantly  on  the  oppo 
site  shore.  The  earliest  wild  flowers  in  the  woods  and  fields, 
spicy  arbutus,  blue  liverwort,  frail  anemone,  and  the  pretty 
white  blossoms  of  the  bloodroot.  I  launch  out  in  slow  rambles, 
discovering  them.  As  I  go  along  the  roads  I  like  to  see  the 
farmers'  fires  in  patches,  burning  the  dry  brush,  turf,  debris. 
How  the  smoke  crawls  along,  flat  to  the  ground,  slanting,  slowly 
rising,  reaching  away,  and  at  last  dissipating.  I  like  its  acrid 
smell — whiffs  just  reaching  me — welcomer  than  French  perfume. 

The  birds  are  plenty ;  of  any  sort,  or  of  two  or  three  sorts, 
curiously,  not  a  sign,  till  suddenly  some  warm,  gushing,  sunny 
April  (or  even  March)  day — lo  !  there  they  are,  from  twig  to  twig, 
or  fence  to  fence,  flirting,  singing,  some  mating,  preparing  to 
build.  But  most  of  them  tn  passant — a  fortnight,  a  month  in 
these  parts,  and  then  away.  As  in  all  phases,  Nature  keeps  up 
her  vital,  copious,  eternal  procession.  Still,  plenty  of  the  birds 
hang  around  all  or  most  of  the  season — now  their  love-time,  and 
era  of  nest-building.  I  find  flying  over  the  river,  crows,  gulls 
and  hawks.  I  hear  the  afternoon  shriek  of  the  latter,  darting 
about,  preparing  to  nest.  The  oriole  will  soon  be  heard  here, 
and  the  twanging  meocow  of  the  cat-bird ;  also  the  king-bird, 
cuckoo  and  the  warblers.  All  along,  there  are  three  peculiarly 
characteristic  spring  songs — the  meadow-lark's,  so  sweet,  so  alert 
and  remonstrating  (as  if  hesaid,  "don't  you  see?"  or,  "can't 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS.  1 3  ! 

you' understand?") — the  cheery,  mellow,  human  tones  of  the 
robin — (I  have  been  trying  for  years  to  get  a  brief  term,  or  phrase, 
that  would  identify  and  describe  that  robin-call) — and  the  amor 
ous  whistle  of  the  high-hole.  Insects  are  out  plentifully  at  midday. 
April  29. — As  we  drove  lingering  along  the  road  we  heard, 
just  after  sundown,  the  song  of  the  wood-thrush.  'We  stopp'd 
without  a  word,  and  listen'd  long.  The  delicious  notes — a 
sweet,  artless,  voluntary,  simple  anthem,  as  from  the  flute-stops 
of  some  organ,  wafted  through  the  twilight — echoing  well  to  us 
from  the  perpendicular  high  rock,  where,  in  some  thick  young 
trees'  recesses  at  the  base,  sat  the  bird — fill'd  our  senses,  our 
souls. 

MEETING  A  HERMIT. 

I  found  in  one  of  my  rambles  up  the  hills  a  real  hermit,  living 
in  a  lonesome  spot,  hard  to  get  at,  rocky,  the  view  fine,  with  a 
little  patch  of  land  two  rods  square.  A  man  of  youngish  middle 
age,  city  born  and  raised,  had  been  to  school,  had  travel'd  in 
Europe  and  California.  I  first  met  him  once  or  twice  on  the  road, 
and  pass'd  the  time  of  day,  with  some  small  talk  ;  then,  the  third 
time,  he  ask'd  me  to  go  along  a  bit  and  rest  in  his  hut  (an  almost 
unprecedented  compliment,  as  I  heard  from  others  afterwards.) 
He  was  of  Quaker  stock,  I  think  ;  talk'd  with  ease  and  moderate 
freedom,  but  did  not  unbosom  his  life,  or  story,  or  tragedy,  or 
whatever  it  was. 

AN  ULSTER  COUNTY  WATERFALL. 

I  jot  this  mem.  in  a  wild  scene  of  woods  and  hills,  where  we 
have  come  to  visit  a  waterfall.  I  never  saw  finer  or  more  copious 
hemlocks,  many  of  them  large,  some  old  and  hoary.  Such  a 
sentiment  to  them,  secretive,  shaggy — what  I  call  weather-beaten 
and  let-alone — a  rich  underlay  of  ferns,  yew  sprouts  and  mosses, 
beginning  to  be  spotted  with  the  early  summer  wild-flowers.  En 
veloping  all,  the  monotone  and  liquid  gurgle  from  the  hoarse 
impetuous  copious  fall — the  greenish-tawny,  darkly  transparent 
waters,  plunging  with  velocity  down  the  rocks,  with  patches  of 
milk-white  foam — a  stream  of  hurrying  amber,  thirty  feet  wide, 
risen  far  back  in  the  hills  and  woods,  now  rushing  with  volume — 
every  hundred  rods  a  fall,  and  sometimes  three  or  four  in  that 
distance.  A  primitive  forest,  druidical,  solitary  and  savage — not 
ten  visitors  a  year — broken  rocks  everywhere — shade  overhead, 
thick  underfoot  with  leaves — a  just  palpable  wild  and  delicate 
aroma. 

WALTER  DUMONT  AND  HIS  MEDAL. 

As  I  sauhter'd  along  the  high  road  yesterday,  I  stopp'd  to 
watch  a  man  near  by,  ploughing  a  rough  stony  field  with  a  yoke 


!  ^  2  -S1^  CLlfEA7  DA  VS. 

of  oxen.  Usually  there  is  much  geeing  and  hawing,  excitement, 
and  continual  noise  and  expletives,  about  a  job  of  this  kind. 
But  I  noticed  how  different,  how  easy  and  wordless,  yet  firm  and 
sufficient,  the  work  of  this  young  ploughman.  His  name  was 
Walter  Dumont,  a  farmer,  and  son  of  a  farmer,  working  for  their 
living.  Three  years  ago,  when  the  steamer  "Sunnyside"  was 
wreck'd  of  a  bitter  icy  night  on  the  west  bank  here,  Walter  went 
out  in  his  boat — was  the  first  man  on  hand  with  assistance — 
made  a  way  through  the  ice  to  shore,  connected  a  line,  per 
form' d  work  of  first-class  readiness,  daring,  danger,  and  saved 
numerous  lives.  Some  weeks  after,  one  evening  when  he  was  up 
at  Esopus,  among  the  usual  loafing  crowd  at  the  country  store  and 
post-office,  there  arrived  the  gift  of  an  unexpected  official  gold 
medal  for  the  quiet  hero.  The  impromptu  presentation  was 
made  to  him  on  the  spot,  but  he  blush'd,  hesitated  as  he  took  it, 
and  had  nothing  to  say. 

HUDSON  RIVER  SIGHTS. 

It  was  a  happy  thought  to  build  the  Hudson  river  railroad 
right  along  the  shore.  The  grade  is  already  made  by  nature  ; 
you  are  sure  of  ventilation  one  side — and  you  are  in  nobody's 
way.  I  see,  hear,  the  locomotives  and  cars,  rumbling,  roaring, 
flaming,  smoking,  constantly,  away  off  there,  night  and  day — 
less  than  a  mile  distant,  and  in  full  view  by  day.  I  like  both 
sight  and  sound.  Express  trains  thunder  and  lighten  along ;  of 
freight  trains,  most  of  them  very  long,  there  cannot  be  less  than 
a  hundred  a  day.  At  night  far  down  you  see  the  headlight  ap 
proaching,  coming  steadily  on  like  a  meteor.  The  river  at  night 
has  its  special  character-beauties.  The  shad  fishermen  go  forth 
in  their  boats  and  pay  out  their  nets — one  sitting  forward,  row 
ing,  and  one  standing  up  aft  dropping  it  properly — marking  the 
line  with  little  floats  bearing  candles,  conveying,  as  they  glide 
over  the  water,  an  indescribable  sentiment  and  doubled  bright 
ness.  I  like  to  watch  the  tows  at  night,  too,  with  their  twink 
ling  lamps,  and  hear  the  husky  panting  of  the  steamers ;  or  catch 
the  sloops'  and  schooners'  shadowy  forms,  like  phantoms,  white, 
silent,  indefinite,  out  there.  Then  the  Hudson  of  a  clear  moon 
light  night. 

But  there  is  one  sight  the  very  grandest.  Sometimes  in  the 
fiercest  driving  storm  of  wind,  rain,  hail  or  snow,  a  great  eagle 
will  appear  over  the  river,  now  soaring  with  steady  and  now 
overhended  wings  —  always  confronting  the  gale,  or  perhaps 
cleaving  into,  or  at  times  literally  sifting  upon  it.  It  is  like  read 
ing  some  first-class  natural  tragedy  or  epic,  or  hearing  martial 
trumpets.  The  splendid  bird  enjoys  the  hubbub — is  adjusted  and 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  YS.  133 

equal  to  it — finishes  it  so  artistically.  His  pinions  just  oscilla 
ting — the  position  of  his  head  and  neck — his  resistless,  occasion 
ally  varied  flight — now  a  swirl,  now  an  upward  movement — the 
black  clouds  driving — the  angry  wash  below — the  hiss  of  rain, 
the  wind's  piping  (perhaps  the  ice  colliding,  grunting) — he  tack 
ing  or  jibing — now,  as  it  were,  for  a  change,  abandoning  him 
self  to  the  gale,  moving  with  it  with  such  velocity — and  now, 
resuming  control,  he  comes  up  against  it,  lord  of  the  situation 
and  the  storm — lord,  amid  it,  of  power  and  savage  joy. 

Sometimes  (as  at  present  writing,)  middle  of  sunny  afternoon, 
the  old  "  Vanderbilt  "  steamer  stalking  ahead — I  plainly  hear  her 
rhythmic,  slushing  paddles — drawing  by  long  hawsers  an  im 
mense  and  varied  following  string,  ("an  old  sow  and  pigs,"  the 
river  folks  call  it.)  First  comes  a  big  barge,  with  a  house  built 
on  it,  and  spars  towering  over  the  roof;  then  canal  boats,  a 
lengthen'd,  clustering  train,  fasten'd  and  link'd  together — the 
one  in  the  middle,  with  high  staff,  flaunting  a  broad  and  gaudy 
flag — others  with  the  almost  invariable  lines  of  new-wash'd 
clothes,  drying;  two  sloops  and  a  schooner  aside  the  tow — little 
wind,  and  that  adverse — with  three  long,  dark,  empty  barges 
bringing  up  the  rear.  People  are  on  the  boats :  men  lounging, 
women  in  sun-bonnets,  children,  stovepipes  with  streaming 
smoke. 

TWO  CITY  AREAS,  CERTAIN  HOURS. 

NEW  YORK,  May  24,  '/p. — Perhaps  no  quarters  of  this  city  (I 
have  return'd  again  for  awhile,)  make  more  brilliant,  animated, 
crowded,  spectacular  human  presentations  these  fine  May  after 
noons  than  the  two  I  am  now  going  to  describe  from  personal 
observation.  First :  that  area  comprising  Fourteenth  street  (es 
pecially  the  short  range  between  Broadway  and  Fifth  avenue) 
with  Union  square,  its  adjacencies,  and  so  retrostretching  down 
Broadway  for  half  a  mile.  All  the  walks  here  are  wide,  and  the 
spaces  ample  and  free — now  flooded  with  liquid  gold  from  the 
last  two  hours  of  powerful  sunshine.  The  whole  area  at  5  o'clock, 
the  days  of  my  observations,  must  have  contain'd  from  thirty  to 
forty  thousand  finely-dress'd  people,  all  in  motion,  plenty  of  them 
good-looking,  many  beautiful  women,  often  youths  and  children, 
the  latter  in  groups  with  their  nurses — the  trottoirs  everywhere 
close-spread,  thick-tangled,  (yet  no  collision,  no  trouble,)  with 
masses  of  bright  color,  action,  and  tasty  toilets;  (surely  the 
women  dress  better  than  ever  before,  and  the  men  do  too.)  As 
if  New  York  would  show  these  afternoons  what  it  can  do  in  its 
humanity,  its  choicest  physique  and  physiognomy,  and  its  count 
less  prodigality  of  locomotion,  dry  goods,  glitter,  magnetism, 
and  happiness. 


134 


SPECIMEN  DAIS. 


Second :  also  from  5  to  7  P.  M.  the  stretch  of  Fifth  avenue,  all 
the  way  from  the  Central  Park  exits  at  Fifty-ninth  street,  down 
to  Fourteenth,  especially  along  the  high  grade  by  Fortieth  street, 
and  down  the  hill.  A  Mississippi  of  horses  and  rich  vehicles, 
not  by  dozens  and  scores,  but  hundreds  and  thousands — the  broad 
avenue  filled  and  cramm'd  with  them — a  moving,  sparkling,  hur 
rying  crush,  for  more  than  two  miles.  (I  wonder  they  don't  get 
block'd,  but  I  believe  they  never  do.)  Altogether  it  is  to  me  the 
marvel  sight  of  New  York.  I  like  to  get  in  one  of  the  Fifth 
avenue  stages  and  ride  up,  stemming  the  swift-moving  procession. 
I  doubt  if  London  .or  Paris  or  any  city  in  the  world  can  show 
such  a  carriage  carnival  as  I  have  seen  here  five  or  six  times  these 
beautiful  May  afternoons. 

CENTRAL  PARK  WALKS  AND  TALKS. 

May  16  to  22. — I  visit  Central  Park  now  almost  every  day, 
sitting,  or  slowly  rambling,  or  riding  around.  The  whole  place 
presents  its  very  best  appearance  this  current  month — the  full 
flush  of  the  trees,  the  plentiful  white  and  pink  of  the  flowering 
shrubs,  the  emerald  green  of  the  grass  spreading  everywhere,  yel 
low  dotted  still  with  dandelions — the  specialty  of  the  plentiful 
gray  rocks,  peculiar  to  these  grounds,  cropping  out,  miles  and 
miles — and  over  all  the  beauty  and  purity,  three  days  out  of  four, 
of  our  summer  skies.  As  I  sit,  placidly,  early  afternoon,  off 
against  Ninetieth  street,  the  policeman,  C.  C.,  a  well-form'd 
sandy-complexion'd  young  fellow,  comes  over  and  stands  near 
me.  We  grow  quite  friendly  and  chatty  forthwith.  He  is  a  New 
Yorker  born  and  raised,  and  in  answer  to  my  questions  tells  me 
about  the  life  of  a  New  York  Park  policeman,  (while  he  talks 
keeping  his  eyes  and  ears  vigilantly  open,  occasionally  pausing  and 
moving  where  he  can  get  full  views  of  the  vistas  of  the  road,  up 
and  down,  and  the  spaces  around.)  The  pay  is  $2  40  a  day  (seven 
days  to  a  week)— the  men  come  on  and  work  eight  hours  straight 
ahead,  which  is  all  that  is  required  of  them  out  of  the  twenty- 
four.  The  position  has  more  risks  than  one  might  suppose — for 
instance  if  a  team  or  horse  runs  away  (which  happens  daily)  each 
man  is  expected  not  only  to  be  prompt,  but  to  waive  safety  and 
stop  wildest  nag  or  nags — (do  //,  and  don't  be  thinking  of  your 
bones  or  face) — give  the  alarm-whistle  too,  so  that  other  guards 
may  repeat,  and  the  vehicles  up  and  down  the  tracks  be  warn'd. 
Injuries  to  the  men  are  continually  happening.  There  is  much 
alertness  and  quiet  strength.  (Few  appreciate,  I  have  often 
thought,  the  Ulyssean  capacity,  derring  do,  quick  readiness  in 
emergencies,  practicality,  unwitting  devotion  and  heroism,  among 
our  American  young  men  and  working-people — the  firemen,  the 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


'35 


railroad  employes,  the  steamer  and  ferry  men,  the  police,  the 
conductors  and  drivers — the  whole  splendid  average  of  native 
stock,  city  and  country.)  It  is  good  work,  though ;  and  upon  the 
whole,  the  Park  force  members  like  it.  They  see  life,  and  the 
excitement  keeps  them  up.  There  is  not  so  much  difficulty  as 
might  be  supposed  from  tramps,  roughs,  or  in  keeping  people 
"off  the  grass."  The  worst  trouble  of  the  regular  Park  em- 
ploy6  is  from  malarial  fever,  chills,  and  the  like. 

A  FINE  AFTERNOON,  4  TO  6. 

Ten  thousand  vehicles  careering  through  the  Park  this  perfect 
afternoon.  Such  a  show  !  and  I  have  seen  all — watch' d  it  nar 
rowly,  and  at  my  leisure.  Private  barouches,  cabs  and  coupes, 
some  fine  horseflesh — lapdogs,  footmen,  fashions,  foreigners, 
cockades  on  hats,  crests  on  panels — the  full  oceanic  tide  of  New 
York's  wealth  and  "gentility."  It  was  an  impressive,  rich,  in 
terminable  circus  on  a  grand  scale,  full  of  action  and  color  in 
the  beauty  of  the  day,  under  the  clear  sun  and  moderate  breeze. 
Family  groups,  couples,  single  drivers — of  course  dresses  gener 
ally  elegant — much  "style,"  (yet  perhaps  little  or  nothing,  even 
in  that  direction,  that  fully  justified  itself.)  Through  the  win 
dows  of  two  or  three  of  the  richest  carriages  I  saw  faces  almost 
corpse-like,  so  ashy  and  listless.  Indeed  the  whole  affair  exhibi 
ted  less  of  sterling  America,  either  in  spirit  or  countenance,  than 
I  had  counted  on  from  such  a  select  mass-spectacle.  I  suppose, 
as  a  proof  of  limitless  wealth,  leisure,  and  the  aforesaid  "  gen 
tility,'  '  it  was  tremendous.  Yet  what  I  saw  those  hours  (I  took  two 
other  occasions,  two  other  afternoons  to  watch  the  same  scene,)  con 
firms  a  thought  that  haunts  me  every  additional  glimpse  I  get  of 
our  top-loftical  general  or  rather  exceptional  phases  of  wealth 
and  fashion  in  this  country — namely,  that  they  are  ill  at  ease, 
much  too  conscious,  cased  in  too  many  cerements,  and  far  from 
happy — that  there  is  nothing  in  them  which  we  who  are  poor 
and  plain  need  at  all  envy,  and  that  instead  of  the  perennial 
smell  of  the  grass  and  woods  and  shores,  their  typical  redolence 
is  of  soaps  and  essences,  very  rare  may  be,  but  suggesting  the 
barber  shop — something  that  turns  stale  and  musty  in  a  few  hours 
anyhow. 

Perhaps  the  show  on  the  horseback  road  was  prettiest.  Many 
groups  (threes  a  favorite  number,)  some  couples,  some  singly — 
many  ladies — frequently  horses  or  parties  dashing  along  on  a  full 
run — fine  riding  the  rule — a  few  really  first-class  animals.  As  the 
afternoon  waned,  the  wheel'd  carriages  grew  less,  but  the  saddle- 
riders  seemed  to  increase.  They  linger'd  long — and  I  saw  some 
charming  forms  and  faces. 


!  36  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

DEPARTING  OF  THE  BIG  STEAMERS. 

May  13. — A  three  hours'  bay-trip  from  12  to  3  this  afternoon, 
accompanying  "the  City  of  Brussels"  down  as  far  as  the  Nar 
rows,  in  behoof  of  some  Europe-bound  friends,  to  give  them  a 
good  send  off.  Our  spirited  little  tug,  the  "Seth  Low,"  kept 
close  to  the  great  black  "Brussels,"  sometimes  one  side,  some 
times  the  other,  always  up  to  her,  or  even  pressing  ahead,  (like 
the  blooded  pony  accompanying  the  royal  elephant.)  The  whole 
affair,  from  the  first,  was  an  animated,  quick-passing,  character 
istic  New  York  scene;  the  large,  good-looking,  well  dress'd 
crowd  on  the  wharf-end — men  and  women  come  to  see  their 
friends  depart,  and  bid  them  God-speed — the  ship's  sides  swarm 
ing  with  passengers — groups  of  bronze-faced  sailors,  with  uni- 
form'd  officers  at  their  posts — the  quiet  directions,  as  she  quickly 
unfastens  and  moves  out,  prompt  to  a  minute — the  emotional 
faces,  adieus  and  fluttering  handkerchiefs,  and  many  smiles  and 
some  tears  on  the  wharf — the  answering  faces,  smiles,  tears  and 
fluttering  handkerchiefs,  from  the  ship— (what  can  be  subtler  and 
finer  than  this  play  of  faces  on  such  occasions  in  these  respond 
ing  crowds? — what  go  more  to  one's  heart?) — the  proud,  steady, 
noiseless  cleaving  of  the  grand  oceaner  down  the  bay — we  speed 
ing  by  her  side  a  few  miles,  and  then  turning,  wheeling,  amid  a 
babel  of  wild  hurrahs,  shouted  partings,  ear-splitting  steam  whis 
tles,  kissing  of  hands  and  waving  of  handkerchiefs. 

This  departing  of  the  big  steamers,  noons  or  afternoons — there 
is  no  better  medicine  when  one  is  listless  or  vapory.  I  am  fond 
of  going  down  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays — their  more  special 
days — to  watch  them  and  the  crowds  on  the  wharves,  the  arriv 
ing  passengers,  the  general  bustle  and  activity,  the  eager  looks 
from  the  faces,  the  clear-toned  voices,  (a  travel'd  foreigner,  a 
musician,  told  me  the  other  day  she  thinks  an  American  crowd 
has  the  finest  voices  in  the  world,)  the  whole  look  of  the  great, 
shapely  black  ships  themselves,  and  their  groups  and  lined  sides — 
in  the  setting  of  our  bay  with  the  blue  sky  overhead.  Two  days 
after  the  above  I  saw  the  "  Britannic,"  the  "  Donau,"  the  "  Hel 
vetia  "  and  the  "Schiedam"  steam  out,  all  off  for  Europe — a 
magnificent  sight. 

TWO  HOURS  ON  THE  MINNESOTA. 

From  7  to  9,  aboard  the  United  States  school-ship  Minnesota, 
lying  up  the  North  river.  Captain  Luce  sent  his  gig  for  us  about 
sundown,  to  the  foot  of  Twenty-third  street,  and  receiv'd  us 
aboard  with  officer-like  hospitality  and  sailor  heartiness.  There 
are  several  hundred  youths  on  the  Minnesota  to  be  train'd  for 
efficiently  manning  the  government  navy.  I  like  the  idea  much  ; 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


'37 


and,  so  far  as  I  have  seen  to-night,  I  like  the  way  it  is  carried 
out  on  this  huge  vessel.  Below,  on  the  gun-deck,  were  gather'd 
nearly  a  hundred  of  the  boys,  to  give  us  some  of  their  singing 
exercises,  with  a  melodeon  accompaniment,  play'd  by  one  of  their 
number.  They  sang  with  a  will.  The  best  part,  however,  was 
the  sight  of  the  young  fellows  themselves.  I  went  over  among 
them  before  the  singing  began,  and  talk'd  a  few  minutes  infor 
mally.  They  are  from  all  the  States ;  I  asked  for  the  Southern 
ers,  but  could  only  find  one,  a  lad  from  Baltimore.  In  age,  ap 
parently,  they  range  from  about  fourteen  years  to  nineteen  or 
twenty.  They  are  all  of  American  birth,  and  have  to  pass  a  rigid 
medical  examination ;  well-grown  youths,  good  flesh,  bright 
eyes,  looking  straight  at  you,  healthy,  intelligent,  not  a  slouch 
among  them,  nor  a  menial — in  every  one  the  promise  of  a  man. 
I  have  been  to  many  public  aggregations  of  young  and  old,  and 
of  schools  and  colleges,  in  my  day,  but  I  confess  I  have  never 
been  so  near  satisfied,  so  comforted,  (both  from  the  fact  of  the 
school  itself,  and  the  splendid  proof  of  our  country,  our  compo 
site  race,  and  the  sample-promises  of  its  good  average  capacities, 
its  future,)  as  in  the  collection  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
on  this  navy  training  ship.  ("Are  there  going  to  be  any  men 
there?"  was  the  dry  and  pregnant  reply  of  Emerson  to  one  who 
had  been  crowding  him  with  the  rich  material  statistics  and  pos 
sibilities  of  some  western  or  Pacific  region.) 

May  26. — Aboard  the  Minnesota  again.  Lieut.  Murphy  kindly 
came  for  me  in  his  boat.  Enjoy'd  specially  those  brief  trips  to 
and  fro — the  sailors,  tann'd,  strong,  so  bright  and  able-looking, 
pulling  their  oars  in  long  side-swing,  man-of-war  style,  as  they 
row'd  me  across.  I  saw  the  boys  in  companies  drilling  with  small 
arms;  had  a  talk  with  Chaplain  Rawson.  At  n  o'clock  all  of 
us  gathered  to  breakfast  around  a  long  table  in  the  great  ward 
room — I  among  the  rest — a  genial,  plentiful,  hospitable  affair  every 
way — plenty  to  eat,  and  of  the  best ;  became  acquainted  with 
several  new  officers.  This  second  visit,  with  'its  observations,  talks, 
(two  or  three  at  random  with  the  boys,)  confirm'd  my  first  im 
pressions. 

MATURE  SUMMER  DAYS  AND  NIGHTS. 

Aug.  4. — Forenoon — as  I  sit  under  the  willow  shade,  (have 
retreated  down  in  the  country  again,)  a  little  bird  is  leisurely 
dousing  and  flirting  himself  amid  the  brook  almost  within  reach 
of  me.  He  evidently  fears  me  not — takes  me  for  some  concomi 
tant  of  the  neighboring  earthy  banks,  free  bushery  and  wild 
weeds.  6  p.  m. — The  last  three  days  have  been  perfect  ones  for 
the  season,  (four  nights  ago  copious  rains,  with  vehement  thunder 
and  lightning.)  I  write  this  sitting  by  the  creek  watching  my 

12 


1 3  8  SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS. 

two  kingfishers  at. their  sundown  sport.  The  strong,  beautiful, 
joyous  creatures  !  Their  wings  glisten  in  the  slanted  sunbeams 
as  they  circle  and  circle  around,  occasionally  dipping  and  dash 
ing  the  water,  and  making  long  stretches  up  and  down  the  creek. 
Wherever  I  go  over  fields,  through  lanes,  in  by-places,  blooms 
the  white-flowering  wild-carrot,  its  delicate  pat  of  snow-flakes 
crowning  its  slender  stem,  gracefully  oscillating  in  the  breeze. 

EXPOSITION  BUILDING— NEW  CITY  HALL— RIVER  TRIP. 

PHILADELPHIA,  Aug.  26. — Last  night  and  to-night  of  unsur- 
pass'd  clearness,  after  two  days'  rain ;  moon  splendor  and  star 
splendor.  Being  out  toward  the  great  Exposition  building,  West 
Philadelphia,  I  saw  it  lit  up,  and  thought  I  would  go  in.  There 
was  a  ball,  democratic  but  nice ;  plenty  of  young  couples  waltz 
ing  and  quadrilling — music  by  a  good  string-band.  To  the  sight 
and  hearing  of  these — to  moderate  strolls  up  and  down  the  roomy 
spaces — to  getting  off  aside,  resting  in  an  arm-chair  and  look 
ing  up  a  long  while  at  the  grand  high  roof  with  its  graceful  and 
multitudinous  work  of  iron  rods,  angles,  gray  colors,  plays  of 
light  and  shade,  receding  into  dim  outlines — to  absorbing  (in  the 
intervals  of  the  string  band,)  some  capital  voluntaries  and  rolling 
caprices  from  the  big  organ  at  the  other  end  of  the  building — to 
sighting  a  shadow'd  figure  or  group  or  couple  of  lovers  every 
now  and  then  passing  some  near  or  farther  aisle — I  abandon'd 
myself  for  over  an  hour. 

Returning  home,  riding  down  Market  street  in  an  open  sum 
mer  car,  something  detain'd  us  between  Fifteenth  and  Broad, 
and  I  got  out  to  view  better  the  new,  three-fifths-built  marble 
edifice,  the  City  Hall,  of  magnificent  proportions — a  majestic 
and  lovely  show  there  in  the  moonlight — flooded  all  over,  fajades, 
myriad  silver-white  lines  and  carv'd  heads  and  mouldings,  with 
the  soft  dazzle — silent,  weird,  beautiful — well,  I  know  that  never 
when  finish'd  will  that  magnificent  pile  impress  one  as  it  im- 
press'd  me  those  fifteen  minutes. 

To-night,  since,  I  have  been  long  on  the  river.  I  watch  the 
C-shaped  Northern  Crown,  (with  the  star  Alshacca  that  blazed 
out  so  suddenly,  alarmingly,  one  night  a  few  years  ago.)  The 
moon  in  her  third  quarter,  and  up  nearly  all  night.  And  there, 
as  I  look  eastward,  my  long-absent  Pleiades,  welcome  again  to 
sight.  For  an  hour  I  enjoy  the  soothing  and  vital  scene  to  the 
low  splash  of  waves — new  stars  steadily,  noiselessly  rising  in  the 
east. 

As  I  cross  the  Delaware,  one  of  the  deck-hands,  F.  R.,  tells  me 
how  a  woman  jump'd  overboard  and  was  drown'd  a  couple  of 
hours  since.  It  happen'd  in  mid-channel — she  leap'd  from  the 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


139 


forward  part  of  the  boat,  which  went  over  her.  He  saw  her  rise 
on  the  other  side  in  the  swift  running  water,  throw  her  arms  and 
closed  hands  high  up,  (white  hands  and  bare  forearms  in  the 
moonlight  like  a  flash,)  and  then  she  sank.  (I  found  out  after 
wards  that  this  young  fellow  had  promptly  jump'd  in,  swam  after 
the  poor  creature,  and  made,  though  unsuccessfully,  the  bravest 
efforts  to  rescue  her;  but  he  didn't  mention  that  part  at  all  in 
telling  me  the  story.) 

SWALLOWS  ON  THE  RIVER. 

Sept.  j. — Cloudy  and  wet,  and  wind  due  east ;  air  without  pal 
pable  fog,  but  very  heavy  with  moisture — welcome  for  a  change. 
Forenoon,  crossing  the  Delaware,  I  noticed  unusual  numbers  of 
swallows  in  flight,  circling,  darting,  graceful  beyohd  description, 
close  to  the. water.  Thick,  around  the  bows  of  the  ferry-boat  as 
she  lay  tied  in  her  slip,  they  flew;  and  as  we  went  out  I  watch'd 
beyond  the  pier-heads,  and  across  the  broad  stream,  their  swift- 
winding  loop-ribands  of  motion,  down  close  to  it,  cutting  and 
intersecting.  Though  I  had  seen  swallows  all  my  life,  seem'd 
as  though  I  never  before  realized  their  peculiar  beauty  and  char 
acter  in  the  landscape.  (Some  time  ago,  for  an  hour,  in  a  huge 
old  country  barn,  watching  these  birds  flying,  recall'd  the  22d 
book  of  the  Odyssey,  where  Ulysses  slays  the  suitors,  bringing 
things  to  eclaircissement,  and  Minerva,  swallow-bodied,  darts  up 
through  the  spaces  of  the  hall,  sits  high  on  a  beam,  looks  com 
placently  on  the  show  of  slaughter,  and  feels  in  her  element,  ex 
ulting,  joyous.) 

BEGIN  A  LO'NG  JAUNT  WEST. 

The  following  three  or  four  months  (Sept.  to  Dec.  '79)  I  made 
quite  a  western  journey,  fetching  up  at  Denver,  Colorado,  and 
penetrating  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  enough  to  get  a  good 
notion  of  it  all.  Left  West  Philadelphia  after  9  o'clock  one 
night,  middle  of  September,  in  a  comfortable  sleeper.  Oblivious 
of  the  two  or  three  hundred  miles  across  Pennsylvania ;  at  Pitts 
burgh  in  the  morning  to  breakfast.  Pretty  good  view  of  the 
city  and  Birmingham — fog  and  damp,  smoke,  coke-furnaces, 
flames,  discolor'd  wooden  houses,  and  vast  collections  of  coal- 
barges.  Presently  a  bit  of  fine  region,  West  Virginia,  the  Pan 
handle,  and  crossing  the  river,  the  Ohio.  By  day  through  the 
latter  State — then  Indiana — and  sorock'd  to  slumber  for  a  second 
night,  flying  like  lightning  through  Illinois. 

IN  THE  SLEEPER. 

What  a  fierce  weird  pleasure  to  lie  in  my  berth  at  night  in  the 
luxurious  palace-car,  drawn  by  the  mighty  Baldwin — embodying, 
and  filling  me,  too,  full  of  the  swiftest  motion,  and  most  resistless 


140 


SPECIMEN. DA  VS. 


strength  !  It  is  late,  perhaps  midnight  or  after — distances  join'd 
like  magic — as  we  speed  through  Harrisburg,  Columbus,  Indian 
apolis.  The  element  of  danger  adds  zest  to  it  all.  On  we  go, 
rumbling  and  flashing,  with  our  loud  whinnies  thrown  out  from 
time  to  time,  or  trumpet-blasts,  into  the  darkness.  Passing  the 
homes  of  men,  the  farms,  barns,  cattle — the  silent  villages.  And 
the  car  itself,  the  sleeper,  with  curtains  drawn  and  lights  turn'd 
down — in  the  berths  the  slumberers,  many  of  them  women  and 
children — as  on,  on,  on,  we  fly  like  lightning  through  the  night 
— how  strangely  sound  and  sweet  they  sleep !  (They  say  the 
French  Voltaire  in  his  time  designated  the  grand  opera  and  a 
ship  of  war  the  most  signal  illustrations  of  the  growth  of  hu 
manity's  and  art's  advance  beyond  primitive  barbarism.  Perhaps 
if  the  witty  philosopher  were  here  these  days,  and  went  in  the 
same  car  with  perfect  bedding  and  feed  from  New  York  to  San 
Francisco,  he  would  shift  his  type  and  sample  to  one  of  our 
American  sleepers.) 

MISSOURI  STATE. 

We  should  have  made  the  run  of  960  miles  from  Philadelphia 
to  St.  Louis  in  thirty-six  hours,  but  we  had  a  collision  and  bad 
locomotive  smash  about  two-thirds  of  the  way,  which  set  us  back. 
So  merely  stopping  over  night  that  time  in  St.  Louis,  I  sped  on 
westward.  As  I  cross'd  Missouri  State  the  whole  distance  by 
the  St.  Louis  and  Kansas  City  Northern  Railroad,  a  fine  early 
autumn  day,  I  thought  my  eyes  had  never  looked  on  scenes  of 
greater  pastoral  beauty.  For  over  two  hundred  miles  successive 
rolling  prairies,  agriculturally  perfect  view'd  by  Pennsylvania  and 
New  Jersey  eyes,  and  dotted  here  and  therewith  fine  timber. 
Yet  fine  as  the  land  is,  it  isn't  the  finest  portion  ;  (there  is  a 
bed  of  impervious  clay  and  hard-pan  beneath  this  section  that 
holds  water  too  firmly,  "  drowns  the  land  in  wet  weather,  and 
bakes  it  in  dry,"  as  a  cynical  farmer  told  me.)  South  are  some 
richer  tracts,  though  perhaps  the  beauty-spots  of  the  State  are 
the  northwestern  counties.  Altogether,  I  am  clear,  (now,  and 
from  what  I  have  seen  and  learn'd  since,)  that  Missouri,  in  cli 
mate,  soil,  relative  situation,  wheat,  grass,  mines,  railroads, 
and  every  important  materialistic  respect,  stands  in  the  front 
rank  of  the  Union.  Of  Missouri  averaged  politically  and  socially 
I  have  heard  all  sorts  of  talk,  some  pretty  severe — but  I  should 
have  no  fear  myself  of  getting  along  safely  and  comforta 
bly  anywhere  among  the  Missourians.  They  raise  a  good  deal 
of  tobacco.  You  see  at  this  time  quantities  of  the  light  green 
ish-gray  leaves  pulled  and  hanging  out  to  dry  on  temporary 
frameworks  or  rows  of  sticks.  Looks  much  like  the  mullein 
familiar  to  eastern  eyes. 


SPECIMEN'  DA  VS.  141 

LAWRENCE  AND  TOPEKA,  KANSAS. 

We  thought  of  stopping  in  Kansas  City,  but  when  we  got  there 
we  found  a  train  ready  and  a  crowd  of  hospitable  Kansians  to 
take  us  on  to  Lawrence,  to  which  I  proceeded.  I  shall  not  soon 
forget  my  good  days  in  L.,  in  company  with  Judge  Usher  and 
his  sons,  (especially  John  and  Linton.)  true  westerners  of  the 
noblest  type.  Nor  the  similar  days  in  Topeka.  Nor  the  broth 
erly  kindness  of  my  RR.  friends  there,  and  the  city  and  State 
officials.  Lawrence  and  Topeka  are  large,  bustling,  half  rural, 
handsome  cities.  I  took  two  or  three  long  drives  about  the  latter, 
drawn  by  a  spirited  team  over  smooth  roads. 

THE  PRAIRIES. 

And  an  Undelirer'd  Speech. 

At  a  large  popular  meeting  at  Topeka — the  Kansas  State  Silver 
Wedding,  fifteen  or  twenty  thousand  people — I  had  been  erro 
neously  bill'd  to  deliver  a  poem.  As  I  seem'd  to  be  made  much 
of,  and  wanted  to  be  good-natured,  I  hastily  pencill'd  out  the 
following  little  speech.  Unfortunately,  (or  fortunately,)  I  had 
such  a  good  time  and  rest,  and  talk  and  dinner,  with  the  U. 
boys,  that  I  let  the  hours  slip  away  and  didn't  drive  over  to  the 
meeting  and  speak  my  piece.  But  here  it  is  just  the  same: 

"  My  friends,  your  bills  announce  me  as  giving  a  poem;  but  I  have  no 
poem — have  composed  none  for  this  occasion.  And  I  can  honestly  say  I  am 
now  glad  of  it.  Under  these  skies  resplendent  in  September  beauty — amid 
the  peculiar  landscape  you  are  used  to,  but  which  is  new  to  me — these  inter 
minable  and  stately  prairies — in  the  freedom  and  vigor  and  sane  enthusiasm 
of  this  perfect  western  air  and  autumn  sunshine — it  seems  to  me  a  poem 
would  be  almost  an  impertinence.  But  if  you  care  to  have  a  word  from  me, 
I  should  speak  it  about  these  very  prairies ;  they  impress  me  most,  of  all  the 
objective  shows  I  see  or  have  seen  on  this,  my  first  real  visit  to  the  West.  As 
I  have  roll'd  rapidly  hither  for  more  than  a  thousand  miles,  through  fair  Ohio, 
through  bread-raising  Indiana  and  Illinois — through  ample  Missouri,  that 
contains  and  raises  everything ;  as  I  have  partially  explor'd  your  charming 
city  during  the  last  two  days,  and,  standing  on  Oread  hill,  by  the  university, 
have  launch'd  my  view  across  broad  expanses  of  living  green,  in  every  direc 
tion — I  have  again  been  most  impress'd,  I  say,  and  shall  remain  for  the  rest 
of  my  life  most  impress'd,  with  that  feature  of  the  topography  of  your  western 
central  world — that  vast  Something,  stretching  out  on  its  own  unbounded 
scale,  unconfined,  which  there  is  in  these  prairies,  combining  the  real  and 
ideal,  and  beautiful  as  dreams. 

"  I  wonder  indeed  if  the  people  of  this  continental  inland  West  know  how 
much  of  first-class  art  they  have  in  these  prairies — how  original  and  all  your 
own — how  much  of  the  influences  of  a  character  for  your  future  humanity, 
broad,  patriotic,  heroic  and  new?  how  entirely  they  tally  on  land  the  gran 
deur  and  superb  monotony  of  the  skies  of  heaven,  and  the  ocean  with  its 
waters  ?  how  freeing,  soothing,  nourishing  they  are  to  the  soul? 

"  Then  is  it  not  subtly  they  who  have  given  us  our  leading  modern  Ameri 
cans,  Lincoln  and  Grant? — vast-spread,  average  men — their  foregrounds  of 
character  altogether  practical  and  real,  yet  (to  those  who  have  eyes  to  see) 


142 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


with  finest  backgrounds  of  the  ideal,  towering  high  as  any.  And  do  we 
not  see,  in  them,  foreshadowings  of  the  future  races  that  shall  fill  these 
prairies? 

"  Not  but  what  the  Yankee  and  Atlantic  States,  and  every  other  part — 
Texas,  and  the  States  flanking  the  south-east  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico — the 
Pacific  shore  empire — the  Territories  and  Lakes,  and  the  Canada  line  (the  day 
is  not  yet,  but  it  will  come,  including  Canada  entire) — are  equally  and  inte 
grally  and  indissolubly  this  Nation,  the  sine  qua  non  of  the  human,  political 
and  commercial  New  World.  But  this  favor'd  central  area  of  (in  round 
numbers)  two  thousand  miles  square  seems  fated  to  be  the  home  both  of  what 
I  would  call  America's  distinctive  ideas  and  distinctive  realities." 

ON  TO  DENVER— A  FRONTIER   INCIDENT. 

The  jaunt  of  five  or  six  hundred  miles  from  Topeka  to  Denver 
took  me  through  a  variety  of  country,  but  all  unmistakably  pro 
lific,  western,  American,  and  on  the  largest  scale.  For  a  long 
distance  we  follow  the  line  of  the  Kansas  river,  (I  like  better  the 
old  name,  Kaw,)  a  stretch  of  very  rich,  dark  soil,  famed  for  its 
wheat,  and  call'd  the  Golden  Belt — then  plains  and  plains,  hour 
after  hour — Ellsworth  county,  the  centre  of  the  State — where  I 
must  stop  a  moment  to  tell  a  characteristic  story  of  early  days-^— 
scene  the  very  spot  where  I  am  passing — time  1868.  In  a  scrim 
mage  at  some  public  gathering  in  the  town,  A.  had  shot  B.  quite 
badly,  but  had  not  kill'd  him.  The  sober  men  of  Ellsworth  con- 
ferr'd  with  one  another  and  decided  that  A.  deserv'd  punish 
ment.  As  they  wished  to  set  a  good  example  and  establish  their 
reputation  the  reverse  of  a  Lynching  town,  they  open  an  in 
formal  court  and  bring  both  men  before  them  for  deliberate 
trial.  Soon  as  this  trial  begins  the  wounded  man  is  led  forward 
to  give  his  testimony.  Seefng  his  enemy  in  durance  and  unarm'd, 
B.  walks  suddenly  up  in  a  fury  and  shoots  A.  through  the  head — 
shoots  him  dead.  The  court  is  instantly  adjourn'd,  and  its  unani 
mous  members,  without  a  word  of  debate,  walk  the  murderer  B. 
out,  wounded  as  he  is,  and  hang  him. 

In  due  time  we  reach  Denver,  which  city  I  fall  in  love  with 
from  the  first,  and  have  that  feeling  confirm'd,  the  longer  I  stay 
there.  One  of  my  pleasantest  days  was  a  jaunt,  via  Platte  canon, 
to  Leadville. 

AN  HOUR  ON  KENOSHA  SUMMIT. 

Jottings  from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  mostly  pencill'd  during  a 
day's  trip  over  the  South  Park  RR.,  returning  from  Leadville, 
and  especially  the  hour  we  were  detain'd,  (much  to  my  satisfac 
tion,)  at  Kenosha  summit.  As  afternoon  advances,  novelties, 
far-reaching  splendors,  accumulate  under  the  bright  sun  in  this 
pure  air.  But  I  had  better  commence  with  the  day. 

The  confronting  of  Platte  canon  just  at  dawn,  after  a  ten  miles' 
ride  in  early  darkness  on  the  rail  from  Denver — the  seasonable 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

stoppage  at  the  entrance  of  the  canon,  and  good  breakfast  of 
eggs,  trout,  and  nice  griddle-cakes — then  as  we  travel  on,  and  get 
well  in  the  gorge,  all  the  wonders,  beauty,  savage  power  of  the 
scene — the  wild  stream  of  water,  from  sources  of  snows,  brawling 
continually  in  sight  one  side — the  dazzling  sun,  and  the  morning 
lights  on  the  rocks — such  turns  and  grades  in  the  track,  squirm 
ing  around  corners,  or  up  and  down  hills — far  glimpses  of  a 
hundred  peaks,  titanic  necklaces,  stretching  north  and  south — 
the  huge  rightly-named  Dome-rock — and  as  we  dash  along, 
others  similar,  simple,  monolithic,  elephantine. 

AN  EGOTISTICAL  "  FIND." 

"  I  have  found  the  law  of  my  own  poems,"  was  the  unspoken 
but  more-and-more  decided  feeling  that  came  to  me  as  I  pass'd, 
hour  after  hour,  amid  all  this  grim  yet  joyous  elemental  abandon 
— this  plenitude  of  material,  entire  absence  of  art,  untrammel'd 
play  of  primitive  Nature — the  chasm,  the  gorge,  the  crystal 
mountain  stream,  repeated  scores,  hundreds  of  miles — the  broad 
handling  and  absolute  uncrampedness  —  the  fantastic  forms, 
bathed  in  transparent  browns,  faint  reds  and  grays,  towering 
sometimes  a  thousand,  sometimes  two  or  three  thousand  feet  high 
— at  their  tops  now  and  then  huge  masses  pois'd,  and  mixing 
with  the  clouds,  with  only  their  outlines,  hazed  in  misty  lilac,  visi 
ble.  ("In  Nature's  grandest  shows,"  says  an  old  Dutch  wrker, 
an  ecclesiastic,  "amid  the  ocean's  depth,  if  so  might  be,  or 
countless  worlds  rolling  above  at  night,  a  man  thinks  of  them, 
weighs  all,  not  for  themselves  or  the  abstract,  but  with  reference 
to  his  own  personality,  and  how  they  may  affect  him  or  color  his 
destinies.") 

NEW  SENSES— NEWT  JOYS. 

We  follow  the  stream  of  amber  and  bronze  brawling  along  its 
bed,  with  its  frequent  cascades  and  snow-white  foam.  Through 
the  canon  we  fly — mountains  not  only  each  side,  but  seemingly, 
till  we  get  near,  right  in  front  of  us — every  rood  a  new  view 
flashing,  and  each  flash  defying  description — on  the  almost  per 
pendicular  sides,  clinging  pines,  cedars,  spruces,  crimson  sumach 
bushes,  spots  of  wild  grass — but  dominating  all,  those  towering 
rocks,  rocks,  rocks,  bathed  in  delicate  vari-colors,  with  the  clear 
sky  of  autumn  overhead.  New  senses,  new  joys,  seem  develop'd. 
Talk  as  you  like,  a  typical  Rocky  Mountain  canon,  or  a  limitless 
sea-like  stretch  of  the  great  Kansas  or  Colorado  plains,  under 
favoring  circumstances,  tallies,  perhaps  expresses,  certainly  awakes, 
those  grandest  and  subtlest  element-emotions  in  the  human  soul, 
that  all  the  marble  temples  and  sculptures  from  Phidias  to  Thor- 


I44  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

waldsen — all  paintings,  poems,  reminiscences,  or  even    music, 
probably  never  can. 

STEAM-POWER,  TELEGRAPHS,  &c. 

I  get  out  on  a  ten  minutes'  stoppage  at  Deer  creek,  to  enjoy  the 
unequal'd  combination  of  hill,  stone  and  wood.  As  we  speed 
again,  the  yellow  granite  in  the  sunshine,  with  natural  spires, 
minarets,  castellated  perches  far  aloft — then  long  stretches  of 
straight-upright  palisades,  rhinoceros  color — then  gamboge  and 
tinted  chromos.  Ever  the  best  of  my  pleasures  the  cool-fresh 
Colorado  atmosphere,  yet  sufficiently  warm.  Signs  of  man's  rest 
less  advent  and  pioneerage,  hard  as  Nature's  face  is — deserted 
dug-outs  by  dozens  in  the  side-hills — the  scantling  hut,  the  tele 
graph-pole,  the  smoke  of  some  impromptu  chimney  or  outdoor 
fire — at  intervals  little  settlements  of  log-houses,  or  parties 
of  surveyors  or  telegraph  builders,  with  their  comfortable  tents. 
Once,  a  canvas  office  where  you  could  send  a  message  by  elec 
tricity  anywhere  around  the  world  !  Yes,  pronounc'd  signs  of 
the  man  of  latest  dates,  dauntlessly  grappling  with  these  grisliest 
shows  of  the  old  kosmos.  At  several  places  steam  saw-mills, 
with  their  piles  of  logs  and  boards,  and  the  pipes  puffing.  Occa 
sionally  Platte  canon  expanding  into  a  grassy  flat  of  a  few  acres. 
At  one  such  place,  toward  the  end,  where  we  stop,  and  I  get  out 
to  stretch  my  legs,  as  I  look  skyward,  or  rather  mountain-top- 
ward,  a  huge  hawk  or  eagle  (a  rare  sight  here)  is  idly  soaring, 
balancing  along  the  ether,  now  sinking  low  and  coming  quite 
near,  and  then  up  again  in  stately-languid  circles — then  higher, 
higher,  slanting  to  the  north,  and  gradually  out  of  sight. 
AMERICA'S  BACK-BONE. 

I  jot  these  lines  literally  at  Kenosha  summit,  where  we  return, 
afternoon,  and  take  a  long  rest,  10,000  feet  above  sea-level.  At 
this  immense  height  the  South  Park  stretches  fifty  miles  before 
me.  Mountainous  chains  and  peaks  in  every  variety  of  perspec 
tive,  every  hue  of  vista,  fringe  the  view,  in  nearer,  or  middle,  or 
far-dim  distance,  or  fade  on  the  horizon.  We  have  now  reach'd, 
penetrated  the  Rockies,  (Hayden  calls  it  the  Front  Range,)  for 
a  hundred  miles  or  so  ;  and  though  these  chains  spread  away  in 
every  direction,  specially  north  and  south,  thousands  and  thou 
sands  farther,  I  have  seen  specimens  of  the  utmost  of  them,  and 
know  henceforth  at  least  what  they  are,  and  what  they  look  like. 
Not  themselves  alone,  for  they  typify  stretches  and  areas  of  half 
the  globe — are,  in  fact,  the  vertebrae  or  back-bone  of  our  hemis 
phere.  As  the  anatomists  say  a  man  is  only  a  spine,  topp'd, 
footed,  breasted  and  radiated,  so  the  whole  Western  world  is,  in 
a  sense,  but  an  expansion  of  these  mountains.  In  South  America 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS, 


'45 


they  are  the  Andes,  in  Central  America  and  Mexico  the  Cordil 
leras,  and  in  our  States  they  go  under  different  names — in  Cali 
fornia  the  Coast  and  Cascade  ranges — thence  more  eastvvardly 
the  Sierra  Nevadas — but  mainly  and  more  centrally  here  the 
Rocky  Mountains  proper,  with  many  an  elevation  such  as  Lin 
coln's,  Grey's,  Harvard's,  Yale's,  Long's  and  Pike's  peaks,  all 
over  14,000  feet  high.  (East,  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Allegha- 
nies,  the  Adirondacks,  the  Cattskills,  and  the  White  Mountains, 
range  from  2000  to  5500  feet — only  Mount  Washington,  in  the 
latter,  6300  feet.) 

THE  PARKS. 

In  the  midst  of  all  here,  lie  such  beautiful  contrasts  as  the 
sunken  basins  of  the  North,  Middle,  and  South  Parks,  (the  latter 
I  am  now  on  one  side  of,  and  overlooking,)  each  the  size  of  a 
large,  level,  almost  quandrangular,  grassy,  western  county,  wall'd 
in  by  walls  of  hills,  and  each  park  the  source  of  a  river.  The 
ones  I  specify  are  the  largest  in  Colorado,  but  the  whole  of  that 
State,  and  of  Wyoming,  Utah,  Nevada  and  western  California, 
through  their  sierras  and  ravines,  are  copiously  mark'd  by  similar 
spreads  and  openings,  many  of  the  small  ones  of  paradisiac  love 
liness  and  perfection,  with  their  offsets  of  mountains,  streams, 
atmosphere  and  hues  beyond  compare. 

ART  FEATURES. 

Talk,  I  say  again,  of  going  to  Europe,  of  visiting  the  ruins  of 
feudal  castles,  or  Coliseum  remains,  or  kings'  palaces — when  you 
can  come  here.  The  alternations  one  gets,  too  ;  after  the  Illi 
nois  and  Kansas  prairies  of  a  thousand  miles — smooth  and  easy 
areas  of  the  corn  and  wheat  of  ten  million  democratic  farms  in 
the  future — here  start  up  in  every  conceivable  presentation  of 
shape,  these  non-utilitarian  piles,  coping  the  skies,  emanating  a 
beauty,  terror,  power,  more  than  Dante  or  Angelo  ever  knew. 
Yes,  I  think  the  chyle  of  not  only  poetry  and  painting,  but  ora 
tory,  and  even  the  metaphysics  and  music  fit  for  the  New  World, 
before  being  finally  assimilated,  need  first  and  feeding  visits  here. 

Mountain  streams. — The  spiritual  contrast  and  etheriality  of 
the  whole  region  consist  largely  to  me  in  its  never-absent  pecu 
liar  streams — the  snows  of  inaccessible  upper  areas  melting  and 
running  down  through  the  gorges  continually.  Nothing  like  the 
water  of  pastoral  plains,  or  creeks  with  wooded  banks  and  turf,  or 
anything  of  the  kind  elsewhere.  The  shapes  that  element  takes  in 
the  shows  of  the  globe  cannot  be  fully  understood  by  an  artist 
until  he  has  studied  these  unique  rivulets. 

Aerial  effects. — But  perhaps  as  I  gaze  around  me  the  rarest 
sight  of  all  is  in  atmospheric  hues.  The  prairies — as  I  cross'd 

'3 


i  46  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

them  in  my  journey  hither — and  these  mountains  and  parks, 
seem  to  me  to  afford  new  lights  and  shades.  Everywhere  the 
aerial  gradations  and  sky-effects  inimitable ;  nowhere  else  such 
perspectives,  such  transparent  lilacs  and  grays.  I  can  conceive 
of  some  superior  landscape  painter,  some  fine  colorist,  after 
sketching  awhile  out  here,  discarding  all  his  previous  work,  de 
lightful  to  stock  exhibition  amateurs,  as  muddy,  raw  and  artifi 
cial.  Near  one's  eye  ranges  an  infinite  variety ;  high  up,  the 
bare  whitey-brown,  above  timber  line ;  in  certain  spots  afar 
patches  of  snow  any  time  of  year ;  (no  trees,  no  flowers,  no 
birds,  at  those  chilling  altitudes.)  As  I  write  I  see  the  Snowy 
Range  through  the  blue  mist,  beautiful  and  far  off.  I  plainly  see 
the  patches  of  snow. 

DENVER  IMPRESSIONS. 

Through  the  long- lingering  half-light  of  the  most  superb  of 
evenings  we  return'd  to  Denver,  where  I  staid  several  days  leis 
urely  exploring,  receiving  impressions,  with  which  I  may  as  well 
taper  off  this  memorandum,  itemizing  what  I  saw  there.  The 
best  was  the  men,  three-fourths  of  them  large,  able,  calm,  alert, 
American.  And  cash !  why  they  create  it  here.  Out  in  the 
smelting  works,  (the  biggest  and  most  improv'd  ones,  for  the 
precious  metals,  in  the  world,)  I  saw  long  rows  of  vats,  pans, 
cover'd  by  bubbling-boiling  water,  and  fill'd  with  pure  silver,  four 
or  five  inches  thick,  many  thousand  dollars'  worth  in  a  pan.  The 
foreman  who  was  showing  me  shovel' d  it  carelessly  up  with  a 
little  wooden  shovel,  as  one  might  toss  beans.  Then  large  silver 
bricks,  worth  $2000  a  brick,  dozens  of  piles,  twenty  in  a  pile. 
In  one  place  in  the  mountains,  at  a  mining  camp,  I  had  a  few 
days  before  seen  rough  bullion  on  the  ground  in  the  open  air, 
like  the  confectioner's  pyramids  at  some  swell  dinner  in  New 
York.  (Such  a  sweet  morsel  to  roll  over  with  a  poor  author's  pen 
and  ink — and  appropriate  to  slip  in  here — that  the  silver  product 
of  Colorado  and  Utah,  with  the  gold  product  of  California,  New 
Mexico,  Nevada  and  Dakota,  foots  up  an  addition  to  the  world's 
coin  of  near  or  toward  a  hundred  millions  every  year.) 

A  city,  this  Denver,  well-laid  out — Laramie  street,  and  i5th 
and  1 6th  and  Champa  streets,  with  others,  particularly  fine — 
some  with  tall  storehouses  of  stone  or  iron,  and  windows  of  plate- 
glass — all  the  streets  with  little  canals  of  mountain  water  running 
along  the  sides — plenty  of  people,  "  business,"  modernness — yet 
not  without  a  certain  racy  wild  smack,  all  its  own.  A  place  of 
fast  horses,  (many  mares  with  their  colts,)  and  I  saw  lots  of  big 
greyhounds  for  antelope  hunting.  Now  and  then  groups  of 
miners,  some  just  come  in,  some  starting  cut,  very  picturesque. 


SPE CIMEN  DA  VS.  j  47 

One  of  the  papers  here  interview' d  me,  and  reported  me  as 
saying  off-hand  :  "I  have  lived  in  or  visited  all  the  great  cities 
on  the  Atlantic  third  of  the  republic — Boston,  Brooklyn  with  its 
hills,  New  Orleans,  Baltimore,  stately  Washington,  broad  Phila 
delphia,  teeming  Cincinnati  and  Chicago,  and  for  thirty  years  in 
that  wonder,  wash'd  by  hurried  and  glittering  tides,  my  own 
New  York,  not  only  the  New  World's  but  the  world's  city — but, 
newcomer  to  Denver  as  I  am,  and  threading  its  streets,  breath 
ing  its  air,  warm'd  by  its  sunshine,  and  having  what  there  is  of 
its  human  as  well  as  aerial  ozone  flash'd  upon  me  now  for  only 
three  or  four  days,  I  am  very  much  like  a  man  feels  sometimes 
toward  certain  people  he  meets  with,  and  warms  to,  and  hardly 
knows  why.  I,  too,  can  hardly  tell  why,  but  as  I  enter'd  the  city 
in  the  slight  haze  of  a  late  September  afternoon,  and  have  breath'd 
its  air,  and  slept  well  o'  nights,  and  have  roam'd  or  rode  leisurely, 
and  watch'd  the  comers  and  goers  at  the  hotels,  and  absorb'd 
the  climatic  magnetism  of  this  curiously  attractive  region,  there 
has  steadily  grown  upon  me  a  feeling  of  affection  for  the  spot, 
which,  sudden  as  it  is,  has  become  so  definite  and  strong  that  I 
must  put  it  on  record." 

So  much  for  my  feeling  toward  the  Queen  city  of  the  plains 
and  peaks,  where  she  sits  in  her  delicious  rare  atmosphere,  over 
5000  feet  above  sea-level,  irrigated  by  mountain  streams,  one  way 
looking  east  over  the  prairies  for  a  thousand  miles,  and  having 
the  other,  westward,  in  constant  view  by  day,  draped  in  their 
violet  haze,  mountain  tops  innumerable.  Yes,  I  fell  in  love  with 
Denver,  and  even  felt  a  wish  to  spend  my  declining  and  dying 
days  there. 

I  TURN  SOUTH— AND  THEN  EAST  AGAIN. 

Leave  Denver  at  8  A.  M.  by  the  Rio  Grande  RR.  going  south. 
Mountains  constantly  in 'sight  in  the  apparently  near  distance, 
veil'd  slightly,  but  still  clear  and  very  grand — their  cones,  colors, 
sides,  distinct  against  the  sky — hundreds,  it  seem'd  thousands, 
interminable  necklaces  of  them,  their  tops  and  slopes  hazed 
more  or  less  slightly  in  that  blue-gray,  under  the  autumn  sun,  for 
over  a  hundred  miles — the  most  spiritual  show  of  objective  Na 
ture  I  ever  beheld,  or  ever  thought  possible.  Occasionally  the 
light  strengthens,  making  a  contrast  of  yellow-tinged  silver  on 
one  side,  with  dark  and  shaded  gray  on  the  other.  I  took  a  long 
look  at  Pike's  peak,  and  was  a  little  disappointed.  (I  suppose  I 
had  expected  something  stunning.)  Our  view  over  plains  to  the 
left  stretches  amply,  with  corrals  here  and  there,  the  frequent 
cactus  and  wild  sage,  and  herds  of  cattle  feeding.  Thus  about 
120  miles  to  Pueblo.  At  that  town  we  board  the  comfortable 


148 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


and  well-equipt  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  RR.,  now  strik 
ing  east. 

UNFULFILL'D  WANTS— THE  ARKANSAS  RIVER. 

I  had  wante'd  to  go  to  the  Yellowstone  river  region — wanted 
specially  to  see  the  National  Park,  and  the  geysers  and  the  "  hoo 
doo  "  or  goblin  land  of  that  country;  indeed,  hesitated  a  little  at 
Pueblo,  the  turning  point — wanted  to  thread  the  Veta  pass — wanted 
to  go  over  the  Santa  Fe  trail  away  southwestward  to  New  Mexico 
— but  turn'd  and  set  my  face  eastward — leaving  behind  me  whet 
ting  glimpse-tastes  of  southeastern  Colorado,  Pueblo,  Bald  moun 
tain,  the  Spanish  peaks,  Sangre  de  Christos,  Mile-Shoe-curve 
(which  my  veteran  friend  on  the  locomotive  told  me  was  "the 
boss  railroad  curve  of  the  universe,")  fort  Garland  on  the  plains, 
Veta,  and  the  three  great  peaks  of  the  Sierra  Blancas. 

The  Arkansas  river  plays  quite  a  part  in  the  whole  of  this  re 
gion — I  see  it,  or  its  high-cut  rocky  northern  shore,  for  miles,  and 
cross  and  recross  it  frequently,  as  it  winds  and  squirms  like  a 
snake.  The  plains  vary  here  even  more  than  usual — sometimes  a 
long  sterile  stretch  of  scores  of  miles — then  green,  fertile  apd 
grassy,  an  equal  length.  Some  very  large  herds  of  sheep.  (One 
wants  new  words  in  writing  about  these  plains,  and  all  the  inland 
American  West — the  tenns,/#/-,  large,  vast,  &c.,  are  insufficient.) 

A  SILENT  LITTLE  FOLLOWER— THE  COREOPSIS. 

Here  I  must  say  a  word  about  a  little  follower,  present  even  now 
before  my  eyes.  I  have  been  accompanied  on  my  whole  journey 
from  Barnegat  to  Pike's  Peak  by  a  pleasant  floricultural  friend, 
or  rather  millions  of  friends — nothing  more  or  less  than  a  hardy 
little  yellow  five-petal'd  September  and  October  wild  flower, 
growing  I  think  everywhere  in  the  middle  and  northern  United 
States.  I  had  seen  it  on  the  Hudson  and  over  Long  Island,  and 
along  the  banks  of  the  Delaware  and  through  New  Jersey,  (as 
years  ago  up  the  Connecticut,  and  one  fall  by  Lake  Champlain.) 
This  trip  it  follow'd  me  regularly,  with  its  slender  stem  and  eyes 
of  gold,  from  Cape  May  to  the  Kaw  valley,  and  so  through  the 
canons  and  to  these  plains.  In  Missouri  I  saw  immense  fields  all 
bright  with  it.  Toward  western  Illinois  I  woke  up  one  morning 
in  the  sleeper  and  the  first  thing  when  I  drew  the  curtain  of  my 
berth  and  look'd  out  was  its  pretty  countenance  and  bending 
neck. 

Sept.  25th. — Early  morning — still  going  east  after  we  leave 
Sterling,  Kansas,  where  I  stopp'd  a  day  and  night.  The  sun  up 
about  half  an  hour;  nothing  can  be  fresher  or  more  beautiful 
than  this  time,  this  region.  I  see  quite  a  field  of  my  yellow 
flower  in  full  bloom.  At  intervals  dots  of  nice  two-story  houses, 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


149 


as  we  ride  swiftly  by.  Over  the  immense  area,  flat  as  a  floor, 
visible  for,  twenty  miles  in  every  direction  in  the  clear  air,  a 
prevalence  of  autumn-drab  and  reddish-tawny  herbage — sparse 
stacks  of  hay  and  enclosures,  breaking  the  landscape — as  we 
rumble  by,  flocks  of  prairie-hens  starting  up.  Between  Sterling 
and  Florence  a  fine  country.  (Remembrances  to  E.  L.,  my  old- 
young  soldier  friend  of  war  times,  and  his  wife  and  boy  at  S.) 

THE  PRAIRIES  AND  GREAT  PLAINS  IN  POETRY. 

(After  traveling  Illinois,  Missouri,  Kansas  and  Colorado?) 

Grand  as  the  thought  that  doubtless  the  child  is  already  born 
who  will  see  a  hundred  millions  of  people,  the  most  prosperous 
and  advanc'd  of  the  world,  inhabiting  these  Prairies,  the  great 
Plains,  and  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  I  could  not  help  think 
ing  it  would  be  grander  still  to  see  all  those  inimitable  American 
areas  fused  in  the  alembic  of  a  perfect  poem,  or  other  esthetic 
work,  entirely  western,  fresh  and  limitless — altogether  our  own, 
without  a  trace  or  taste  of  Europe's  soil,  reminiscence,  technical 
letter  or  spirit.  My  days  and  nights,  as  I  travel  here — what  an 
exhilaration  ! — not  the  air  alone,  and  the  sense  of  vastness,  but 
every  local  sight  and  feature.  Everywhere  something  character 
istic — the  cactuses,  pinks,  buffalo  grass,  wild  sage — the  receding 
perspective,  and  the  far  circle-line  of  the  horizon  all  times  of 
day,  especially  forenoon — the  clear,  pure,  cool,  rarefied  nutriment 
for  the  lungs,  previously  quite  unknown — the  black  patches  and 
streaks  left  by  surface-conflagrations — the  deep-plough'd  furrow 
of  the  "fire-guard  " — the  slanting  snow-racks  built  all  along  to 
shield  the  railroad  from  winter  drifts — the  prairie-dogs  and  the 
herds  of  antelope — the  curious  "dry  rivers" — occasionally  a 
"  dug-out  "  or  corral — Fort  Riley  and  Fort  Wallace — those  towns 
of  the  northern  plains,  (like  ships  on  the  sea,)  Eagle-Tail,  Coy 
ote,  Cheyenne,  Agate,  Monotony,  Kit  Carson — with  ever  the  ant 
hill  and  the  buffalo- wallow — ever  the  herds  of  cattle  and  the  cow 
boys  ("cow-punchers")  to  me  a  strangely  interesting  class, 
bright-eyed  as  hawks,  with  their  swarthy  complexions  and  their 
broad-brimm'd  hats — apparently  always  on  horseback,  with  loose 
arms  slightly  raised  and  swinging  as  they  ride. 

THE  SPANISH  PEAKS— EVENING  ON  THE  PLAINS. 
Between  Pueblo  and  Bent's  fort,  southward,  in  a  clear  after 
noon  sun-spell  I  catch  exceptionally  good  glimpses  of  the  Spanish 
peaks.  We  are  in  southeastern  Colorado — pass  immense  herds 
of  cattle  as  our  first-class  locomotive  rushes  us  along — two  or  three 
times  crossing  the  Arkansas,  which  we  follow  many  miles,  and 
of  which  river  I  get  fine  views,  sometimes  for  quite  a  distance, 
its  stony,  upright,  not  very  high,  palisade  banks,  and  then  its 


!  5  o  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

muddy  flats.  We  pass  Fort  Lyon — lots  of  adobie  houses — limit 
less  pasturage,  appropriately  fleck'd  with  those  herds  of  cattle — 
in  due  time  the  declining  sun  in  the  west — a  sky  of  limpid  pearl 
over  all — and  so  evening  on  the  great  plains.  A  calm,  pensive, 
boundless  landscape — the  perpendicular  rocks  of  the  north  Ar 
kansas,  hued  in  twilight — a  thin  line  of  violet  on  the  southwest 
ern  horizon — the  palpable  coolness  and  slight  aroma — a  belated 
cow-boy  with  some  unruly  member  of  his  herd — an  emigrant 
wagon  toiling  yet  a  little  further,  the  horses  slow  and  tired — two 
men,  apparently  father  and  son,  jogging  along  on  foot — and 
around  all  the  indescribable  chiaroscuro  and  sentiment,  (pro- 
founder  than  anything  at  sea,)  athwart  these  endless  wilds. 
AMERICA'S  CHARACTERISTIC  LANDSCAPE. 

Speaking  generally  as  to  the  capacity  and  sure  future  destiny 
of  that  plain  and  prairie  area  (larger  than  any  European  king 
dom)  it  is  the  inexhaustible  land  of  wheat,  maize,  wool,  flax,  coal, 
iron,  beef  and  pork,  butter  and  cheese,  apples  and  grapes — land  of 
ten  million  virgin  farms — to  the  eye  at  present  wild  and  unproduc 
tive — yet  experts  say  that  upon  it  when  irrigated  may  easily  be 
grown  enough  wheat  to  feed  the  world.  Then  as  to  scenery 
(giving  my  own  thought  and  feeling,)  while  I  know  the  standard 
claim  is  that  Yosemite,  Niagara  falls,  the  upper  Yellowstone  and 
the  like,  afford  the  greatest  natural  shows,  I  am  not  so  sure  but 
the  Prairies  and  Plains,  while  less  stunning  at  first  sight,  last 
longer,  fill  the  esthetic  sense  fuller,  precede  all  the  rest,  and  make 
North  America's  characteristic  landscape. 

Indeed  through  the  whole  of  this  journey,  with  all  its  shows 
and  varieties,  what  most  impress'd  me,  and  will  longest  remain 
with  me,  are  these  same  prairies.  Day  after  day,  and  night  after 
night,  to  my  eyes,  to  all  my  senses — the  esthetic  one  most  of  all 
— they  silently  and  broadly  unfolded.  Even  their  simplest  sta 
tistics  are  sublime. 

EARTH'S  MOST  IMPORTANT  STREAM. 

The  valley  of  the  Mississippi  river  and  its  tributaries,  (this 
stream  and  its  adjuncts  involve  a  big  part  of  the  question,)  com 
prehends  more  than  twelve  hundred  thousand  square  miles,  the 
greater  part  prairies.  It  is  by  far  the  most  important  stream  on 
the  globe,  and  would  seem  to  have  been  marked  out  by  design, 
slow-flowing  from  north  to  south,  through  a  dozen  climates,  all 
fitted  for  man's  healthy  occupancy,  its  outlet  unfrozen  all  the 
year,  and  its  line  forming  a  safe,  cheap  continental  avenue  for 
commerce  and  passage  from  the  north  temperate  to  the  torrid 
zone.  Not  even  the  mighty  Amazon  (though  larger  in  volume) 
on  its  line  of  east  and  west— not  the  Nile  in  Africa,  nor  the  Dan- 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS.  !  5 1 

ube  in  Europe,  nor  the  three  great  rivers  of  China,  compare  with 
it.  Only  the  Mediterranean  sea  has  play'd  some  such  part  in 
history,  and  all  through  the  past,  as  the  Mississippi  is  destined  to 
play  in  the  future.  By  its  demesnes,  water'd  and  welded  by  its 
branches,  the  Missouri,  the  Ohio,  the  Arkansas,  the  Red,  the 
Yazoo,  the  St.  Francis  and  others,  it  already  compacts  twenty- 
five  millions  of  people,  not  merely  the  most  peaceful  and  money- 
making,  but  the  most  restless  and  warlike  on  earth.  Its  valley, 
or  reach,  is  rapidly  concentrating  the  political  power  of  the 
American  Union.  One  almost  thinks  it  is  the  Union — or 
soon  will  be.  Take  it  out,  with  its  radiations,  and  what  would 
be  left?  From  the  car  windows  through  Indiana,  Illinois,  Mis 
souri,  or  stopping  some  days  along  the  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe 
road,  in  southern  Kansas,  and  indeed  wherever  I  went,  hundreds 
and  thousands  of  miles  through  this  region,  my  eyes  feasted  on 
primitive  and  rich  meadows,  some  of  them  partially  inhabited, 
but  far,  immensely  far  more  untouch'd,  unbroken — and  much  of 
it  more  lovely  and  fertile  in  its  unplough'd  innocence  than  the 
fair  and  valuable  fields  of  New  York's,  Pennsylvania's,  Mary 
land's  or  Virginia's  richest  farms. 

PRAIRIE  ANALOGIES— THE  TREE  QUESTION. 
The  word  Prairie  is  French,  and  means  literally  meadow.  The 
cosmical  analogies  of  our  North  American  plains  are  the  Steppes 
of  Asia,  the  Pampas  and  Llanos  of  South  America,  and  perhaps 
the  Saharas  of  Africa.  Some  think  the  plains  have  been  origi 
nally  lake-beds;  others  attribute  the  absence  of  forests  to  the 
fires  that  almost  annually  sweep  over  them — (the  cause,  in  vul 
gar  estimation,  of  Indian  summer.)  The  tree  question  will  soon 
become  a  grave  one.  Although  the  Atlantic  slope,  the  Rocky 
mountain  region,  and  the  southern  portion  of  the  Mississippi 
valley,  are  well  wooded,  there  are  here  stretches  of  hundreds  and 
thousands  of  miles  where  either  not  a  tree  grows,  or  often  useless 
destruction  has  prevail'd;  and  the  matter  of  the  cultivation  and 
spread  of  forests  may  well  be  press' d  upon  thinkers  who  look  to 
the  coming  generations  of  the  prairie  States. 

MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  LITERATURE. 

Lying  by  one  rainy  day  in  Missouri  to  rest  after  quite  a  long 
exploration — first  trying  a  big  volume  I  found  there  of  "  Miltor, 
Young,  Gray,  Beattie  and  Collins,"  but  giving  it  up  for  a  bad 
job — enjoying  however  for  awhile,  as  often  before,  the  reading 
of  Walter  Scott's  poems,  "  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,"  "  Mar- 
mion,"  and  so  on — I  stopp'd  and  laid  down  the  book,  and  pon 
der 'd  the  thought  of  a  poetry  that  should  in  due  time  express 
and  supply  the  teeming  region  I  was  in  the  midst  of,  and  have 


I  c  2  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

+J 

briefly  touch'd  upon.  One's  mind  needs  but  a  moment's  delib 
eration  anywhere  in  the  United  States  to  see  clearly  enough  that 
all  the  prevalent  book  and  library  poets,  either  as  imported  from 
Great  Britain,  or  follow'd  and  doppel-gang d  here,  are  foreign  to 
our  States,  copiously  as  they  are  read  by  us  all.  But  to  fully  un 
derstand  not  only  how  absolutely  in  opposition  to  our  times  and 
lands,  and  how  little  and  cramp'd,  and  what  anachronisms  and 
absurdities  many  of  their  pages  are,  for  American  purposes,  one 
must  dwell  or  travel  awhile  in  Missouri,  Kansas  and  Colorado, 
and  get  rapport  with  their  people  and  country. 

Will  the  day  ever  come — no  matter  how  long  deferr'd — when 
those  models  and  lay-figures  from  the  British  islands — and  even 
the  precious  traditions  of  the  classics — will  be  reminiscences, 
studies  only?  The  pure  breath,  primitiveness,  boundless  prodi 
gality  and  amplitude,  strange  mixture  of  delicacy  and  power,  of 
continence,  of  real  and  ideal,  and  of  all  original  and  first-class 
elements,  of  these  prairies,  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  of  the  Mis 
sissippi  and  Missouri  rivers — will  they  ever  appear  in,  and  in  some 
sort  form  a  standard  for  our  poetry  and  art  ?  (I  sometimes  think 
that  even  the  ambition  of  my  friend  Joaquin  Miller  to  put  them 
in,  and  illustrate  them,  places  him  ahead  of  the  whole  crowd.) 

Not  long  ago  I  was  down  New  York  bay,  on  a  steamer,  watch 
ing  the  sunset  over  the  dark  green  heights  of  Navesink,  and  view 
ing  all  that  inimitable  spread  of  shore,  shipping  and  sea,  around 
Sandy  hook.  But  an  intervening  week  or  two,  and  my  eyes 
catch  the  shadowy  outlines  of  the  Spanish  peaks.  In  the  more 
than  two  thousand  miles  between,  though  of  infinite  and  para 
doxical  variety,  a  curious  and  absolute  fusion  is  doubtless  steadily 
annealing,  compacting,  identifying  all.  But  subtler  and  wider 
and  more  solid,  (to  produce  such  compaction,)  than  the  laws  of 
the  States,  or  the  common  ground  of  Congress  or  the  Supreme 
Court,  or  the  grim  welding  of  our  national  wars,  or  the  steel  ties 
of  railroads,  or  all  the  kneading  and  fusing  processes  of  our  mate 
rial  and  business  history,  past  or  present,  would  in  my  opinion  be 
a  great  throbbing,  vital,  imaginative  work,  or  series  of  works,  or 
literature,  in  constructing  which  the  Plains,  the  Prairies,  and  the 
Mississippi  river,  with  the  demesnes  of  its  varied  and  ample  val 
ley,  should  be  the  concrete  background,  and  America's  humanity, 
passions,  struggles,  hopes,  there  and  now — an  eclaircissement  as 
it  is  and  is  to  be,  on  the  stage  of  the  New  World,  of  all  Time's 
hitherto  drama  of  war,  romance  and  evolution — should  furnish 
the  lambent  fire,  the  ideal. 

AN  INTERVIEWER'S  ITEM. 

Oct.  //,  '/p. — To-day  one  of  the  newspapers  of  St.  Louis  prints 
the  following  informal  remarks  of  mine  on  American,  especially 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


'53 


Western  literature :  "  We  called  on  Mr.  Whitman  yesterday  and 
after  a  somewhat  desultory  conversation  abruptly  asked  him:  'Do 
you  think  we  are  to  have  a  distinctively  American  literature?' 
'  It  seems  to  me/  said  he,  '  that  our  work  at  present  is  to  lay  the 
foundations  of  a  great  nation  in  products,  in  agriculture,  in  com 
merce,  in  networks  of  intercommunication,  and  in  all  that  relates 
to  the  comforts  of  vast  masses  of  men  and  families,  with  freedom 
of  speech,  ecclesiasticism,  &c.  These  we  have  founded  and  are 
carrying  out  on  a  grander  scale  than  ever  hitherto,  and  Ohio, 
Illinois,  Indiana,  Missouri,  Kansas  and  Colorado,  seem  to  me  to 
be  the  seat  and  field  of  these  very  facts  and  ideas.  Materialistic 
prosperity  in  all  its  varied  forms,  with,  those  other  points  that  I 
mentioned,  intercommunication  and  freedom,  are  first  to  be  at 
tended  to.  When  those  have  their  results  and  get  settled,  then  a 
literature  worthy  of  us  will  begin  to  be  defined.  Our  American 
superiority  and  vitality  are  in  the  bulk  of  our  people,  not  in  a 
gentry  like  the  old  world.  The  greatness  of  our  army  during  the 
secession  war,  was  in  the  rank  and  file,  and  so  with  the  nation. 
Other  lands  have  their  vitality  in  a  few,  a  class,  but  we  have  it  in 
the  bulk  of  the  people.  Our  leading  men  are  not  of  much  ac 
count  and  never  have  been,  but  the  average  of  the  people  is  im 
mense,  beyond  all  history.  Sometimes  I  think  in  all  depart 
ments,  literature  and  art  included,  that  will  be  the  way  our  su 
periority  will  exhibit  itself.  We  will  not  have  great  individuals 
or  great  leaders,  but  a  great  average  bulk,  unprecedentedly 
great.1  " 

THE  WOMEN  OF  THE  WEST. 

Kansas  City. — I  am  not  so  well  satisfied  with  what  I  see  of  the 
women  of  the  prairie  cities.  I  am  writing  this  where  I  sit  leisurely 
in  a  store  in  Main  street,  Kansas  city,  a  streaming  crowd  on  the 
sidewalks  flowing  by.  The  ladies  (and  the  same  in  Denver)  are 
all  fashionably  drest,  and  have  the  look  of  "gentility"  in  face, 
manner  and  action,  but  they  do  not  have,  either  in  physique  or 
the  mentality  appropriate  to  them,  any  high  native  originality 
of  spirit  or  body,  (as  the  men  certainly  have,  appropriate  to 
them.)  They  are  "intellectual  "  and  fashionable,  but  dyspeptic- 
looking  and  generally  doll-like ;  their  ambition  evidently  is  to 
copy  their  eastern  sisters.  Something  far  different  and  in  ad 
vance  must  appear,  to  tally  and  complete  the  superb  masculinity 
of  the  West,  and  maintain  and  continue  it. 

THE  SILENT  GENERAL. 

Sept.  28,  '/p. — So  General  Grant,  after  circumambiating  the 
world,  has  arrived  home  again — landed  in  San  Francisco  yester 
day,  from  the  ship  City  of  Tokio  from  Japan.  What  a  man  he 


154 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


is  !  what  a  history  !  what  an  illustration — his  life — of  the  capa 
cities  of  that  American  individuality  common  to  us  all.  Cyni 
cal  critics  are  wondering  "  what  the  people  can  see  in  Grant  " 
to  make  such  a  hubbub  about.  They  aver  (and  it  is  no  doubt 
true)  that  he  has  hardly  the  average  of  our  day's  literary  and 
scholastic  culture,  and  absolutely  no  pronounc'd  genius  or  con 
ventional  eminence  of  any  sort.  Correct :  but  he  proves  how 
an  average  western  farmer,  mechanic,  boatman,  carried  by  tides  of 
circumstances,  perhaps  caprices,  into  a  position  of  incredible 
military  or  civic  responsibilities,  (history  has  presented  none  more 
trying,  no  born  monarch's,  no  mark  more  shining  for  attack  or 
envy,)  may  steer  his  way  fitly  and  steadily  through  them  all,  car 
rying  the  country  and  himself  with  credit  year  after  year — com 
mand  over  a  million  armed  men — fight  more  than  fifty  heavy 
battles — rule  for  eight  years  a  land  larger  than  all  the  kingdoms 
of  Europe  combined — and  then,  retiring,  quietly  (with  a  cigar  in 
his  mouth)  make  the  promenade  of  the  whole  world,  through 
its  courts  and  coteries,  and  kings  and  czars  and  mikados,  and 
splendidest  glitters  and  etiquettes,  as  phlegmatically  as  he  ever 
walk'd  the  portico  of  a  Missouri  hotel  after  dinner.  I  say  all 
this  is  what  people  like — and  I  am  sure  I  like  it.  Seems  to  me 
it  transcends  Plutarch.  How  those  old  Greeks,  indeed,  would 
have  seized  on  him !  A  mere  plain  man — no  art,  no  poetry — 
only  practical  sense,  ability  to  do,  or  try  his  best  to  do,  what  de- 
volv'd  upon  him.  A  common  trader,  money-maker,  tanner, 
farmer  of  Illinois — general  for  the  republic,  in  its  terrific  struggle 
with  itself,  in  the  war  of  attempted  secession — President  follow 
ing,  (a  task  of  peace,  more  difficult  than  the  war  itself) — noth 
ing  heroic,  as  the  authorities  put  it — and  yet  the  greatest  hero. 
The  gods,  the  destinies,  seem  to  have  concentrated  upon  him. 

PRESIDENT  HAYES'S  SPEECHES. 

Sept.  jo. — I  see  President  Hayes  has  come  out  West,  passing 
quite  informally  from  point  to  point,  with  his  wife  and  a  small 
cortege  of  big  officers,  receiving  ovations,  and  making  daily  and 
sometimes  double-daily  addresses  to  the  people.  To  these  ad 
dresses — all  impromptu,  and  some  would  call  them  ephemeral — 
I  feel  to  devote  a  memorandum.  They  are  shrewd,  good-natur'd, 
face-to-face  speeches,  on  easy  topics  not  too  deep;  but  they  give 
me  some  revised  ideas  of  oratory — of  a  new,  opportune  theory 
and  practice  of  that  art,  quite  changed  from  the  classic  rules, 
and  adapted  to  our  days,  our  occasions,  to  American  democracy, 
and  to  the  swarming  populations  of  the  West.  I  hear  them  criti 
cised  as  wanting  in  dignity,  but  to  me  they  are  just  what  they 
should  be,  considering  all  the  circumstances,  who  they  come  from, 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


155 


and  who  they  are  address'd  to.  Underneath,  his  objects  are  to 
compact  and  fraternize  the  States,  encourage  their  materialistic 
and  industrial  development,  soothe  and  expand  their  self-poise, 
and  tie  all  and  each  with  resistless  double  ties  not  only  of  inter- 
trade  barter,  but  human  comradeship. 

From  Kansas  city  I  went  on  to  St.  Louis,  where  I  remain'd 
nearly  three  months,  with  my  brother  T.  J.  W.,  and  my  dear 
nieces. 

ST.  LOUIS  MEMORANDA. 

Oct.,  Nov.,  and  Dec.,  '79. — The  points  of  St.  Louis  are  its 
position,  its  absolute  wealth,  (the  long  accumulations  of  time 
and  trade,  solid  riches,  probably  a  higher  average  thereof  than 
any  city,)  the  unrivall'd  amplitude  of  its  well-laid  out  environage 
of  broad  plateaus,  for  future  expansion — and  the  great  State  of 
which  it  is  the  head.  It  fuses  northern  and  southern  qualities, 
perhaps  native  and  foreign  ones,  to  perfection,  rendezvous  the 
whole  stretch  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  rivers,  and  its 
American  electricity  goes  well  with  its  German  phlegm.  Fourth, 
Fifth  and  Third  streets  are  store-streets,  showy,  modern,  metro 
politan,  with  hurrying  crowds,  vehicles,  horse-cars,  hubbub,  plenty 
of  people,  rich  goods,  plate-glass  windows,  iron  fronts  often  five 
or  six  stories  high.  You  can  purchase  anything  in  St.  Louis  (in 
most  of  the  big  western  cities  for  the  matter  of  that)  just  as 
readily  and  cheaply  as  in  the  Atlantic  marts.  Often  in  going 
about  the  town  you  see  reminders  of  old,  even  decay'd  civiliza 
tion.  The  water  of  the  west,  in  some  places,  is  not  good,  but 
they  make  it  up  here  by  plenty  of  very  fair  wine,  and  inexhausti 
ble  quantities  of  the  best  beer  in  the  world.  There  are  immense 
establishments  for  slaughtering  beef  and  pork — and  I  saw  flocks 
of  sheep,  5000  in  a  flock.  (In  Kansas  city  I  had  visited  a  pack 
ing  establishment  that  kills  and  packs  an  average  of  2500  hogs  a 
day  the  whole  year  round,  for  export.  Another  in  Atchison, 
Kansas,  same  extent;  others  nearly  equal  elsewhere.  And  just 
as  big  ones  here.) 

NIGHTS  ON  THE  MISSISSIPPI. 

Oct.  2$>th,  jofh,  andjist. — Wonderfully  fine,  with  the  full  har 
vest  moon,  dazzling  and  silvery.  I  have  haunted  the  river  every 
night  lately,  where  I  could  get  a  look  at  the  bridge  by  moon 
light.  It  is  indeed  a  structure  of  perfection  and  beauty  unsurpassa 
ble,  and  I  never  tire  of  it.  The  river  at  present  is  very  low;  I 
noticed  to-day  it  had  much  more  of  a  blue-clear  look  than  usual. 
I  hear  the  slight  ripples,  the  air  is  fresh  and  cool,  and  the  view, 
up  or  down,  wonderfully  clear,  in  the  moonlight.  I  am  out 
pretty  late  :  it  is  so  fascinating,  dreamy.  The  cool  night-air,  all 


!  5  6  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

the  influences,  the  silence,  with  those  far-off  eternal  stars,  do  me 
good.  I  have  been  quite  ill  of  late.  And  so,  well-near  the  cen 
tre  of  our  national  demesne,  these  night  views  of  the  Mississippi. 

UPON  OUR  OWN  LAND. 

"  Always,  after  supper,  take  a  walk  half  a  mile  long,"  says  an 
old  proverb,  dryly  adding,  "  and  if  convenient  let  it  be  upon  your 
own  land."  I  wonder  does  any  other  nation  but  ours  afford  op 
portunity  for  such  a  jaunt  as  this?  Indeed  has  any  previous 
period  afforded  it  ?  No  one,  I  discover,  begins  to  know  the 
real  geographic,  democratic,  indissoluble  American  Union  in  the 
present,  or  suspect  it  in  the  future,  until  he  explores  these  Central 
States,  and  dwells  awhile  observantly  on  their  prairies,  or  amid 
their  busy  towns,  and  the  mighty  father  of  waters.  A  ride  of 
two  or  three  thousand  miles,  "on  one's  own  land,"  with  hardly 
a  disconnection,  could  certainly  be  had  in  no  other  place  than  the 
United  States,  and  at  no  period  before  this.  If  you  want  to  see 
what  the  railroad  is,  and  how  civilization  and  progress  date  from 
it — how  it  is  the  conqueror  of  crude  nature,  which  it  turns  to 
man's  use,  both  on  small  scales  and  on  the  largest — come  hither 
to  inland  America. 

I  return'd  home,  east,  Jan.  5,  1880,  having  travers'd,  to  and 
fro  and  across,  10,000  miles  and  more.  I  soon  resumed  my  seclu 
sions  down  in  the  woods,  or  by  the  creek,  or  gaddings  about 
cities,  and  an  occasional  disquisition,  as  will  be  seen  following. 

EDGAR  POE'S  SIGNIFICANCE. 

Jan.  it  'So. — In  diagnosing  this  disease  called  humanity — to 
assume  for  the  nonce  what  seems  a  chief  mood  of  the  personality 
and  writings  of  my  subject — I  have  thought  that  poets,  some 
where  or  other  on  the  list,  present  the  most  mark'd  indications. 
Comprehending  artists  in  a  mass,  musicians,  painters,  actors,  and 
so  on,  and  considering  each  and  all  of  them  as  radiations  or 
flanges  of  that  furious  whirling  wheel,  poetry,  the  centre  and 
axis  of  the  whole,  where  else  indeed  may  we  so  well  investigate 
the  causes,  growths,  tally-marks  of  the  time — the  age's  matter 
and  malady  ? 

By  comm.on  consent  there  is  nothing  better  for  man  or  woman 
than  a  perfect  and  noble  life,  morally  without  flaw,  happily  bal 
anced  in  activity,  physically  sound  and  pure,  giving  its  due  pro 
portion,  and  no  more,  to  the  sympathetic,  the  human  emotional 
element — a  life,  in  all  these,  unhasting,  unresting,  untiring  to  the 
end.  And  yet  there  is  another  shape  of  personality  dearer  far  to 
the  artist-sense,  (which  likes  the  play  of  strongest  lights  and 
shades,)  where  the  perfect  character,  the  good,  the  heroic,  al 
though  never  attain'd,  is  never  lost  sight  of,  but  through  failures, 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


157 


sorrows,  temporary  downfalls,  is  return'd  to  again  and  again,  and 
while  often  violated,  is  passionately  adhered  to  as  long  as  mind, 
muscles,  voice,  obey  the  power  we  call  volition.  This  sort  of 
personality  we  see  more  or  less  in  Burns,  Byron,  Schiller,  and 
George  Sand.  But  we  do  not  see  it  in  Edgar  Poe.  (All  this  is 
the  result  of  reading  at  intervals  the  last  three  days  a  new  volume 
of  his  poems — I  took  it  on  my  rambles  down  by  the  pond,  and  by 
degrees  read  it  all  through  there.)  While  to  the  character  first 
outlined  the  service  Poe  renders  is  certainly  that  entire  contrast 
and  contradiction  which  is  next  best  to  fully  exemplifying  it. 

Almost  without  the  first  sign  of  moral  principle,  or  of  the  con 
crete  or  its  heroisms,  or  the  simpler  affections  of  the  heart,  Poe's 
verses  illustrate  an  intense  faculty  for  technical  and  abstract 
beauty,  with  the  rhyming  art  to  excess,  an  incorrigible  propensity 
toward  nocturnal  themes,  a  demoniac  undertone  behind  every 
page — and,  by  final  judgment,  probably  belong  among  the  elec 
tric  lights  of  imaginative  literature,  brilliant  and  dazzling,  but 
with  no  heat.  There  is  an  indescribable  magnetism  about  the 
poet's  life  and  reminiscences,  as  well  as  the  poems.  To  one  who 
could  work  out  their  subtle  retracing  and  retrospect,  the  latter 
would  make  a  close  tally  no  doubt  between  the  author's  birth 
and  antecedents,  his  childhood  and  youth,  his  physique,  his  so- 
call'd  education,  his  studies  and  associates,  the  literary  and  social 
Baltimore,  Richmond,  Philadelphia  and  New  York,  of  those 
times — not  only  the  places  and  circumstances  in  themselves,  but 
often,  very  often,  in  a  strange  spurning  of,  and  reaction  from 
them  all. 

The  following  from  a  report  in  the  Washington  "  Star  "  of 
November  16,  1875,  mav  afford  those  who  care  for  it  something 
further  of  my  point  of  view  toward  this  interesting  figure  and 
influence  of  our  era.  There  occurr'd  about  that  date  in  Balti 
more  a  public  reburial-of  Poe's  remains,  and  dedication  of  a 
monument  over  the  grave  : 

"  Being  in  Washington  on  a  visit  at  the  time,  '  the  old  gray'  went  over  to 
Baltimore,  and  though  ill  from  paralysis,  consented  to  hobble  up  and  silently 
take  a  seat  on  the  platform,  but  refused  to  make  any  speech,  saying, '  I  have 
felt  a  strong  impulse  to  come  over  and  be  here  to-day  myself  in  memory  of 
Poe,  which  I  have  obey'd,  but  not  the  slightest  impulse  to  make  a  speech, 
which,  my  dear  friends,  must  also  be  obeyed.'  In  an  informal  circle,  however, 
in  conversation  after  the  ceremonies,  Whitman  said :  '  For  a  long  while,  and 
until  lately,  I  had  a  distaste  for  Poe's  writings.  I  wanted,  and  still  want  for 
poetry,  the  clear  sun  shining,  and  fresh  air  blowing — the  strength  and  power 
of  health,  not  of  delirium,  even  amid  the  stormiest  passions — with  always  the 
background  of  the  eternal  moralities.  Non-complying  with  these  requirements, 
Poe's  genius  has  yet  conquer'd  a  special  recognition  for  itself,  and  I  too  have 
come  to  fully  admit  it,  and  appreciate  it  and  him. 

"  '  In  a  dream  I  once  had,  I  saw  a  vessel  on  the  sea,  at  midnight,  in  a  storm. 


1 5  8  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

It  was  no  great  full-rigg'd  ship,  nor  majestic  steamer,  steering  firmly  through 
the  gale,  but  seem'd  one  of  those  superb  little  schooner  yachts  I  had  often  seen 
lying  anchor'd,  rocking  so  jauntily,  in  the  waters  around  New  York,  or  up 
Long  Island  sound — now  flying  uncontroll'd  with  torn  sails  and  broken  spars 
through  the  wild  sleet  and  winds  and  waves  of  the  night.  On  the  deck  was  a 
slender,  slight,  beautiful  figure,  a  dim  man,  apparently  enjoying  all  the  terror, 
the  murk,  and  the  dislocation  of  which  he  was  the  centre  and  the  victim. 
That  figure  of  my  lurid  -dream  might  stand  for  Edgar  Poe,  his  spirit,  his  for 
tunes,  and  his  poems — themselves  all  lurid  dreams.'  " 

Much  more  may  be  said,  but  I  most  desired  to  exploit  the  idea 
put  at  the  beginning.  By  its  popular  poets  the  calibres  of  an 
age,  the  weak  spots  of  its  embankments,  its  sub-currents,  (often 
more  significant  than  the  biggest  surface  ones,)  are  unerringly 
indicated.  The  lush  and  the  weird  that  have  taken  such  extra 
ordinary  possession  of  Nineteenth  century  verse-lovers — what 
mean  they  ?  The  inevitable  tendency  of  poetic  culture  to  mor 
bidity,  abnormal  beauty — the  sickliness  of  all  technical  thought 
or  refinement  in  itself — the  abnegation  of  the  perennial  and 
democratic  concretes  at  first  hand,  the  body,  the  earth  and  sea, 
sex  and  the  like — and  the  substitution  of  something  for  them  at 
second  or  third  hand — what  bearings  have  they  on  current  path 
ological  study  ? 

BEETHOVEN'S  SEPTETTE. 

Feb.  n,  'So. — At  a  good  concert  to-night  in  the  foyer  of  the 
opera  house,  Philadelphia — the  band  a  small  but  first-rate  one. 
Never  did  music  more  sink  into  and  soothe  and  fill  me — never  so 
prove  its  soul-rousing  power,  its  impossibility  of  statement.  Es 
pecially  in  the  rendering  of  one  of  Beethoven's  master  septettes 
by  the  well-chosen  and  perfectly-combined  instruments  (violins, 
viola,  clarionet,  horn,  'cello  and  contrabass,)  was  I  carried  away, 
seeing,  absorbing  many  wonders.  Dainty  abandon,  sometimes 
as  if  Nature  laughing  on  a  hillside  in  the  sunshine  ;  serious  and 
firm  monotonies,  as  of  winds  ;  a  horn  sounding  through  the 
tangle  of  the  forest,  and  the  dying  echoes;  soothing  floating  of 
waves,  but  presently  rising  in  surges,  angrily  lashing,  muttering, 
heavy;  piercing  peals  of  laughter,  for  interstices;  now  and  then 
weird,  as  Nature  herself  is  in  certain  moods — but  mainly  spon 
taneous,  easy,  careless — often  the  sentiment  of  the  postures  of 
naked  children  playing  or  sleeping.  It  did  me  good  even  to 
watch  the  violinists  drawing  their  bows  so  masterly — every  mo 
tion  a  study.  I  allow'd  myself,  as  I  sometimes  do,  to  wander 
out  of  myself.  The  conceit  came  to  me  of  a  copious  grove  of 
singing  birds,  and  in  their  midst  a  simple  harmonic  duo,  two 
human  souls,  steadily  asserting  their  own  pensiveness,  joyous- 
ness. 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


159 


A  HINT  OF  WILD   NATURE. 

Feb.  fj. — As  I  was  crossing  the  Delaware  to-day,  saw  a  large 
flock  of  wild  geese,  right  overhead,  not  very  high  up,  ranged  in 
V-shape,  in  relief  against  the  noon  clouds  of  light  smoke-color. 
Had  a  capital  though  momentary  view  of  them,  and  then  of  their 
course  on  and  on  southeast,  till  gradually  fading — (my  eyesight  yet 
first  rate  for  the  open  air  and  its  distances,  but  I  use  glasses  for 
reading.)  Queer  thoughts  melted  into  me  the  two  or  three 
minutes,  or  less,  seeing  these  creatures  cleaving  the  sky — the 
spacious,  airy  realm — even  the  prevailing  smoke-gray  color  every 
where,  (no  sun  shining) — the  waters  below — the  rapid  flight  of  the 
birds,  appearing  just  for  a  minute — flashing  to  me  such  a  hint  of 
the  whole  spread  of  Nature,  with  her  eternal  unsophisticated 
freshness,  her  never-visited  recesses  of  sea,  sky,  shore — and  then 
disappearing  in  the  distance. 

LOAFING  IN  THE  WOODS. 

March  8. — I  write  this  down  in  the  country  again,  but  in  a 
new  spot,  seated  on  a  log  in  the  woods,  warm,  sunny,  midday. 
Have  been  loafing  here  deep  among  the  trees,  shafts  of  tall  pines, 
oak,  hickory,  with  a  thick  undergrowth  of  laurels  and  grapevines 
— the  ground  cover'd  everywhere  by  debris,  dead  leaves,  breakage, 
moss — everything  solitary,  ancient,  grim.  Paths  (such  as  they 
are)  leading  hither  and  yon — (how  made  I  know  not,  for  nobody 
seems  to  come  here,  nor  man  nor  cattle-kind.)  Temperature  to 
day  about  60,  the  wind  through  the  pine-tops ;  I  sit  and  listen  to 
its  hoarse  sighing  above  (and  to  the  stillness)  long  and  long, 
varied  by  aimless  rambles  in' the  old  roads  and  paths,  and  by  ex 
ercise-pulls  at  the  young  saplings,  to  keep  my  joints  from  get 
ting  stiff.  Blue-birds,  robins,  meadow-larks  begin  to  appear. 

Next  day,  yth. — A  snowstorm  in  the  morning,  and  continuing 
most  of  the  day.  But  I  took  a  walk  over  two  hours,  the  same 
woods  and  paths,  amid  the  falling  flakes.  No  wind,  yet  the  musi 
cal  low  murmur  through  the  pines,  quite  pronounced,  curious,  like 
waterfalls,  now  still'd,  now  pouring  again.  All  the  senses,  sight, 
sound,  smell,  delicately  gratified.  Every  snowflake  lay  where  it 
fell  on  the  evergreens,  holly-trees,  laurels,  &c.,  the  multitudinous 
leaves  and  branches  piled,  bulging-white,  defined  by  edge-lines 
of  emerald — the  tall  straight  columns  of  the  plentiful  bronze- 
topt  pines — a  slight  resinous  odor  blending  with  that  of  the 
snow.  (For  there  is  a  scent  to  everything,  even  the  snow,  if  you 
can  only  detect  it — no  two  places,  hardly  any  two  hours,  any 
where,  exactly  alike.  How  different  the  odor  of  noon  from 
midnight,  or  winter  from  summer,  or  a  windy  spell  from  a  still 
one.) 


160  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

A  CONTRALTO  VOICE. 

May  p,  Sunday. — Visit  this  evening  to  my  friends  the  J.'s — 
good  supper,  to  which  I  did  justice — lively  chat  with  Mrs.  J.  and 
I.  and  J.  As  I  sat  out  front  on  the  walk  afterward,  in  the  even 
ing  air,  the  church-choir  and  organ  on  the  corner  opposite  gave 
Luther's  hymn,  Einfeste  berg,  very  finely.  The  air  was  borne  by 
a  rich  contralto.  For  nearly  half  an  hour  there  in  the  dark, 
(there  was  a  good  string  of  English  stanzas,)  came  the  music, 
firm  and  unhurried,  with  long  pauses.  The  full  silver  star-beams 
of  Lyra  rose  silently  over  the  church's  dim  roof-ridge.  Vari- 
color'd  lights  from  the  stain'd  glass  windows  broke  through  the 
tree-shadows.  And  under  all — under  the  Northern  Crown  up 
there,  and  in  the  fresh  breeze  below,  and  the  chiaroscuro  of  the 
night,  that  liquid-full  contralto. 

SEEING  NIAGARA  TO  ADVANTAGE. 

June  4,  'So. — For  really  seizing  a  great  picture  or  book,  or 
piece  of  music,  or  architecture,  or  grand  scenery — or  perhaps  for 
the  first  time  even  the  common  sunshine,  or  landscape,  or  may-be 
even  the  mystery  of  identity,  most  curious  mystery  of  all — there 
comes  some  lucky  five  minutes  of  a  man's  life,  set  amid  a  fortu 
itous  concurrence  of  circumstances,  and  bringing  in  a  brief  flash 
the  culmination  of  years  of  reading  and  travel  and  thought.  The 
present  case  about  two  o'clock  this  afternoon,  gave  me  Niagara,  its 
superb  severity  of  action  and  color  and  majestic  grouping,  in  one 
short,  indescribable  show.  We  were  very  slowly  crossing  the 
Suspension  bridge — not  a  full  stop  anywhere,  but  next  to  it — the 
day  clear,  sunny,  still — and  I  out  on  the  platform.  The  falls 
were  in  plain  view  about  a  mile  off,  but  very  distinct,  and  no  roar 
— hardly  a  murmur.  The  river  tumbling  green  and  white,  far 
below  me ;  the  dark  high  banks,  the  plentiful  umbrage,  many 
bronze  cedars,  in  shadow ;  and  tempering  and  arching  all  the 
immense  materiality,  a  clear  sky  overhead,  with  a  few  white 
clouds,  limpid,  spiritual,  silent.  Brief,  and  as  quiet  as  brief,  that 
picture — a  remembrance  always  afterwards.  Such  are  the  things, 
indeed,  I  lay  away  with  my  life's  rare  and  blessed  bits  of  hours, 
reminiscent,  past — the  wild  sea-storm  I  once  saw  one  winter  day, 
off  Fire  island — the  elder  Booth  in  Richard,  that  famous  night 
forty  years  ago  in  the  old  Bowery — or  Alboni  in  the  children's 
scene  in  Norma — or  night-views,  I  remember,  on  the  field,  after 
battles  in  Virginia — or  the  peculiar  sentiment  of  moonlight  and 
stars  over  the  great  Plains,  western  Kansas — or  scooting  up  New 
York  bay,  with  a  stiff  breeze  and  a  good  yacht,  off  Navesink. 
With  these,  I  say,  I  henceforth  place  that  view,  that  afternoon, 
that  combination  complete,  that  five  minutes'  perfect  absorption 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  YS.  !  6 1 

of  Niagara — not  the  great  majestic  gem  alone  by  itself,  but  set 
complete  in  all  its  varied,  full,  indispensable  surroundings. 

JAUNTING  TO  CANADA. 

To  go  back  a  little,  I  left  Philadelphia,  pth  and  Green  streets, 
at  8  o'clock  P.  M.,  June  3,  on  a  first-class  sleeper,  by  the  Le- 
high  Valley  (North  Pennsylvania)  route,  through  Bethlehem 
Wilkesbarre,  Waverly,  and  so  (by  Erie)  on  through  Corning  to 
Hornellsville,  where  we  arrived  at  8,  morning,  and  had  a  boun 
teous  breakfast.  I  must  say  I  never  put  in  such  a  good  night  on 
any  railroad  track — smooth,  firm,  the  minimum  of  jolting,  and 
all  the  swiftness  compatible  with  safety.  So  without  change  to 
Buffalo,  and  thence  to  Clifton,  where  we  arrived  early  afternoon  ; 
then  on  to  London,  Ontario,  Canada,  in  four  more — less  than 
twenty-two  hours  altogether.  I  am  domiciled  at  the  hospitable 
house  of  my  friends  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Bucke,  in  the  ample  and  charm 
ing  garden  and  lawns  of  the  asylum. 

SUNDAY  WITH  THE  INSANE. 

June  6, — Went  over  to  the  religious  services  (Episcopal)  main 
Insane  asylum,  held  in  a  lofty,  good-sized  hall,  third  story.  Plain 
boards,  whitewash,  plenty  of  cheap  chairs,  no  ornament  or  color, 
yet  all  scrupulously  clean  and  sweet.  Some  three  hundred  per 
sons  present,  mostly  patients.  Everything,  the  prayers,  a  short 
sermon,  the  firm,  orotund  voice  of  the  minister,  and  most  of  all, 
beyond  any  portraying  or  suggesting,  that  audience,  deeply  im- 
press'd  me.  I  was  furnish'd  with  an  arm-chair  near  the  pulpit, 
and  sat  facing  the  motley,  yet  perfectly  well-behaved  and  orderly 
congregation.  The  quaint  dresses  and  bonnets  of  some  of  the 
women,  several  very  old  and  gray,  here  and  there  like  the  heads 
in  old  pictures.  O  the  looks  that  came  from  those  faces!  There 
were  two  or  three  I  shall  probably  never  forget.  Nothing  at  all 
markedly  repulsive  or  hideous — strange  enough  I  did  not  see  one 
such.  Our  common  humanity,  mine  and  yours,  everywhere : 

"  The  same  old  blood — the  same  red,  running  blood;" 

yet  behind  most,  an  inferr'd  arriere  of  such  storms,  such  wrecks, 
such  mysteries,  fires,  love,  wrong,  greed  for  wealth,  religious 
problems,  crosses — mirror'd  from  those  crazed  faces  (yet  now 
temporarily  so  calm,  like  still  waters,)  all  the  woes  and  sad  hap 
penings  of  life  and  death — now  from  every  one  the  devotional 
element  radiating — was  it  not,  indeed,  the  peace  of  God  that  pass- 
eth  all  understanding,  strange  as  it  may  sound  ?  I  can  only  say 
that  I  took  long -and  searching  eye-sweeps  as  I  sat  there,  and  it 
seem'd  so,  rousing  unprecedented  thoughts,  problems  unanswer 
able.  A  very  fair  choir,  and  melodeon  accompaniment.  They 

14 


1 6  2  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

sang  "  Lead,  kindly  light,"  after  the  sermon.  Many  join'd  in 
the  beautiful  hymn,  to  which  the  minister  read  the  introductory 
text,  *'  In  the  daytime  also  He  led  them  with  a  cloud,  and  all  the 
night  with  a  light  of  fire."  Then  the  words : 

Lead,  kindly  light,  amid  the  encircling  gloom, 

Lead  thou  me  on. 
The  night  is  dark,  and  I  am  far  from  home ; 

Lead  thou  me  on. 

Keep  thou  my  feet;  I  do  not  ask  to  see 
The  distant  scene ;  one  step  enough  for  me. 

I  was  not  ever  thus,  nor  pray'd  that  thou 

Should'st  lead  me  on ; 
I  lov'd  to  choose  and  see  my  path  ;  but  now 

Lead  thou  me  on. 

I  loved  the  garish  day,  and  spite  of  fears 
Pride  ruled  my  will ;  remember  not  past  years. 

A  couple  of  days  after,  I  went  to  the  "  Refractory  building,' 
under  special  charge  of  Dr.  Beemer,  and  through  the  wards 
pretty  thoroughly,  both  the  men's  and  women's.  I  have  since 
made  many  other  visits  of  the  kind  through  the  asylum,  and 
around  among  the  detach'd  cottages.  As  far  as  I  could  see,  this 
is  among  the  most  advanced,  perfected,  and  kindly  and  rationally 
carried  on,  of  all  its  kind  in  America.  It  is  a  town  in  itself, 
with  many  buildings  and  a  thousand  inhabitants. 

I  learn  that  Canada,  and  especially  this  ample  and  populous 
province,  Ontario,  has  the  very  best  and  plentiest  benevolent  in 
stitutions  in  all  departments. 

REMINISCENCE  OF  ELIAS  HICKS. 

June  8. — To-day  a  letter  from  Mrs.  E.  S.  L.,  Detroit,  accom 
panied  in  a  little  post  office  roll  by  a  rare  old  engraved  head  of 
Elias  Hicks,  (from  a  portrait  in  oil  by  Henry  Inman,  painted  for 
J.  V.  S.,  must  have  been  60  years  or  more  ago,  in  New  York) — 
among  the  rest  the  following  excerpt  about  E.  H.  in  the  letter  : 

"  I  have  listen'd  to  his  preaching  so  often  when  a  child,  and  sat  with  my 
mother  at  social  gatherings  where  he  was  the  centre,  and  everyone  so  pleas'd 
and  stirr'd  by  his  conversation.  I  hear  that  you  contemplate  writing  or 
speaking  about  him,  and  I  wonder'd  whether  you  had  a  picture  of  him.  As  I 
am  the  owner  of  two,  I  send  you  one." 

GRAND  NATIVE  GROWTH. 

In  a  few  days  I  go  to  lake  Huron,  and  may  have  something  to 
say  of  that  region  and  people.  From  what  I  already  see,  I  should 
say  the  young  native  population  of  Canada  was  growing  up, 
forming  a  hardy,  democratic,  intelligent,  radically  sound,  and 
just  as  American,  good-natured  and  individualistic  race,  as  the 
average  range  of  best  specimens  among  us.  As  among  us,  too, 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  1 63 

I  please  myself  by  considering  that  this  element,  though  it  may 
not  be  the  majority,  promises  to  be  the  leaven  which  must  even 
tually  leaven  the  whole  lump. 

A  ZOLLVEREIX  BETWEEN  THE  U.  S.  AND  CANADA. 
Some  of  the  more  liberal  of  the  presses  here  are  discussing  the 
question  of  a  zollverein  between  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
It  is  proposed  to  form  a  union  for  commercial  purposes— to  alto 
gether  abolish  the  frontier  tariff  line,  with  its  double  sets  of  cus 
tom  house  officials  now  existing  between  the  two  countries,  and 
to  agree  upon  one  tariff  for  both,  the  proceeds  of  this  tariff  to  be 
divided  between  the  two  governments  on  the  basis  of  population. 
It  is  said  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  merchants  of  Canada  are 
in  favor  of  this  step,  as  they  believe  it  would  materially  add  to 
the  business  of  the  country,  by  removing  the  restrictions  that 
now  exist  on  trade  between  Canada  and  the  States.  Those  per 
sons  who  are  opposed  to  the  measure  believe  that  it  would  in 
crease  the  material  welfare  of  the  country,  but  it  would  loosen 
the  bonds  between  Canada  and  England;  and  this  sentiment 
overrides  the  desire  for  commercial  prosperity.  Whether  the 
sentiment  can  continue  to  bear  the  strain  put  upon  it  is  a  ques 
tion.  It  is  thought  by  many  that  commercial  considerations 
must  in  the  end  prevail.  It  seems  also  to  be  generally  agreed 
that  such  a  zollverein,  or  common  customs  union,  would  bring 
practically  more  benefits  to  the  Canadian  provinces  than  to  the 
United  States.  (It  seems  to  me  a  certainty  of  time,  sooner  or 
later,  that  Canada  shall  form  two  or  three  grand  States,  equal 
and  independent,  with  the  rest  of  the  American  Union.  The  St. 
Lawrence  and  lakes  are  not  for  a  frontier  line,  but  a  grand  inte 
rior  or  mid-channel. ) 

THE  ST.  LAWRENCE  LINE. 

August  20. — Premising  that  my  three  or  four  months  in  Canada 
were  intended,  among  the  rest,  as  an  exploration  of  the  line  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  from  lake  Superior  to  the  sea,  (the  engineers 
here,  insist  upon  considering  it  as  one  stream,  over  2000  miles 
long,  including  lakes  and  Niagara  and  all) — that  I  have  only  par 
tially  carried  out  my  programme  ;  but  for  the  seven  or  eight  hun 
dred  miles  so  far  fulfill'd,  I  find  that  the  Canada  question  is  abso 
lutely  control'd  by  this  vast  water  line,  with  its  first-class  features 
and  points  of  trade,  humanity,  and  many  more — here  I  am  writ> 
ing  this  nearly  a  thousand  miles  north  of  my  Philadelphia  starting- 
point  (by  way  of  Montreal  and  Quebec)  in  the  midst  of  regions 
that  go  to  a  further  extreme  of  grimness,  wildness  of  beauty,  and 
a  sort  of  still  and  pagan  scarf dncss,  while  yet  Christian,  inhabit 
able,  and  partially  fertile,  than  perhaps  any  other  on  earth.  The 


! 64  SPECLMEX  DA  YS. 

weather  remains  perfect ;  some  might  call  it  a  little  cool,  but  I 
wear  my  old  gray  overcoat  and  find  it  just  right.  The  days  are 
full  of  sunbeams  and  oxygen.  Most  of  the  forenoons  and  after 
noons  I  am  on  the  forward  deck  of  the  steamer. 

THE  SAVAGE  SAGUENAY. 

Up  these  black  waters,  over  a  hundred  miles — always  strong, 
deep,  (hundreds  of  feet,  sometimes  thousands,)  ever  with  high, 
rocky  hills  for  banks,  green  and  gray — at  times  a  little  like  some 
parts  of  the  Hudson,  but  much  more  pronounc'd  and  defiant.  The 
hills  rise  higher — keep  their  ranks  more  unbroken.  The  river  is 
straighter  and  of  more  resolute  flow,  and  its  hue,  though  dark  as 
ink,  exquisitely  polish'd  and  sheeny  under  the  August  sun.  Dif 
ferent,  indeed,  this  Saguenay  from  all  other  rivers — different 
effects — a  bolder,  more  vehement  play  of  lights  and  shades.  Of 
a  rare  charm  of  singleness  and  simplicity.  (Like  the  organ-chant 
at  midnight  from  the  old  Spanish  convent,  in  "  Favorita" — one 
strain  only,  simple  and  monotonous  and  unornamented — but  in 
describably  penetrating  and  grand  and  masterful.)  Great  place 
for  echoes :  while  our  steamer  was  tied  at  the  wharf  at  Tadousac 
(taj-oo-sac)  waiting,  the  escape-pipe  letting  off  steam,  I  was  sure 
I  heard  a  band  at  the  hotel  up  in  the  rocks — could  even  make 
out  some  of  the  tunes.  Only  when  our  pipe  stopp'd,  I  knew 
what  caused  it.  Then  at  cape  Eternity  and  Trinity  rock,  the 
pilot  with  his  whistle  producing  similar  marvellous  results,  echoes 
indescribably  weird,  as  we  lay  off  in  the  still  bay  under  their 
shadows. 

CAPES  ETERNITY  AND  TRINITY. 

But  the  great,  haughty,  silent  capes  themselves;  I  doubt  if  any 
crack  points,  or  hills,  or  historic  places  of  note,  or  anything  of 
the  kind  elsewhere  in  the  world,  outvies  these  objects — (I  write 
while  I  am  before  them  face  to  face.)  They  are  very  simple, 
they  do  not  startle — at  least  they  did  not  me — but  they  linger  in 
one's  memory  forever.  They  are  placed  very  near  each  other, 
side  by  side,  each  a  mountain  rising  flush  out  of  the  Saguenay. 
A  good  thrower  could  throw  a  stone  on  each  in  passing — at  least 
it  seems  so.  Then  they  are  as  distinct  in  form  as  a  perfect  physi 
cal  man  or  a  perfect  physical  woman.  Cape  Eternity  is  bare, 
rising,  as  just  said,  sheer  out  of  the  water,  rugged  and  grim  (yet 
with  an  indescribable  beauty)  nearly  two  thousand  feet  high. 
Trinity  rock,  even  a  little  higher,  also  rising  flush,  top-rounded 
like  a  great  head  with  close-cut  verdure  of  hair.  I  consider  my 
self  well  repaid  for  coming  my  thousand  miles  to  get  the  sight 
and  memory  of  the  unrivall'd  duo.  They  have  stirr'd  me  more 
profoundly  than  anything  of  the  kind  I  have  yet  seen.  If  Europe 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  i^ 

or  Asia  had  them,  we  should  certainly  hear  of  them  in  all  sorts 
of  sent-back  poems,  rhapsodies,  &c.,  a  dozen  times  a  year  through 
our  papers  and  magazines. 

CHICOUTIMI  AND  HA-HA  BAY. 

No  indeed — life  and  travel  and  memory  have  offer'd  and  will 
preserve  to  me  no  deeper-cut  incidents,  panorama,  or  sights  to 
cheer  my  soul,  than  these  at  Chicoutimi  and  Ha-ha  bay,  and  my 
days  and  nights  up  and  down  this  fascinating  savage  river — the 
rounded  mountains,  some  bare  and  gray,  some  dull  red,  some 
draped  close  all  over  with  matted  green  verdure  or  vines — the 
ample,  calm,  eternal  rocks  everywhere — the  long  streaks  of  motley 
foam,  a  milk-white  curd  on  the  glistening  breast  of  the  stream — 
the  little  two-masted  schooner,  dingy  yellow,  with  patch'd  sails, 
set  wing-and-wing,  nearing  us,  coming  saucily  up  the  water  with 
a  couple  of  swarthy,  black-hair'd  men  aboard — the  strong  shades 
falling  on  the  light  gray  or  yellow  outlines  of  the  hills  all  through 
the  forenoon,  as  we  steam  within  gunshot  of  them — while  ever 
the  pure  and  delicate  sky  spreads  over  all.  And  the  splendid  sun 
sets,  and  the  sights  of  evening — the  same  old  stars,  (relatively  a 
little  different,  I  see,  so  far  north)  Arcturus  and  Lyra,  and  the 
Eagle,  and  great  Jupiter  like  a  silver  globe,  and  the  constellation 
of  the  Scorpion.  Then  northern  lights  nearly  every  night. 

THE  INHABITANTS— GOOD  LIVING. 

Grim  and  rocky  and  black-water'd  as  the  demesne  hereabout 
is,  however,  you  must  not  think  genial  humanity,  and  comfort, 
and  good-living  are  not  to  be  met.  Before  I  began  this  memo 
randum  I  made  a  first-rate  breakfast  of  sea-trout,  finishing  off 
with  wild  raspberries.  I  find  smiles  and  courtesy  everywhere — 
physiognomies  in  general  curiously  like  those  in  the  United 
States — (I  wasastonish'd  to  find  the  same  resemblance  all  through 
the  province  of  Quebec.)  In  general  the  inhabitants  of  this 
rugged  country  (Charlevoix,  Chicoutimi  and  Tadousac  counties, 
and  lake  St.  John  region)  a  simple,  hardy  population,  lumbering, 
trapping  furs,  boating,  fishing,  berry-picking  and  a  little  farm 
ing.  I  was  watching  a  group  of  young  boatmen  eating  their 
early  dinner — nothing  but  an  immense  loaf  of  bread,  had  appar 
ently  been  the  size  of  a  bushel  measure,  from  which  they  cut 
chunks  with  a  jack-knife.  Must  be  a  tremendous  winter  country 
this,  when  the  solid  frost  and  ice  fully  set  in. 

CEDAR-PLUMS  LIKE— NAMES. 

(Back  again  in  Catttden  and  down  in  Jersey?) 

One  time  I  thought  of  naming  this  collection  "  Cedar-Plums 
Like  "  (which  I  still  fancy  wouldn't  have  been  a  bad  name,  nor 


1 66  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

inappropriate.)  A  melange  of  loafing,  looking,  hobbling,  sit 
ting,  traveling — a  little  thinking  thrown  in  for  salt,  but  very 
little — not  only  summer  but  all  seasons — not  only  days  but  nights 
— some  literary  meditations — books,  authors  examined,  Carlyle, 
Poe,  Emerson  tried,  (always  under  my  cedar-tree,  in  the  open 
air,  and  never  in  the  library) — mostly  the  scenes  everybody  sees, 
but  some  of  my  own  caprices,  meditations,  egotism — truly  an 
open  air  and -mainly  summer  formation — singly,  or  in  clusters — 
wild  and  free  and  somewhat  acrid — indeed  more  like  cedar-plums 
than  you  might  guess  at  first  glance. 

But  do  you  know  what  they  are  ?  (To  city  man,  or  some  sweet 
parlor  lady,  I  now  talk.)  As  you  go  along  roads,  or  barrens,  or 
across  country,  anywhere  through  these  States,  middle,  eastern, 
western,  or  southern,  you  will  see,  certain  seasons  of  the  year, 
the  thick  woolly  tufts  of  the  cedar  mottled  with  bunches  of 
china-blue  berries,  about  as  big  as  fox-grapes.  But  first  a  special 
word  for  the  tree  itself:  everybody  knows  that  the  cedar  is  a 
healthy,  cheap,  democratic  wood,  streak'd  red  and  white — an 
evergreen — that  it  is  not  a  cultivated  tree — that  it  keeps  away 
moths — that  it  grows  inland  or  seaboard,  all  climates,  hot  or  cold, 
any  soil — in  fact  rather  prefers  sand  and  bleak  side  spots — con 
tent  if  the  plough,  the  fertilizer  and  the  trimming-axe,  will  but 
keep  away  and  let  it  alone.  After  a  long  rain,  when  everything 
looks  bright,  often  have  I  stopt  in  my  wood-saunters,  south  or 
north,  or  far  west,  to  take  in  its  dusky  green,  wash'd  clean  and 
sweet,  and  speck' d  copiously  with  its  fruit  of  clear,  hardy  blue. 
The  wood  of  the  cedar  is  of  use — but  what  profit  on  earth  are 
those  sprigs  of  acrid  plums  ?  A  question  impossible  to  answer 
satisfactorily.  True,  some  of  the  herb  doctors  give  them  for 
stomachic  affections,  but  the  remedy  is  as  bad  as  the  disease. 
Then  in  my  rambles  down  in  Carnden  county  I  once  found  an 
old  crazy  woman  gathering  the  clusters  with  zeal  and  joy.  She 
show'd,  as  I  was  told  afterward,  a  sort  of  infatuation  for  them, 
and  every  year  placed  and  kept  profuse  bunches  high  and  low 
about  her  room.  They  had  a  strange  charm  on  her  uneasy  head, 
and  effected  docility  and  peace.  (She  was  harmless,  and  lived 
near  by  with  her  well-off  married  daughter.)  Whether  there  is 
any  connection  between  those  bunches,  and  being  out  of  one's 
wits,  I  cannot  say,  but  I  myself  entertain  a  weakness  for  them. 
Indeed,  I  love  the  cedar,  anyhow — its  naked  ruggedness,  its  just 
palpable  odor,  (so  different  from  the  perfumer's  best,)  its  silence, 
its  equable  acceptance  of  winter's  cold  and  summer's  heat,  of 
rain  or  drouth — its  shelter  to  me  from  those,  at  times — its  asso 
ciations — (well,  I  never  could  explain  why  I  love  anybody,  or 
anything.)  The  service  I  now  specially  owe  to  the  cedar  is,  while 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


167 


I  cast  around  for  a  name  for  my  proposed  collection,  hesitating, 
puzzled — after  rejecting  a  long,  long  string,  I  lift  my  eyes,  and 
lo  !  the  very  term  I  want.  At  any  rate,  I  go  no  further — I  tire 
in  the  search.  I  take  what  some  invisible  kind  spirit  has  put  be 
fore  me.  Besides,  who  shall  say  there  is  not  affinity  enough  be 
tween  (at  least  the  bundle  of  sticks  that  produced)  many  of  these 
pieces,  or  granulations,  and  those  blue  berries  ?  their  uselessness 
growing  wild — a  certain  aroma  of  Nature  I  would  so  like  to  have 
in  my  pages — the  thin  soil  whence  they  come — the"ir  content  in 
being  let  alone — their  stolid  and  deaf  repugnance  to  answering 
questions,  (this  latter  the  nearest,  dearest  trait  affinity  of  all.) 

Then  reader  dear,  in  conclusion,  as  to  the  point  of  the  name 
for  the  present  collection,  let  us  be  satisfied  to  have  a  name — 
something  to  identify  and  bind  it  together,  to  concrete  all  its 
vegetable,  mineral,  personal  memoranda,  abrupt  raids  of  criti 
cism,  crude  gossip  of  philosophy,  varied  sands  and  clumps — 
without  bothering  ourselves  because  certain  pages  do  not  present 
themselves  to  you  or  me  as  coming  under  their  own  name  with 
entire  fitness  or  amiability.  (It  is  a  profound,  vexatious,  never- 
explicable  matter — this  of  names.  I  have  been  exercised  deeply 
about  it  my  whole  life.*) 

After  all  of  which  the  name  "  Cedar-Plums  Like  "  got  its  nose 
put  out  of  joint ;  but  I  cannot  afford  to  throw  away  what  I  pen- 

*  In  the  pocket  of  my  receptacle-book  I  find  a  list  of  suggested  and  re 
jected  names  for  this  volume,  or  parts  of  it — such  as  the  following: 
As  the  'wild  bee  hums  in  May, 
6°  August  mulleins  grow, 
6°  Winter  snow-flakes  fall, 
&*  stars  in  the  sky  roll  round. 

Away  from  Books — a-way  from  Art, 

Now  for  the  Day  and  Night — the  lesson  done, 

Now  for  the  Sun  and  Stars. 


Notes  of  a  half -Paralytic, 
Week  in  and  Week  out, 
Embers  of  Ending  Days, 
Ducks  and  Drakes, 
Flood  Tide  and  Ebb, 
Gossip  at  Early  Candle-light, 
Echoes  and  Escapades, 
Such  as  I.... .Evening  Dews, 
Notes  after  Writing  a  Book, 
Far  and  Near  at  63, 
Drifts  and  Cumulus, 

Maize-  Tassels Kindlings, 

Fore  and  Aft Vestibules, 

Scintilla  at  60  and  after, 
Sands  on  the  Shores  of  64, 


As  Voices  in  the  Dusk,  from  Speak" 

ers  far  or  hid, 

Autochthons Embryons, 

Wing-and-  Wing, 
Notes  and  Recalles, 
Only  Mulleins  and  Bumble-Bees, 

Pond-Babble Tete-a-  Tetes, 

Echoes  of  a  Life  in  the  loth  Century 

m  the  New  World, 
Flanges  of  Fifty  Years, 

Abandons Hurry  Notes, 

A  Life-Mosaic Native  Moments, 

Types  and  Semi-  Tones, 

Oddments Sand- Drifts, 

Again  and  Again. 


!  68  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

cill.'d  down  the  lane  there,  under  the  shelter  of  my  old  friend, 
one  warm  October  noon.  Besides,  it  wouldn't  be  civil  to  the 
cedar  tree. 

DEATH  OF  THOMAS  CARLYLE. 

Feb.  10,  '81. — And  so  the  flame  of  the  lamp,  after  long  wast 
ing  and  flickering,  has  gone  out  entirely. 

As  a  representative  author,  a  literary  figure,  no  man  else  will 
bequeath  to  the  future  more  significant  hints  of  our  stormy  era,  its 
fierce  paradoxes,  its  din,  and  its  struggling  parturition  periods, 
than  Carlyle.  He  belongs  to  our  own  branch  of  the  stock  too  ; 
neither  Latin  nor  Greek,  but  altogether  Gothic.  Rugged,  moun 
tainous,  volcanic,  he  was  himself  more  a  French  revolution  than 
any  of  his  volumes.  In  some  respects,  so  far  in  the  Nineteenth 
century,  the  best  equipt,  keenest  mind,  even  from  the  college 
point  of  view,  of  all  Britain  ;  only  he  had  an  ailing  body.  Dys 
pepsia  is  to  be  traced  in  every  page,  and  now  and  then  fills  the 
page.  One  may  include  among  the  lessons  of  his  life — even 
though  that  life  stretch'd  to  amazing  length — how  behind  the 
tally  of  genius  and  morals  stands  the  stomach,  and  gives  a  sort 
of  casting  vote. 

Two  conflicting  agonistic  elements  seem  to  have  contended  in 
the  man,  sometimes  pulling  him  different  ways  like  wild  horses. 
He  was  a  cautious,  conservative  Scotchman,  fully  aware  what  a 
fcetid  gas-bag  much  of  modern  radicalism  is ;  but  then  his  great 
heart  demanded  reform,  demanded  change — often  terribly  at  odds 
with  his  scornful  brain.  No  author  ever  put  so  much  wailing 
and  despair  into  his  books,  sometimes  palpable,  oftener  latent. 
He  reminds  me  of  that  passage  in  Young's  poems  where  as  death 
presses  closer  and  closer  for  his  prey,  the  soul  rushes  hither  and 
thither,  appealing,  shrieking,  berating,  to  escape  the  general  doom. 

Of  short-comings,  even  positive  blur-spots,  from  an  American 
point  of  view,  he  had  serious  share. 

Not  for  his  merely  literary  merit,  (though  that  was  great) — 
not  as  "  maker  of  books,"  but  as  launching  into  the  self-compla 
cent  atmosphere  of  our  days  a  rasping,  questioning,  dislocating 
agitation  and  shock,  is  Carlyle's  final  value.  It  is  time  the 
English-speaking  peoples  had  some  true  idea  about  the  verteber 
of  genius,  namely  power.  As  if  they  must  always  have  it  cut 
and  bias'd  to  the  fashion,  like  a  lady's  cloak  !  What  a  needed 
service  he  performs !  How  he  shakes  our  comfortable  reading 
circles  with  a  touch  of  the  old  Hebraic  anger  and  prophecy — and 
indeed  it  is  just  the  same.  Not  Isaiah  himself  more  scornful, 
more  threatening :  "  The  crown  of  pride,  the  drunkards  of  Eph- 
raim,  shall  be  trodden  under  feet :  And  the  glorious  beauty  which 
is  on  the  head  of  the  fat  valley  shall  be  a  fading  flower."  (The 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS.  !  69 

word  prophecy  is  much  misused  ;  it  seems  narrow'd  to  prediction 
merely.  That  is  not  the  main  sense  of  the  Hebrew  word  trans 
lated  "  prophet ;"  it  means  one  whose  mind  bubbles  up  and  pours 
forth  as  a  fountain,  from  inner,  divine  spontaneities  revealing  God. 
Prediction  is  a  very  minor  part  of  prophecy.  The  great  matter 
is  to  reveal  and  outpour  the  God -like  suggestions  pressing  for 
birth  in  the  soul.  This  is  briefly  the  doctrine  of  the  Friends  or 
Quakers.) 

Then  the  simplicity  and  amid  ostensible  frailty  the  towering 
strength  of  this  man — a  hardy  oak  knot,  you  could  never  wear 
out — an  old  farmer  dress'd  in  brown  clothes,  and  not  handsome 
— his  very  foibles  fascinating.  Who  cares  that  he  wrote  about 
Dr.  Francia,  and  "Shooting  Niagara" — and  "the  Nigger  Ques 
tion," — and  didn't  at  all  admire  our  United  States?  (I  doubt 
if  he  ever  thought  or  said  half  as  bad  words  about  us  as  we  de 
serve.)  How  he  splashes  like  leviathan  in  the  seas  of  modern 
literature  and  politics !  Doubtless,  respecting  the  latter,  one 
needs  first  to  realize,  from  actual  observation,  the  squalor,  vice 
and  doggedness  ingrain'd  in  the  bulk-population  of  the  British 
Islands,  with  the  red  tape,  the  fatuity,  the  flunkeyisrn  everywhere, 
to  understand  the  last  meaning  in  his  pages.  Accordingly,  though 
he  was  no  chartist  or  radical,  I  consider  Carlyle's  by  far  the  most 
indignant  comment  or  protest  anent  the  fruits  of  feudalism  to 
day  in  Great  Britain — the  increasing  poverty  and  degradation  of 
the  homeless,  landless  twenty  millions,  while  a  few  thousands,  or 
rather  a  few  hundreds,  possess  the  entire  soil,  the  money,  and  the 
fat  berths.  Trade  and  shipping,  and  clubs  and  culture,  and  pres 
tige,  and  guns,  and  a  fine  select  class  of  gentry  and  aristocracy, 
with  every  modern  improvement,  cannot  begin  to  salve  or  de 
fend  such  stupendous  hoggishness. 

The  way  to  test  how  much  he  has  left  his  country  were  to  con 
sider,  or  try  to  consider,  for  a  moment,  the  array  of  British 
thought,  the  resultant  ensemble  of  the  last  fifty  years,  as  existing 
to-day,  but  with  Carlyle  left  out.  It  would  be  like  an  army  with 
no  artillery.  The  show  were  still  a  gay  and  rich  one — Byron, 
Scott,  Tennyson,  and  many  more — horsemen  and  rapid  infantry, 
and  banners  flying — but  the  last  heavy  roar  so  dear  to  the  ear  of 
the  train'd  soldier,  and  that  settles  fate  and  victory,  would  be 
lacking. 

For  the  lasj  three  years  we  in  America  have  had  transmitted 
glimpses  of  a  thin-bodied,  lonesome,  wifeless,  childless,  very  old 
man,  lying  on  a  sofa,  kept  out  of  bed  by  indomitable  will,  but, 
of  late,  never  well  enough  to  take  the  open  air.  I  have  noted 
this  news  from  time  to  time  in  brief  descriptions  in  the  papers. 
A  week  ago  I  read  such  an  item  just  before  I  started  out  for  my 


!  7o  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

customary  evening  stroll  between  eight  and  nine.  In  the  fine 
cold  night,  unusually  clear,  (Feb.  5,  '81,)  as  I  walk'd  some  open 
grounds  adjacent,  the  condition  of  Carlyle,  and  his  approaching 
— perhaps  even  then  actual — 'death,  filled  me  with  thoughts 
eluding  statement,  and  curiously  blending  with  the  scene.  The 
planet  Venus,  an  hour  high  in  the  west,  with  all  her  volume 
and  lustre  recover'd,  (she  has  been  shorn  and  languid  for  nearly 
a  year,)  including  an  additional  sentiment  I  never  noticed  before 
— not  merely  voluptuous,  Paphian,  steeping,  fascinating — now 
with  calm  commanding  seriousness  and  hauteur — the  Milo  Ve 
nus  now.  Upward  to  the  zenith,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  and  the  moon 
past  her  quarter,  trailing  in  procession,  with  the  Pleiades  follow 
ing,  and  the  constellation  Taurus,  and  red  Aldebaran.  Not  a 
cloud  in  heaven.  Orion  strode  through  the  southeast,  with  his 
glittering  belt — and  a  trifle  below  hung  the  sun  of  the  night, 
Sirius.  Every  star  dilated,  more  vitreous,  nearer  than  usual.  Not 
as  in  some  clear  nights  when  the  larger  stars  entirely  outshine 
the  rest.  Every  little  star  or  cluster  just  as  distinctly  visible,  and 
just  as  nigh.  Berenice's  hair  showing  every  gem,  and  new  ones. 
To  the  northeast  and  north  the  Sickle,  the  Goat  and  kids,  Cas- 
siopea,  Castor  and  Pollux,  and  the  two  Dippers.  While  through 
the  whole  of  this  silent  indescribable  show,  inclosing  and  bath 
ing  my  whole  receptivity,  ran  the  thought  of  Carlyle  dying.  (To 
soothe  and  spiritualize,  and,  as  far  as  may  be,  solve  the  mysteries 
of  death  and  genius,  consider  them  under  the  stars  at  midnight.) 
And  now  that  he  has  gone  hence,  can  it  be  that  Thomas  Car 
lyle,  soon  to  chemically  dissolve  in  ashes  and  by  winds,  remains 
an  identity  still  ?  In  ways  perhaps  eluding  all  the  statements, 
lore  and  speculations  of  ten  thousand  years — eluding  all  possible 
statements  to  mortal  sense — does  he  yet  exist,  a  definite,  vital 
being,  a  spirit,  an  individual — perhaps  now  wafted  in  space  among 
those  stellar  systems,  which,  suggestive  and  limitless  as  they  are, 
merely  edge  more  limitless,  far  more  suggestive  systems?  I  have 
no  doubt  of  it.  In  silence,  of  a  fine  night,  such  questions  are  an- 
swer'd  to  the  soul,  the  best  answers  that  can  be  given.  With  me, 
too,  when  depress'd  by  some  specially  sad  event,  or  tearing  prob 
lem,  I  wait  till  I  go  out  under  the  stars  for  the  last  voiceless  sat 
isfaction. 

Later  Thoughts  and  "Jottings. 

CARLYLE  FROM  AMERICAN  POINTS  OF  VIEW. 

There  is  surely  at  present  an  inexplicable  rapport  (all  the  more 

piquant  from  its  contradictoriness)  between  that  deceas'd  author 

and  our  United  States  of  America — no  matter  whether  it  lasts  or 

not.*   As  we  Westerners  assume  definite  shape,  and  result  in  for- 

*  It  will  be  difficult  for  the   future — judging  by  his  books,  personal  dis- 
sympathies,  &c., — to  account  for  the  deep  hold  this  author  has  taken  on  t> 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


171 


mations  and  fruitage  unknown  before,  it  is  curious  with  what  a 
new  sense  our  eyes  turn  to  representative  outgrowths  of  crises 
and  personages  in  the  Old  World.  Beyond  question,  since  Car- 
lyle's  death,  and  the  publication  of  Froude's  memoirs,  not  only 
the  interest  in  his  books,  but  every  personal  bit  regarding  the 
famous  Scotchman — his  dyspepsia,  his  buffetings,  his  parentage, 
his  paragon  of  a  wife,  his  career  in  Edinburgh,  in  the  lonesome 
nest  on  Craigenputtock  moor,  and  then  so  many  years  in  London 
— is  probably  wider  and  livelier  to-day  in  this  country  than  in 
his  own  land.  Whether  I  succeed  or  no,  I,  too,  reaching  across 
the  Atlantic  and  taking  the  man's  dark  fortune-telling  of  hu 
manity  and  politics,  would  offset  it  all,  (such  is  the  fancy  that 
comes  to  me,)  by  a  far  more  profound  horoscope-casting  of  those 
themes — G.  F.  Hegel's.* 

First,  about  a  chance,  a  never-fulfill'd  vacuity  of  this  pale  cast 
of  thought — this  British  Hamlet  from  Cheyne  row,  more  puz 
zling  than  the  Danish  one,  with  his  contrivances  for  settling  the 
broken  and  spavin'd  joints  of  the  world's  government,  especially 
its  democratic  dislocation.  Carlyle's  grim  fate  was  cast  to  live 
and  dwell  in,  and  largely  embody,  the  parturition  agony  and 
qualms  of  the  old  order,  amid  crowded  accumulations  of  ghastly 
morbidity,  giving  birth  to  the  new.  But  conceive  of  him  (or 
his  parents  before  him)  coming  to  America,  recuperated  by  the 
cheering  realities  and  activity  of  our  people  and  country — grow 
ing  up  and  delving  face-to-face  resolutely  among  us  here,  espe 
cially  at  the  West — inhaling  and  exhaling  our  limitless  air  and  eli 
gibilities — devoting  his  mind  to  the  theories  and  developments 
of  this  Republic  amid  its  practical  facts  as  exemplified  in  Kan 
sas,  Missouri,  Illinois,  Tennessee,  or  Louisiana.  I  say  faffs,  and 

present  age,  and  the  way  he  has  color'd  its  method  and  thought.  I  am  cer 
tainly  at  a  loss  to  account  for  it  all  as  affecting  myself.  But  there  could  be 
no  view,  or  even  partial  picture,  of  the  middle  and  latter  part  of  our  Nine 
teenth  century,  that  did  not  markedly  include  Thomas  Carlyle.  In  his  case 
(as  so  many  others,  literary  productions,  works  of  art,  personal  identities, 
events,)  there  has  been  an  impalpable  something  more  effective  than  the  pal 
pable.  Then  I  find  no  better  text,  (it  is  always  important  to  have  a  definite, 
special,  even  oppositional,  living  man  to  start  from,)  for  sending  out  certain 
speculations  and  comparisons  for  home  use.  Let  us  see  what  they  amount  to 
— those  reactionary  doctrines,  fears,  scornful  analyses  of  democracy — even 
from  the  most  erudite  and  sincere  mind  of  Europe. 

*  Not  the  least  mentionable  part  of  the  case,  (a  streak,  it  may  be,  of  that 
humor  with  which  history  and  fate  love  to  contrast  their  gravity,)  is  that  al 
though  neither  of  my  great  authorities  during  their  lives  consider'd  the  United 
States  worthy  of  serious  mention,  all  the  principal  works  of  both  might  not 
inappropriately  be  this  day  collected  and  bound  up  under  the  conspicuous 
title  :  "  Speculations  for  the  use  of  North  America,  and  Democracy  there,  -with 
the  relations  of  the  same  to  Metaphvsics,  including  Lessons  and  Warnings 
(encouragements  too,  and  of  the  vastest,)  from  the  Old  World  to  the  New." 


172  SPE  CLMEN  DA  YS. 

face-to-face  confrontings — so  different  from  books,  and  all  those 
quiddities  and  mere  reports  in  the  libraries,  upon  which  the  man 
(it  was  wittily  said  of  him  at  the  age  of  thirty,  that  there  was 
no  one  in  Scotland  who  had  glean'd  so  much  and  seen  so  little,) 
almost  wholly  fed,  and  which  even  his  sturdy  and  vital  mind  but 
reflected  at  best. 

Something  of  the  sort  narrowly  escaped  happening.  In  1835, 
after  more  than  a  dozen  years  of  trial  and  non -success,  the  author 
of  "Sartor  Resartus"  removing  to  London,  very  poor,  a  con 
firmed  hypochondriac,  "Sartor"  universally  scoffed  at,  no  lite 
rary  prospects  ahead,  deliberately  settled  on  one  last  casting- 
throw  of  the  literary  dice — resolv'd  to  compose  and  launch  forth 
a  book  on  the  subject  of  the  French  Revolution — and  if  that  won 
no  higher  guerdon  or  prize  than  hitherto,  to  sternly  abandon  the 
trade  of  author  forever,  and  emigrate  for  good  to  America.  But 
the  venture  turn'd  out  a  lucky  one,  and  there  was  no  emigration. 

Carlyle's  work  in  the  sphere  of  literature  as  he  commenced 
and  carried  it  out,  is  the  same  in  one  or  two  leading  respects  that 
Immanuel  Kant's  was  in  speculative  philosophy.  But  the  Scotch 
man  had  none  of  the  stomachic  phlegm  and  never- perturb'd  pla 
cidity  of  the  Konigsberg  sage,  and  did  not,  like  the  latter,  under 
stand  his  own  limits,  and  stop  when  he  got  to  the  end  of  them. 
He  clears  away  jungle  and  poison-vines  and  underbrush — at  any 
rate  hacks  valiantly  at  them,  smiting  hip  and  thigh.  Kant  did 
the  like  in  his  sphere,  and  it  was  all  he  profess'd  to  do  ;  his  labors 
have  left  the  ground  fully  prepared  ever  since — and  greater  ser 
vice  was  probably  never  perform'd  by  mortal  man.  But  the  pang 
and  hiatus  of  Carlvle  seem  to  me  to  consist  in  the  evidence 
everywhere  that  amid  a  whirl  of  fog  and  fury  and  cross-purposes, 
he  firmly  believ'd  he  had  a  clue  to  the  medication  of  the  world's 
ills,  and  that  his  bounden  mission  was  to  exploit  it.* 

There  were  two  anchors,  or  sheet-anchors,  for  steadying,  as  a 
last  resort,  the  Carlylean  ship.  One  will  be  specified  presently. 
The  other,  perhaps  the  main,  was  only  to  be  found  in  some 
mark'd  form  of  personal  force,  an  extreme  degree  of  competent 
urge  and  will,  a  man  or  men  "born  to  command."  Probably 
there  ran  through  every  vein  and  current  of  the  Scotchman's 
blood  something  that  warm'd  up  to  this  kind  of  trait  and  char 
acter  above  aught  else  in  the  world,  and  which  makes  him  in  my 

*  I  hope  I  shall  not  myself  fall  into  the  error  I  charge  upon  him,  of  pre 
scribing  a  specific  for  indispensable  evils.  My  utmost  pretension  is  probably 
but  to  offset  that  old  claim  of  the  exclusively  curative  power  of  first-class  in 
dividual  men,  as  leaders  and  rulers,  by  the  claims,  and  general  movement  and 
result,  of  ideas.  Something  of  the  latter  kind  seems  to  me  the  distinctive 
theory  of  America,  of  democracy,  and  of  the  modern — or  rather,  I  should 
say,  it  is  democracy,  and  is  the  modern. 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


173 


opinion  the  chief  celebrater  and  promulger  of  it  in  literature — 
more  than  Plutarch,  more  than  Shakspere.  The  great  masses  of 
humanity  stand  for  nothing — at  least  nothing  but  nebulous  raw 
material ;  only  the  big  planets  and  shining  suns  for  him.  To 
ideas  almost  invariably  languid  or  cold,  a  number-one  forceful 
personality  was  sure  to  rouse  his  eulogistic  passion  and  savage 
joy.  In  such  case,  even  the  standard  of  duty  hereinafter  rais'd, 
was  to  be  instantly  lower'd  and  vail'd.  All  that  is  compre 
hended  under  the  terms  republicanism  and  democracy  were  dis 
tasteful  to  him  from  the  first,  and  as  he  grew  older  they  became 
hateful  and  contemptible.  For  an  undoubtedly  candid  and  pen 
etrating  faculty  such  as  his,  the  bearings  he  persistently  ignored 
were  marvellous.  For  instance,  the  promise,  nay  certainty  of 
the  democratic  principle,  to  each  and  every  State  of  the  current 
world,  not  so  much  ot  helping  it  to  perfect  legislators  and  execu 
tives,  but  as  the  only  effectual  method  for  surely,  however  slowly, 
training  people  on  a  large  scale  toward  voluntarily  ruling  and 
managing  themselves  (frhe  ultimate  aim  of  political  and  all  other 
development) — to  gradually  reduce  the  fact  of  governing  to  its 
minimum,  and  to  subject  all  its  staffs  and  their  doings  to  the  tele 
scopes  and  microscopes  of  committees  and  parties — and  greatest 
of  all,  to  afford  (not  stagnation  and  obedient  content,  which  went 
well  enough  with  the  feudalism  and  ecclesiasticism  of  the  antique 
and  medieval  world,  but)  a  vast  and  sane  and  recurrent  ebb  and 
tide  action  for  those  floods  of  the  great  deep  that  have  hence 
forth  palpably  burst  forever  their  old  bounds — seem  never  to 
have  enter'd  Carlyle's  thought.  It  was  splendid  how  he  refus'd 
any  compromise  to  the  last.  He  was  curiously  antique.  In  that 
harsh,  picturesque,  most  potent  voice  and  figure,  one  seems 
to  be  carried  back  from  the  present  of  the  British  islands  more 
than  two  thousand  years,  to  the  range  between  Jerusalem  and 
Tarsus.  His  fullest  best  biographer  justly  says  of  him : 

''  He  was  a  teacher  and  a  prophet,  in  the  Jewish  sense  of  the  word.  The 
prophecies  of  Isaiah  and  Jeremiah  have  become  a  part  of  the  permanent  spir 
itual  inheritance  of  mankind,  because  events  proved  that  they  had  interpreted 
correctly  the  signs  of  their  own  times,  and  their  prophecies  were  fulfill'd. 
Carlyle,  like  them,  believ'd  that  he  had  a  special  message  to  deliver  to  the 
present  age.  Whether  he  was  correct  in  that  belief,  and  whether  his  message 
was  a  true  message,  remains  to  be  seen.  He  has  told  us  that  our  most  cher- 
ish'd  ideas  of  political  liberty,  with  their  kindred  corollaries,  are  mere  illu 
sions,  and  that  the  progress  which  has  seem'd  to  go  along  with  them  is  a 
progress  towards  anarchy  and  social  dissolution.  If  he  was  wrong,  he  has 
misused  his  powers.  The  principles  of  his  teachings  are  false.  He  has  offer'd 
himself  as  a  guide  upon  a  road  of  which  he  had  no  knowledge ;  and  his  own 
desire  for  himself  would  be  the  speediest  oblivion  both  of  his  person  and  his 
works.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  he  has  been  right;  if,  like  his  great  prede 
cessors,  he  has  read  truly  the  tendencies  of  this  modern  age  of  ours,  and  his 


174 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


teaching  is  authenticated  by  facts,  then  Carlyle,  too,  will  take  his  place  among 
the  inspired  seers." 

To  which  I  add  an  amendment  that  under  no  circumstances, 
and  no  matter  how  completely  time  and  events  disprove  his  lurid 
vaticinations,  should  the  English-speaking  world  forget  this  man, 
nor  fail  to  hold  in  honor  his  unsurpass'd  conscience,  his  unique 
method,  and  his  honest  fame.  Never  were  convictions  more 
earnest  and  genuine.  Never  was  there  less  of  a  flunkey  or  tem 
porizer.  Never  had  political  progressivism  a  foe  it  could  more 
heartily  respect. 

The  second  main  point  of  Carlyle's  utterance  was  the  idea  of 
duty  being  done.  (It  is  simply  a  new  codicil — if  it  be  particularly 
new,  which  is  by  no  means  certain — on  the  time-honor'd  bequest 
of  dynasticism,  the  mould-eaten  rules  of  legitimacy  and  kings.) 
He  seems  to  have  been  impatient  sometimes  to  madness  when 
reminded  by  persons  who  thought  at  least  as  deeply  as  himself, 
that  this  formula,  though  precious,  is  rather  a  vague  one,  and  that 
there  are  many  other  considerations  to  a  philosophical  estimate 
of  each  and  every  department  either  in  general  history  or  indi 
vidual  affairs. 

Altogether,  I  don't  know  anything  more  amazing  than  these 
persistent  strides  and  throbbings  so  far  through  our  Nineteenth 
century  of  perhaps  its  biggest,  sharpest,  and  most  erudite  brain, 
in  defiance  and  discontent  with  everything ;  contemptuously 
ignoring,  (either  from  constitutional  inaptitude,  ignorance  itself, 
or  more  likely  because  he  demanded  a  definite  cure-all  here  and 
now,)  the  only  solace  and  solvent  to  be  had. 

There  is,  apart  from  mere  intellect,  in  the  make-up  of  every 
superior  human  identity,  (in  its  moral  completeness,  considered 
as  ensemble,  not  for  that  moral  alone,  but  for  the  whole  being,  in 
cluding  physique,)  a  wondrous  something  that  realizes  without 
argument,  frequently  without  what  is  called  education,  (though 
I  think  it  the  goal  and  apex  of  all  education  deserving  the  name) — 
an  intuition  of  the  absolute  balance,  in  time  and  space,  of  the 
whole  of  this  multifarious,  mad  chaos  of  fraud,  frivolity,  hoggish- 
ness — this  revel  of  fools,  and  incredible  make-believe  and  general 
unsettledness,  we  call  the  ivorld;  a  soul-sight  of  that  divine  clue 
and  unseen  thread  which  holds  the  whole  congeries  of  things,  all 
history  and  time,  and  all  events,  however  trivial,  however  mo 
mentous,  like  a  leash'd  dog  in  the  hand  of  the  hunter.  Such 
soul-sight  and  root-centre  for  the  mind — mere  optimism  explains 
only  the  surface  or  fringe  of  it — Carlyle  was  mostly,  perhaps  en 
tirely  without.  He  seems  instead  to  have  been  haunted  in  the 
play  of  his  mental  action  by  a  spectre,  never  entirely  laid  from 
first  to  last,  (Greek  scholars,  I  believe,  find  the  same  mocking  and 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


175 


fantastic  apparition  attending  Aristophanes,  his  comedies,) — the 
spectre  of  world-destruction. 

How  largest  triumph  or  failure  in  human  life,  in  war  or  peace, 
may  depend  on  some  little  hidden  centrality,  hardly  more  than 
a  drop  of  blood,  a  pulse-beat,  or  a  breath  of  air  !  It  is  certain 
that  all  these  weighty  matters,  democracy  in  America,  Carlyle- 
ism,  and  the  temperament  for  deepest  political  or  literary  explo 
ration,  turn  on  a  simple  point  in  speculative  philosophy. 

The  most  profound  theme  that  can  occupy  the  mind  of  man — 
the  problem  on  whose  solution  science,  art,  the  bases  and  pur 
suits  of  nations,  and  everything  else,  including  intelligent  human 
happiness,  (here  to-day,  1882,  New  York,  Texas,  California,  the 
same  as  all  times,  all  lands,)  subtly  and  finally  resting,  depends 
for  competent  outset  and  argument,  is  doubtless  involved  in  the 
query :  What  is  the  fusing  explanation  and  tie — what  the  rela 
tion  between  the  (radical,  democratic)  Me,  the  human  identity 
of  understanding,  emotions,  spirit,  &c.,  on  the  one  side,  of  and 
with  the  (conservative)  Not  Me,  the  whole  of  the  material  ob 
jective  universe  and  laws,  with  what  is  behind  them  in  time  and 
space,  on  the  other  side?  Immanuel  Kant,  though  he  explain'd, 
or  partially  explain'd,  as  may  be  said,  the  laws  of  the  human 
understanding,  left  this  question  an  open  one.  Schelling's  an 
swer,  or  suggestion  of  answer,  is  (and  very  valuable  and  impor 
tant,  as  far  as  it  goes,)  that  the  same  general  and  particular  intelli 
gence,  passion,  even  the  standards  of  right  and  wrong,  which  exist 
in  a  conscious  and  formulated  state  in  man,  exist  in  an  uncon 
scious  state,  or  in  perceptible  analogies,  throughout  the  entire 
universe  of  external  Nature,  in  all  its  objects  large  or  small,  and 
all  its  movements  and  processes — thus  making  the  impalpable 
human  mind,  and  concrete  Nature,  notwithstanding  their  duality 
and  separation,  convertible,  and  in  centrality  and  essence  one. 
But  G.  F.  Hegel's  fuller  statement  of  the  matter  probably  remains 
the  last  best  word  that  has  been  said  upon  it,  up  to  date.  Sub 
stantially  adopting  the  scheme  just  epitomized,  he  so  carries  it 
out  and  fortifies  it  and  merges  everything  in  it,  with  certain 
serious  gaps  now  for  the  first  time  fill'd,  that  it  becomes  a  cohe 
rent  metaphysical  system,  and  substantial  answer  (as  far  as  there 
can  be  any  answer)  to  the  foregoing  question — a  system  which, 
while  I  distinctly  admit  that  the  brain  of  the  future  may  add  to, 
revise,  and  even  entirely  reconstruct,  at  any  rate  beams  forth 
to-day,  in  its  entirety,  illuminating  the  thought  of  the  universe, 
and  satisfying  the  mystery  thereof  to  the  human  mind,  with  a 
more  consoling  scientific  assurance  than  any  yet. 

According  to  Hegel  the  whole  earth,  (an  old  nucleus-thought, 
as  in  the  Vedas,  and  no  doubt  before,  but  never  hitherto  brought 


I  7  6  SPE  CIMEN  DA  }  'S. 

so  absolutely  to  the  front,  fully  surcharged  with  modern  scientism 
and  facts,  and  made  the  sole  entrance  to  each  and  all,)  with  its 
infinite  variety,  the  past,  the  surroundings  of  to-day,  or  what 
may  happen  in  the  future,  the  contrarieties  of  material  with  spir 
itual,  and  of  natural  with  artificial,  are  all,  to  the  eye  of  the  eti- 
semblist,  but  necessary  sides  and  unfoldings,  different  steps  or 
links,  in  the  endless  process  of  Creative  thought,  which,  cmid 
numberless  apparent  failures  and  contradictions,  is  held  together 
by  central  and  never-broken  unity — not  contradictions  or  failurts 
at  all,  but  radiations  of  one  consistent  and  eternal  purpose  ;  the 
whole  mass  of  everything  steadily,  unerringly  tending  and  flow 
ing  toward  the  permanent  utile  and  morale,  as  rivers  to  oceans. 
As  life  is  the  whole  law  and  incessant  effort  of  the  visible  uni 
verse,  and  death  only  the  other  or  invisible  side  of  the  same,  so 
the  ittile,  so  truth,  so  health,  are  the  continuous-immutable  laws 
of  the  moral  universe,  and  vice  and  disease,  with  all  their  pertur 
bations,  are  but  transient,  even  if  ever  so  prevalent  expressions. 

To  politics  throughout,  Hegel  applies  the  like  catholic  standard 
and  faith.  Not  any  one  party,  or  any  one  form  of  government, 
is  absolutely  and  exclusively  true.  Truth  consists  in  the  just  re 
lations  of  objects  to  each  other.  A  majority  or  democracy 
may  rule  as  outrageously  and  do  as  great  harm  as  an  oligarchy  or 
despotism— though  far  less  likely  to  do  so.  But  the  great  evil  is 
either  a  violation  of  the  relations  just  referr'd  to,  or  of  the  moral 
law.  The  specious,  the  unjust,  the  cruel,  and  what  is  called  the 
unnatural,  though  not  only  permitted  but  in  a  certain  sense,  (like 
shade  to  light,)  inevitable  in  the  divine  scheme,  are  by  the  whole 
constitution  of  that  scheme,  partial,  inconsistent,  temporary,  and 
though  having  ever  so  great  an  ostensible  majority,  are  certainly 
destin'd  to  failure,  after  causing  great  suffering. 

Theology,  Hegel  translates  into  science.*  All  apparent  con 
tradictions  in  the  statement  of  the  Deific  nature  by  different 
ages,  nations,  churches,  points  of  view,  are  but  fractional  and 
imperfect  expressions  of  one  essential  unity,  from  which  they  all 
proceed — crude  endeavors  or  distorted  parts,  to  be  regarded  both 
as  distinct  and  united.  In  short  (to  put  it  in  our  own  form,  or 
summing  up,)  that  thinker  or  analyzer  or  overlooker  who  by  an 
inscrutable  combination  of  train'd  wisdom  and  natural  intuition 
most  fully  accepts  in  perfect  faith  the  moral  unity  and  sanity 
of  the  creative  scheme,  in  history,  science,  and  all  life  and  time, 
present  and  future,  is  both  the  truest  cosmical  devotee  or  religi- 
oso,  and  the  profoundest  philosopher.  While  he  who,  by  the 
spell  of  himself  and  his  circumstance,  sees  darkness  and  despair 

*  I  am  much  indebted  to  J.  Gostick's  abstract. 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  YS.  177 

in  the  sum  of  the  workings  of  God's  providence,  and  who,  in 
that,  denies  or  prevaricates,  is,  no  matter  how  much  piety  plays 
on  his  lips,  the  most  radical  sinner  and  infidel. 

I  am  the  more  assured  in  recounting  Hegel  a  little  freely  here,* 
not  only  for  offsetting  the  Carlylean  letter  and  spirit — cutting  it 
out  all  and  several  from  the  very  roots,  and  below  the  roots — but 
to  counterpoise,  since  the  late  death  and  deserv'd  apotheosis  of 
Darwin,  the  tenets  of  the  evolutionists.  Unspeakably  precious 
as  those  are  to  biology,  and  henceforth  indispensable  to  a  right 
aim  and  estimate  in  study,  they  neither  comprise  or  explain  every 
thing — and  the  last  word  or  whisper  still  remains  to  be  breathed, 
after  the  utmost  of  those  claims,  floating  high  and  forever  above 
them  all,  and  above  technical  metaphysics.  While  the  contribu 
tions  which  German  Kant  and  Fichte  and  Schelling  and  Hegel 
have  bequeath'd  to  humanity — and  which  English  Darwin  has 
also  in  his  field — are  indispensable  to  the  erudition  of  America's 
future,  I  should  say  that  in  all  of  them,  and  the  best  of  them, 
when  compared  with  the  lightning  flashes  and  flights  of  the  old 
prophets  and  exaltes,  the  spiritual  poets  and  poetry  of  all  lands, 
(as  in  the  Hebrew  Bible,)  there  seems  to  be,  nay  certainly  is, 
something  lacking — something  cold,  a  failure  to  satisfy  the  deep 
est  emotions  of  the  soul — a  want  of  living  glow,  fondness, 
warmth,  which  the  old  exaltes  "and  poets  supply,  and  which  the 
keenest  modern  philosophers  so  far  do  not. 

Upon  the  whole,  and  for  our  purposes,  this  man's  name  cer 
tainly  belongs  on  the  list' with  the  just-specified,  first-class  moral 
physicians  of  our  current  era — and  with  Emerson  and  two  or 
three  others — though  his  prescription  is  drastic,  and  perhaps  de 
structive,  while  theirs  is  assimilating,  normal  and  tonic.  Feudal 
at  the  core,  and  mental  offspring  and  radiation  of  feudalism  as 
are  his  books,  they  afford  ever-valuable  lessons  and  affinities  to 
democratic  America.  Nations  or  individuals,  we  surely  learn 
deepest  from  unlikeness,  from  a  sincere  opponent,  from  the  light 
thrown  even  scornfully  on  dangerous  spots  and  liabilities.  (Mi 
chel  Angelo  invoked  heaven's  special  protection  against  his  friends 
and  affectionate  flatterers;  palpable  foes  he  could  manage  for 

*  I  have  deliberately  repeated  it  all,  not  only  in  offset  to  Carlyle's  ever- 
lurking  pessimism  and  world-decadence,  but  as  presenting  the  most  thoroughly 
American  points  of  view  I  know.  In  my  opinion  the  above  formulas  of  He 
gel  are  an  essential  and  crowning  justification  of  New  World  democracy  in  the 
creative  realms  of  time  and  space.  There  is  that  about  them  which  only  the 
vastness,  the  multiplicity  and  the  vitality  of  America  would  seem  able  to  com 
prehend,  to  give  scope  and  illustration  to,  or  to  be  fit  for,  or  even  originate. 
It  is  strange  to  me  that  they  were  born  in  Germany,  or  in  the  old  world  at  all. 
While  a  Carlyle,  I  should  say,  is  quite  the  legitimate  European  product  to  be 
expected. 


!  78  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

himself.)  In  many  particulars  Carlyle  was  indeed,  as  Froude 
terms  him,  one  of  those  far-off  Hebraic  utterers,  a  new  Micah  or 
Habbakuk.  His  words  at  times  bubble  forth  with  abysmic  inspira 
tion.  Always  precious,  such  men  ;  as  precious  now  as  any  time. 
His  rude,  rasping,  taunting,  contradictory  tones — what  ones  are 
more  wanted  amid  the  supple,  polish'd,  money- worshipping,  Je- 
sus-and-Judas-equalizing,  suffrage-sovereignty  echoes  of  current 
America?  He  has  lit  up  our  Nineteenth  century  with  the  light 
of  a  powerful,  penetrating,  and  perfectly  honest  intellect  of  the 
first-class,  turn'd  on  British  and  European  politics,  social  life, 
literature,  and  representative  personages — thoroughly  dissatisfied 
with  all,  and  mercilessly  exposing  the  illness  of  all.  But  while  he 
announces  the  malady,  and  scolds  and  raves  about  it,  he  himself, 
born  and  bred  in  the  same  atmosphere,  is  a  mark'd  illustration  of  it. 

A  COUPLE  OF  OLD  FRIENDS— A  COLERIDGE  BIT. 

Latter  April, — Have  run  down  in  my  country  haunt  for  a  couple 
of  days,  and  am  spending  them  by  the  pond.  I  had  already  dis- 
cover'd  my  kingfisher  here  (but  only  one — the  mate  not  here 
yet.)  This  fine  bright  morning,  down  by  the  creek,  he  has  come 
out  for  a  spree,  circling,  flirting,  chirping  at  a  round  rate.  While 
I  am  writing  these  lines  he  is  disporting  himself  in  scoots  and 
rings  over  the  wider  parts  of  the  pond,  into  whose  surface  he 
dashes,  once  or  twice  making  a  loud  souse — the  spray  flying  in 
the  sun — beautiful !  I  see  his  white  and  dark-gray  plumage  and 
peculiar  shape  plainly,  as  he  has  deign'd  to  come  very  near  me. 
The  noble,  graceful  bird  !  Now  he  is  sitting  on  the  limb  of  an 
old  tree,  high  up,  bending  over  the  water — seems  to  be  looking 
at  me  while  I  memorandize.  I  almost  fancy  he  knows  me.  Three 
days  later. — My  second  kingfisher  is  here  with  his  (or  her)  mate. 
I  saw  the  two  together  flying  and  whirling  around.  I  had  heard, 
in  the  distance,  what  I  thought  was  the  clear  rasping  staccato  of 
the  birds  several  times  already — but  I  couldn't  be  sure  the  notes 
came  from  both  until  I  saw  them  together.  To-day  at  noon  they 
appear'd,  but  apparently  either  on  business,  or  for  a  little  limited 
exercise  only.  No  wild  frolic  now,  full  of  free  fun  and  motion,  up 
and  down  for  an  hour.  Doubtless,  now  they  have  cares,  duties,  in 
cubation  responsibilities.  The  frolics  are  deferr'd  till  summer-close. 

I  don't  know  as  I  can  finish  to-day's  memorandum  better  than 
with  Coleridge's  lines,  curiously  appropriate  in  more  ways  than  One : 

"  All  Nature  seems  at  work — slugs  leave  their  lair, 
The  bees  are  stirring — birds  are  on  the  wing, 
And  winter,  slumbering  in  the  open  air, 
Wears  on  his  smiling  face  a  dream  of  spring; 
And  I,  the  while,  the  sole  unbusy  thing, 
Nor  honey  make,  nor  pair,  nor  build,  nor  sing." 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


A  WEEK'S  VISIT  TO  BOSTON. 


179 


May  i,  '<?/. — Seems  as  if  all  the  ways  and  means  of  American 
travel  to-day  had  been  settled,  not  only  with  reference  to  speed 
and  directness,  but  for  the  comfort  of  women,  children,  invalids, 
and  old  fellows  like  me.  I  went  on  by  a  through  train  that  runs 
daily  from  Washington  to  the  Yankee  metropolis  without  change. 
You  get  in  a  sleeping-car  soon  after  dark  in  Philadelphia,  and 
after  ruminating  an  hour  or  two,  have  your  bed  made  up  if  you 
like,  draw  the  curtains,  and  go  to  sleep  in  it — fly  on  through  Jer 
sey  to  New  York — hear  in  your  half-slumbers  a  dull  jolting  and 
bumping  sound  or  two — are  unconsciously  toted  from  Jersey  city 
by  a  midnight  steamer  around  the  Battery  and  under  the  big 
bridge  to  the  track  of  the  New  Haven  road — resume  your  flight 
eastward,  and  early  the  next  morning  you  wake  up  in  Boston.  All 
of  which  was  my  experience.  I  wanted  to  go  to  the  Revere  house. 
A  tall  unknown  gentleman,  (a  fellow-passenger  on  his  way  to 
Newport  he  told  me,  I  had  just  chatted  a  few  moments  before 
with  him,)  assisted  me  out  through  the  depot  crowd,  procured  a 
hack,  put  me  in  it  with  my  traveling  bag,  saying  smilingly  and 
quietly,  "Now  I  want  you  to  let  this  be  my  ride,"  paid  the 
driver,  and  before  I  could  remonstrate  bow'd  himself  off. 

The  occasion  of  my  jaunt,  I  suppose  I  had  better  say  here,  was 
for  a  public  reading  of  "  the  death  of  Abraham  Lincoln  "  essay, 
on  the  sixteenth  anniversary  of  that  tragedy ;  which  reading  duly 
came  off,  night  of  April  15.  Then  I  linger'da  week  in  Boston — 
felt  pretty  well  (the  mood  propitious,  my  paralysis  lull'd) — went 
around  everywhere,  and  saw  all  that  was  to  be  seen,  especially 
human  beings.  Boston's  immense  material  growth — commerce, 
finance,  commission  stores,  the  plethora  of  goods,  the  crowded 
streets  and  sidewalks — made  of  course  the  first  surprising  show. 
In  my  trip  out  West,  last  year,  I  thought  the  wand  of  future  pros 
perity,  future  empire,  must  soon  surely  be  wielded  by  St.  Louis, 
Chicago,  beautiful  Denver,  perhaps  San  Francisco ;  but  I  see  the 
said  wand  stretch'd  out  just  as  decidedly  in  Boston,  with  just  as 
much  certainty  of  staying;  evidences  of  copious  capital — in 
deed  no  centre  of  the  New  World  ahead  of  it,  (half  the  big  rail 
roads  in  the  West  are  built  with  Yankees'  money,  and  they  take 
the  dividends.)  Old  Boston  with  its  zigzag  streets  and  multitudi 
nous  angles,  (crush  up  a  sheet  of  letter-paper  in  your  hand,  throw 
it  down,  stamp  it  flat,  and  that  is  a  map  of  old  Boston) — new 
Boston  with  its  miles  upon  miles  of  large  and  costly  houses — 
Beacon  street,  Commonwealth  avenue,  and  a  hundred  others.  But 
the  best  new  departures  and  expansions  of  Boston,  and  of  all  the 
cities  of  New  England,  are  in  another  direction. 


j  So  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. . 

THE  BOSTON  OF  TO-DAY. 

In  the  letters  we  get  from  Dr.  Schliemann  (interesting  but 
fishy)  about  his  excavations  there  in  the  far -off  Homeric  area,  I 
notice  cities,  ruins,  &c.,  as  he  digs  them  out  of  their  graves,  are  cer 
tain  to  be  in  layers — that  is  to  say,  upon  the  foundation  of  an 
old  concern,  very  far  down  indeed,  is  always  another  city  or  set 
of  ruins,  and  upon  that  another  superadded — and  sometimes  upon 
that  still  another — each  representing  either  a  long  or  rapid  stage 
of  growth  and  development,  different  from  its  predecessor,  but 
unerringly  growing  out  of  and  resting  on  it.  In  the  moral,  emo 
tional,  heroic,  and  human  growths,  (the  main  of  a  race  in  my 
opinion,)  something  of  this  kind  has  certainly  taken  place  in 
Boston.  The  New  England  metropolis  of  to-day  may  be  de 
scribed  as  sunny,  (there  is  something  else  that  makes  warmth, 
mastering  even  winds  and  meteorologies,  though  those  are  not  to 
be  sneez'd  at,)  joyous,  receptive,  full  of  ardor,  sparkle,  a  certain 
element  of  yearning,  magnificently  tolerant,  yet  not  tobefool'd; 
fond  of  good  eating  and  drinking — costly  in  costume  as  its  purse 
ran  buy;  and  all  through  its  best  average  of  houses,  streets, 
people,  that  subtle  something  (generally  thought  to  be  climate, 
but  it  is  not — it  is  something  indefinable  amid  the  race,  the  turn 
of  its  development)  which  effuses  behind  the  whirl  of  animation, 
study,  business,  a  happy  and  joyous  public  spirit,  as  distinguished 
from  a  sluggish  and  saturnine  one.  Makes  me  think  of  the  glints 
we  get  (as  in  Symonds's  books)  of  the  jolly  old  Greek  cities.  In 
deed  there  is  a  good  deal  of  the  Hellenic  in  B.,  and  the  people 
are  getting  handsomer  too — padded  out,  with  freer  motions,  and 
with  color  in  their  faces.  I  never  saw  (although  this  is  not  Greek) 
so  many  fine- looking  gray  hair*  d  -women.  At  my  lecture  I  caught 
myself  pausing  more  than  once  to  look  at  them,  plentiful  every 
where  through  the  audience — healthy  and  wifely  and  motherly, 
and  wonderfully  charming  and  beautiful — I  think  sach  as  no  time 
or  land  but  ours  could  show. 

MY  TRIBUTE  TO  FOUR  POETS. 

April  16. — A  short  but  pleasant  visit  to  Longfellow.  I  am  not 
one  of  the  calling  kind,  but  as  the  author  of  "  Evangeline  " 
kindly  took  the  trouble  to  come  and  see  me  three  years  ago  in 
Camden,  where  I  was  ill,  I  felt  not  only  the  impulse  of  my  own 
pleasure  on  that  occasion,  but  a  duty.  He  was  the  only  particular 
eminence  I  called  on  in  Boston,  and  I  shall  not  soon  forget  his 
lit-up  face  and  glowing  warmth  and  courtesy,  in  the  modes  of 
what  is  called  the  old  school. 

And  now  just  here  I  feel  the  impulse  to  interpolate  something 
about  the  mighty  four  who  stamp  this  first  American  century  with 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  YS.  !  3  x 

its  birth-marks  of  poetic  literature.  In  a  late  magazine  one  of  my 
reviewers,  who  ought  to  know  better,  speaks  of  my  "  attitude  of 
contempt  and  scorn  and  intolerance"  toward  the  leadingpoets — 
of  my  "deriding"  them,  and  preaching  their  "  uselessness. "  If 
anybody  cares  to  know  what  I  think — and  have  long  thought 
and  avow'd — about  them,  I  am  entirely  willing  to  propound. 
I  can't  imagine  any  better  luck  befalling  these  States  for  a 
poetical  beginning  and  initiation  than  has  come  from  Emerson, 
Longfellow,  Bryant,  and  Whittier.  Emerson,  to  me,  stands  un 
mistakably  at  the  head,  but  for  the  others  I  am  at  a  loss  where  to 
give  any  precedence.  Each  illustrious,  each  rounded,  each  dis 
tinctive.  Emerson  for  his  sweet,  vital-tasting  melody,  rhym'd 
philosophy,  and  poems  as  amber-clear  as  the  honey  of  the  wild 
bee  he  loves  to  sing.  Longfellow  for  rich  color,  graceful  forms 
and  incidents — all  that  makes  life  beautiful  and  love  refined — 
competing  with  the  singers  of  Europe  on  their  own  ground,  and, 
with  one  exception,  better  and  finer  work  than  that  of  any  of 
them.  Bryant  pulsing  the  first  interior  verse-throbs  of  a  mighty 
world — bard  of  the  river  and  the  wood,  ever  conveying  a  taste 
of  open  air,  with  scents  as  from  hayfields,  grapes,  birch-bor 
ders — always  lurkingly  fond  of  threnodies — beginning  and  end 
ing  his  long  career  with,  chants  of  death,  with  here  and  there 
through  all,  poems,  or  passages  of  poems,  touching  the  highest 
universal  truths,  enthusiasms,  duties— morals  as  grim  and  eternal, 
if  not  as  stormy  and  fateful,  as  anything  in  Eschylus.  While  in 
Whittier,  with  his  special  themes — (his  outcropping  love  of  hero 
ism  and  war,  for  all  his  Quakerdom,  his  verses  at  times  like  the 
measur'd  step  of  Cromwell's  old  veterans) — in  Whittier  lives 
the  zeal,  the  moral  energy,  that  founded  New  England — the  splen 
did  rectitude  and  ardor  of  Luther,  Milton,  George  Fox — I  must 
not,  dare  not,  say  the  wilfulness  and  narrowness — though  doubt 
less  the  world  needs  now,  and  always  will  need,  almost  above  all, 
just  such  narrowness  and  wilfulness. 

MILLET'S  PICTURES— LAST  ITEMS. 

April  18. — Went  out  three  or  four  miles  to  the  house  of  Quincy 
Shaw,  to  see  a  collection  of  J.  F.  Millet's  pictures.  Two  rapt 
hours.  Never  before  have  I  been  so  penetrated  by  this  kind  of 
expression.  I  stood  long  and  long  before  "  the  Sower."  I  be 
lieve  what  the  picture-men  designate  "the  first  Sower,"  as  the 
artist  executed  a  second  copy,  and  a  third,  and,  some  think,  im 
proved  in  each.  But  I  doubt  it.  There  is  something  in  this 
that  could  hardly  be  caught  again— a  sublime  murkiness  and 
original  pent  fury.  Besides  this  masterpiece,  there  were  many 
others,  (I  shall  never  forget  the  simple  evening  scene,  "Watering 


1 8  2  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

the  Cow,")  all  inimitable,  all  perfect  as  pictures,  works  of  mere 
art ;  and  then  it  seem'd  to  me,  with  that  last  impalpable  ethic 
purpose  from  the  artist  (most  likely  unconscious  to  himself) 
which  I  am  always  looking  for.  To  me  all  of  them  told  the  full 
story  of  what  went  before  and  necessitated  the  great  French  revo 
lution — the  long  precedent  crushing  of  the  masses  of  a  heroic 
people  into  the  earth,  in  abject  poverty,  hunger — every  right  de 
nied,  humanity  attempted  to  be  put  back  for  generations — yet 
Nature's  force,  titanic  here,  the  stronger  and  hardier  for  that 
repression — waiting  terribly  to  break  forth,  revengeful — th£  pres 
sure  on  the  dykes,  and  the  bursting  at  last — the  storming  of  the 
Bastile — the  execution  of  the  king  and  queen — the  tempest  of 
massacres  and  blood.  Yet  who  can  wonder  ? 

Could  we  wish  humanity  different  ? 

Could  we  wish  the  people  made  of  wood  or  stone  ? 

Or  that  there  be  no  justice  in  destiny  or  time  ? 

The  true  France,  base  of  all  -the  rest,  is  certainly  in  these  pic 
tures.  I  comprehend  "  Field-People  Reposing,"  "  the  Diggers," 
and  "  the  Angelus  "  in  this  opinion.  Some  folks  always  think 
of  the  French  as  a  small  race,  five  or  five  and  a  half  feet  high, 
and  ever  frivolous  and  smirking.  Nothing  of  the  sort.  The 
bulk  of  the  personnel  of  France,  before  the  revolution,  was  large- 
sized,  serious,  industrious  as  now,  and  simple.  The  revolution 
and  Napoleon's  wars  dwarf  d  the  standard  of  human  size,  but  it 
will  come  up  again.  If  for  nothing  else,  I  should  dwell  on  my 
brief  Boston  visit  for  opening  to  me  the  new  world  of  Millet's 
pictures.  Will  America  ever  have  such  an  artist  out  of  her  own 
gestation,  body,  soul  ? 

Sunday,  April  if. — An  hour  and  a  half,  late  this  afternoon,  in 
silence  and  half  light,  in  the  great  nave  of  Memorial  hall,  Cam 
bridge,  the  walls  thickly  cover'd  with  mural  tablets,  bearing  the 
names  of  students  and  graduates  of  the  university  who  fell  in  the 
secession  war. 

April  23. — It  was  well  I  got  away  in  fair  order,  for  if  I  had 
staid  another  week  I  should  have  been  killed  with  kindness,  and 
with  eating  and  drinking. 

BIRDS— AND  A  CAUTION. 

May  14. — Home  again  ;  down  temporarily  in  the  Jersey  woods. 
Between  8  and  9  A.M.  a  full  concert  of  birds,  from  different 
quarters,  in  keeping  with  the  fresh  scent,  the  peace,  the  natural 
ness  all  around  me.  I  am  lately  noticing  the  russet-back,  size  of 
the  robin  or  a  trifle  less,  light  breast  and  shoulders,  with  irregular 
dark  stripes — tail  long — sits  hunchM  up  by  the  hour  these  days, 
top  of  a  tall  bush,  or  some  tree,  singing  blithely.  I  often  get 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS.  183 

hear  and  listen,  as  he  seems  tame ;  I  like  to  watch  the  working  of 
his  bill  and  throat,  the  quaint  sidle  of  his  body,  and  flex  of  his 
long  tail.  I  hear  the  woodpecker,  and  night  and  early  morning 
the  shuttle  of  the  whip-poor-will — noons,  the  gurgle  of  thrush 
delicious,  and  meo-o-ow  of  the  cat-bird.  Many  I  cannot  name  ; 
but  I  do  not  very  particularly  seek  information.  (You  must  not 
know  too  much,  or  be  too  precise  or  scientific  about  birds  and 
trees  and  flowers  and  water-craft ;  a  certain  free  margin,  and  even 
vagueness — perhaps  ignorance,  credulity — helps  your  enjoyment 
of  these  things,  and  of  the  sentiment  of  feather'd,  wooded,  river, 
or  marine  Nature  generally.  I  repeat  it — don't  want  to  know 
too  exactly,  or  the  reasons  why.  My  own  notes  have  been  written 
off-hand  in  the  latitude  of  middle  New  Jersey.  Though  they  de 
scribe  what  I  saw — what  appear 'd  to  me-1-!  dare  say  the  expert 
ornithologist,  botanist  or  entomologist  will  detect  more  than  one 
slip  in  them.) 

SAMPLES  OF  MY  COMMON-PLACE  BOOK. 

I  ought  not  to  offer  a  record  of  these  days,  interests,  recu 
perations,  without  including  a  certain  old,  well-thumb'd  com 
mon-place  book,*  filled  with  favorite  excerpts,  I  carried  in  my 

*  Samples  of  my  common-place  book  dcrwn  at  the  creek ; 

I  have — says  old  Pindar — many  swift  arrows  in  my  quiver  which  speak  to 
the  wise,  though  they  need  an  interpreter  to  the  thoughtless. 
Such  a  man  as  it  takes  ages  to  make,  and  ages  to  understand. 

H.  D.  Thoreau. 

If  you  hate  a  man,  don't  kill  him,  but  let  him  live. — Buddhistic. 
Famous  swords  are  made  of  refuse  scraps,  thought  worthless. 
Poetry  is  the  only  verity — the  expression  of  a  sound  mind  speaking  after  the 
ideal — and  not  after  the  apparent. — Emerson. 

The  form  of  oath  among  the  Shoshone  Indians  is,  "  The  earth  hears  me. 
The  sun  hears  me.  Shall  I  lie  ?" 

The  true  test  of  civilization  is  not  the  census,  nor  the  size  of  cities,  nor  the 
crops — no,  but  the  kind  of  a  man  the  country  turns  out. — Emerson. 
The  whole  wide  ether  is  the  eagle's  sway : 
The  whole  earth  is  a  brave  man's  fatherland. — Euripides, 
Spices  crush'd,  their  pungence  yield, 

Trodden  scents  their  sweets  respire ; 
Would  you  have  its  strength  reveal'd  ? 

Cast  the  incense  in  the  fire. 

Matthew  Arnold  speaks  of  "the  huge  Mississippi  of  falsehood  called  His 
tory." 

The  wind  blows  north,  the  wind  blows  south, 

The  wind  blows  east  and  west ; 
No  matter  how  the  free  wind  blows, 
Some  ship  will  find  it  best. 


1 84  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

pocket  for  three  summers,  and  absorb' d  over  and  over  again, 
when  the  mood  invited.     I  find  so  much  in  having  a  poem  or  fine 

Preach  not  toothers  what  they  should  eat,  but  eat  as  becomes  you,  and  be 
silent. — Epictetus. 

Victor  Hugo  makes  a  donkey  meditate  and  apostrophize  thus : 

My  brother,  man,  if  you  would  know  the  truth, 
We  both  are  by  the  same  dull  walls  shut  in; 
The  gate  is  massive  and  the  dungeon  strong. 
But  you  look  through  the  key-hole  out  beyond, 
And  call  this  knowledge ,  yet  have  not  at  hand 
The  key  wherein  to  turn  the  fatal  lock. 

"  William  Cullen  Bryant  surprised  me  once,"  relates  a  writer  in  a  New 
York  paper,  "  by  saying  that  prose  was  the  natural  language  of  composition, 
and  he  wonder' d  how  anybo'dy  came  to  write  poetry." 

Farewell !  I  did  not  know  thy  worth ; 

But  thou  art'gone,  and  now  'tis  prized: 
So  angels  walk'd  unknown  on  earth, 

But  when  they  flew  were  recognized. — Hood. 

John  Burroughs,  writing  of  Thoreau,  says :  "  He  improves  with  age — in 
fact  requires  age  to  take  off  a  little  of  his  asperity,  and  fully  ripen  him.  The 
world  likes  a  good  hater  and  refuser  almost  as  well  as  it  likes  a  good  lover 
and  accepter — only  it  likes  him  farther  off." 

Louise  Michel  at  the  burial  of  Blanqui,  (1881.) 

Blanqui  drill'd  his  body  to  subjection  to  his  grand  conscience  and  his  noble 
passions,  and  commencing  as  a  young  man,  broke  with  all  that  is  sybaritish  in 
modern  civilization.  Without  the  power  to  sacrifice  self,  great  ideas  will 
never  bear  fruit. 

Out  of  the  leaping  furnace  flame 

A  mass  of  molten  silver  came ; 

Then,  beaten  into  pieces  three, 

Went  forth  to  meet  its  destiny. 

The  first  a  crucifix  was  made, 

Within  a  soldier's  knapsack  laid ; 

The  second  was  a  locket  fair, 

Where  a  mother  kept  her  dead  child's  hair; 

The  third — a  bangle,  bright  and  warm, 

Around  a  faithless  woman's  arm. 

A  mighty  pain  to  love  it  is, 
And  'tis  a  pain  that  pain  to  miss ; 
But  of  all  pain  the  greatest  pain, 
It  is  to  love,  but  love  in  vain. 

Maurice  F.  Egan  on  De  Guerin. 

A  pagan  heart,  a  Christian  soul  had  he, 

He  follow'd  Christ,  yet  for  dead  Pan  he  sigh'd, 
•Till  earth  and  heaven  met  within  his  breast: 

As  if  Theocritus  in  Sicily 

Had  come  upon  the  Figure  crucified, 
And  lost  his  gods  in  deep,  Christ-given  rest. 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  YS.  185 

suggestion  sink  into  me  (a  little  then  goes  a  great  ways)  prepar'd 
by  these  vacant-sane  and  natural  influences. 

MY  NATIVE  SAND  AND  SALT  ONCE  MORE. 

July  25,  '<?/. — Far  Rockaway,  L.  1. — A  good  day  here,  on  a 
jaunt,  amid  the  sand  and  salt,  a  steady  breeze  setting  in  from  the 
sea,  the  sun  shining,  the  sedge-odor,  the  noise  of  the  surf,  a  mix 
ture  of  hissing  and  booming,  the  milk-white  crests  curling  over. 
I  had  a  leisurely  bath  and  naked  ramble  as  of  old,  on  the  warm- 
gray  shore-sands,  my  companions  off  in  a  boat  in  deeper  water — 
(I  shouting  to  them  Jupiter's  menaces  against  the  gods,  from 
Pope's  Homer.) 

July  28 — to  Long  Branch, — 8j4  A.  M.,  on  the  steamer  "  Ply 
mouth  Rock,"  foot  of  23d  street,  New  York,  for  Long  Branch. 
Another  fine  day,  fine  sights,  the  shores,  the  shipping  and  bay — 
everything  comforting  to  the  body  and  spirit  of  me.  (I  find  the 
human  and  objective  atmosphere  of  New  York  city  and  Brook 
lyn  more  affiliative  to  me  than  any  other.)  An  hour  later — Still 
on  the  steamer,  now  sniffing  the  salt  very  plainly — the  long  pul 
sating  swash  as  our  boat  steams  seaward — the  hills  of  Navesink 
and  many  passing  vessels — the  air  the  best  part  of  all.  At  Long 

And  if  I  pray,  the  only  prayer 

That  moves  my  lips  for  me, 
Is,  leave  the  mind  that  now  I  bear, 

And  give  me  Liberty. — Emily  Brontf. 

3  travel  on  not  knowing, 

I  would  not  if  I  might; 
I  would  rather  walk  with  God  in  the  dark, 

Than  go  alone  in  the  light; 
I  would  rather  walk  with  Him  by  faith 

Than  pick  my  way  by  sight. 

Prof.  Huxley  in  a  late  lecture. 

I  myself  agree  with  the  sentiment  of  Thomas  Hobbes,  of  Malmesbury,  that 
"  the  scope  of  all  speculation  is  the  performance  of  some  action  or  thing  to  be 
done."  I  have  not  any  very  great  respect  for,  or  interest  in,  mere  "  knowing," 
as  such. 

Prince  Metternich, 

Napoleon  was  of  all  men  in  the  world  the  one  who  most  profoundly  de 
spised  the  race.  He  had  a  marvellous  insight  into  the  weaker  sides  of  human 
nature,  (and  all  our  passions  are  either  foibles  themselves,  or  the  cause  of  foi 
bles.)  He  was  a  very  small  man  of  imposing  character.  He  was  ignorant, 
as  a  sub-lieutenant  generally  is :  a  remarkable  instinct  supplied  the  lack  of 
knowledge.  From  his  mean  opinion  of  men,  he  never  had  any  anxiety  lest 
he  should  go  wrong.  He  ventur'd  everything,  and  gain'd  thereby  an  immense 
step  toward  success.  Throwing  himself  upon  a  prodigious  arena,  he  amaz'd 
the  world,  and  made  himself  master  of  it,  while  others  cannot  even  get  so  far 
as  being  masters  of  their  own  hearth.  Then  he  went  on  and  on,  until  he  broke 
his  neck. 

16 


!  86  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

Branch  the  bulk  of  the  day,  stopt  at  a  good  hotel,  took  all  very 
leisurely,  had  an  excellent  dinner,  and  then  drove  for  over  two 
hours  about  the  place,  especially  Ocean  avenue,  the  finest  drive 
one  can  imagine,  seven  or  eight  miles  right  along  the  beach.  In 
all  directions  costly  villas,  palaces,  millionaires — (but  few  among 
them  I  opine  like  my  friend  George  .W.  Childs,  whose  personal 
integrity,  generosity,  unaffected  simplicity,  go  beyond  all  worldly 
wealth.) 

HOT  WEATHER  NEW  YORK. 

August. — In  the  big  city  awhile.  Even  the  height  of  the  dog- 
days,  there  is  a  good  deal  of  fun  about  New  York,  if  you  only 
avoid  fluster,  and  take  all  the  buoyant  wholesomeness  that  offers. 
More  comfort,  too,  than  most  folks  think.  A  middle-aged  man, 
with  plenty  of  money  in  his  pocket,  tells  me  that  he  has  been  off 
for  a  month  to  all  the  swell  places,  has  disburs'd  a  small  fortune, 
has  been  hot  and  out  of  kilter  everywhere,  and  has  return'd 
home  and  lived  in  New  York  city  the  last  two  weeks  quite  contented 
and  happy.  People  forget  when  it  is  hot  here,  it  is  generally  hot 
ter  still  in  other  places.  New  York  is  so  situated,  with  the  great 
ozonic  brine  on  both  sides,  it  comprises  the  most  favorable  health- 
chances  in  the  world.  (If  only  the  suffocating  crowding  of  some 
of  its  tenement  houses  could  be  broken  up.)  I  find  I  never  suf 
ficiently  realized  how  beautiful  are  the  upper  two-thirds  of  Man 
hattan  island.  I  am  stopping  at  Mott  Haven,  and  have  been 
familiar  now  for  ten  days  with  the  region  above  One-hundredth 
street,  and  along  the  Harlem  river  and  Washington  heights.  Am 
dwelling  a  few  days  with  my  friends,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  H.  J.,  and 
a  merry  housefull  of  young  ladies.  Am  putting  the  last  touches 
on  the  printer's  copy  of  my  new  volume  of  "  Leaves  of  Grass  " 
— the  completed  book  at  last.  Work  at  it  two  or  three  hours, 
and  then  go  down  and  loaf  along  the  Harlem  river ;  have  just 
had  a  good  spell  of  this  recreation.  The  sun  sufficiently  veil'd, 
a  soft  south  breeze,  the  river  full  of  small  or  large  shells  (light 
taper  boats)  darting  up  and  down,  some  singly,  now  and  then 
long  ones  with  six  or  eight  young  fellows  practicing — very  in 
spiriting  sights.  Two  fine  yachts  lie  anchor"  d  off  the  shore.  I 
linger  long,  enjoying  the  sundown,  the  glow,  the  streak'd  sky,  the 
heights,  distances,  shadows. 

Aug.  10. — As  I  haltingly  ramble  an  hour  or  two  this  forenoon 
by  the  more  secluded  parts  of  the  shore,  or  sit  under  an  old 
cedar  half  way  up  the  hill,  the  city  near  in  view,  many  young 
parties  gather  to  bathe  or  swim,  squads  of  boys,  generally  twos 
or  threes,  some  larger  ones,  along  the  sand-bottom,  or  off  an  old 
pier  close  by.  A  peculiar  and  pretty  carnival — at  its  height  a 
hundred  lads  or  young  men,  very  democratic,  but  all  decent  be- 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS.  z  g 7 

having.  The  laughter,  voices,  calls,  responses — the  springing 
and  diving  of  the  bathers  from  the  great  string-piece  of  the  de- 
cay'd  pier,  where  climb  or  stand  long  ranks  of  them,  naked, 
rose-color'd,  with  movements,  postures  ahead  of  any  sculpture. 
To  all  this,  the  sun,  so  bright,  the  dark-green  shadow  of  the  hills 
the  other  side,  the  amber-rolling  waves,  changing  as  the  tide  comes 
in  to  a  transparent  tea-color — the  frequent  splash  of  the  playful 
boys,  sousing — the  glittering  drops  sparkling,  and  the  good  west 
ern  breeze  blowing. 

"OUSTER'S  LAST  RALLY." 

Went  to-day  to  see  this  just-finish'd  painting  by  John  Mulvany, 
who  has  been  out  in  far  Dakota,  on  the  spot,  at  the  forts,  and 
among  the  frontiersmen,  soldiers  and  Indians,  for  the  last  two 
years,  on  purpose  to  sketch  it  in  from  reality,  or  the  best  that 
could  be  got  of  it.  Sat  for  over  an  hour  before  the  picture,  com 
pletely  absorb'd  in  the  first  view.  A  vast  canvas,  I  should  say 
twenty  or  twenty-two  feet  by  twelve,  all  crowded,  and  yet  not 
crowded,  conveying  such  a  vivid  play  of  color,  it  takes  a  little 
time  to  get  used  to  it.  There  are  no  tricks ;  there  is  no  throw 
ing  of  shades  in  masses ;  it  is  all  at  first  painfully  real,  over 
whelming,  needs  good  nerves  to  look  at  it.  Forty  or  fifty  figures, 
perhaps  more,  in  full  finish  and  detail  in  the  mid-ground,  with 
three  times  that  number,  or  more,  through  the  rest — swarms  upon 
swarms  of  savage  Sioux,  in  their  war-bonnets,  frantic,  mostly  on 
ponies,  driving  through  the  background,  through  the  smoke,  like 
a  hurricane  of  demons.  A  dozen  of  the  figures  are  wonderful. 
Altogether  a  western,  autochthonic  phase  of  America,  the  fron 
tiers,  culminating,  typical,  deadly,  heroic  to  the  uttermost — noth 
ing  in  the  books  like  it,  nothing  in  Homer,  nothing  in  Shak- 
spere ;  more  grim  and  sublime  than  either,  all  native,  all  our 
own,  and  all  a  fact.  A  great  lot  of  muscular,  tan -faced  men, 
brought  to  bay  under  terrible  circumstances— death  ahold  of 
them,  yet  every  man  undaunted,  not  one  losing  his  head,  wring 
ing  out  every  cent  of  the  pay  before  they  sell  their  lives.  Custer 
(his  hair  cut  short)  stands  in  the  middle,  with  dilated  eye  and 
extended  arm,  aiming  a  huge  cavalry  pistol.  Captain  Cook  is 
there,  partially  wounded,  blood  on  the  white  handkerchief  around 
his  head,  aiming  his  carbine  coolly,  half  kneeling — (his  body 
was  afterwards  found  close  by  Custer's.)  The  slaughter'd  or  half- 
slaughter 'd  horses,  for  breastworks,  make  a  peculiar  feature.  Two 
dead  Indians,  herculean,  lie  in  the  foreground,  clutching  their 
Winchester  rifles,  very  characteristic.  The  many  soldiers,  their 
faces  and  attitudes,  the  carbines,  the  broad-brimm'd  western  hats, 
the  powder-smoke  in  puffs,  the  dying  horses  with  their  rolling  eyes 
almost  human  in  their  agony,  the  clouds  of  war-bonneted  Sioux 


1 88  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

in  the  background,  the  figures  of  Custer  and  Cook — with  indeed 
the  whole  scene,  dreadful,  yet  with  an  attraction  and  beauty  that 
will  remain  in  my  memory.  With  all  its  color  and  fierce  action, 
a  certain  Greek  continence  pervades  it.  A  sunny  sky  and  clear 
light  envelop  all.  There  is  an  almost  entire  absence  of  the 
stock  traits  of  European  war  pictures.  The  physiognomy  of  the 
work  is  realistic  and  Western.  I  only  saw  it  for  an  hour  or  so ; 
but  it  needs  to  be  seen  many  times — needs  to  be  studied  over 
and  over  again.  I  could  look  on  such  a  work  at  brief  intervals 
all  my  life  without  tiring;  it  is  very  tonic  to  me;  then  it  has  an 
ethic  purpose  below  all,  as  all  great  art  must  have.  The  artist 
said  the  sending  of  the  picture  abroad,  probably  to  London,  had 
been  talk'd  of.  I  advised  him  if  it  went  abroad  to  take  it  to 
Paris.  I  think  they  might  appreciate  it  there — nay,  they  cer 
tainly  would.  Then  I  would  like  to  show  Messieur  Crapeau 
that  some  things  can  be  done  in  America  as  well  as  others. 

SOME  OLD  ACQUAINTANCES— MEMORIES. 
Aug.  16. — "  Chalk  a  big  mark  for  to-day,"  was  one  of  the  say 
ings  of  an  old  sportsman-friend  of  mine,  when  he  had  had  un 
usually  good  luck — come  home  thoroughly  tired,  but  with  satis 
factory  results  of  fish  or  birds.  Well,  to-day  might  warrant  such 
a  mark  for  me.  Everything  propitious  from  the  start.  An  hour's 
fresh  stimulation,  coming  down  ten  miles  of  Manhattan  island  by 
railroad  and  8  o'clock  stage.  Then  an  excellent  breakfast  at  Pfaff's 
restaurant,  24th  street.  Our  host  himself,  an  old  friend  of  mine, 
quickly  appear'd  on  the  scene  to  welcome  me  and  bring  up  the 
news,  and,  first  opening  a  big  fat  bottle  of  the  best  wine  in  the 
cellar,  talk  about  ante-bellum  times,  '59  and  "60,  and  the  jovial 
suppers  at  his  then  Broadway  place,  near  Bleecker  street.  Ah, 
the  friends  and  names  and  frequenters,  those  times,  that  place. 
Most  are  dead — Ada  Clare,  Wilkins,  Daisy  Sheppard,  O'Brien, 
Henry  Clapp,  Stanley,  Mullin,  Wood,  Brougham,  Arnold — all 
gone.  And  there  Pfaff  and  I,  sitting  opposite  each  other  at  the 
little  table,  gave  a  remembrance  to  them  in  a  style  they  would 
have  themselves  fully  confirm'd,  namely,  big,  brimming,  fill'd- 
up  champagne-glasses,  drain'd  in  abstracted  silence,  very  leisurely, 
to  the  last  drop.  (Pfaff  is  a  generous  German  restaurateur,  silent, 
stout,  jolly,  and  I  should  say  the  best  selecter  of  champagne  in 
America.) 

A  DISCOVERY  OF  OLD  AGE. 

Perhaps  the  best  is  always  cumulative.  One's  eating  and  drink 
ing  one  wants  fresh,  and  for  the  nonce,  right  off,  and  have  done 
with  it — but  I  would  not  give  a  straw  for  that  person  or  poem, 
or  friend,  or  city,  or  work  of  art,  that  was  not  more  grateful  the 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


189 


second  time  than  the  first — and  more  still  the  third.  Nay,  I  do 
not  believe  any  grandest  eligibility  ever  comes  forth  at  first.  In 
my  own  experience,  (persons,  poems,  places,  characters,)  I  dis 
cover  the  best  hardly  ever  at  first,  (no  absolute  rule  about  it,  how 
ever,)  sometimes  suddenly  bursting  forth,  or  stealthily  opening 
to  me,  perhaps  after  years  of  unwitting  familiarity,  unapprecia- 
tion,  usage. 

A  VISIT,  AT  THE  LAST,  TO  R.  W.  EMERSON. 

Concord,  Mass. — Out  here  on  a  visit — elastic,  mellow,  Indian- 
summery  weather.  Came  to-day  from  Boston,  (a  pleasant  ride  of 
40  minutes  by  steam,  through  Somerville,  Belmont,  Waltham,  Stony 
Brook,  and  other  lively  towns,)  convoy'd  by  my  friend  F.  B. 
Sanborn,  and  to  his  ample  house,  and  the  kindness  and  hospi 
tality  of  Mrs.  S.  and  their  fine  family.  Am  writing  this  under 
the  shade  of  some  old  hickories  and  elms,  just  after  4  P.M.,  on  the 
porch,  within  a  stone's  throw  of  the  Concord  river.  Off  against 
me,  across  stream,  on  a  meadow  and  side-hill,  haymakers  are 
gathering  and  wagoning-in  probably  their  second  or  third  crop. 
The  spread  of  emerald -green  and  brown,  the  knolls,  the' score  or 
two  of  little  haycocks  dotting  the  meadow,  the  loaded-up  wagons, 
the  patient  horses,  the  slow-strong  action  of  the  men  and  pitch 
forks — all  in  the  just-waning  afternoon,  with  patches  of  yellow 
sun-sheen,  mottled  by  long  shadows — a  cricket  shrilly  chirping, 
herald  of  the  dusk — a  boat  with  two  figures  noiselessly  gliding 
along  the  little  river,  passing  under  the  stone  bridge-arch — the 
slight  settling  haze  of  aerial  moisture,  the  sky  and  the  peaceful- 
ness  expanding  in  all  directions  and  overhead — fill  and  soothe 
me. 

Same  evening. — Never  had  I  a  better  piece  of  luck  befall  me  : 
a  long  and  blessed  evening  with  Emerson,  in  a  way  I  couldn't 
have  wish'd  better  or  different.  For  nearly  two  hours  he  has 
been  placidly  sitting  where  I  could  see  his  face  in  the  best  light, 
near  me.  Mrs.  S.'s  back-parlor  well  fill'd  with  people,  neighbors, 
many  fresh  and  charming  faces,  women,  mostly  young,  but  some 
old.  My  friend  A.  B.  Alcott  and  his  daughter  Louisa  were  there 
early.  A  good  deal  of  talk,  the  subject  Henry  Thoreau — some 
new  glints  of  his  life  and  fortunes,  with  letters  to  and  from  him 
— one  of  the  best  by  Margaret  Fuller,  others  by  Horace  Greeley, 
Channing,  &c. — one  from  Thoreau  himself,  most  quaint  and  in 
teresting.  (No  doubt  I  seem'd  very  stupid  to  the  room-full  of 
company,  taking  hardly  any  part  in  the  conversation;  but  I  had 
"  my  own  pail  to  milk  in,"  as  the  Swiss  proverb  puts  it.)  My 
seat  and  the  relative  arrangement  were  such  that,  without  being 
rude,  or  anything  of  the  kind,  I  could  just  look  squarely  at  E., 


!  go  SPE  CIA1EN  DA  YS. 

which  I  did  a  good  part  of  the  two  hours.  On  entering,  he  had 
spoken  very  briefly  and  politely  to  several  of  the  company,  then 
settled  himself  in  his  chair,  a  trifle  push'd  back,  and,  though  a 
listener  and  apparently  an  alert  one,  remain'd  silent  through  the 
whole  talk  and  discussion.  A  lady  friend  quietly  took  a  seat  next 
him,  to  give  special  attention.  A  good  color  in  his  face,  eyes  clear, 
with  the  well-known  expression  of  sweetness,  and  the  old  clear- 
peering  aspect  quite  the  same. 

Next  Day. — Several  hours  at  E.'s  house,  and  dinner  there.  An 
old  familiar  house,  (he  has  been  in  it  thirty-five  years,)  with  sur 
roundings,  furnishment,  roominess,  and  plain  elegance  and  full 
ness,  signifying  democratic  ease,  sufficient  opulence,  and  an  ad 
mirable  old-fashioned  simplicity — modern  luxury,  with  its  mere 
sumptuousness  and  affectation,  either  touch' d  lightly  upon  or 
ignored  altogether.  Dinner  the  same.  Of  course  the  best  of  the 
occasion  (Sunday,  September  18,  '81)  was  the  sight  of  E.  him 
self.  As  just  said,  a  healthy  color  in  the  cheeks,  and  good  light 
in  the  e)es,  cheery  expression,  and  just  the  amount  of  talking 
that  best  suited,  namely,  a  word  or  short  phrase  only  where 
needed,  and  almost  always  with  a  smile.  Besides  Emerson  himself, 
Mrs.  E.,  with  their  daughter  Ellen,  the  son  Edward  and  his  wife, 
with  my  friend  F.  S.  and  Mrs.  S.,  and  others,  relatives  and  inti 
mates.  Mrs.  Emerson,  resuming  the  subject  of  the  evening  be 
fore,  (I  sat  next  to  her,)  gave  me  further  and  fuller  information 
about  Thoreau,  who,  years  ago,  during  Mr.  E.'s  absence  in  Eu 
rope,  had  lived  for  some  time  in  the  family,  by  invitation. 

OTHER  CONCORD  NOTATIONS. 

Though  the  evening  at  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sanborn's,  and  the  mem 
orable  family  dinner  at  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Emerson's,  have  most  pleas 
antly  and  permanently  fill'd  my  memory,  I  must  not  slight  other 
notations  of  Concord.  I  went  to  the  old  Manse,  walk'd  through 
the  ancient  garden,  enter'd  the  rooms,  noted  the  quaintness,  the 
unkempt  grass  and  bushes,  the  little  panes  in  the  windows,  the 
low  ceilings,  the  spicy  smell,  the  creepers  embowering  the  light. 
Went  to  the  Concord  battle  ground,  which  is  close  by,  scann'd 
French's  statue, "  the  Minute  Man,"  read  Emerson's  poetic  inscrip 
tion  on  the  base,  linger'd  a  long  while  on  the  bridge,  and  stopp'd 
by  the  grave  of  the  unnamed  British  soldiers  buried  there  the  day 
after  the  fight  in  April  '  75.  Then  riding  on,  (thanks  to  my  friend 
Miss  M.  and  her  spirited  white  ponies,  she  driving  them,)  a  half 
hour  at  Hawthorne's  and  Thoreau's  graves.  I  got  out  and  went 
up  of  course  on  foot,  and  stood  a  long  while  and  ponder'd.  They 
lie  close  together  in  a  pleasant  wooded  spot  well  up  the  cemetery 
hill,  "  Sleepy  Hollow."  The  flat  surface  of  the  first  was  densely 


SPEC  I  At  EX  DA  VS. 


191 


cover'd  by  myrtle,  with  a  border  of  arbor-vitae,  and  the  other 
had  a  brown  headstone,  moderately  elaborate,  with  inscriptions. 
By  Henry's  side  lies  his  brother  John,  of  whom  much  was  ex 
pected,  but  he  died  young.  Then  to  Walden  pond,  that  beauti 
fully  embower' d  sheet  of  water,  and  spent  over  an  hour  there. 
On  the  spot  in  the  woods  where  Thoreau  had  his  solitary  house 
is  now  quite  a  cairn  of  stones,  to  mark  the  place ;  I  too  carried 
one  and  deposited  on  the  heap.  As  we  drove  back,  saw  the 
"School  of  Philosophy,"  but  it  was  shut  up,  and  I  would  not 
have  it  open'd  for  me.  Near  by  stopp'd  at  the  house  of  W.  T. 
Harris,  the  Hegelian,  who  came  out,  and  we  had  a  pleasant  chat 
while  I  sat  in  the  wagon.  I  shall  not  soon  forget  those  Concord 
drives,  and  especially  that  charming  Sunday  forenoon  one  with 
my  friend  Miss  M.,  and  the  white  ponies. 

BOSTON  COMMON— MORE  OF  EMERSON. 
Oct.  10-13. — I  spend  a  good  deal  of  time  on  the  Common, 
these  delicious  days  and  nights — every  mid-day  from  11.30  to 
about  i — and  almost  every  sunset  another  hour.  I  know  all  the 
big  trees,  especially  the  old  elms  along  Tremont  and  Beacon 
streets,  and  have  come  to  a  sociable-silent  understanding  with 
most  of  them,  in  the  sunlit  air,  (yet  crispy-cool  enough,)  as  I  saun 
ter  along  the  wide  unpaved  walks.  Up  and  down  this  breadth  by 
Beacon  street,  between  these  same  old  elms,  I  walk'd  for  two 
hours,  of  a  bright  sharp  February  mid-day  twenty-one  years  ago, 
with  Emerson,  then  in  his  prime,  keen,  physically  and  morally 
magnetic,  arm'd  at  every  point,  and  when  he  chose,  wielding  the 
emotional  just  as  well  as  the  intellectual.  During  those  two 
hours  he  was  the  talker  and  I  the  listener.  It  was  an  argument- 
statement,  reconnoitring,  review,  attack,  and  pressing  home, 
(like  an  army  corps  in  order,  artillery,  cavalry,  infantry,)  of  all 
that  could  be  said  against  that  part  (and  a  main  part)  in  the  con 
struction  of  my  poems,  "  Children  of  Adam."  More  precious 
than  gold  to  me  that  dissertation — it  afforded  me,  ever  after, 
this  strange  and  paradoxical  lesson  ;  each  point  of  E.'s  statement 
was  unanswerable,  no  judge's  charge  ever  more  complete  or  con 
vincing,  I  could  never  hear  the  points  better  put — and  then  I  felt 
down  in  my  soul  the  clear  and  unmistakable  conviction  to  diso 
bey  all,  and  pursue  my  own  way.  "What  have  you  to  say  then 
to  such  things?"  said  E.,  pausing  in  conclusion.  "  Only  that 
while  I  can't  answer  them  at  all,  I  feel  more  settled  than  ever  to 
adhere  to  my  own  theory,  and  exemplify  it,"  was  my  candid  re 
sponse.  Whereupon  we  went  and  had  a  good  dinner  at  the 
American  House.  And  thenceforward  I  never  waver'd  or  was 
touch'd  with  qualms,  (as  I  confess  I  had  been  two  or  three  times 
before). 


192 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


AN  OSSIANIC  NIGHT— DEAREST  FRIENDS. 

N(n>.,  '<?/. — Again  back  in  Camden.  As  I  cross  the  Delaware 
in  long  trips  to-night,  between  9  and  n,  the  scene  overhead  is  a 
peculiar  one — swift  sheets  of  flitting  vapor-gauze,  follow'd  by 
dense  clouds  throwing  an  inky  pall  on  everything.  Then  a  spell 
of  that  transparent  steel-gray  black  sky  I  have  noticed,  under 
similar  circumstances,  on  which  the  moon  would  beam  for  a  few 
moments  with  calm  lustre,  throwing  down  a  broad  dazzle  of 
highway  on  the  waters ;  then  the  mists  careering  again.  All  si 
lently,  yet  driven  as  if  by  the  furies  they  sweep  along, sometimes 
quite  thin,  sometimes  thicker — a  real  Ossianic  night — amid  the 
whirl,  absent  or  dead  friends,  the  old,  the  past,  somehow  ten 
derly  suggested — while  the  Gael-strains  chant  themselves  from 
the  mists — ["  Be  thy  soul  blest,  O  Carril !  in  the  midst  of  thy 
eddying  winds.  O  that  thou  woulds't  come  to  my  hall  when  I 
am  alone  by  night !  And  thou  dost  come,  my  friend.  I  hear 
often  thy  light  hand  on  my  harp,  when  it  hangs  on  the  distant 
wall,  and  the  feeble  sound  touches  my  ear.  Why  dost  thou  not 
speak  to  me  in  my  grief,  and  tell  me  when  I  shall  behold  my 
friends?  But  thou  passest  away  in  thy  murmuring  blast;  the 
wind  whistles  through  the  gray  hairs  of  Ossian."] 

But  most  of  all,  those  changes  of  moon  and  sheets  of  hurrying 
vapor  and  black  clouds,  with  the  sense  of  rapid  action  in  weird 
silence,  recall  the  far-back  Erse  belief  that  such  above  were  the 
preparations  for  receiving  the  wraiths  of  just-slain  warriors — 
["We  sat  that  night  in  Selma,  round  the  strength  of  the  shell. 
The  wind  was  abroad  in  the  oaks.  The  spirit  of  the  mountain 
roar'd.  The  blast  came  rustling  through  the  hall,  and  gently 
touch'd  my  harp.  The  sound  was  mournful  and  low,  like. the 
song  of  the  tomb.  Fingal  heard  it  the  first.  The  crowded  sighs 
of  his  bosom  rose.  Some  of  my  heroes  are  low,  said  the  gray- 
hair'd  king  of  Morven.  I  hear  the  sound  of  death  on  the  harp. 
Ossian,  touch  the  trembling  string.  Bid  the  sorrow  rise,  that  their 
spirits  may  fly  with  joy  to  Morven's  woody  hills.  I  touch'd  the 
harp  before  the  king;  the  sound  was  mournful  and  low.  Bend 
forward  from  your  clouds,  I  said,  ghosts  of  my  fathers !  bend. 
Lay  by  the  red  terror  of  your  course.  Receive  the  falling  chief; 
whether  he  comes  from  a  distant  land,  or  rises  from  the  roll 
ing  sea.  Let  his  robe  of  mist  be  near ;  his  spear  that  is  form'd 
of  a  cloud.  Place  a  half-extinguish'd  meteor  by  his  side,  in 
the  form  of  a  hero's  sword.  And  oh  !  let  his  countenance  be 
lovely,  that  his  friends  may  delight  in  his  presence.  Bend  from 
your  clouds,  I  said,  ghosts  of  my  fathers,  bend.  Such  was  my 
song  in  Selma,  to  the  lightly  trembling  harp."] 

How  or  why  I  know  not,  just  at  the  moment,  but  I  too  muse 


'TJSIVBRSITY 
C 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


and  think  of  my  best  friends  in  their  distant  homes  —  of  William 
O'Connor,  of  Maurice  Bucke,  of  John  Burroughs,  and  of  Mrs. 
Gilchrist  —  friends  of  my  soul  —  stanchest  friends  of  my  other 
soul,  my  poems. 

ONLY  A  NEW  FERRY  BOAT. 

Jan.  12,  '82.  —  Such  a  show  as  the  Delaware  presented  an  hour 
before  sundown  yesterday  evening,  all  along  between  Philadel 
phia  and  Camden,  is  worth  weaving  into  an  item.  It  was  full 
tide,  a  fair  breeze  from  the  southwest,  the  water  of  a  pale  tawny 
color,  and  just  enough  motion  to  make  things  frolicsome  and 
lively.  Add  to  these  an  approaching  sunset  of  unusual  splendor, 
a  broad  tumble  of  clouds,  with  much  golden  haze  and  profusion 
of  beaming  shaft  and  dazzle.  In  the  midst  of  all,  in  the  clear 
drab  of  the  afternoon  light,  there  steam'd  up  the  river  the  large, 
new  boat,  "  the  Wenonah,"  as  pretty  an  object  as  you  could  wish 
to  see,  lightly  and  swiftly  skimming  along,  all  trim  and  white, 
cover'd  with  flags,  transparent  red  and  blue,  streaming  out  in  the 
breeze.  Only  a  new  ferry-boat,  and  yet  in  its  fitness  comparable 
with  the  prettiest  product  of  Nature's  cunning,  and  rivaling  it. 
High  up  in  the  transparent  ether  gracefully  balanced  and  circled 
four  or  five  great  sea  hawks,  while  here  below,  amid  the  pomp 
and  picturesqueness  of  sky  and  river,  swam  this  creation  of  arti 
ficial  beauty  and  motion  and  power,  in  its  way  no  less  perfect. 

DEATH  OF  LONGFELLOW. 

Camden,  April  j>,  '82.  —  I  have  just  return'd  from  an  old  forest 
haunt,  where  I  love  to  go  occasionally  away  from  parlors,  pave 
ments,  and  the  newspapers  and  magazines  —  and  where,  of  a  clear 
forenoon,  deep  in  the  shade  of  pines  and  cedars  and  a  tangle  of 
old  laurel-trees  and  vines,  the  news  of  Longfellow's  death  first 
reach'd  me.  For  want  of  anything  better,  let  me  lightly  twine  a 
sprig  of  the  sweet  ground-ivy  trailing  so  plentifully  through  the 
dead  leaves  at  my  feet,  with  reflections  of  that  half  hour  alone, 
there  in  the  silence,  and  lay  it  as  my  contribution  on  the  dead 
bard's  grave. 

Longfellow  in  his  Voluminous  works  seems  to  me  not  only 
to  be  eminent  in  the  style  and  forms  of  poetical  expression 
that  mark  the  present  age,  (an  idiosyncrasy,  almost  asickness,  of 
verbal  melody,)  but  to  bring  what  is  always  dearest  as  poetry  to 
the  general  human  heart  and  taste,  and  probably  must  be  so  in 
the  nature  of  things.  He  is  certainly  the  sort  of  bard  and  coun- 
teractant  most  needed  for  our  materialistic,  self-assertive,  money- 
worshipping,  Anglo-Saxon  races,  and  especially  for  the  present 
age  in  America  —  an  age  tyrannically  regulated  with  reference  to 
the  manufacturer,  the  merchant,  the  financier,  the  politician  and 

17 


j 94  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

the  day  workman — for  whom  and  among  whom  he  comes  as  the 
poet  of  melody,  courtesy,  deference — poet  of  the  mellow  twilight 
of  the  past  in  Italy,  Germany,  Spain,  and  in  Northern  Europe — 
poet  of  all  sympathetic  gentleness — and  universal  poet  of  women 
and  young  people.  I  should  have  to  think  long  if  I  were  ask'd 
to  name  the  man  who  has  done  more,  and  in  more  valuable  di 
rections,  for  America. 

I  doubt  if  there  ever  was  before  such  a  fine  intuitive  judge  and 
selecter  of  poems.  His  translations  of  many  German  and  Scan 
dinavian  pieces  are  said  to  be  better  than  the  vernaculars.  He 
does  not  urge  or  lash.  His  influence  is  like  good  drink  or  air. 
He  is  not  tepid  either,  but  always  vital,  with  flavor,  motion,  grace. 
He  strikes  a  splendid  average,  and  does  not  sing  exceptional  pas 
sions,  or  humanity's  jagged  escapades.  He  is  not  revolutionary, 
brings  nothing  offensive  or  new,  does  not  deal  hard  blows.  On 
the  contrary,  his  songs  soothe  and  heal,  or  if  they  excite,  it  is  a 
healthy  and  agreeable  excitement.  His  very  anger  is  gentle,  is 
at  second  hand,  (as  in  the  "Quadroon  Girl"  and  the  "Wit 
nesses.") 

There  is  no  undue  element  of  pensiveness  in  Longfellow's 
strains.  Even  in  the  early  translation,  the  Manrique,  the  move 
ment  is  as  of  strong  and  steady  wind  or  tide,  holding  up  and  buoy 
ing.  Death  is  not  avoided  through  his  many  themes,  but  there 
is  something  almost  winning  in  his  original  verses  and  render 
ings  on  that  dread  subject — as,  closing  "the  Happiest  Land  " 
dispute, 

And  then  the  landlord's  daughter 
Up  to  heaven  rais'd  her  hand, 

And  said,  "  Ye  may  no  more  contend, 
There  lies  the  happiest  land." 

To  the  ungracious  complaint-charge  of  his  want  of  racy  na 
tivity  and  special  originality,  I  shall  only  say  that  America  and 
the  world  may  well  be  reverently  thankful — can  never  be  thankful 
enough — for  any  such  singing-bird  vouchsafed  out  of  the  centu 
ries,  without  asking  that  the  notes  be  different  from  those  of  other 
songsters ;  adding  what  I  have  heard  Longfellow  himself  say, 
that  ere  the  New  World  can  be  worthily  original,  and  announce 
herself  and  her  own  heroes,  she  must  be  well  saturated  with  the 
originality  of  others,  and  respectfully  consider  the  heroes  that 
lived  before  Agamemnon. 

STARTING  NEWSPAPERS. 

Reminiscences — (From  the"  Camden  Courier"} — As  I  sat  taking 
my  evening  sail  across  the  Delaware  in  the  staunch  ferryboat 
"  Beverly,"  a  night  or  two  ago,  I  was  join'd  by  two  young  re 
porter  friends.  "  I  have  a  message  for  you,"  said  one  of  them ; 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


'95 


"the  C.  folks  told  me  to  say  they  would  like  a  piece  sign'd  by 
your  name,  to  go  in  their  first  number.  Can  you  do  it  for 
them?"  "I  guess  so,"  said  I;  "what  might  it  be  about?" 
"  Well,  anything  on  newspapers,  or  perhaps  what  you've  done 
yourself,  starting  them."  And  off  the  boys  went,  for  we  had 
reach'd  the  Philadelphia  side.  The  hour  was  fine  and  mild,  the 
bright  half-moon  shining ;  Venus,  with  excess  of  splendor,  just 
setting  in  the  west,  and  the  great  Scorpion  rearing  its  length 
more  than  half  up  in  the  southeast.  As  I  cross'd  leisurely  for 
an  hour  in  the  pleasant  night-scene,  my  young  friend's  words 
brought  up  quite  a  string  of  reminiscences. 

I  commenced  when  I  was  but  a  boy  of  eleven  or  twelve  writ 
ing  sentimental  bits  for  the  old  "Long  Island  Patriot,"  in 
Brooklyn;  this  was  about  1832.  Soon  after,  I  had  a  piece  or 
two  in  George  P.  Morris's  then  celebrated  and  fashionable  "Mir 
ror,"  of  New  York  city.  I  remember  with  what  half-suppress'd 
excitement  I  used  to  watch  for  the  big,  fat,  red- faced,  slow-mov 
ing,  very  old  English  carrier  who  distributed  the  "Mirror"  in 
Brooklyn  ;  and  when  I  got  one.  opening  and  cutting  the  leaves 
with  trembling  fingers.  How  it  made  my  heart  double-beat  to 
see  my  piece  on  the  pretty  white  paper,  in  nice  type. 

My  first  real  venture  was  the  ''Long  Islander,"  in  my  own 
beautiful  town  of  Huntington,  in  1839.  I  was  about  twenty  years 
old.  I  had  been  teaching  country  school  for  two  or  three  years 
in  various  parts  of  Suffolk  and  Queens  counties,  but  liked  print 
ing  ;  had  been  at  it  while  a  lad,  learn'd  the  trade  of  compositor, 
and  was  encouraged  to  start  a  paper  in  the  region  where  I  was 
born.  I  went  to  New  York,  bought  a  press  and  types,  hired  some 
little  help,  but  did  most  of  the  work  myself,  including  the  press- 
work.  Everything  seem'd  turning. out  well ;  (only  my  own  rest 
lessness  prevented  me  gradually  establishing  a  permanent  property 
there.)  I  bought  a  good  horse,  and  every  week  went  all  round 
the  country  serving  my  papers,  devoting  one  day  and  night  to  it. 
I  never  had  happier  jaunts — going  over  to  south  side,  to  Babylon, 
down  the  south  road,  across  to  Smithtown  and  Comae,  and  back 
home.  The  experiences  of  those  jaunts,  the  dear  old-fashion 'd 
farmers  and  their  wives,  the  stops  by  the  hay-fields,  the  hospitality, 
nice  dinners,  occasional  evenings,  the  girls,  the  rides  through  the 
brush,  come  up  in  my  memory  to  this  day. 

I  next  went  to  the  "Aurora  "  daily  in  New  York  city — a  sort 
of  free  lance.  Also  wrote  regularly  for  the  "  Tattler,"  an  even 
ing  paper.  With  these  and  a  little  outside  work  I  was  occupied 
off  and  on,  until  I  went  to  edit  the  "  Brooklyn  Eagle,"  where  for 
two  years  I  had  one  of  the  pleasantest  sits  of  my  life — a  good 
owner,  good  pay,  and  easy  work  and  hours.  The  troubles  in  the 


I96  SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 

Democratic  party  broke  forth  about  those  times  (i848-'49)  and  I 
split  off  with  the  radicals,  which  led  to  rows  with  the  boss  and 
"  the  party,"  and  I  lost  my  place. 

Being  now  out  of  a  job,  I  was  offer'd  impromptu,  (it  hap- 
pen'd  between  the  acts  one  night  in  the  lobby  of  the  old  Broad 
way  theatre  near  Pearl  street,  New  York  city,)  a  good  chance  to 
go  down  to  New  Orleans  on  the  staff  of  the  '*  Crescent,"  a  daily 
to  be  started  there  with  plenty  of  capital  behind  it.  One  of  the 
owners,  who  was  north  buying  material,  met  me  walking  in  the 
lobby,  and  though  that  was  our  first  acquaintance,  after  fifteen 
minutes'  talk  (and  a  drink)  we  made  a  formal  bargain,  and  he 
paid  me  two  hundred  dollars  down  to  bind  the  contract  ami  bear 
my  expenses  to  New  Orleans.  I  started  two  days  afterwards ; 
had  a  good  leisurely  time,  as  the  paper  wasn't  to  be  out  in  three 
weeks.  I  enjoy'd  my  journey  and  Louisiana  life  much.  Return 
ing  to  Brooklyn  a  year  or  two  afterward  I  started  the  "  Free 
man,"  first  as  a  weekly,  then  daily.  Pretty  soon  the  secession 
war  broke  out,  and  I,  too,  got  drawn  in  the  current  southward, 
and  spent  the  following  three  years  there,  (as  memorandized  pre 
ceding.) 

Besides  starting  them  as  aforementioned,  I  have  had  to  do,  one 
time  or  another,  during  my  life,  with  a  long  list  of  papers,  at 
divers  places,  sometimes  under  queer  circumstances.  During  the 
war,  the  hospitals  at  Washington,  among  other  means  of  amuse 
ment,  printed  a  little  sheet  among  themselves,  surrounded  by 
wounds  and  death,  the  "Armory  Square  Gazette,"  to  which  I 
contributed.  The  same  long  afterward,  casually,  to  a  paper — I 
think  it  was  call'd  the  "  Jimplecute" — out  in  Colorado  where  I 
stopp'd  at  the  time.  When  I  was  in  Quebec  province,  in  Can 
ada,  in  1880,  I  went  into  the  queerest  little  old  French  printing 
office  near  Tadousac.  It  was  far  more  primitive  and  ancient  than 
my  Camden  friend  William  Kurtz's  place  up  on  Federal  street. 
I  remember,  as  a  youngster,  several  characteristic  old  printers  of 
a  kind  hard  to  be  seen  these  days. 

THE  GREAT  UNREST  OF  WHICH  WE  ARE  PART. 
My  thoughts  went  floating  on  vast  and  mystic  currents  as  I 
sat  to-day  in  solitude  and  half-shade  by  the  creek — returning 
mainly  to  two  principal  centres.  One  of  my  cherish 'd  themes 
for  a  never-achiev'd  poem  has  been  the  two  impetuses  of  man 
and  the  universe — in  the  latter,  creation's  incessant  unrest,*  ex^ 

*  "  Fifty  thousand  years  ago  the  constellation  of  the  Great  Bear  or  Dipper 
was  a  starry  cross ;  a  hundred  thousand  years  hence  the  imaginary  Dipper 
will  be  upside  down,  and  the  stars  which  form  the  bowl  and  handle  will  have 
changed  places.  The  misty  nebulae  are  moving,  and  besides  are  whirling 
around  in  great  spirals,  some  one  way,  some  another.  Every  molecule  of 


SPE  CIMEN  DA  VS.  x  9  7 

foliation,  (Darwin's  evolution,  I  suppose.)  Indeed,  what  is  Na 
ture  but  change,  in  all  its  visible,  and  still  more  its  invisible  pro 
cesses?  Or  what  is  humanity  in  its  faith,  love,  heroism,  poetry, 
even  morals,  but  emotion  ? 

BY  EMERSON'S  GRAVE. 

May  6,  ^82. — We  stand  by  Emerson's  new-made  grave  without 
sadness — indeed  a  solemn  joy  and  faith,  almost  hauteur — our  soul- 
benison  no  mere 

"  Warrior,  rest,  thy  task  is  done," 

for  one  beyond  the  warriors  of  the  world  lies  surely  symboll'd 
here.  A  just  man,  poised  on  himself,  all-loving,  all-inclosing, 
and  sane  and  clear  as  the  sun.  Nor  does  it  seem  so  much  Emer 
son  himself  we  are  here  to  honor — it  is  conscience,  simplicity, 
culture,  humanity's  attributes  at  their  best,  yet  applicable  if  need 
be  to  average  affairs,  and  eligible  to  all.  So  used  are  we  to  sup 
pose  a  heroic  death  can  only  come  from  out  of  battle  or  storm, 
or  mighty  personal  contest,  or  amid  dramatic  Incidents  or  dan 
ger,  (have  we  not  been  taught  so  for  ages  by  all  the  plays  and 
poems?)  that  few  even  of  those  who  most  sympathizingly  mourn 
Emerson's  late  departure  will  fully  appreciate  the  ripen'd  gran 
deur  of  that  event,  with  its  play  of  calm  and  fitness,  like  even 
ing  light  on  the  sea. 

How  I  shall  henceforth  dwell  on  the  blessed  hours  when,  not 
long  since,  I  saw  that  benignant  face,  the  clear  eyes,  the  silently 
smiling  mouth,  the  form  yet  upright  in  its  great  age — to  the  very 
last,  with  so  much  spring  and  cheeriness,  and  such  an  absence  of 
decrepitude,  that  even  the  term  venerable  hardly  seem'd  fitting. 

Perhaps  the  life  now  rounded  and  completed  in  its  mortal  de 
velopment,  and  which  nothing  can  change  or  harm  more,  has  its 
most  illustrious  halo,  not  in  its  splendid  intellectual  or  esthetic 
products,  but  as  forming  in  its  entirety  one  of  the  few,  (alas ! 
how  few  !)  perfect  and  flawless  excuses  for  being,  of  the  entire 
literary  class. 

We  can  say,  as  Abraham  Lincoln  at  Gettysburg,  It  is  not  we 
who  come  to  consecrate  the  dead — we  reverently  come  to  receive, 
if  so  it  may  be,  some  consecration  to  ourselves  and  daily  work 
from  him. 

matter  in  the  whole  universe  is  swinging  to  and  fro;  every  particle  of  ether 
which  fills  space  is  in  jelly-like  vibration.  Light  is  one  kind  of  motion,  heat 
another,  electricity  another,  magnetism  another,  sound  another.  Every  human 
sense  is  the  result  of  motion ;  every-  perception,  every  thought  is  but  motion 
of  the  molecules  of  the  brain  translated  by  that  incomprehensible  thing  we 
call  mind.  The  processes  of  growth,  of  existence,  of  decay,  whether  in 
worlds,  or  in  the  minutest  organisms,  are  but  motion." 


198 


SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 


AT  PRESENT  WRITING— PERSONAL. 

A  tetter  to  a  German  friend — extract. 

May  ji,  '82. — "  From  to-day  I  enter  upon  my  64th  year.  The 
paralysis  that  first  affected  me  nearly  ten  years  ago,  has  since  re- 
main'd,  with  varying  course — seems  to  have  settled  quietly  down, 
and  will  probably  continue.  I  easily  tire,  am  very  clumsy,  can 
not  walk  far;  but  my  spirits  are  first-rate.  I  go  around  in  public 
almost  every  day — now  and  then  take  long  trips,  by  railroad  or 
boat,  hundreds  of  miles — live  largely  in  the  open  air — am  sun 
burnt  and  stout,  (weigh  190) — keep  up  my  activity  and  interest 
in  life,  people,  progress,  and  the  questions  of  the  day.  About 
two-thirds  of  the  time  I  am  quite  comfortable.  What  mentality 
I  ever  had  remains  entirely  unaffected;  though  physically  I  am 
a  half-paralytic,  and  likely  to  be  so,  long  as  I  live.  But  the 
principal  object  of  my  life  seems  to  have  been  accomplished — I 
have  the  most  devoted  and  ardent  of  friends,  and  affectionate 
relatives — and  of  enemies  I  really  make  no  account." 

AFFER  TRYING  A  CERTAIN   BOOK, 

I  tried  to  read  a  beautifully  printed  and  scholarly  volume  on 
"the  Theory  of  Poetry,"  received  by  mail  this  morning  from 
England — but  gave  it  up  at  last  for  a  bad  job.  Here  are  some 
capricious  pencillings  that  follow'd,  as  I  find  them  in  my  notes : 

In  youth  and  maturity  Poems  are  charged  with  sunshine  and 
varied  pomp  of  day  ;  but  as  the  soul  more  and  more  takes  prece 
dence,  (the  sensuous  still  included,)  the  Dusk  becomes  the 
poet's  atmosphere.  I  too  have  sought,  and  ever  seek,  the  bril 
liant  sun,  and  make  my  songs  according.  But  as  I  grow  old,  the 
half-lights  of  evening  are  far  more  to  me. 

The  play  of  Imagination,  with  the  sensuous  objects  of  Na 
ture  for  symbols,  and  Faith — with  Love  and  Pride  as  the  unseen 
impetus  and  moving-power  of  all,  make  up  the  curious  chess- 
game  of  a  poem. 

Common  teachers  or  critics  are  always  asking  "What  does  it 
mean?"  Symphony  of  fine  musician,  or  sunset,  or  sea-waves 
rolling  up  the  b^ach — what  do  they  mean  ?  Undoubtedly  in  the 
most  subtle-elusive  sense  they  mean  something— as  love  does, 
and  religion  does,  and  the  best  poem ; — but  who  shall  fathom 
and  define  those  meanings?  (I  do  not  intend  this  as  a  warrant 
for  wildness  and  frantic  escapades — but  to  justify  the  soul's  fre 
quent  joy  in  what  cannot  be  defined  to  the  intellectual  part,  or 
to  calculation.) 

At  its  best,  poetic  lore  is  like  what  may  be  heard  of  conversa 
tion  in  the  dusk,  from  speakers  far  or  hid,  of  which  we  get  only 


SPECIMEN  DA  VS. 


199 


a  few  broken  murmurs.     What  is  not  gather'd  is  far  more — per 
haps  the  main  thing. 

Grandest  poetic  passages  are  only  to  be  taken  at  free  removes, 
as  we  sometimes  look  for  stars  at  night,  not  by  gazing  directly 
toward  them,  but  off  one  side. 

(To  a  poetic  student  and  friend.} — I  only  seek  to  put  you  in 
rapport.  Your  own  brain,  heart,  evolution,  must  not  only  under 
stand  the  matter,  but  largely  supply  it. 

FINAL  CONFESSIONS-LITERARY  TESTS. 

So  draw  near  their  end*  these  garrulous  notes.  There  have 
doubtless  occurr'd  some  repetitions,  technical  errors  in  the  con- 
secutiveness  of  dates,  in  the  minutiae  of  botanical,  astronomical, 
&c.,  exactness,  and  perhaps  elsewhere ; — for  in  gathering  up, 
writing,  peremptorily  dispatching  copy,  this  hot  weather,  (last  of 
July  and  through  August,  '82,)  and  delaying  not  the  printers,  I 
have  had  to  hurry  along,  no  time  to  spare.  But  in  the  deepest 
veracity  of  all — in  reflections  of  objects,  scenes,  Nature's  out 
pourings,  to  my  senses  and  receptivity,  as  they  seem'd  to  me — 
in  the  work  of  giving  those  who  care  for  it,  some  authentic 
glints,  specimen-days  of  my  life — and  in  the  bona  fide  spirit  and 
relations,  from  author  to  reader,  on  all  the  subjects  design'd,  and 
as  far  as  they  go,  I  feel  to  make  unmitigated  claims. 

The  synopsis  of  my  early  life,  Long  Island,  New  York  city, 
and  so  forth,  and  the  diary-jottings  in  the  Secession  war,  tell 
their  own  story.  My  plan  in  starting  what  constitutes  most 
of  the  middle  of  the  book,  was  originally  for  hints  and  data  of 
a  Nature-poem  that  should  carry  one's  experiences  a  few  hours, 
commencing  at  noon-flush,  and  so  through  the  after-part  of  the 
day — I  suppose  led  to  such  idea  by  my  own  life-afternoon  now 
arrived.  But  I  soon  found  I  could  move  at  more  ease,  by  giving 
the  narrative  at  first  hand.  (Then  there  is  a  humiliating  lesson 
one  learns,  in  serene  hours,  of  a  fine  day  or  night.  Nature  seems 
to  look  on  all  fixed-up  poetry  and  art  as  something  almost  im 
pertinent.) 

Thus  I  went  on,  years  following,  various  seasons  and  areas, 
spinning  forth  my  thought  beneath  the  night  and  stars,  (or  as  I 
was  confined  to  my  room  by  half-sickness,)  or  at  midday  looking 
put  upon  the  sea,  or  far  north  steaming  over  the  Saguenay's 
black  breast,  jotting  all  down  in  the  loosest  sort  of  chronological 
•order,  and  here  printing  from  my  impromptu  notes,  hardly  even 
the  seasons  group'd  together,  or  anything  corrected — so  afraid 
of  dropping  what  smack  of  outdoors  or  sun  or  starlight  might 
cling  to  the  lines,  I  dared  not  try  to  meddle  with  or  smooth 
them.  Every  now  and  then,  (not  often,  but  for  a  foil,)  I  carried 


2oo  SPECIMEN  DA  YS. 

a  book  in  my  pocket — or  perhaps  tore  out  from  some  broken  or 
cheap  edition  a  bunch  of  loose  leaves ;  most  always  had  some 
thing  of  the  sort  ready,  but  only  took  it  out  when  the  mood  de 
manded.  In  that  way,  utterly  out  of  reach  of  literary  conven 
tions,  I  re-read  many  authors. 

I  cannot  divest  my  appetite  of  literature,  yet  I  find  myself 
eventually  trying  it  all  by  Nature — first  premises  many  call  it, 
but  really  the  crowning  results  of  all,  laws,  tallies  and  proofs. 
(Has  it  never  occurr'd  to  any  one  how  the  last  deciding  tests  ap 
plicable  to  a  book  are  entirely  outside  of  technical  and  grammat 
ical  ones,  and  that  any  truly  first-class  production  has  little  or 
nothing  to  do  with  the  rules  and  calibres  of  ordinary  critics?  or 
the  bloodless  chalk  of  Allibone's  Dictionary  ?  I  have  fancied 
the  ocean  and  the  daylight,  the  mountain  and  the  forest,  putting 
their  spirit  in  a  judgment  on  our  books.  I  have  fancied  some 
disembodied  human  soul  giving  its  verdict.) 

.NATURE  AND  DEMOCRACY— MORALITY. 

Democracy  most  of  all  affiliates  with  the  open  air,  is  sunny 
and  hardy  and  sane  only  with  Nature — just  as  much  as  Art  is. 
Something  is  required  to  temper  both — to  check  them,  restrain 
them  from  excess,  morbidity.  I  have  wanted,  before  departure, 
to  bear  special  testimony  to  a  very  old  lesson  and  requisite. 
American  Democracy,  in  its  myriad  personalities,  in  factories, 
work -shops,  stores,  offices — through  the  dense  streets  and  houses 
of  cities,  and  all  their  manifold  sophisticated  life — must  either 
be  fibred,  vitalized,  by  regular  contact  with  out-door  light  and 
air  and  growths,  farm-rscenes,  animals,  fields,  trees,  birds,  sun- 
warmth  and  free  skies,  or  it  will  certainly  dwindle  and  pale. 
We  cannot  have  grand  races  of  mechanics,  work  people,  and 
commonalty,  (the  only  specific  purpose  of  America,)  on  any  less 
terms.  I  conceive  of  no  flourishing  and  heroic  elements  of  De 
mocracy  in  the  United  States,  or  of  Democracy  maintaining 
itself  at  all,  without  the  Nature-element  forming  a  main  part — to' 
be  its  health-element  and  beauty-element — to  really  underlie  the 
whole  politics,  sanity,  religion  and  art  of  the  New  World. 

Finally,  the  morality:  "  Virtue,"  said  Marcus  Aurelius,  "what 
is  it,  only  a  living  and  enthusiastic  sympathy  with  Nature?" 
Perhaps  indeed  the  efforts  of  the  true  poets,  founders,  religions, 
literatures,  all  ages,  have  been,  and  ever  will  be,  our  time  and 
times  to  come,  essentially  the  same — to  bring  people  back  from 
their  persistent  strayings  and  sickly  abstractions,  to  the  costless 
average,  divine,  original  concrete. 


COLLECT. 


(201) 


ONE  OR  TWO  INDEX  ITEMS. 

THOUGH  the  ensuing  COLLECT  and  preceding  SPECIMEN  DAYS  are  both 
largely  from  memoranda  already  existing,  the  hurried  peremptory  needs  of 
copy  for  the  printers,  already  referr'd  to — (the  musicians'  story  of  a  com 
poser  up  in  a  garret  rushing  the  middle  body  and  last  of  his  score  together, 
while  the  fiddlers  are  playing  the  first  parts  down  in  the  concert-room) — 
of  this  haste,  while  quite  willing  to  get  the  consequent  stimulus  of  life  and 
motion,  I  am  sure  there  must  have  resulted  sundry  technical  errors.  If  any 
are  too  glaring  they  will  be  corrected  in  a  future  edition. 

A  special  word  about  "  PIECES  IN  EARLY  YOUTH,"  at  the  end.  On  jaunts 
over  Long  Island,  as  boy  and  young  fellow,  nearly  half  a  century  ago,  I  heard 
of,  or  came  across  in  my  own  experience,  characters,  true  occurrences,  inci 
dents,  which  I  tried  mj  'prentice  hand  at  recording — (I  was  then  quite  an 
"abolitionist"  and  advocate  of  the  "temperance"  and  "anti-capital-punish 
ment"  causes) — and  publish'd  during  occasional  visits  to  New  York  city.  A 
majority  of  the  sketches  appear'd  first  in  the  "  Democratic  Review,"  others  in 
the  "  Columbian  Magazine,"  or  the  "  American  Review,"  of  that  period. 
My  serious  wish  were  to  have  all  those  crude  and  boyish  pieces  quietly 
dropp'd  in  oblivion — but  to  avoid  the  annoyance  of  their  surreptitious  issue, 
(as  lately  announced,  from  outsiders,)  I  have,  with  some  qualms,  tack'd  them 
on  here.  A  Dough-Face  Song  came  out  first  in  the  "  Evening  Post" — Blood- 
Money,  and  Wounded  in  the  House  of  Friends,  in  the  "  Tribune." 

Poetry  To-Day  in  America,  &c.,  first  appear'd  (under  the  name  of  "  The 
Poetry  of  the  Future,"}  in  "The  North  American  Review"  for  February, 
1 88 1.  A  Memorandum  at  a  Venture,  in  same  periodical,  some  time  after 
ward. 

Several  of  the  convalescent  out-door  scenes  and  literary  items,  preceding, 
originally  appear'd  in  the  fortnightly  "  Critic,"  of  New  York. 


(202.). 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS. 


As  the  greatest  lessons  of  Nature  through  the  universe  are  per 
haps  the  lessons  of  variety  and  freedom,  the  same  present  the 
greatest  lessons  also  in  New  World  politics  and  progress.  If  a 
man  were  ask'd,  for  instance,  the  distinctive  points  contrasting 
modern  European  and  American  political  and  other  life  with  the 
old  Asiatic  cultus,  as  lingering-bequeath'd  yet  in  China  and  Tur 
key,  he  might  find  the  amount  of  them  in  John  Stuart  Mill's  pro-, 
found  essay  on  Liberty  in  the  future,  where  he  demands  two  main 
constituents,  or  sub-strata,  for  a  truly  grand  nationality — ist,  a  large 
variety  of  character — and  2d,  full  play  for  human  nature  to  ex 
pand  itself  in  numberless  and  even  conflicting  directions — (seems 
to  be  for  general  humanity  much  like  the  influences  that  make 
up,  in  their  limitless  field,  that  perennial  health-action  of  the  air 
we  call  the  weather — an  infinite  number  of  currents  and  forces, 
and  contributions,  and  temperatures,  and  cross  purposes,  whose 
ceaseless  play  of  counterpart  upon  counterpart  brings  constant 
restoration  and  vitality.)  With  this  thought — and  not  for  itself 
alone,  but  all  it  necessitates,  and  draws  after  it — let  me  begin  my 
speculations. 

America,  filling  the  present  with  greatest  deeds  and  problems, 
cheerfully  accepting  the  past,  including  feudalism,  (as,  indeed, 
the  present  is  but  the  legitimate  birth  of  the  past,  including  feu 
dalism,)  counts,  as  I  reckon,  for  her  justification  and  success,  (for 
who,  as  yet,  dare  claim  success?)  almost  entirely  on  the  future. 
Nor  is  that  hope  unwarranted.  To-day,  ahead,  though  dimly 
yet,  we  see,  in  vistas,  a  copious,  sane,  gigantic  offspring.  For  our 
New  World  I  consider  far  less  important  for  what  it  has  done,  or 
what  it  is,  than  for  results  to  come.  Sole  among  nationalities, 
these  States  have  assumed  the  task  to  put  in  forms  of  lasting 
power  and  practicality,  on  areas  of  amplitude  rivaling  the  op 
erations  of  the  physical  kosmos,  the  moral  political  speculations 
of  ages,  long,  long  deferr'd,  the  democratic  republican  principle, 
and  the  theory  of  development  and  perfection  by  voluntary  stan 
dards,  and  self-reliance.  Who  else,  indeed,  except  the  United 

(203) 


204  COLLECT. 

States,  in  history,  so  far,  have  accepted  in  unwitting  faith,  and, 
as  we  now  see,  stand,  act  upon,  and  go  security  for,  these  things? 
But  preluding  no  longer,  let  me  strike  the  key-note  of  the  fol 
lowing  strain.  First  premising  that,  though  the  passages  of  it 
have  been  written  at  widely  different  times,  (it  is,  in  fact,  a  col 
lection  of  memoranda,  perhaps  for  future  designers,  comprehend- 
ers,)  and  though  it  may  be  open  to  the  charge  of  one  part  con 
tradicting  another — for  there  are  opposite  sides  to  the  great 
question  of  democracy,  as  to  every  great  question — I  feel  the 
parts  harmoniously  blended  in  my  own  realization  and  convic 
tions,  and  present  them  to  be  read  only  in  such  oneness,  each 
page  and  each  claim  and  assertion  modified  and  temper'd  by  the 
others.  Bear  in  mind,  too,  that  they  are  not  the  result  of  study 
ing  up  in  political  economy,  but  of  the  ordinary  sense,  observ 
ing,  wandering  among  men,  these  States,  these  stirring  years  of 
war  and  peace.  I  will  not  gloss  over  the  appaling  dangers  of 
universal  suffrage  in  the  United  States.  In  fact,  it  is  to  admit 
and  face  these  dangers  I  am  writing.  To  him  or  her  within 
whose  thought  rages  the  battle,  advancing,  retreating,  between 
democracy's  convictions,  aspirations,  and  the  people's  crudeness, 
vice,  caprices,  I  mainly  write  this  essay.  I  shall  use  the  words 
America  and  democracy  as  convertible  terms.  Not  an  ordinary 
one  is  the  issue.  The  United  States  are  destined  either  to  sur 
mount  the  gorgeous  history  of  feudalism,  or  else  prove  the  most 
tremendous  failure  of  time.  Not  the  least  doubtful  am  I  on  any 
prospects  of  their  material  success.  The  triumphant  future  of 
their  business,  geographic  and  productive  departments,  on  larger 
scales  and  in  more  varieties  than  ever,  is  certain.  In  those  re 
spects  the  republic  must  soon  (if  she  does  not  already)  outstrip 
all  examples  hitherto  afforded,  and  dominate  the  world.* 


*  "  From  a  territorial  area  of  less  than  nine  hundred  thousand  square  miles, 
the  Union  has  expanded  into  over  four  millions  and  a  half — fifteen  times  larger 
than  that  of  Great  Britain  and  France  combined— with  a  shore-line,  including 
Alaska,  equal  to  the  entire  circumference  of  the  earth,  and  with  a  domain 
within  these  lines  far  wider  than  that  of  the  Romans  in  their  proudest  days  of 
conquest  and  renown.  With  a  river,  lake,  and  coastwise  commerce  estimated 
at  over  two  thousand  millions  of  dollars  per  year ;  with  a  railway  traffic  of 
four  to  six  thousand  millions  per  year,  and  the  annual  domestic  exchanges  of 
the  country  running  up  (o  nearly  ten  thousand  millions  per  year;  with  over 
two  thousand  millions  of  dollars  invested  in  manufacturing,  mechanical,  and 
mining  industry ;  with  over  five  hundred  millions  of  acres  of  land  in  actual 
occupancy,  valued,  with  their  appurtenances,  at  over  seven  thousand  millions 
of  dollars,  and  producing  annually  crops  valued  at  over  three  thou.sand  mil 
lions  of  dollars;  with  a  realm  which,  if  the  density  of  Belgium's  population 
were  possible,  would  be  vast  enough  to  include  all  the  present  inhabitants  of 
the  world  ;  and  with  equal  rights  guaranteed  to  even  the  poorest  and  humblest 
of  our  forty  millions  of  people — we  can,  with  a  manly  pride  akin  to  that  which 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS.  205 

Admitting  all  this,  with  the  priceless  value  of  our  political  in 
stitutions,  general  suffrage,  (and  fully  acknowledging  the  latest, 
widest  opening  of  the  doors,)  I  say  that,  far  deeper  than  these, 
what  finally  and  only  is  to  make  of  our  western  world  a  nation 
ality  superior  to  any  hither  known,  and  outtopping  the  past,  must 
be  vigorous,  yet  unsuspected  Literatures,  perfect  personalities 
and  sociologies,  original,  transcendental,  and  expressing  (what, 
in  highest  sense,  are  not  yet  express'd  at  all,)  democracy  and  the 
modern.  With  these,  and  out  of  these,  I  promulge  new  races  of 
Teachers,  and  of  perfect  Women,  indispensable  to  endow  the 
birth-stock  of  a  New  World.  For  feudalism,  caste,  the  ecclesi 
astic  traditions,  though  palpably  retreating  from  political  insti 
tutions,  still  hold  essentially,  by  their  spirit,  even  in  this  country, 
entire  possession  of  the  more  important  fields,  indeed  the  very 
subsoil,  of  education,  and  of  social  standards  and  literature. 

I  say  that  democracy  can  never  prove  itself  beyond  cavil,  un 
til  it  founds  and  luxuriantly  grows  its  own  forms  of  art,  poems, 
schools,  theology,  displacing  all  that  exists,  or  that  has  been  pro 
duced  anywhere  in  the  past,  under  opposite  influences.  It  is  cu 
rious  to  me  that  while  so  many  voices,  pens,  minds,  in  the  press, 
lecture- rooms,  in  our  Congress,  &c.,  are  discussing  intellectual 
topics,  pecuniary  dangers,  legislative  problems,  the  suffrage, 
tariff  and  labor  questions,  and  the  various  business  and  benevo 
lent  needs  of  America,  with  propositions,  remedies,  often  worth 
deep  attention,  there  is  one  need,  a  hiatus  the  profoundest,  that 
no  eye  seems  to  perceive,  no  voice  to  state.  Our  fundamental 
want  to-day  in  the  United  States,  with  closest,  amplest  reference 
to  present  conditions,  and  to  the  future,  is  of  a  class,  and  the 

distinguish'd  the  palmiest  days  of  Rome,  claim,"  &c.,  &c.,  &c. —  Vice-Presi 
dent  Coif  ax's  Speech,  July  -4,  1870. 

LATER — London  "  Times,"  (  Weekly^  June  23,  '82. 

"  The  wonderful  wealth-producing  power  of  the  United  States  defies  and 
sets  at  naught  the  grave  drawbacks  of  a  mischievous  protective  tariff,  and  has 
already  obliterated,  almost  wholly,  the  traces  of  the  greatest  of  modern  civil 
wars.  What  is  especially  remarkable  in  the  present  development  of  American 
energy  and  success  is  its  wide  and  equable  distribution.  North  and  south, 
east  and  west,  on  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific,  along  the  chain 
of  the  great  lakes,  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and  on  the  coasts  of  the 
gulf  of  Mexico,  the  creation  of  wealth  and  the  increase  of  population  are 
signally  exhibited.  It  is  quite  true,  as  has  been  shown  by  the  recent  appor 
tionment  of  population  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  that  some  sections 
of  the  Union  have  advanced," relatively  to  the  rest,  in  an  extraordinary  and 
unexpected  degree.  But  this  does  not  imply  that  the  States  which  have  gain'd 
no  additional  representatives  or  have  actually  lost  some  have  been  stationary 
or  have  receded.  The  fact  is  that  the  present  tide  of  prosperity  has  risen  so 
high  that  it  has  overflow'd  all  barriers,  and  has  fill'd  up  the  back-waters,  and 
establish'd  something  like  an  approach  to  uniform  success." 


206  COLLECT. 

clear  idea  of  a  class,  of  native  authors,  literatuses,  far  different, 
far  higher  in  grade  than  any  yet  known,  sacerdotal,  modern,  fit 
to  cope  with  our  occasions,  lands,  permeating  the  whole  mass  of 
American  mentality,  taste,  belief,  breathing  into  it  a  new  breath 
of  life,  giving  it  decision,  affecting  politics  far  more  than  the 
popular  superficial  suffrage,  with  results  inside  and  underneath 
the  elections  of  Presidents  or  Congresses — radiating,  begetting 
appropriate  teachers,  schools,  manners,  and,  as  its  grandest  result, 
accomplishing,  (what  neither  the  schools  nor  the  churches  and 
their  clergy  have  hitherto  accomplish'd,  and  without  which  this 
nation  will  no  more  stand,  permanently,  soundly,  than  a  house 
will  stand  without  a  substratum,)  a  religious  and  moral  character 
beneath  the  political  and  productive  and  intellectual  bases  of  the 
States.  For  know  you  not,  dear,  earnest  reader,  that  the  people 
of  our  land  may  all  read  and  write,  and  may  all  possess  the  right 
to  vote — and  yet  the  main  things  may  be  entirely  lacking? — (and 
this  to  suggest  them.) 

View'd,  to-day,  from  a  point  of  view  sufficiently  over-arching, 
the  problem  of  humanity  all  over  the  civilized  world  is  social 
and  religious,  and  is  to  be  finally  met  and  treated  by  literature. 
The  priest  departs,  the  divine  literatus  comes.  Never  was  any 
thing  more  wanted  than,  to-day,  and  here  in  the  States,  the  poet 
of  the  modern  is  wanted,  or  the  great  literatus  of  the  modern. 
At  all  times,  perhaps,  the  central  point  in  any  nation,  and  that 
whence  it  is  itself  really  sway'd  the  most,  and  whence  it  sways 
others,  is  its  national  literature,  especially  its  archetypal  poems. 
Above  all  previous  lands,  a  great  original  literature  is  surely  to 
become  the  justification  and  reliance,  (in  some  respects  the  sole 
reliance,)  of  American  democracy. 

Few  are  aware  how  the  great  literature' penetrates  all,  gives  hue 
to  all,  shapes  aggregates  and  individuals,  and,  after  subtle  ways, 
with  irresistible  power,  constructs,  sustains,  demolishes  at  will. 
Why  tower,  in  reminiscence,  above  all  the  nations  of  the  earth, 
two  special  lands,  petty  in  themselves,  yet  inexpressibly  gigantic, 
beautiful,  columnar?  Immortal  Judah  lives, and  Greece  immor 
tal  lives,  in  a  couple  of  poems. 

Nearer  than  this.  It  is  not  generally  realized,  but  it  is  true, 
as  the  genius  of  Greece,  and  all  the  sociology,  personality,  poli 
tics  and  religion  of  those  wonderful  states,  resided  in  their  liter 
ature  or  esthetics,  that  what  was  afterwards  the  main  support  of 
European  chivalry,  the  feudal,  ecclesiastical,  dynastic  world  over 
there — forming  its  osseous  structure,  holding  it  together  for  hun 
dreds,  thousands  of  years,  preserving  its  flesh  and  bloom,  giving 
it  form,  decision,  rounding  it  out,  and  so  saturating  it  in  the 
conscious  and  unconscious  blood,  breed,  belief,  and  intuitions 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS. 


207 


of  men,  that  it  still  prevails  powerful  to  this  day,  in  defiance  of 
the  mighty  changes  of  time — was  its  literature,  permeating  to 
the  very  marrow,  especially  that  major  part,  its  enchanting  songs, 
ballads,  and  poems.* 

To  the  ostent  of  the  senses  and  eyes,  I  know,  the  influences 
which  stamp  the  world's  history  are  wars,  uprisings  or  downfalls 
of  dynasties,  changeful  movements  of  trade,  important  inven 
tions,  navigation,  military  or  civil  governments,  advent  of  pow 
erful  personalities,  conquerors,  &c.  These  of  course  play  their 
part ;  yet,  it  may  be,  a  single  new  thought,  imagination,  ab 
stract  principle,  even  literary  style,  fit  for  the  time,  put  in  shape 
by  some  great  literatus,  and  projected  among  mankind,  may  duly 
cause  changes,  growths,  removals,  greater  than  the  longest  and 
bloodiest  war,  or  the  most  stupendous  merely  political,  dynastic, 
or  commercial  overturn. 

In  short,  as,  though  it  may  not  be  realized,  it  is  strictly  true, 
that  a  few  first-class  poets,  philosophs,  and  authors,  have  substan 
tially  settled  and  given  status  to  the  entire  religion,  education, 
law,  sociology,  &c.,  of  the  hitherto  civilized  world,  by  tinging 
and  often  creating  the  atmospheres  out  of  which  .they  have  arisen, 
such  also  must  stamp,  and  more  than  ever  stamp,  the  interior  and 
real  democratic  construction  of  this  American  continent,  to-day, 
and  days  to  come.  Remember  al  o  this  fact  of  difference,  that, 
while  through  the  antique  and  through  the  mediaeval  ages,  highest 
thoughts  and  ideals  realized  themselves,  and  their  expression  made 
its  way  by  other  arts,  as  much  as,  or  even  more  than  by,  technical 
literature,  (not  open  to  the  mass  of  persons,  or  even  to  the  ma 
jority  of  eminent  persons,)  such  literature  in  our  day  and  for 
current  purposes,  is  not  only  more  eligible  than  all  the  other  arts 
put  together,  but  has  become  the  only  general  means  of  morally 
influencing  the  world.  Painting,  sculpture,  and  the  dramatic 
theatre,  it  would  seem,  no  longer  play  an  indispensable  or  even 
important  part  in  the  workings  and  mediumship  of  intellect, 
utility,  or  even  high  esthetics.  Architecture  remains,  doubtless 

*  See,  for  hereditaments,  specimens,  Walter  Scott's  Border  Minstrelsy, 
Percy's  collection,  Ellis's  early  -English  Metrical  Romances,  the  European 
continental  poems  of  Walter  of  Aquitania,  and  the  Nibelungen,  of  pagan 
stock,  but  monkish-feudal  redaction ;  the  history  of  the  Troubadours,  by  Fau- 
riel;  even  the  far-back  cumbrous  old  Hindu  epics,  as  indicating  the  Asian 
eggs  out  of  which  European  chivalry  was  hatch'd ;  Ticknor's  chapters  on 
the  Cid,  and  on  the  Spanish  poems  and  poets  of  Calderon's  time.  Then  always, 
and,  of  course,  as  the  superbest  poetic  culmination-expression  of  feudalism, 
the  Shaksperean  dramas,  in  the  attitudes,  dialogue,  characters,  &c.,  of  the 
princes,  lords  and  gentlemen,  the  pervading  atmosphere,  the  implied  and  ex- 
press'd  standard  of  manners,  the  high  port  and  proud  stomach,  the  regal  em 
broidery  of  style,  &c. 


208  COLLECT. 

with  capacities,  and  a  real  future.  Then  music,  the  combiner, 
nothing  more  spiritual,  nothing  more  sensuous,  a  god,  yet  com 
pletely  human,  advances,  prevails,  holds  highest  place  \  supplying 
in  certain  wants  and  quarters  what  nothing  else  could  supply. 
Yet  in  the  civilization  of  to-day  it  is  undeniable  that,  over  all 
the  arts,  literature  dominates,  serves  beyond  all — shapes  the  char 
acter  of  church  and  school — or,  at  any  rate,  is  capable  of  doing 
so.  Including  the  literature  of  science,  its  scope  is  indeed  un- 
parallel'd. 

Before  proceeding  further,  it  were  perhaps  well  to  discriminate 
on  certain  points.  Literature  tills  its  crops  in  many  fields,  and 
some  may  flourish,  while  others  lag.  What  I  say  in  these  Vistas 
has  its  main  bearing  on  imaginative  literature,  especially  poetry, 
the  stock  of  all.  In  the  department  of  science,  and  the  specialty 
of  journalism,  there  appear,  in  these  States,  promises,  perhaps  ful 
filments,  of  highest  earnestness,  reality,  and  life.  These,  of  course, 
are  modern.  But  in  the  region  of  imaginative,  spinal  and  essen 
tial  attributes,  something  equivalent  to  creation  is,  for  our  age  and 
lands,  imperatively  demanded.  For  not  only  is  it  not  enough 
that  the  new  blood,  new  frame  of  democracy  shall  be  vivified  and 
held  together  merely  by  political  means,  superficial  suffrage,  legis 
lation,  &c.,  but  it  is  clear  to  me  that,  unless  it  goes  deeper,  gets 
at  least  as  firm  and  as  warm  a  hold  in  men's  hearts,  emotions  and 
belief,  as,  in  their  days,  feudalism  or  ecclesiasticism,  and  inaugu 
rates  its  own  perennial  sources,  welling  from  the  centre  forever, 
its  strength  will  be  defective,  its  growth  doubtful,  and  its  main 
charm  wanting.  I  suggest,  therefore,  the  possibility,  should  some 
two  or  three  really  original  American  poets,  (perhaps  artists  or 
lecturers,)  arise,  mounting  the  horizon  like  planets,  stars  of  the 
first  magnitude,  that,  from  their  eminence,  fusing  contributions, 
races,  far  localities,  &c.,  together,  they  would  give  more  compac 
tion  and  more  moral  identity,  (the  quality  to-day  most  needed,) 
to  these  States,  than  all  its  Constitutions,  legislative  and  judicial 
ties,  and  all  its  hitherto  political,  warlike,  or  materialistic  expe 
riences.  As,  for  instance,  there  could  hardly  happen  anything 
that  would  more  serve  the  States,  with  all  their  variety  of  origins, 
their  diverse  climes,  cities,  standards,  &c.,  than  possessing  an  ag 
gregate  of  heroes,  characters,  exploits,  sufferings,  prosperity  or 
misfortune,  glory  or  disgrace,  common  to  all,  typical  of  all — no 
less,  but  even  greater  would  it  be  to  possess  the  aggregation  of  a 
cluster  of  mighty  poets,  artists,  teachers,  fit  for  us,  national  ex- 
pressers,  comprehending  and  effusing  for  the  men  and  women  of 
the  Stales,  what  is  universal,  native,  common  to  all,  inland  and 
seaboard,  northern  and  southern.  The  historians  say  of  ancient 
Greece,  with  her  ever -jealous  autonomies,  cities,  and  states,  that 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS.  209 

the  only  positive  unity  she  ever  own'd  or  receiv'd,  was  the  sad 
unity  of  a  common  subjection,  at  the  last,  to  foreign  conquerors. 
Subjection,  aggregation  of  that  sort,  is  impossible  to  America ; 
but  the  fear  of  conflicting  and  irreconcilable  interiors,  and  the 
lack  of  a  common  skeleton,  knitting  all  close,  continually  haunts 
me.  Or,  if  it  does  not,  nothing  is  plainer  than  the  need,  a  long 
period  to  come,  of  a  fusion  of  the  States  into  the  only  reliable 
identity,  the  moral  and  artistic  one.  For,  I  say,  the  true  nation 
ality  of  the  States,  the  genuine  union,  when  we  come  to  a  mortal 
crisis,  is,  and  is  to  be,  after  all,  neither  the  written  law,  nor,  (as 
is  generally  supposed,)  either  self-interest,  or  common  pecuniary 
or  material  objects — but  the  fervid  and  tremendous  IDEA,  melt 
ing  everything  else  with  resistless  heat,  and  solving  all  lesser  and 
definite  distinctions  in  vast,  indefinite,  spiritual,  emotional  power. 

It  may  be  claim'd,  (and  I  admit  the  weight  of  the  claim,)  that 
common  and  general  worldly  prosperity,  and  a  populace  well-to- 
do,  and  with  all  life's  material  comforts,  is  the  main  thing,  and 
is  enough.  It  may  be  argued  that  our  republic  is,  in  perform 
ance,  really  enacting  to-day  the  grandest  arts,  poems,  &c.,  by 
beating  up  the  wilderness  into  fertile  farms,  and  in  her  railroads, 
ships,  machinery,  &c.  And  it  may  be  ask'd,  Are  these  not  bet 
ter,  indeed,  for  America,  than  any  utterances  even  of  greatest 
rhapsode,  artist,  or  literatus? 

I  too  hail  those  achievements  with  pride  and  joy :  then  answer 
that  the  soul  of  man  will  not  with  such  only — nay,  not  with  such 
at  all — be  finally  satisfied ;  but  needs  what,  (standing  on  these 
and  on  all  things,  as  the  feet  stand  on  the  ground,)  is  address'd 
to  the  loftiest,  to  itself  alone. 

Out  of  such  considerations,  such  truths,  arises  for  treatment  in 
these  Vistas  the  important  question  of  character,  of  an  American 
stock-personality,  with  literatures  and  arts  for  outlets  and  return- 
expressions,  and,  of  course,  to  correspond,  within  outlines  com 
mon  to  all.  To  these,  the  main  affair,  the  thinkers  of  the  United 
States,  in  general  so  acute,  have  either  given  feeblest  attention, 
or  have  remain'd,  and  remain,  in  a  state  of  somnolence. 

For  my  part,  I  would  alarm  and  caution  even  the  political  and 
business  reader,  and  to  the  utmost  extent,  against  the  prevailing 
delusion  that  the  establishment  of  free  political  institutions,  and 
plentiful  intellectual  smartness,  with  general  good  order,  physi 
cal  plenty,  industry,  &c.,  (desirable  and  precious  advantages  as 
they  all  are,)  do,  of  themselves,  determine  and  yield  to  our  ex 
periment  of  democracy  the  fruitage  of  success.  With  such  ad 
vantages  at  present  fully,  or  almost  fully,  possess'd — the  Union 
just  issued,  victorious,  from  the  struggle  with  the  only  foes  it 

18 


210  COLLECT. 

need  ever  fear,  (namely,  those  within  itself,  the  interior  ones,) 
and  with  unprecedented  materialistic  advancement — society,  in 
these  States,  is  canker'd,  crude,  superstitious,  and  rotten.  Politi 
cal,  or  law-made  society  is,  and  private,  or  voluntary  society,  is 
also.  In  any  vigor,  the  element  of  the  moral  conscience,  the 
most  important,  the  verteber  to  State  or  man,  seems  to  me  either 
entirely  lacking,  or  seriously  enfeebled  or  ungrown. 

I  say  we  had  .best  look  our  times  and  lands  searchingly  in  the 
face,  like  a  physician  diagnosing  some  deep  disease.  Never  was 
there,  perhaps,  more  hollowness  at  heart  than  at  present,  and  here 
in*  the  United  States.  Genuine  belief  seems  to  have  left  us.  The 
underlying  principles  of  the  States  are  not  honestly  believ'd  in, 
(for  all  this  hectic  glow,  and  these  melo-dramatic  screamings,) 
nor  is  humanity  itself  believ'd  in.  What  penetrating  eye  does 
not  everywhere  see  through  the  mask  ?  The  spectacle  is  appaling. 
We  live  in  an  atmosphere  of  hypocrisy  throughout.  The  men  be 
lieve  not  in  the  women,  nor  the  women  in  the  men.  A  scornful 
superciliousness  rules  in  literature.  The  aim  of  all  the  litterateurs 
is  to  find  something  to  make  fun  of.  A  lot  of  churches,  sects,  &c. , 
the  most  dismal  phantasms  I  know,  usurp  the  name  of  religion. 
Conversation  is  a  mass  of  badinage.  From  deceit  in  the  spirit, 
the  mother  of  all  false  deeds,  the  offspring  is  already  incalcula 
ble.  An  acute  and  candid  person,  in  the  revenue  department  in 
Washington,  who  is  led  by  the  course  of  his  employment  to  reg 
ularly  visit  the  cities,  north,  south  and  west,  to  investigate  frauds, 
has  talk'd  much  with  me  about  his  discoveries.  The  depravity 
of  the  business  classes  of  our  country  is  not  less  than  has  been 
supposed,  but  infinitely  greater.  The  official  services  of  America, 
national,  state,  and  municipal,  in  all  their  branches  and  depart 
ments,  except  the  judiciary,  are  saturated  in  corruption,  bribery, 
falsehood,  trial-administration  ;  and  the  judiciary  is  tainted.  The 
great  cities  reek  with  respectable  as  much  as  non- respectable  rob 
bery  and  scoundrelism.  In  fashionable  life,  flippancy,  tepid 
amours,  weak  infidelism,  small  aims,  or  no  aims  at  all,  only  to 
kill  time.  In  business,  (this  all-devouring  modern  word,  busi 
ness,)  the  one  sole  object  is,  by  any  means,  pecuniary  gain.  The 
magician's  serpent  in  the  fable  ate  up  all  the  other  serpents ;  and 
money-making  is  our  magician's  serpent,  remaining  to-day  sole 
master  of  the  field.  The  best  class  we  show,  is  but  a  mob  of 
fashionably  dress'd  speculators  and  vulgarians.  True,  indeed, 
behind  this  fantastic  force,  enacted  on  the  visible  stage  of  society, 
solid  things  and  stupendous  labors  are  to  be  discover'd,  existing 
crudely  and  going  on  in  the  background,  to  advance  and  tell 
themselves  in  time.  Yet  the  truths  are  none  the  less  terrible.  I 
say  that  our  New  World  democracy,  however  great  a  success  in 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS.  2II 

uplifting  the  masses  out  of  their  sloughs,  in  materialistic  develop 
ment,  products,  and  in  a  certain  highly-deceptive  superficial 
popular  intellectuality,  is,  so  far,  an  almost  complete  failure  in 
its  social  aspects,  and  in  really  grand  religious,  moral,  literary, 
and  esthetic  results.  In  vain  do  we  march  with  unprecedented 
strides  to  empire  so  colossal,  outvying  the  antique,  beyond  Alex 
ander's,  beyond  the  proudest  sway  of  Rome.  In  vain  have  we 
annex' d  Texas,  California,  Alaska,  and  reach  north  for  Canada 
and  south  for  Cuba.  It  is  as  if  we  were  somehow  being  endow'd 
with  a  vast  and  more  and  more  thoroughly-appointed  body,  and 
then  left  with  little  or  no  soul. 

Let  me  illustrate  further,  as  I  write,  with  current  observations, 
localities,  &c.  The  subject  is  important,  and  will  bear  repeti 
tion.  After  an  absence,  I  am  now  again  (September,  1*870)  in 
New  York  city  and  Brooklyn,  on  a  few  weeks'  vacation.  The 
splendor,  picturesqueness,  and  oceanic  amplitude  and  rush  of 
these  great  cities,  the  unsurpass'd  situation,  rivers  and  bay, 
sparkling  sea-tides,  costly  and  lofty  new  buildings,  f^ades  of 
marble  and  iron,  of  original  grandeur  and  elegance  of  design, 
with  the  masses  of  gay  color,  the  preponderance  of  white  and 
blue,  the  flags  flying,  the  endless  ships,  the  tumultuous  streets, 
Broadway,  the  heavy,  low,  musical  roar,  hardly  ever  intermitted, 
even  at  night ;  the  jobbers'  houses,  the  rich  shops,  the  wharves, 
the  great  Central  Park,  and  the  Brooklyn  Park  of  hills,  (as  I 
wander  among  them  this  beautiful  fall  weather,  musing,  watch 
ing,  absorbing) — the  assemblages  of  the  citizens  in  their  groups, 
conversations,  trades,  evening  amusements,  or  along  the  by-quar 
ters — these,  I  say,  and  the  like  of  these,  completely  satisfy  my 
senses  of  power,  fulness,  motion,  &c.,  and  give  me,  through 
such  senses  and  appetites,  and  through  my  esthetic  conscience, 
a  continued  exaltation  and  absolute  fulfilment.  Always  and 
more  and  more,  as  I  cross  the  East  and  North  rivers,  the 
ferries,  or  with  the  pilots  in  their  pilot-houses,  or  pass  an  hour  in 
Wall  street,  or  the  gold  exchange,  I  realize,  (ff  we  must  admit 
such  partialisms,)  that  not  Nature  alone  is  great  in  her  fields  of 
freedom  and  the  open  air,  in  her  storms,  the  shows  of  night  and 
day,  the  mountains,  forests,  seas — but  in  the  artificial,  the  work 
of  man  too  is  equally  great — in  this  profusion  of  teeming  hu 
manity — in  these  ingenuities,  streets,  goods,  houses,  ships — these 
hurrying,  feverish,  electric  crowds  of  men,  their  complicated 
business  genius,  (not  least  among  the  geniuses,)  and  all  this 
mighty,  many-threaded  wealth  and  industry  concentrated  here. 

But  sternly  discarding,  shutting  our  eyes  to  the  glow  and  gran 
deur  of  the  general  superficial  effect,  coming  down  to  what  is  of 
the  only  real  importance,  Personalities,  and  examining  minutely, 


212  COLLECT. 

we  question,  we  ask,  Are  there,  indeed,  men  here  worthy  (he 
name  ?  Are  there  athletes  ?  Are  there  perfect  women,  to  match 
the  generous  material  luxuriance  ?  Is  there  a  pervading  atmosphere 
of  beautiful  manners  ?  Are  there  crops  of  fine  youths,  and  majestic 
old  persons  ?  Are  there  arts  worthy  freedom  and,  a  rich  peo 
ple?  Is  there  a  great  moral  and  religious  civilization — the  only 
justification  of  a  great  material  one?  Confess  that  to  severe 
eyes,  using  the  moral  microscope  upon  humanity,  a  sort  of  dry 
and  flat  Sahara  appears,  these  cities,  crowded  with  petty  gro 
tesques,  malformations,  phantoms,  playing  meaningless  antics. 
Confess  that  everywhere,  in  shop,  street,  church,  theatre,  bar 
room,  official  chair,  are  pervading  flippancy  and  vulgarity,  low 
cunning,  infidelity — everywhere  the  youth  puny,  impudent,  fop 
pish,  prematurely  ripe — everywhere  an  abnormal  libidinousness, 
unhealthy  forms,  male,  female,  painted,  padded,  dyed,  chignon'd, 
muddy  complexions,  bad  blood,  the  capacity  for  good  mother 
hood  deceasing  or  deceas'd,  shallow  notions  of  beauty,  with  a 
range  of  manners,  or  rather  lack  of  manners,  (considering  the 
advantages  enjoy *d,)  probably  the  meanest  to  be  seen  in  the 
world.* 

Of  all  this,  and  these  lamentable  conditions,  to  breathe  into 
them  the  breath  recuperative  of  sane  and  heroic  life,  I  say  a  new 
founded  literature,  not  merely  to  copy  and  reflect  existing  sur 
faces,  or  pander  to  what  is  called  taste — not  only  to  amuse,  pass 
away  time,  celebrate  the  beautiful,  the  refined,  the  past,  or  exhibit 
technical,  rhythmic,  or  grammatical  dexterity — but  a  literature 
underlying  life,  religious,  consistent  with  science,  handling  the 
elements  and  forces  with  competent  power,  teaching  and  training 
men — and,  as  perhaps  the  most  precious  of  its  results,  achieving 
the  entire  redemption  of  woman  out  of  these  incredible  holds 
and  webs  of  silliness,  millinery,  and  every  kind  of  dyspeptic  de 
pletion — and  thus  insuring  to  the  States  a  strong  and  sweet  Fe 
male  Race,  a  race  of  perfect  Mothers — is  what  is  needed. 

*  Of  these  rapidly-sketch'd  hiatuses,  the  two  which  seem  to  me  most  se 
rious  are,  for  one,  the  condition,  absence,  or  perhaps  the  singular  abeyance, 
of  moral  conscientious  fibre  all  through  American  society;  and,  for  another, 
the  appaling  depletion  of  women  in  their  powers  of  sane  athletic  maternity, 
their  crowning  attribute,  and  ever  making  the  woman,  in  loftiest  spheres,  su 
perior  to  the  man. 

I  have  sometimes  thought,  indeed,  that  the  sole  avenue  and  means  of  a  re 
constructed  sociology  depended,  primarily,  on  a  new  birth,  elevation,  expan 
sion,  invigoration  of  woman,  affording,  for  races  to  come,  (as  the  conditions 
that  antedate  birth  are  indispensable,)  a  perfect  motherhood.  Great,  great, 
indeed,  far  greater  than  they  know,  is  the  sphere  of  women.  But  doubtless 
the  question  of  such  new  sociology  all  goes  together,  includes  many  varied 
and  complex  influences  and  premises,  and  the  man  as  well  as  the  woman,  and 
the  woman  as  well  as  the  man. 


DEMOCRA  TIC  VISTAS. 


213 


And  now,  in  the  full  conception  of  these  facts  and  points,  and 
all  that  they  infer,  pro  and  con — with  yet  unshaken  faith  in  the 
elements  of  the  American  masses,  the  composites,  of  both  sexes, 
and  even  consider 'd  as  individuals — and  ever  recognizing  in  them 
the  broadest  bases  of  the  best  literary  and  esthetic  appreciation 
— I  proceed  with  my  speculations,  Vistas. 

First,  let  us  see  what  we  can  make  out  of  a  brief,  general,  sen 
timental  consideration  of  political  democracy,  and  whence  it 
has  arisen,  with  regard  to  some  of  its  current  features,  as  an  ag 
gregate,  and  as  the  basic  structure  of  our  future  literature  and 
authorship.  We  shall,  it  is  true,  quickly  and  continually  find  the 
origin-idea  of  the  singleness  of  man,  individualism,  asserting  it 
self,  and  cropping  forth,  even  from  the  opposite  ideas.  But  the 
mass,  or  lump  character,  for  imperative  reasons,  is  to  be  ever 
carefully  weigh'd,  borne  in  mind,  and  provided  for.  Only  from 
it,  and  from  its  proper  regulation  and  potency,  comes  the  other, 
comes  the  chance  of  individualism.  The  two  are  contradictory, 
but  our  task  is  to  reconcile  them.* 

The  political  history  of  the  past  may  be  summ'd  up  as  having 
grown  out  of  what  underlies  the  words,  order,  safety,  caste,  and 
especially  out  of  the  need  of  some  prompt  deciding  authority, 
and  of  cohesion  at  all  cost.  Leaping  time,  we  come  to  the  period 
within  the  memory  of  people  now  living,  when,  as  from  some 
lair  where  they  had  slumber'd  long,  accumulating  wrath,  sprang 
up  and  are  yet  active,  (1790,  and  on  even  to  the  present,  1870,) 
those  noisy  eructations,  destructive  iconoclasms,  a  fierce  sense  of 
wrongs,  amid  which  moves  the  form,  well  known  in  modern 
history,  in  the  old  world,  stain'd  with  much  blood,  and  rnark'd 
by  savage  reactionary  clamors  and  demands.  These  bear,  mostly, 
as  on  one  inclosing  point  of  need. 

For  after  the  rest  is  said — after  the  many  time-honor 'd  and 
really  true  things  for  subordination,  experience,  rights  of  prop 
erty,  &c.,  have  been  listen 'd  to  and  acquiesced  in — after  the  val 
uable  and  well-settled  statement  of  our  duties  and  relations  in 
society  is  thoroughly  conn'd  over  and  exhausted — it  remains  to 
bring  forward  and  modify  everything  else  with  the  idea  of  that 
Something  a  man  is,  (last  precious  consolation  of  the  drudging 

*  The  question  hinted  here  is  one  which  time  only  can  answer.  Must  not 
the  virtue  of  modern  Individualism,  continually  enlarging,  usurping  all,  se 
riously  affect,  perhaps  keep  down  entirely,  in  America,  the  like  of  the  ancient 
virtue  of  Patriotism,  the  fervid  and  absorbing  love  of  general  country?  I 
have  no  doubt  myself  that  the  two  will  merge,  and  will  mutually  profit  and 
brace  each  other,  and  that  from  them  a  greater  product,  a  third,  will  arise. 
But  I  feel  that  at  present  they  and  their  oppositions  form  a  serious  problem 
and  paradox  in  the  United  States. 


214  COLLECT. 

poor,)  standing  apart  from  all  else,  divine  in  his  own  right,  and 
a  woman  in  hers,  sole  and  'untouchable  by  any  canons  of  au 
thority,  or  any  rule  derived  from  precedent,  state-safety,  the  acts 
of  legislatures,  or  even  from  what  is  called  religion,  modesty,  or 
art.  The  radiation  of  this  truth  is  the  key  of  the  most  significant 
doings  of  our  immediately  preceding  three  centuries,  and  has 
been  the  political  genesis  and  life  of  America.  Advancing  visi 
bly,  it  still  more  advances  invisibly.  Underneath  the  fluctuations 
of  the  expressions  of  society,  as  well  as  the  movements  of  the 
politics  of  the  leading  nations  of  the  world,  we  see  steadily  press 
ing  ahead  and  strengthening  itself,  even  in  the  midst  of  immense 
tendencies  toward  aggregation,  this  image  of  completeness  in 
separatism,  of  individual  personal  dignity,  of  a  single  person, 
either  male  or  female,  characterized  in  the  main,  not  from  ex 
trinsic  acquirements  or  position,  but  in  the  pride  of  himself  or 
herself  alone;  and,  as  an  eventual  conclusion  and  summing  up, 
(or  else  the  entire  scheme  of  things  is  aimless,  a  cheat,  a  crash,) 
the  simple  idea  that  the  last,  best  dependence  is  to  be  upon  hu 
manity  itself,  and  its  own  inherent,  normal,  full-grown  qualities, 
without  any  superstitious  support  whatever.  This  idea  of  per 
fect  individualism  it  is  indeed  that  deepest  tinges  and  gives  char 
acter  to  the  idea  of  the  aggregate.  For  it  is  mainly  or  alto 
gether  to  serve  independent  separatism  that  we  favor  a  strong 
generalization,  consolidation.  As  it  is  to  give  the  best  vitality 
and  freedom  to  the  rights  of  the  States,  (every  bit  as  important 
as  the  right  of  nationality,  the  union,)  that  we  insist  on  the  iden 
tity  of  the  Union  at  all  hazards. 

The  purpose  of  democracy — supplanting  old  belief  in  the 
necessary  absoluteness  of  established  dynastic  rulership,  temporal, 
ecclesiastical,  and  scholastic,  as  furnishing  the  only  security 
against  chaos,  crime,  and  ignorance — is,  through  many  transmi 
grations,  and  amid  endless  ridicules,  arguments,  and  ostensible 
failures,  to  illustrate,  at  all  hazards,  this  doctrine  or  theory  that 
man,  properly  train'd  in  sanest,  highest  freedom,  may  and  must 
become  a  law,  and  series  of  laws,  unto  himself,  surrounding  and 
providing  for,  not  only  his  own  personal  control,  but  all  his  re 
lations  to  other  individuals,  and  to  the  State ;  and  that,  while 
other  theories,  as  in  the  past  histories  of  nations,  have  proved 
wise  enough,  and  indispensable  perhaps  for  their  conditions,  this, 
as  matters  now  stand  in  our  civilized  world,  is  the  only  scheme 
worth  working  from,  as  warranting  results  like  those  of  Nature's 
laws,  reliable,  when  once  establish'd,  to  carry  on  themselves. 

The  argument  of  the  matter  is  extensive,  and,  we  admit,  by  no 
means  all  on  one  side.  What  we  shall  offer  will  be  far,  far  from 
sufficient.  But  while  leaving  unsaid  much  that  should  properly 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS.  2IS 

even  prepare  the  way  for  the  treatment  of  this  many-sided  ques 
tion  of  political  liberty,  equality,  -or  republicanism — leaving  the 
whole  history  and  consideration  of  the  feudal  plan  and  its  prod 
ucts,  embodying  humanity,  its  politics  and  civilization,  through 
the  retrospect  of  past  time,  (which  plan  and  products,  indeed, 
make  up  all  of  the  past,  and  a  large  part  of  the  present) — 
leaving  unanswer'd,  at  least  by  any  specific  and  local  answer, 
many  a  well-wrought  argument  and  instance,  and  many  a  con 
scientious  declamatory  cry  and  warning — as,  very  lately,  from 
an  eminent  and  venerable  person  abroad* — things,  problems,  full 
of  doubt,  dread,  suspense,  (not  new  to  me,  but  old  occupiers  of 
many  an  anxious  hour  in  city's  din,  or  night's  silence,)  we  still 
may  give  a  page  or  so,  whose  drift  is  opportune.  Time  alone 
can  finally  answer  these  things.  But  as  a  substitute  in  passing, 
let  us,  even  if  fragmentarily,  throw  forth  a  short  direct  or  indirect 
suggestion  of  the  premises  of  that  other  plan,  in  the  new  spirit, 
under  the  new  forms,  started  here  in  our  America. 

.As  to  the  political  section  of  Democracy,  which  introduces 
and  breaks  ground  for  further  and  vaster  sections,  few  probably 
are  the  minds,  even  in  these  republican  States,  that  fully  compre 
hend  the  aptness  of  that  phrase,  "THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  THE 
PEOPLE,  BY  THE  PEOPLE,  FOR  THE  PEOPLE,"  which  we  inherit 
from  the  lips  of  Abraham  Lincoln ;  a  formula  whose  verbal  shape 
is  homely  wit,  but  whose  scope  includes  both  the  totality  and  all 
minutiae  of  the  lesson. 

The  People  !  Like  our  huge  earth  itself,  which,  to  ordinary  scan 
sion,  is  full  of  vulgar  contradictions  and  offence,  man,  viewed  in 
the  lump,  displeases,  and  is  a  constant  puzzle  and  affront  to  the 
merely  educated  classes.  The  rare,  cosmical,  artist-mind,  lit 
with  the  Infinite,  alone  confronts  his  manifold  and  oceanic 
qualities — but  taste,  intelligence  and  culture,  (so-called,)  have 
been  against  the  masses,  and  remain  so.  There  is  plenty  of  gla 
mour  about  the  most  damnable  crimes  and  hoggish  meannesses, 
special  and  general,  of  the  feudal  and  dynastic  world  over  there, 
with  its  personnel of  lords  and  queens  and  courts,  so  well-dress'd 

*  "  SHOOTING  NIAGARA." — I  was  at  first  roused  to  much  anger  and  abuse 
by  this  essay  from  Mr.  Carlyle,  so  insulting  to  the  theory  of  America — but 
happening  to  think  afterwards  how  I  had  more  than  once  been  in  the  like 
mood,  during  which  his  essay  was  evidently  cast,  and  seen  persons  and  things 
in  the  same  light,  (indeed  some  might  say  there  are  signs  of  the  same  feeling 
in  these  Vistas) — I  have  since  read  it  again,  not  only  as  a  study,  expressing  as  it 
does  certain  judgments  from  the  highest  feudal  point  of  view,  but  have  read 
it  with  respect  as  coming  from  an  earnest  soul,  and  as  contributing  certain 
sharp-cutting  metallic  grains,  which,  if  not  gold  or  silver,  may  be  good  hard, 
honest  iron. 


2l6  COLLECT. 

and  so  handsome.     But  the  People  are  un grammatical,  untidy, 
and  their  sins  gaunt  and  ill-bred. 

Literature,  strictly  consider'd,  has  never  recognized  the  People, 
and,  whatever  may  be  said,  does  not  to-day.  Speaking  generally, 
the  tendencies  of  literature,  as  hitherto  pursued,  have  been  to 
make  mostly  critical  and  querulous  men.  It  seems  as  if,  so  far, 
there  were  some  natural  repugnance  between  a  literary  and  pro 
fessional  life,  and  the  rude  rank  spirit  of  the  democracies.  There 
is,  in  later  literature,  a  treatment  of  benevolence,  a  charity  busi 
ness,  rife  enough  it  is  true ;  but  I  know  nothing  more  rare,  even 
in  this  country,  than  a  fit  scientific  estimate  and  reverent  appre 
ciation  of  the  People — of  their  measureless  wealth  of  latent  power 
and  capacity,  their  vast,  artistic  contrasts  of  lights  and  shades — 
with,  in  America,  their  entire  reliability  in  emergencies,  and  a 
certain  breadth  of  historic  grandeur,  of  peace  or  war,  far  surpass 
ing  all  the  vaunted  samples  of  book-heroes,  or  any  haut  ton 
coteries,  in  all  the  records  of  the  world. 

The  movements  of  the  late  secession  war,  and  their  results,  to 
any  sense  that  studies  well  and  comprehends  them,  show  that 
popular  democracy,  whatever  its  faults  and  dangers,  practically 
justifies  itself  beyond  the  proudest  claims  and  wildest  hopes  of  its 
enthusiasts.  Probably  no  future  age  can  know,  but  I  well  know, 
how  the  gist  of  this  fiercest  and  most  resolute  of  the  world's  war 
like  contentions  resided  exclusively  in  the  unnamed,  unknown 
rank  and  file ;  and  how  the  brunt  of  its  labor  of  death  was,  to  all 
essential  purposes,  volunteer'd.  The  People,  of  their  own  choice, 
fighting,  dying  for  their  own  idea,  insolently  attack'd  by  the 
secession-slave-power,  and  its  very  existence  imperil'd.  Descend 
ing  to  detail,  entering  any  of  the  armies,  and  mixing  with  the 
private  soldiers,  we  see  and  have  seen  august  spectacles.  We  have 
seen  the  alacrity  with  which  the  American  born  populace,  the 
peaceablest  and  most  good-natured  race  in  the  world,  and  the  most 
personally  independent  and  intelligent,  and  the  least  fitted  to 
submit  to  the  irksomeness  and  exasperation  of  regimental  disci 
pline,  sprang,  at  the  first  tap  of  the  drum,  to  arms — not  for  gain, 
nor  even  glory,  nor  to  repel  invasion — but  for  an  emblem,  a  mere 
abstraction — for  the  life,  the  safety  of  the  flag.  We  have  seen  the 
unequal'd  docility  and  obedience  of  these  soldiers.  We  have  seen 
them  tried  long  and  long  by  hopelessness,  mismanagement,  and 
by  defeat ;  have  seen  the  incredible  slaughter  toward  or  through 
which  the  armies,  (as  at  first  Fredericksburg,  and  afterward  at  the 
Wilderness,)  still  unhesitatingly  obey'd  orders  to  advance.  We 
have  seen  them  in  trench,  or  crouching  behind  breastwork,  or 
tramping  in  deep  mud,  or  amid  pouring  rain  or  thick-falling  snow, 
or  under  forced  marches  in  hottest  summer  (as  on  the  road  to  get 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS.  217 

to  Gettysburg) — vast  suffocating  swarms,  divisions,  corps,  with 
every  single  man  so  grimed  and  black  with  sweat  and  dust,  his 
own  mother  would  not  have  known  him — his  clothes  all  dirty, 
stain'd  and  torn,  with  sour,  accumulated  sweat  for  perfume — many 
a  comrade,  perhaps  a  brother,  sun-struck,  staggering  out,  dying, 
by  the  roadside,  of  exhaustion — yet  the  great  bulk  bearing  steadily 
on,  cheery  enough,  hollow-bellied  from  hunger,  but  sinewy  with 
unconquerable  resolution. 

We  have  seen  this  race  proved  by  wholesale  by  drearier,  yet 
more  fearful  tests — the  wound,  the  amputation,  the  shatter'd  face 
or  limb,  the  slow  hot  fever,  long  impatient  anchorage  in  bed, 
and  all  the  forms  of  maiming,  operation  and  disease.  Alas  ! 
America  have  we  seen,  though  only  in  her  early  youth,  already  to 
hospital  brought.  There  have  we  vvatch'd  these  soldiers,  many 
of  them  only  boys  in  years — mark'd  their  decorum,  their  religious 
nature  and  fortitude,  and  their  sweet  affection.  Wholesale,  truly. 
For  at  the  front,  and  through  the  camps,  in  countless  tents,  stood 
the  regimental,  brigade  and  division  hospitals  ;  while  everywhere 
amid  the  land,  in  or  near  cities,  rose  clusters  of  huge,  white- 
wash'd,  crowded,  one  story  wooden  barracks;  and  there  ruled 
agony  with  bitter  scourge,  yet  seldom  brought  a  cry;  and  there 
stalk'd  death  by  day  and  night  along  the  narrow  aisles  between 
the  rows  of  cots,  or  by  the  blankets  on  the  ground,  and  touch'd 
lightly  many  a  poor  sufferer,  often  with  blessed,  welcome  touch. 

I  know  not  whether  I  shall  be  understood,  but  I  realize  that  it 
is  finally  from  what  I  learn'd  personally  mixing  in  such  scenes 
that  I  am  now  penning  these  pages.  One  night  in  the  gloomiest 
period  of  the  war,  in  the  Patent  office  hospital  in  Washington 
city,  as  I  stood  by  the  bedside  of  a  Pennsylvania  soldier,  who 
lay,  conscious  of  quick  approaching  death,  yet  perfectly  calm, 
and  with  noble,  spiritual  manner,  the  veteran  surgeon,  turning 
aside,  said  to  me,  that  though  he  had  witness'd  many,  many 
deaths  of  soldiers,  and  had  been  a  worker  at  Bull  Run,  Antietam, 
Fredericksburg,  &c.,  he  had  not  seen  yet  the  first  case  of  man  or 
boy  that  met  the  approach  of  dissolution  with  cowardly  qualms 
or  terror.  My  own  observation  fully  bears  out  the  remark. 

What  have  we  here,  if  not,  towering  above  all  talk  and  argu 
ment,  the  plentifully-supplied,  last-needed  proof  of  democracy, 
in  its  personalities?  Curiously  enough,  too,  the  proof  on  this 
point  comes,  I  should  say,  every  bit  as  much  from  the  south,  as 
from  the  north.  Although  I  have  spoken  only  of  the  latter,  yet 
I  deliberately  include  all.  Grand,  common  stock !  to  me  the 
accomplished  and  convincing  growth,  prophetic  of  the  future; 
proof  undeniable  to  sharpest  sense,  of  perfect  beauty,  tenderness 
and  pluck,  that  never  feudal  lord,  nor  Greek,  nor  Roman  breed, 

19 


218  COLLECT. 

yet  rival'd.  Let  no  tongue  ever  speak  in  disparagement  of  the 
American  races,  north  or  south,  to  one  who  has  been  through  the 
war  in  the  great  army  hospitals. 

Meantime,  general  humanity,  (for  to  that  we  return,  as,  for  our 
purposes,  what  it  really  is,  to  bear  in  mind,)  has  always,  in  every 
department,  been  full  of  perverse  maleficence,  and  is  so  yet.  In 
downcast  hours  the  soul  thinks  it  always  will  be — but  soon  re 
covers  from  such  sickly  moods.  I  myself  see  clearly  enough  the 
crude,  defective  streaks  in  all  the  strata  of  the  common  people ; 
the  specimens  and  vast  collections  of  the  ignorant,  the  credulous, 
the  unfit  and  uncouth,  the  incapable,  and  the  very  low  and  poor. 
The  eminent  person  just  mention'd  sneeringly  asks  whether  we 
expect  to  elevate  and  improve  a  nation's  politics  by  absorbing 
such  morbid  collections  and  qualities  therein.  The  point  is  a 
formidable  one,  and  there  will  doubtless  always  be  numbers  of 
solid  and  reflective  citizens  who  will  never  get  over  it.  Our  an 
swer  is  general,  and  is  involved  in  the  scope  and  letter  of  this 
.essay.  We  believe  the  ulterior  object  of  political  and  all  other 
government,  (having,  of  course,  provided  for  the  police,  the  safety 
of  life,  property,  and  for  the  basic  statute  aud  common  law,  and 
their  administration,  always  first  in  order,)  to  be  among  the  rest, 
not  merely  to  rule,  to  repress  disorder,  &c.,  but  to  develop,  to 
open  up  to  cultivation,  to  encourage  the  possibilities  of  all  be 
neficent  and  manly  outcroppage,  and  of  that  aspiration  for  inde 
pendence,  and  the  pride  and  self-respect  latent  in  all  characters. 
(Or,  if  there  be  exceptions,  we  cannot,  fixing  our  eyes  on  them 
alone,  make  theirs  the  rule  for  all.) 

I  say  the  mission  of  government,  henceforth,  in  civilized  lands, 
is  not  repression  alone,  and  not  authority  alone,  not  even  of  law, 
nor  by  that  favorite  standard  of  the  eminent  writer,  the  rule  of 
the  best  men,  the  born  heroes  and  captains  of  the  race,  (as  if 
such  ever,  or  one  time  out  of  a  hundred,  get  into  the  big  places, 
elective  or  dynastic) — but  higher  than  the  highest  arbitrary  rule, 
to  train  communities  through  all  their  grades,  beginning  with  in 
dividuals  and  ending  there  again,  to  rule  themselves.  What 
Christ  appear' d  for  in  the  moral-spiritual  field  for  human-kind, 
namely,  that  in  respect  to  the  absolute  soul,  there  is  in  the  pos 
session  of  such  by  each  single  individual,  something  so  tran 
scendent,  so  incapable  of  gradations,  (like  life,)  that,  to  that  ex 
tent,  it  places  all  beings  on  a  common  level,  utterly  regardless  of 
the  distinctions  of  intellect,  virtue,  station,  or  any  height  or  low 
liness  whatever — is  tallied  in  like  manner,  in  this  other  field,  by 
democracy's  rule  that  men,  the  nation,  as  a  common  aggregate  of 
living  identities,  affording  in  each  a  separate  and  complete  sub 
ject  for  freedom,  worldly  thrift  and  happiness,  and  for  a  fair 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS.  319 

chance  for  growth,  and  for  protection  in  citizenship,  &c.,  must, 
to  the  political  extent  of  the  suffrage  or  vote,  if  no  further,  be 
placed,  in  each  and  in  the  whole,  on  one  broad,  primary,  univer 
sal,  common  platform. 

The  purpose  is  not  altogether  direct ;  perhaps  it  is  more  indi 
rect.  For  it  is  not  that  democracy  is  of  exhaustive  account, 
in  itself.  Perhaps,  indeed,  it  is,  (like  Nature,)  of  no  account  in 
itself.  It  is  that,  as  we  see,  it  is  the  best,  perhaps  only,  fit  and 
full  means,  formulater,  general  caller-forth,  trainer,  for  the  mil 
lion,  not  for  grand  material  personalities  only,  but  for  immortal 
souls.  To  be  a  voter  with  the  rest  is  not  so  much  ;  and  this,  like 
every  institute,  will  have  its  imperfections.  But  to  become  an 
enfranchised  man,  and  now,  impediments  removed,  to  stand  and 
start  without  humiliation,  and  equal  with  the  rest ;  to  commence, 
or  have  the  road  clear'd  to  commence,  the  grand  experiment  of 
development,  whose  end,  (perhaps  requiring  several  generations,) 
may  be  the  forming  of  a  full-grown  man  or  woman — that  is 
something.  To  ballast  the  State  is  also  secured,  and  in  our  times 
is  to  be  secured,  in  no  other  way. 

We  do  not,  (at  any  rate.I  do  not,)  put  it  either  on  the  ground 
that  the  People,  the  masses,  even  the  best  of  them,  are,  in  their 
latent  or  exhibited  qualities,  essentially  sensible  and  good — nor 
on  the  ground  of  their  rights ;  but  that  good  or  bad,  rights  or 
no  rights,  the  democratic  formula  is  the  only  safe  and  preserva 
tive  one  for  coming  times.  We  endow  the  masses  with  the  suf 
frage  for  their  own  sake,  no  doubt;  then,  perhaps  still  more, 
from  another  point  of  view,  for  community's  sake.  Leaving  the 
rest  to  the  sentimentalists,  we  present  freedom  as  sufficient  in  its 
scientific  aspect,  cold  as  ice,  reasoning,  deductive,  clear  and 
passionless  as  crystal. 

Democracy  too  is  law,  and  of  the  strictest,  amplest  kind. 
Many  suppose,  (and  often  in  its  own  ranks  the  error,)  that  it 
means  a  throwing  aside  of  law,  and  running  riot.  But,  briefly, 
it  is  the  superior  law,  not  alone  that  of  physical  force,  the  body, 
which,  adding  to,  it  supersedes  with  that  of  the  spirit.  Law  is 
the  unshakable  order  of  the  universe  forever;  and  the  law  over 
all,  and  law  of  laws,  is  the  law  of  successions  ;  that  of  the  supe 
rior  law,  in  time,  gradually  supplanting  and  overwhelming  the 
inferior  one.  (While,  for  myself,  I  would  cheerfully  agree — first 
covenanting  that  the  formative  tendencies  shall  be  administer'd 
in  favor,  or  at  least  not  against  it,  and  that  this  reservation  be 
closely  construed — that  until  the  individual  or  community  show 
due  signs,  or  be  so  minor  and  fractional  as  not  to  endanger  the 
State,  the  condition  of  authoritative  tutelage  may  continue,  and 
self-government  must  abide  its  time.)  Nor  is  the  esthetic  point, 


220  COLLECT. 

always  an  important  one,  without  fascination  for  highest  aiming 
souls.  The  common  ambition  strains  for  elevations,  to  become 
some  privileged  exclusive.  The  master  sees  greatness  and  health 
in  being  part  of  the  mass ;  nothing  will  do  as  well  as  common 
ground.  Would  you  have  in  yourself  the  divine,  vast,  general 
law?  Then  merge  yourself  in  it. 

And,  topping  democracy,  this  most  alluring  record,  that  it 
alone  can  bind,  and  ever  seeks  to  bind,  all  nations,  all  men,  of 
however  various  and  distant  lands,  into  a  brotherhood,  a  family. 
It  is  the  old,  yet  ever-modern  dream  of  earth,  out  of  her  eldest 
and  her  youngest,  her  fond  philosophers  and  poets.  Not  that 
half  only,  individualism,  which  isolates.  There  is  another  half, 
which  is  adhesiveness  or  love,  that  fuses,  ties  and  aggregates, 
making  the  races  comrades,  and  fraternizing  all.  Both  are  to  be 
vitalized  by  religion,  (sole  worthiest  elevator  of  man  or  State, ) 
breathing  into  the  proud,  material  tissues,  the  breath  of  life.  For 
I  say  at  the  core  of  democracy,  finally,  is  the  religious  element. 
All  the  religions,  old  and  new,  are  there.  Nor  may  the  scheme 
step  forth,  clothed  in  resplendent  beauty  and  command,  till  these, 
bearing  the  best,  the  latest  fruit,  the  spiritual,  shall  fully  ap 
pear. 

A  portion  of  our  pages  we  might  indite  with  reference  toward 
Europe,  especially  the  British  part  of  it,  more  than  our  own  land, 
perhaps  not  absolutely  needed  for  the  home  reader.  But  the 
whole  question  hangs  together,  and  fastens  and  links  all  peoples. 
The  liberalist  of  to-day  has  this  advantage  over  antique  or  medi 
eval  times,  that  his  doctrine  seeks  not  only  to  individualize  but  to 
universalize.  The  great  word  Solidarity  has  arisen.  Of  all  dan 
gers  to  a  nation,  as  things  exist  in  our  day,  there  can  be  no  greater 
one  than  having  certain  portions  of  the  people  set  off  from  the 
rest  by  a  line  drawn — they  not  privileged  as  others,  but  degraded, 
humiliated,  made  of  no  account.  Much  quackery  teems,  of 
course,  even  on  democracy's  side,  yet  does  not  really  affect  the 
orbic  quality  of  the  matter.  To  work  in,  if  we  may  so  term  it, 
and  justify  God,  his  divine  aggregate,  the  People,  (or,  the  veri 
table  horn'd  and  sharp-tail'd  Devil,  his  aggregate,  if  there  be 
who  convulsively  insist  upon  it) — this,  I  say,  is  what  democracy 
is  for;  and  this  is  what  our  America  means,  and  is  doing — may 
I  not  say,  has  done?  If  not,  she  means  nothing  more,  and  does 
nothing  more,  than  any  other  land.  And  as,  by  virtue  of  its 
kosmical,  antiseptic  power,  Nature's  stomach  is  fully  strong 
enough  not  only  to  digest  the  morbific  matter  always  presented, 
not  to  be  turn'd  aside,  and  perhaps,  indeed,  intuitively  gravitat 
ing  thither — but  even  to  change  such  contributions  into  nutri 
ment  for  highest  use  and  life — so  American  democracy's.  That 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS.  22l 

is  the  lesson  we,  these  days,  send  over  to  European  lands  by  every 
western  breeze. 

And,  truly,  whatever  may  be  said  in  the  way  of  abstract  argu 
ment,  for  or  against  the  theory  of  a  wider  democratizing  of  insti 
tutions  in  any  civilized  country,  much  trouble  might  well  be 
saved  to  all  European  lands  by  recognizing  this  palpable  fact,  (for 
a  palpable  fact  it  is,)  that  some  form  of  such  democratizing  is 
about  the  only  resource  now  left.  That,  or  chronic  dissatisfac 
tion  continued,  mutterings  which  grow  annually  louder  and 
louder,  till,  in  due  course,  and  pretty  swiftly  in  most  cases,  the 
inevitable  crisis,  crash,  dynastic  ruin.  Anything  worthy  to  be 
call'd  statesmanship  in  the  Old  World,  I  should  say,  among  the 
advanced  students,  adepts,  or  men  of  any  brains,  does  not  de 
bate  to-day  whether  to  hold  on,  attempting  to  lean  back  and 
monarchize,  or  to  look  forward  and  democratize — but  how,  and 
in  what  degree  and  part,  most  prudently  to  democratize. 

The  eager  and  often  inconsiderate  appeals  of  reformers  and 
revolutionists  are  indispensable,  to  counterbalance  the  inertness 
and  fossilism  making  so  large  a  part  of  human  institutions.  The 
latter  will  always  take  care  of  themselves — the  danger  being  that 
they  rapidly  tend  to  ossify  us.  The  former  is  to  be  treated  with 
indulgence,  and  even  with  respect.  As  circulation  to  air,  so  is 
agitation  and  a  plentiful  degree  of  speculative  license  to  political 
and  moral  sanity.  Indirectly,  but  surely,  goodness,  virtue,  law, 
(of  the  very  best,)  follow  freedom.  These,  to  democracy,  are 
what  the  keel  is  to  the  ship,  or  saltness  to  the  ocean. 

The  true  gravitation-hold  of  liberalism  in  the  United  States 
will  be  a  more  universal  ownership  of  property,  general  home 
steads,  general  comfort — avast,  intertwining  reticulation  of  wealth. 
As  the  human  frame,  or,  indeed,  any  object  in  this  manifold 
universe,  is  best  kept  together  by  the  simple  miracle  of  its  own 
cohesion,  and  the  necessity,  exercise  and  profit  thereof,  so  a  great 
and  varied  nationality,  occupying  millions  of  square  miles,  were 
firmest  held  and  knit  by  the  principle  of  the  safety  and  endur 
ance  of  the  aggregate  of  its  middling  property  owners.  So  that, 
from  another  point  of  view,  ungracious  as  it  may  sound,  and  a 
paradox  after  what  we  have  been  saying,  democracy  looks  with 
suspicious,  ill-satisfied  eye  upon  the  very  poor,  the  ignorant,  and 
on  those  out  of  business.  She  asks  for  men  and  women  with 
occupations,  well-off,  owners  of  houses  and  acres,  and  with  cash 
in  the  bank — and  with  some  cravings  for  literature,  too  ;  and 
must  have  them,  and  hastens  to  make  them.  Luckily,  the  seed 
is  already  well  sown,  and  has  taken  ineradicable  root.* 

*  For  fear  of  mistake,  I  may  as  well  distinctly  specify,  as  cheerfully  in- 
eluded  in  the  model  and  standard  of  these  Vistas,  a  practical,  stirring,  worldly, 


222  COLLECT. 

Huge  and  mighty  are  our  days,oHr  republican  lands — and  most 
in  their  rapid  shiftings,  their  changes,  all  in  the  interest  of  the 
cause.  As  I  write  this  particular  passage,  (November,  1868,)  the 
din  of  disputation  rages  around,  me.  Acrid  the  temper  of  the 
parties,  vital  the  pending  questions.  Congress  convenes;  the 
President  sends  his  message ;  reconstruction  is  still  in  abeyance ; 
the  nomination  and  the  contest  for  the  twenty-first  Presidentiad 
draw  close,  with  loudest  threat  and  bustle.  Of  these,  and  all 
the  like  of  these,  the  eventuations  I  know  not ;  but  well  I  know 
that  behind  them,  and  whatever  their  eventuations,  the  vital 
things  remain  safe  and  certain,  and  all  the  needed  work  goes  on. 
Time,  with  soon  or  later  superciliousness,  disposes  of  Presidents, 
Congressmen,  party  platforms,  and  such.  Anon,  it  clears  the 
stage  of  each  and  any  mortal  shred  that  thinks  itself  so  potent 
to  its  day  ;  and  at  and  after  which,  (with  precious,  golden  ex 
ceptions  once  or  twice  in  a  century,)  all  that  relates  to  sir  po 
tency  is  flung  to  moulder  in  a  burial-vault,  and  no  one  bothers 
himself  the  least  bit  about  it  afterward.  But  the  People  ever  re 
main,  tendencies  continue,  and  all  the  idiocratic  transfers  in 
unbroken  chain  go  on. 

In  a  few  years  the  dominion-heart  of  America  will  be  far  in 
land,  toward  the  West.  Our  future  national  capital  may  not  be 
where  the  present  one  is.  It  is  possible,  nay  likely,  that  in  less 
than  fifty  years,  it  will  migrate  a  thousand  or  two  miles,  will  be 
re-founded,  and  every  thing  belonging  to  it  made  on  a  different 
plan,  original,  far  more  superb.  The  main  social,  political,  spine- 
character  of  the  States  will  probably  run  along  the  Ohio,  Mis 
souri  and  Mississippi  rivers,  and  west  and  north  of  them,  in 
cluding  Canada.  Those  regions,  with  the  group  of  powerful 
brothers  toward  the  Pacific,  (destined  to  the  mastership  of  that 
sea  and  its  countless  paradises  of  islands,)  will  compact  and  set 
tle  the  traits  of  America,  with  all  the  old  retain'd,  but  more  ex 
panded,  grafted  on  newer,  hardier,  purely  native  stock.  A  giant 
growth,  composite  from  the  rest,  getting  their  contribution,  ab 
sorbing  it,  to  make  it  more  illustrious.  From  the  north,  intel 
lect,  the  sun  of  things,  also  the  idea  of  unswayable  justice,  an- 

money-making,  even  materialistic  character.  It  is  undeniable  that  our  farms, 
stores,  offices,  dry-goods,  coal  and  groceries,  enginery,  cash-accounts,  trades, 
earnings,  markets,  &c.,  should  be  attended  to  in  earnest,  and  actively  pur 
sued,  just  as  if  they  had  a  real  and  permanent  existence.  I  perceive  clearly 
that  the  extreme  business  energy,  and  this  almost  maniacal  appetite  for  wealth 
prevalent  in  the  United  States,  are  parts  of  amelioration  and  progress,  indis 
pensably  needed  to  prepare  the  very  results  I  demand.  My  theory  includes 
riches,  and  the  getting  of  riches,  and  the  amplest  products,  power,  activity, 
inventions,  movements,  &c.  Upon  them,  as  upon  substrata,  I  raise  the  edi 
fice  design'd  in  these  Vistas. 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS. 


223 


chor  amid  the  last,  the  wildest  tempests.  From  the  south  the 
living  soul,  the  animus  of  good  and  bad,  haughtilyadmitting  no 
demonstration  but  its  own.  While  from  the  west  itself  comes 
solid  personality,  with  blood  and  brawn,  and  the  deep  quality  of 
all-accepting,  fusion. 

Political  democracy,  as  it  exists  and  practically  works  in 
America,  with  all  its  threatening  evils,  supplies  a  training-school 
for  making  first-class  men.  It  is  life's  gymnasium,  not  of  good 
only,  but  of  all.  We  try  often,  though  we  fall  back  often.  A 
brave  delight,  fit  for  freedom's  athletes,  fills  these  arenas,  and  fully 
satisfies,  out  of  the  action  in  them,  irrespective  of  success.  What 
ever  we  do  not  attain,  we  at  any  rate  attain  the  experiences  of 
the  fight,  the  hardening  of  the  strong  campaign,  and  throb  with 
currents  of  attempt  at  least.  Time  is  ample.  Let  the  victors 
come  after  us.  Not  for  nothing  does  evil  play  its  part  among 
us.  Judging  from  the  main  portions  of  the  history  of  the  world, 
so  far,  justice  is  always  in  jeopardy,  peace  walks  amid  hourly  pit 
falls,  and  of  slavery,  misery,  meanness,  the  craft  of  tyrants  and 
the  credulity  of  the  populace,  in  some  of  their  protean  forms, 
no  voice  can  at  any  time  say,  They  are  not.  The  clouds  break  a 
little,  and  the  sun  shines  out — but  soon  and  certain  the  lowering 
darkness  falls  again,  as  if  to  last  forever.  Yet  is  there  an  im 
mortal  courage  and  prophecy  in  every  sane  soul  that  cannot, 
must  not,  under  any  circumstances,  capitulate.  Vive,  the  attack — 
the  perennial  assault !  Vive,  the  unpopular  cause — the  spirit  that 
audaciously  aims — the  never-abandon'd  efforts,  pursued  the  same 
amid  opposing  proofs  and  precedents. 

Once,  before  the  war,  (Alas !  I  dare  not  say  how  many  times 
the  mood  has  come  !)  I,  too,  was  fill'd  with  doubt  and  gloom.  A 
foreigner,  an  acute  and  good  man,  had  impressively  said  to  me, 
that  day — putting  in  form,  indeed,  my  own  observations:  "I  have 
travel'd  much  in  the  United  States,  and  watch 'd  their  politi 
cians,  and  listen'd  to  the  speeches  of  the  candidates,  and  read 
the  journals,  and  gone  into  the  public  houses,  and  heard  the  un 
guarded  talk  of  men.  And  I  have  found  your  vaunted  America 
honeycomb'd  from  top  to  toe  with  infidelism,  even  to  itself  and 
its  own  programme.  I  have  mark'd  the  brazen  hell-faces  of  se 
cession  and  slavery  gazing  defiantly  from  all  the  windows  and 
doorways.  I  have  everywhere  found,  primarily,  thieves  and  scal- 
liwags  arranging  the  nominations  to  offices,  and  sometimes  filling 
the  offices  themselves.  I  have  found  the  north  just  as  full  of  bad 
stuff  as  the  south.  Of  the  holders  of  public  office  in  the  Na 
tion  or  the  States  or  their  municipalities,  I  have  found  that  not 
one  in  a  hundred  has  been  chosen  by  any  spontaneous  selection 


224 


COLLECT. 


of  the  outsiders,  the  people,  but  all  have  been  nominated  and 
put  through  by  little  or  large  caucuses  of  the  politicians,  and 
have  got  in  by  corrupt  rings  and  electioneering,  not  capacity  or 
desert.  I  have  noticed  how  the  millions  of  sturdy  farmers  and 
mechanics  are  thus  the  helpless  supple-jacks  of  comparatively  few 
politicians.  And  I  have  noticed  more  and  more,  the  alarming 
spectacle  of  parties  usurping  the  government,  and  openly  and 
shamelessly  wielding  it  for  party  purposes." 

Sad,  serious,  deep  truths.  Yet  are  there  other,  still  deeper, 
amply  confronting,  dominating  truths.  Over  those  politicians 
and  great  and  little  rings,  and  over  all  their  insolence  and  wiles, 
and  over  the  powerfulest  parties,  looms  a  power,  too  sluggish  may 
be,  but  ever  holding  decisions  and  decrees  in  hand,  ready,  with 
stern  process,  to  execute  them  as  soon  as  plainly  needed — and  at 
times,  indeed,  summarily  crushing  to  atoms  the  mightiest  parties, 
even  in  the  hour  of  their  pride. 

In  saner  hours  far  different  are  the  amounts  of  these  things 
from  what,  at  first  sight,  they  appear.  Though  it  is  no  doubt 
important  who  is  elected  governor,  mayor,  or  legislator,  (and  full 
of  dismay  when  incompetent  or  vile  ones  get  elected,  as  they 
sometimes  do,)  there  are  other,  quieter  contingencies,  infinitely 
more  important.  Shams,  &c.,  will  always  be  the  show,  like 
ocean's  scum ;  enough,  if  waters  deep  and  clear  make  up  the 
rest.  Enough,  that  while  the  piled  embroider'd  shoddy  gaud 
and  fraud  spreads  to  the  superficial  eye,  the  hidden  warp  and 
weft  are  genuine,  and  will  wear  forever.  Enough,  in  short,  that 
the  race,  the  land  which  could  raise  such  as  the  late  rebellion, 
could  also  put  it  down. 

The  average  man  of  a  land  at  last  only  is  important.  He,  in 
these  States,  remains  immortal  owner  and  boss,  deriving  good 
uses,  somehow,  out  of  any  sort  of  servant  in  office,  even  the  basest; 
(certain  universal  requisites,  and  their  settled  regularity  and  pro 
tection,  being  first  secured,)  a  nation  like  ours,  in  a  sort  of  geo 
logical  formation  state,  trying  continually  new  experiments,  choos- 
ing  new  delegations,  is  not  served  by  the  best  men  only,  but 
sometimes  more  by  those  that  provoke  it — by  the  combats  they 
arouse.  Thus  national  rage,  fury,  discussion,  &c.,  better  than 
content.  Thus,  also,  the  warning  signals,  invaluable  for  after 
times. 

What  is  more  dramatic  than  the  spectacle  we  have  seen  re 
peated,  and  doubtless  long  shall  see — the  popular  judgment  taking 
the  successful  candidates  on  trial  in  the  offices — standing  off,  as 
it  were,  and  observing  them  and  their  doings  for  a  while,  and  al 
ways  giving,  finally,  the  fit,  exactly  due  reward?  I  think,  after 
all,  the  sublimest  part  of  political  history,  and  its  culmination, 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS.  225 

is  currently  issuing  from  the  American  people.  I  know  nothing 
grander,  better  exercise,  better  digestion,  more  positive  proof  of 
the  past,  the  triumphant  result  of  faith  in  human  kind, than  a  well- 
contested  American  national  election. 

Then  still  the  thought  returns,  (like  the  thread -passage  in  over 
tures,)  giving  the  key  and  echo  to  these  pages.  When  I  pass  to 
and  fro,  different  latitudes,  different  seasons,  beholding  the  crowds 
of  the  great  cities,  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  Cincinnati, 
Chicago,  St.  Louis,  San  Francisco,  New  Orleans,  Baltimore — when 
I  mix  with  these  interminable  swarms  of  alert,  turbulent,  good- 
natured,  independent  citizens,  mechanics,  clerks,  young  persons 
— at  the  .idea  of  this  mass  of  men,  so  fresh  and  free,  so  lo'ving 
and  so  proud,  a  singular  awe  falls  upon  me.  I  feel,  with  dejec 
tion  and  amazement,  that  among  our  geniuses  and  talented 
writers  or  speakers,  few  or  none  have  yet  really  spoken  to  this 
people,  created  a  single  image-making  work  for  them,  or  absorb'd 
the  central  spirit  and  the  idiosyncrasies  which  are  theirs — and 
which,  thus,  in  highest  ranges,  so  far  remain  entirely  uncelebrated, 
unexpress'd. 

Dominion  strong  is  the  body's;  dominion  stronger  is  the 
mind's.  What  has  fill'd,  and  fills  to-day  our  intellect,  our  fancy, 
furnishing  the  standards  therein,  is  yet  foreign.  The  great  poems, 
Shakspere  included,  are  poisonous  to  the  idea  of  the  pride  and 
dignity  of  the  common  people,  the  life-blood  of  democracy.  The 
models  of  our  literature,  as  we  get  it  from  other  lands,  ultra 
marine,  have  had  their  birth  in  courts,  and  bask'd  and  grown  in 
castle  sunshine ;  all  smells  of  princes'  favors.  Of  workers  of  a 
certain  sort,  we  have,  indeed,  plenty,  contributing  after  their 
kind  ;  many  elegant,  many  learn'd,  all  complacent.  But  touch'd 
by  the  national  test,  or  tried  by  the  standards  of  democratic  per 
sonality,  they  wither  to  ashes.  I  say  I  have  not  seen  a  single  writer, 
artist,  lecturer,  or  what  not,  that  has  confronted  the  voiceless 
but  ever  erect  and  active,  pervading,  underlying  will  and  typic 
aspiration  of  the  land,  in  a  spirit  kindred  to  itself.  Do  you  call 
those  genteel  little  creatures  American  poets?  Do  you  term  that 
perpetual,  pistareen,  paste-pot  work,  American  art,  American 
drama,  taste,  verse?  I  think  I  hear,  echoed  as  from  some  moun 
tain-top  afar  in  the  west,  the  scornful  laugh  of  the  Genius  of  these 
States. 

Democracy,  in  silence,  biding  its  time,  ponders  its  own  ideals, 
not  of  literature  and  art  only — not  of  men  only,  but  of  women. 
The  idea  of  the  women  of  America,  (extricated  from  this  daze, 
this  fossil  and  unhealthy  air  which  hangs  about  the  word  lady,] 
develop' d,  raised  to  become  the  robust  equals,  workers,  and,  it 


226  COLLECT. 

may  be,  even  practical  and  political  deciders  with  the  men — 
greater  than  man,  we  may  admit,  through  their  divine  maternity, 
always  their  towering,  emblematical  attribute — but  great,  at  any 
rate,  as  man,  in  all  departments ;  or,  .rather,  capable  of  being  so, 
soon  as  they  realize  it,  and  can  bring  themselves  to  give  up  toys 
and  fictions,  and  launch  forth,  as  men  do,  amid  real,  independent, 
stormy  life. 

Then,  as  towards  our  thought's  finale,  (and,  in  that,  overarch 
ing  the  true  scholar's  lesson,)  we  have  to  say  there  can  be  no  com 
plete  or  epical  presentation  of  democracy  in  the  aggregate,  or  any 
thing  like  it,  at  this  day,  because  its  doctrines  will  only  be  effect 
ually  incarnated  in  any  one  branch,  when,  in  all,  their«spirit  is  at 
the  root  and  centre.  Far,  far,  indeed,  stretch,  in  distance,  our 
Vistas  !  How  much  is  still  to  be  disentangled,  freed  !  How 
long  it  takes  to  make  this  American  world  see  that  it  is,  in  itself, 
the  final  authority  and  reliance ! 

Did  you,  too,  O  friend,  suppose  democracy  was  only  for  elec 
tions,  for  politics,  and  for  a  party  name?  I  say  democracy  is  only 
of  use  there  that  it  may  pass  on  and  come  to  its  flower  and  fruits 
in  manners,  in  the  highest  forms  of  interaction  between  men,  and 
their  beliefs — in  religion,  literature,  colleges,  and  schools — de 
mocracy  in  all  public  and  private  life,  and  in  the  army  and  navy.* 
I  have1  intimated  that,  as  a  paramount  scheme,  it  has  yet  few  or 
no  full  realizers  and  believers.  I  do  not  see,  either,  that  it  owes 
any  serious  thanks  to  noted  propagandists  or  champions,  or  has 
been  essentially  help'd,  though  often  harm'd,  by  them.  It  has 
been  and  is  carried  on  by  all  the  moral  forces,  and  by  trade, 
finance,  machinery,  intercommunications,  and,  in  fact,  by  all  the 
developments  of  history,  and  can  no  more  be.  stopp'd  than  the 
tides,  or  the  earth  in  its  orbit.  Doubtless,  also,  it  resides,  crude 
and  latent,  well  down  in  the  hearts  of  the  fair  average  of  the 
American-born  people,  mainly  in  the  agricultural  regions.  But  it 
is  not  yet,  there  or  anywhere,  the  fully-receiv'd,  the  fervid,  the 
absolute  faith. 

I  submit,  therefore,  that  the  fruition  of  democracy,  on  aught 
like  a  grand  scale,  resides  altogether  in  the  future.  As,  under 
any  profound  and  comprehensive  view  of  the  gorgeous-composite 
feudal  world,  we  see  in  it,  through  the  long  ages  and  cycles  of 
ages,  the  results  of  a  deep,  integral,  human  and  divine  princi- 

*  The  whole  present  system  of  the  officering  and  personnel  of  the  army  and 
navy  of  these  States,  and  the  spirit  and  letter  of  their  trebly-aristocratic  rules 
and  regulations,  is  a  monstrous  exotic,  a  nuisance  and  revolt,  and  be-long 
here  just  as  much  as  orders  of  nobility,  or  the  Pope's  council  of  cardinals.  I 
say  if  the  present  theory  of  our  army  and  navy  is  sensible  and  true,  then  the 
rest  of  America  is  an  unmitigated  fraud. 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS. 


227 


pie,  or  fountain,  from  which  issued  laws,  ecclesia,  manners, 
institutes,  costumes,  personalities,  poems,  (hitherto  unequall'd,) 
faithfully  partaking  of  their  source,  and  indeed  only  arising 
either  to  betoken  it,  or  to  furnish  parts  of  that  varied-flow 
ing  display,  whose  centre  was  one  and  absolute — so,  long  ages 
hence,  shall  the  due  historian  or  critic  make  at  least  an  equal 
retrospect,  an  equal  history  for  the  democratic  principle.  It 
too  must  be  adorn'd,  credited  with  its  results— then,  when  it, 
with  imperial  power,  through  amplest  time,  has  dominated  man 
kind — has  been  the  source  and  test  of  all  the  moral,  esthetic, 
social,  political,  and  religious  expressions  and  institutes  of  the 
civilized  world — has  begotten  them  in  spirit  and  in  form,  and 
has  carried  them  to  its  own  unprecedented  heights — has  had,  (it 
is  possible,)  monastics  and  ascetics,  more  numerous,  more  de 
vout  than  the  monks  and  priests  of  all  previous  creeds — has 
sway'd  the  ages  with  a  breadth  and  rectitude  tallying  Nature's 
own — has  fashion'd,  systematized,  and  triumphantly  finish'd  and 
carried  out,  in  its  own  interest,  and  with  unparallel'd  success,  a 
new  earth  and  a  new  man. 

Thus  we  presume  to  write,  as  it  were,  upon  things  that  exist 
not,  and  travel  by  maps  yet  unmade,  and  a  blank.  But  the 
throes  of  birth  are  upon  us ;  and  we  have  something  of  this  ad 
vantage  in  seasons  of  strong  formations,  doubts,  suspense — for 
then  the  afflatus  of  such  themes  haply  may  fall  upon  us,  more  or 
less;  and  then,  hot  from  surrounding  war  and  revolution,  our 
speech,  though  without  polish'd  coherence,  and  a  failure  by  the 
standard  called  criticism,  comes  forth,  real  at  least  as  the  light 
nings. 

And  may-be  we,  these  days,  have,  too,  our  own  reward — (for 
there  are  yet  some,  in  all  lands,  worthy  to  be  so  encouraged.) 
Though  not  for  us  the  joy  of  entering  at  the  last  the  conquer'd 
city — not  ours  the  chance  ever  to  see  wkh  our  own  eyes  the  peer 
less  power  and  splendid  eclat  of  the  democratic  principle,  arriv'd 
at  meridian,  filling  the  world  with  effulgence  and  majesty  far  be 
yond  those  of  past  history's  kings,  or  all  dynastic  sway — there  is 
yet,  to  whoever  is  eligible  among  us,  the  prophetic  vision,  the 
joy  of  being  toss'd  in  the  brave  turmoil  of  these  times — the  pro 
mulgation  and  the  path,  obedient,  lowly  reverent  to  the  voice, 
the  gesture  of  the  god,  or  holy  ghost,  which  others  see  not,  hear 
not — with  the  proud  consciousness  that  amid  whatever  clouds, 
seductions,  or  heart-wearying  postponements,  we  have  never  de 
serted,  never  despair'd,  never  abandon'd  the  faith. 

So  much  contributed,  to  be  conn'd  well,  to  help  prepare  and 
brace  our  edifice,  our  plann'd  Idea — we  still  proceed  to  give  it  in 


228  COLLECT. 

another  of  its  aspects — perhaps  the  main,  the  high  fa§ade  of  all. 
For  to  democracy,  the  leveler,  the  unyielding  principle  of  the 
average,  is  surely  join'd  another  principle,  equally  unyielding, 
closely  tracking  the  first,  indispensable  to  it,  opposite,  (as  the 
sexes  are  opposite,)  and  whose  existence,  confronting  and  ever 
modifying  the  other,  often  clashing,  paradoxical,  yet  neither  of 
highest  avail  without  the  other,  plainly  supplies  to  these  grand 
cosmic  politics  of  ours,  and  to  the  launch'd  forth  mortal  dangers 
of  republicanism,  to  day  or  any  day,  the  counterpart  and  offset 
whereby  Nature  restrains  the  deadly  original  relentlessness  of  all 
her  first-class  laws.  This  second  principle  is  individuality,  the 
pride  and  centripetal  isolation  of  a  human  being  in  himself — 
identity — personalism.  Whatever  the  name,  its  acceptance  and 
thorough  infusion  through  the  organizations  of  political  com 
monalty  now  shooting  Aurora-like  about  the  world,  are  of  utmost 
importance,  as  the  principle  itself  is  needed  for  very  life's  sake. 
It  forms,  in  a  sort,  or  is  to  form,  the  compensating  balance- 
wheel  of  the  successful  working  machinery  of  aggregate  America. 
And,  if  we  think  of  it,  what  does  civilization  itself  rest  upon — 
and  what  object  has  it,  with  its  religions,  arts,  schools,  &c.,  but 
rich,  luxuriant,  varied  personalism  ?  To  that,  all  bends  ;  and  it 
is  because  toward  such  result  democracy  alone,  on  anything  like 
Nature's  scale,  breaks  up  the  limitless  fallows  of  humankind,  and 
plants  the  seed,  and  gives  fair  play,  that  its  claims  now  precede 
the  rest.  The  literature,  songs,  esthetics,  &c.,  of  a  country  are 
of  importance  principally  because  they  furnish  the  materials  and 
suggestions  of  personality  for  the  women  and  men  of  that  coun 
try,  and  enforce  them  in  a  thousand  effective  ways.*  As  the  top- 

*  After  the  rest  is  satiated,  all  interest  culminates  in  the  field  of  persons, 
and  never  flags  there.  Accordingly  in  this  field  have  the  great  poets  and  lite- 
ratuses  signally  toil'd.  They  too,  in  all  ages,  all  lands,  have  been  creators, 
fashioning,  making  types  of  men  and  women,  as  Adam  and  Eve  are  made  in 
the  divine  fable.  Behold,  shaped,  bred  by  orientalism,  feudalism,  through 
their  long  growth  and  culmination,  and  breeding  back  in  return — (when 
shall  we  have  an  equal  series,  typical  of  democracy  ?) — behold,  commencing 
in  primal  Asia,  (apparently  formulated,  in  what  beginning  we  know,  in  the 
gods  of  the  mythologies,  and  coming  down  thence,)  a  few  samples  out  of  the 
countless  product,  bequeath'd  to  the  moderns,  bequeath'd  to  America  as  stu 
dies.  For  the  men,  Yudishtura,  Rama,  Arjuna,  Solomon,  most  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testament  characters;  Achilles,  Ulysses,  Theseus,  Prometheus,  Her 
cules,  /Eneas,  Plutarch's  heroes;  the  Merlin  of  Celtic  bards;  the  Cid,  Arthur 
and  his  knights,  Siegfried  and  Hagen  in  the  Nibelungen ;  Roland  and  Oliver; 
Rouslam  in  the  Shah- Neman;  and  so  on  to  Milton's  Satan,  Cervantes'  Don 
Quixote,  Shakspere's  Hamlet,  Richard  II.,  Lear,  Marc  Antony,  &c.,  and  the 
modern  Faust.  These,  I  say,  are  models,- combined,  adjusted  to  other  stand 
ards  than  America's,  but  of  priceless  value  to  her  and  hers. 

Among  women,  the  goddesses  of  the  Egyptian,  Indian  and  Greek  mytholo 
gies,  certain  Bible  characters,  especially  the  Holy  Mother ;  Cleopatra,  Penel- 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS. 


229 


most  claim  of  a  strong  consolidating  of  the  nationality  of  these 
States,  is,  that  only  by  such  powerful  compaction  can  the  separate 
States  secure  that  full  and  free  swing  within  their  spheres,  which 
is  becoming  to  them,  each  after  its  kind,  so  will  individuality, 
with  unimpeded  branchings,  flourish  best  under  imperial  republi 
can  forms. 

Assuming  Democracy  to  be  at  present  in  its  embryo  condition, 
and  that  the  only  large  and  satisfactory  justification  of  it  resides 
in  the  future,  mainly  through  the  copious  production  of  perfect 
characters  among  the  people,  and  through  the  advent  of  a  sane 
and  pervading  religiousness,  it  is  with  regard  to  the  atmosphere 
and  spaciousness  fit  for  such  characters,  and  of  certain  nutriment 
and  cartoon-draftings  proper  for  them,  and  indicating  them  for 
New  World  purposes,  that  I  continue  the  present  statement — an 
exploration,  as  of  new  ground,  wherein,  like  other  primitive  sur 
veyors,  I  must  do  the  best  I  can,  leaving  it  to  those  who  come 
after  me  to  do  much  better.  (The  service,  in  fact,  if  any,  must 
be  to  break  a  sort  of  first  path  or  track,  no  matter  how  rude  and 
ungeometrical.) 

We  have  frequently  printed  the  word  Democracy.  Yet  I  can 
not  too  often  repeat  that  it  is  a  word  the  real  gist  of  which  still 
sleeps,  quite  unawaken'd,  notwithstanding  the  resonance  and  the 
many  angry  tempests  out  of  which  its  syllables  have  come,  from 
pen  or  tongue.  It  is  a  great  word,  whose  history,  I  suppose,  re 
mains  unwritten,  because  that  history  has  yet  to  be  enacted.  It 
is,  in  some  sort,  younger  brother  of  another  great  and  often-used 
word,  Nature,  whose  history  also  waits  unwritten.  As  I  perceive, 
the  tendencies  of  our  day,  in  the  States,  (and  I  entirely  respect 
them,)  are  toward  those  vast  and  sweeping  movements,  influences, 
moral  and  physical,  of  humanity,  now  and  always  current  over 
the  planet,  on  the  scale  of  the  impulses  of  the  elements.  Then 
it  is  also  good  to  reduce  the  whole  matter  to  the  consideration  of 
a  single  self,  a  man,  a  woman,  on  permanent  grounds.  Even  for 
the  treatment  of  the  universal,  in  politics,  metaphysics,  or  any 
thing,  sooner  or  later  we  come  down  to  one  single,  solitary  soul. 

There  is,  in  sanest  hours,  a  consciousness,  a  thought  that  rises, 
independent,  lifted  out  from  all  else,  calm,  like  the  stars,  shining 
eternal.  This  is  the  thought  of  identity — yours  for  you,  who 
ever  you  are,  as  mine  for  me.  Miracle  of  miracles,  beyond 
statement,  most  spiritual  and  vaguest  of  earth's  dreams,  yet 

ope ;  the  portraits  of  Brunhelde  and  Chriemhilde  in  the  Nibelungen  ;  Oriana, 
Una,  &c. ;  the  modern  Consuelo,  Walter  Scott's  Jeanie  and  Effie  Deans,  &c.f 
&c.  ( Yet  woman  portray'd  or  outlin'd  at  her  best,  or  as  perfect  human  mother, 
does  not  hitherto,  it  seems  to  me,  fully  appear  in  literature.) 


230 


COLLECT. 


hardest  basic  fact,  and  only  entrance  to  all  facts.  In  such  devout 
hours,  in  the  midst  of  the  significant  wonders  of  heaven  and 
earth,  (significant  only  because  of  the  Me  in  the  centre,)  creeds, 
conventions,  fall  away  and  become  of  no  account  before  this 
simple  idea.  Under  the  luminousness  of  real  vision,  it  alone 
takes  possession,  takes  value.  Like  the  shadowy  dwarf  in  the 
fable,  once  liberated  and  look'd  upon,  it  expands  over  the  whole 
earth,  and  spreads  to  the  roof  of  heaven. 

The  quality  of  BEING,  in  the  object's  self,  according  to  its  own 
central  idea  and  purpose,  and  of  growing  therefrom  and  thereto 
— not  criticism  by  other  standards,  and  adjustments  thereto — is 
the  lesson  of  Nature.  True,  the  full  man  wisely  gathers,  culls, 
absorbs ;  but  if,  engaged  disproportionately  in  that,  he  slights  or 
overlays  the  precious  idiocrasy  and  special  nativity  and  intention 
that  he  is,  the  man's  self,  the  main  thing,  is  a  failure,  however 
wide  his  general  cultivation.  Thus,  in  our  times,  refinement  and 
delicatesse  are  not  only  attended  to  sufficiently,  but  threaten  to 
eat  us  up,  like  a  cancer.  Already,  the  democratic  genius  watches, 
ill-pleased,  these  tendencies.  Provision  for  a  little  healthy  rude 
ness,  savage  virtue,  justification  of  what  one  has  in  one's  self, 
whatever  it  is,  is  demanded.  Negative  qualities,  even  deficiencies, 
would  be  a  relief.  Singleness  and  normal  simplicity  and  separa 
tion,  amid  this  more  and  more  complex,  more  and  more  artifi- 
cialized  state  of  society — how  pensively  we  yearn  for  them  !  how 
we  would  welcome  their  return  ! 

In  some  such  direction,  then — at  any  rate  enough  to  preserve 
the  balance — we  feel  called  upon  to  throw  what  weight  we  can, 
not  for  absolute  reasons,  but  current  ones.  To  prune,  gather, 
trim,  conform,  and  ever  cram  and  stuff,  and  be  genteel  and 
proper,  is  the  pressure  of  our  days.  While  aware  that  much  can 
be  said  even  in  behalf  of  all  this,  we  perceive  that  we  have  not 
now  to  consider  the  question  of  what  is  demanded  to  serve  a  half- 
starved  and  barbarous  nation,  or  set  of  nations,  but  what  is  most 
applicable,  most  pertinent,  for  numerous  congeries  of  conven 
tional,  over-corpulent  societies,  already  becoming  stifled  and  rot 
ten  with  flatulent,  infidelistic  literature,  and  polite  conformity 
and  art.  In  addition  to  established  sciences,  we  suggest  a  science 
as  it  were  of  healthy  average  personalism,  on  original-universal 
grounds,  the  object  of  which  should  be  to  raise  up  and  supply 
through  the  States  a  copious  race  of  superb  American  men  and 
women,  cheerful,  religious,  ahead  of  any  yet  known. 

America  has  yet  morally  and  artistically  originated  nothing. 
She  seems  singularly  unaware  that  the  models  of  persons,  books, 
manners,  &c.,  appropriate  for  former  conditions  and  for  European 
lands,  are  but  exiles  and  exotics  here.  No  current  of  her  life,  as 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS. 


231 


shown  on  the  surfaces  of  what  is  authoritatively  called  her  society, 
accepts  or  runs  into  social  or  esthetic  democracy;  but  all 
the  currents  set  squarely  against  it.  Never,  in  the  Old  World, 
was  thoroughly  upholster'd  exterior  appearance  and  show,  mental 
and  other,  built  entirely  on  the  idtfa.  of  caste,  and  on  the  suffi 
ciency  of  mere  outside  acquisition — never  were  glibness,  verbal 
intellect,  more  the  test,  the  emulation — more  loftily  elevated  as 
head  and  sample — than  they  are  on  the  surface  of  our  republican 
States  this  day.  The  writers  of  a  time  hint  the  mottoes  of  its 
gods.  The  word  of  the  modern,  say  these  voices,  is  the  word 
Culture. 

We  find  ourselves  abruptly  in  close  quarters  with  the  enemy. 
This  word  Culture,  or  what  it  has  come  to  represent,  involves, 
by  contrast,  our  whole  theme,  and  has  been,  indeed,  the  spur, 
urging  us  to  engagement.  Certain  questions  arise.  As  now  taught, 
accepted  and  carried  out,  are  not  the  processes  of  culture  rapidly 
creating  a  class  of  supercilious  infidels,  who  believe  in  nothing  ? 
Shall  a  man  lose  himself  in  countless  masses  of  adjustments,  and 
be  so  shaped  with  reference  to  this,  that,  and  the  other,  that  the 
simply  good  and  healthy  and  brave  parts  of  him  are  reduced  and 
clipp'd  away,  like  the  bordering  of  box  in  a  garden  ?  You  can 
cultivate  corn  and  roses  and  orchards — but  who  shall  cultivate 
the  mountain  peaks,  the  ocean,  and  the  tumbling  gorgeousness  of 
the  clouds?  Lastly — is  the  readily-given  reply  that  culture  only 
seeks  to  help,  systematize,  and  put  in  attitude,  the  elements  of 
fertility  and  power,  a  conclusive  reply  ? 

I  do  not  so  much  object  to  the  name,  or  word,  but  I  should 
certainly  insist,  for  the  purposes  of  these  States,  on  a  radical 
change  of  category,  in  the  distribution  of  precedence.  I  should 
demand  a  programme  of  culture,  drawn  out,  not  for  a  single  class 
alone,  or  for  the  parlors  or  lecture-rooms,  but  with  an  eye  to  prac 
tical  life,  the  west,  the  working-men,  the  facts  of  farms  and  jack- 
planes  and  engineers,  and  of  the  broad  range  of  the  women  also 
of  the  middle  and  working  strata,  and  with  reference  to  the  per 
fect  equality  of  women,  and  of  a  grand  and  powerful  motherhood. 
I  should  demand  of  this  programme  or  theory  a  scope  generous 
enough  to  include  the  widest  human  area.  It  must  have  for  its 
spinal  meaning  the  formation  of  a  typical  personality  of  charac 
ter,  eligible  to  the  uses  of  the  high  average  of  men — and  not  re 
stricted  by  conditions  ineligible  to  the  masses.  The  best  culture 
will  always  be  that  of  the  manly  and  courageous  instincts,  and 
loving  perceptions,  and  of  self-respect — aiming  to  form,  over  this 
continent,  an  idiocrasy  of  universalism,  which,  true  child  of 
America,  will  bring  joy  to  its  mother,  returning  to  her  in  her  own 
spirit,  recruiting  myriads  of  offspring,  able,  natural,  perceptive, 


232 


COLLECT. 


tolerant,  devout  believers  in  her,  America,  and  with  some  definite 
instinct  why  and  for  what  she  has  arisen,  most  vast,  most  formi 
dable  of  historic  births,  and  is,  now  and  here,  with  wonderful 
step,  journeying  through  Time. 

The  problem,  as  it  seems  to  me,  presented  to  the  New  World) 
is,  under  permanent  law  and  order,  and  after  preserving  cohesion, 
(ensemble-Individuality,)  at  all  hazards,  to  vitalize  man's  free  play 
of  special  Personalism,  recognizing  in  it  something  that  calls  ever 
more  to  be  consider'd,  fed,  and  adopted  as  the  substratum  for  the 
best  that  belongs  to  us,  (government  indeed  is  for  it,)  including 
the  new  esthetics  of  our  future. 

To  formulate  beyond  this  present  vagueness — to  help  line  and 
put  before  us  the  species,  or  a  specimen  of  the  species,  of  the 
democratic  ethnology  of  the  future,  is  a  work  toward  which  the 
genius  of  our  land,  with  peculiar  encouragement,  invites  her  well- 
wishers.  Already  certain  limnings,  more  or  less  grotesque,  more 
or  less  fading  and  watery,  have  appear'd.  We  too,  (repressing 
doubts  and  qualms,)  will  try  our  hand. 

Attempting,  then,  however  crudely,  a  basic  model  or  portrait 
of  personality  for  general  use  for  the  manliness  of  the  States, 
(and  doubtless  that  is  most  useful  which  is  most  simple  and  com 
prehensive  for  all,  and  toned  low  enough,)  we  should  prepare  the 
canvas  well  beforehand.  Parentage  must  consider  itself  in  ad 
vance.  (Will  the  time  hasten  when  fatherhood  and  motherhood 
shall  become  a  science — and  the  noblest  science?)  To  our 
model,  a  clear-blooded,  strong-fibred  physique,  is  indispensable  ; 
the  questions  of  food,  drink,  air,  exercise,  assimilation,  digestion, 
can  never  be  intermitted.  Out  of  these  we  descry  a  well-begot 
ten  selfhood — in  youth,  fresh,  ardent,  emotional,  aspiring,  full 
of  adventure ;  at  maturity,  brave,  perceptive,  under  control, 
neither  too  talkative  nor  too  reticent,  neither  flippant  nor  som 
bre  ;  of  the  bodily  figure,  the  movements  easy,  the  complexion 
showing  the  best  blood,  somewhat  flush'd,  breast  expanded,  an 
erect  attitude,  a  voice  whose  sound  outvies  music,  eyes  of  calm 
and  steady  gaze,  yet  capable  also  of  flashing — and  a  general 
presence  that  holds  its  own  in  the  company  of  the  highest.  (For 
it  is  native  personality,  and  that  alone,  that  endows  a  man  to 
stand  before  presidents  or  generals,  or  in  any  distinguish'd  col 
lection,  with  aplomb — and  not  culture,  or  any  knowledge  or  in 
tellect  whatever.) 

With  regard  to  the  mental-educational  part  of  our  model,  en 
largement  of  intellect,  stores  of  cephalic  knowledge,  &c.,  the 
concentration  thitherward  of  all  the  customs  of  our  age,  espe 
cially  in  America,  is  so  overweening,  and  provides  so  fully  for 
that  part,  that,  important  and  necessary  as  it  is,  it  really  needs 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS. 


233 


nothing  from  us  here — except,  indeed,  a  phrase  of  warning  and 
restraint.  Manners,  costumes,  too,  though  important,  we  need 
not  dwell  upon  here.  Like  beauty,  grace  of  motion,  &c.,  they 
are  results.  Causes,  original  things,  being  attended  to,  the  right 
manners  unerringly  follow.  Much  is  said,  among  artists,  of  "  the 
grand  style,"  as  if  it  were  a  thing  by  itself.  When  a  man,  artist 
or  whoever,  has  health,  pride,  acuteness,  noble  aspirations,  he 
has  the  motive-elements  of  the  grandest  style.  The  rest  is  but 
manipulation,  (yet  that  is  no  small  matter.) 

Leaving  still  unspecified  several  sterling  parts  of  any  model  fit 
for  the  future  personality  of  America,  I  must  not  fail,  again  and 
ever,  to  pronounce  myself  on  one,  probably  the  least  attended 
to  in  modern  times — a  hiatus,  indeed,  threatening  its  gloomiest 
consequences  after  us.  I  mean  the  simple,  unsophisticated  Con 
science,  the  primary  moral  element.  If  I  were  asked  to  specify 
in  what  quarter  lie  the  grounds  of  darkest  dread,  respecting  the 
America  of  our  hopes,  I  should  have  to  point  to  this  particular. 
I  should  demand  the  invariable  application  to  individuality,  this 
day  and  any  day,  of  that  old,  ever-true  plumb-rule  of  persons, 
eras,  nations.  Our  triumphant  modern  civilizee,  with  his  all- 
schooling  and  his  wondrous  appliances,  will  still  show  himself 
but  an  amputation  while  this  deficiency  remains.  Beyond,  (as 
suming  a  more,  hopeful  tone,)  the  vertebration  of  the  manly 
and  womanly  personalism  of  our  western  world,  can  only  be, 
and  is,  indeed,  to  be,  (I  hope,)  its  all  penetrating  Religiousness. 

The  ripeness  of  Religion  is  doubtless  to  be  looked  for  in  this 
field  of  individuality,  and  is  a  result  that  no  organization  or 
church  can  .ever  achieve.  As  history  is  poorly  retain'd  by  what 
the  technists  call  history,  and  is  not  given  out  from  their  pages,  ex 
cept  the  learner  has  in  himself  the  sense  of  the  well-wrapt,  never 
yet  written,  perhaps  impossible  to  be  written,  history — so  Re 
ligion,  although  casually  arrested,  and,  after  a  fashion,  preserv'd 
in  the  churches  and  creeds,  does  not  depend  at  all  upon  them, 
but  is  a  part  of  the  identified  soul,  which,  when  greatest,  knows 
not  bibles  in  the  old  way,  but  in  new  ways — the  identified  soul, 
which  can  really  confront  Religion  when  it  extricates  itself  en 
tirely  from  the  churches,  and  not  before. 

Personalism  fuses  this,  and  favors  it.  I  should  say,  indeed, 
that  only  in  the  perfect  uncontamination  and  solitariness  of 
individuality  may  the  spirituality  of  religion  positively  come 
forth  at  all.  Only  here,  and  on  such  terms,  the  meditation,  the 
devout  ecstasy,  the  soaring  flight.  Only  here,  communion  with 
the  mysteries,  the  eternal  problems,  whence?  whither?  Alone, 
and  identity,  and  the  mood — and  the  soul  emerges,  and  all  state- 


234 


COLLECT. 


fnents,  churches,  sermons,  melt  away  like  vapors.  Alone,  and  silent 
thought  and  awe,  and  aspiration — and  then  the  interior  conscious 
ness,  like  a  hitherto  unseen  inscription,  in  magic  ink,  beams  out 
its  wondrous  lines  to  the  sense.  Bibles  may  convey,  and  priests 
expound,  but  it  is  exclusively  for  the  noiseless  operation  of  one's 
isolated  Self,  to  enter  the  pure  ether  of  veneration,  reach  the  di 
vine  levels,  and  commune  with  the  unutterable. 

To  practically  enter  into  politics  is  an  important  part  of 
American  personalism.  To  every  young  man,  north  and  south, 
earnestly  studying  these  things,  I  should  here,  as  an  offset  to 
what  I  have  said  in  former  pages,  now  also  say,  that  may-be  to 
views  of  very  largest  scope,  after  all,  perhaps  the  political,  (per 
haps  the  literary  and  sociological,)  America  goes  best  about  its 
development  its  own  way — sometimes,  to  temporary  sight,  appal- 
ing  enough.  It  is  the  fashion  among  dillettants  and  fops  (per 
haps  I  myself  am  not  guiltless,)  to  decry  the  whole  formulation  of 
the  active  politics  of  America,  as  beyond  redemption,  and  to  be 
carefully  kept  away  from.  See  you  that  you  do  not  fall  into  this 
error.  America,  it  may  be,  is  doing  very  well  upon  the  whole,  not 
withstanding  these  antics  of  the  parties  and  their  leaders,  these  half- 
brain'd  nominees,  the  many  ignorant  ballots,  and  many  elected 
failures  and  blatherers.  It  is  the  dillettants,  and  all  who  shirk 
their  duty,  who  are  not  doing  well.  As  for  you,  I  advise  you  to 
enter  more  strongly  yet  into  politics.  I  advise  every  young  man 
to  do  so.  Always  inform  yourself;  always  do  the  best  you  can  ; 
always  vote.  Disengage  yourself  from  parties.  They  have  been 
useful,  and  to  some  extent  remain  so  ;  but  the  floating,  uncom 
mitted  electors,  farmers,  clerks,  mechanics,  the  masters  of  par 
ties — watching  aloof,  inclining  victory  this  side  or  that  side — 
such  are  the  ones  most  needed,  present  and  future.  For  America, 
if  eligible  at  all  to  downfall  and  ruin,  is  eligible  within  herself, 
not  without ;  for  I  see  clearly  that  the  combined  foreign  world 
could  not  beat  her  down.  But  these  savage,  wolfish  parties  alarm 
me.  Owning  no  law  but  their  own  will,  more  and  more  com 
bative,  less  and  less  tolerant  of  the  idea  of  ensemble  and  of  equal 
brotherhood,  the  perfect  equality  of  the  States,  the  ever-over 
arching  American  ideas,  it  behooves  you  to  convey  yourself  im 
plicitly  to  no  party,  nor  submit  blindly  to  their  dictators,  but 
steadily  hold  yourself  judge  and  master  over  all  of  them. 

So  much,  (hastily  toss'd  together,  and  leaving  far  more  unsaid,) 
for  an  ideal,  or  intimations  of  an  ideal,  toward  American  man 
hood.  But  the  other  sex,  in  our  land,  requires  at  least  a  basis  of 
suggestion. 

I  have  seen  a  young  American  woman,  one  of  a  large  family 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS. 


235 


of  daughters,  who,  some  years  since,  migrated  from  her  meagre 
country  home  to  one  of  the  northern  cities,  to  gain  her  own  sup 
port.  She  soon  became  an  expert  seamstress,  but  finding  the 
employment  too  confining  for  health  and  comfort,  she  went 
boldly  to  work  for  others,  to  house  keep,  cook,  clean,  &c.  After 
trying  several  places,  she  fell  upon  one  where  she  was  suited.  She 
has  told  me  that  she  finds  nothing  degrading  in  her  position  ;  it  is 
not  inconsistent  with  personal  dignity,  self-respect,  and  the  re 
spect  of  others.  She  confers  benefits  and  receives  them.  She 
has  good  health  ;  her  presence  itself  is  healthy  and  bracing ;  her 
character  is  unstain'd;  she  has  made  herself  understood,  and 
preserves  her  independence,  and  has  been  able  to  help  her  pa 
rents,  and  educate  and  get  places  for  her  sisters;  and  her  course 
of  life  is  not  without  opportunities  for  mental  improvement,  and 
of  much  quiet,  uncosting  happiness  and  love. 

I  have  seen  another  woman  who,  from  taste  and  necessity  con- 
join'd,  has  gone  into  practical  affairs,  carries  on  a  mechanical 
business,  partly  works  at  it  herself,  dashes  out  more  and  more  into 
real  hardy  life,  is  not  abash'd  by  the  coarseness  of  the  contact, 
knows  how  to  be  firm  and  silent  at  the  same  time,  holds  her  own 
with  unvarying  coolness  and  decorum,  and  will  compare,  any 
day,  with  superior  carpenters,  farmers,  and  even  boatmen  and 
drivers.  For  all  that,  she  has  not  lost  the  charm  of  the  womanly 
nature,  but  preserves  and  bears  it  fully,  though  through  such 
rugged  presentation. 

Then  there  is  the  wife  of  a  mechanic,  mother  of  two  children, 
a  woman  of  merely  passable  English  education,  but  of  fine  wit, 
with  all  her  sex's  grace  and  intuitions,  who  exhibits,  indeed,  such 
a  noble  female  personality,  that  I  am  fain  to  record  it  here.  Never 
abnegating  her  own  proper  independence,  but  always  genially 
preserving  it,  and  what  belongs  to  it — cooking,  washing,  child- 
nursing,  house-tending — she  beams  sunshine  out  of  all  these  du 
ties,  and  makes  them  illustrious.  Physiologically  sweet  and  sound, 
loving  work,  practical,  she  yet  knows  that  there  are  intervals, 
however  few,  devoted  to  recreation,  music,  leisure,  hospitality — 
and  affords  such  intervals.  Whatever  she  does,  and  wherever  she 
is,  that  charm,  that  indescribable  perfume  of  genuine  woman 
hood  attends  her,  goes  with  her,  exhales  from  her,  which  belongs 
of  right  to  all  the  sex,  and  is,  or  ought  to  be,  the  invariable  at 
mosphere  and  common  aureola  of  old  as  well  as  young. 

My  dear  mother  once  described  to  me  a  resplendent  person, 
down  on  Long  Island,  whom  she  knew  in  early  days.  She  was 
known  by  the  name  of  the  Peacemaker.  She  was  well  toward 
eighty  years  old,  of  happy  and  sunny  temperament,  had  always 
lived  on  a  farm,  and  was  very  neighborly,  sensible  and  discreet, 


236 


COLLECT. 


an  invariable  and  welcom'd  favorite,  especially  with  young  mar 
ried  women.  She  had  numerous  children  and  grandchildren. 
She  was  uneducated,  but  possess'd  a  native  dignity.  She  had 
come  to  be  a  tacitly  agreed  upon  domestic  regulator,  judge,  set 
tler  of  difficulties,  shepherdess,  and  reconciler  in  the  land.  She 
was  a  sight  to  draw  near  and  look  upon,  with  her  large  figure,  her 
profuse  snow-white  hair,  (uncoif'd  by  any  head-dress  or  cap,) 
dark  eyes,  clear  complexion,  sweet  breath,  and  peculiar  personal 
magnetism. 

The  foregoing  portraits,  I  admit,  are  frightfully  out  of  line 
from  these  imported  models  of  womanly  personality — the  stock 
feminine  characters  of  the  current  novelists,  or  of  the  foreign 
court  poems,  (Ophelias,  Enids,  princesses,  or  ladies  of  one  thing 
or  another,)  which  fill  the  envying  dreams  of  so  many  poor  girls, 
and  are  accepted  by  our  men,  too,  as  supreme  ideals  of  feminine 
excellence  to  be  sought  after.  But  I  present  mine  just  for  a 
change. 

Then  there  are  mutterings,  (we  will  not  now  stop  to  heed  them 
here,  but  they  must  be  heeded,)  of  something  more  revolutionary. 
The  day  is  coming  when  the  deep  questions  of  woman's  entrance 
amid  the  arenas  of  practical  life,  politics,  the  suffrage,  &c.,  will 
not  only  be  argued  all  around  us,  but  may  be  put  to  decision,  and 
real  experiment. 

Of  course,  in  these  States,  for  both  man  and  woman,  we  must 
entirely  recast  the  types  of  highest  personality  from  what  the  ori 
ental,  feudal,  ecclesiastical  worlds  bequeath  us,  and  which  yet  pos 
sess  the  imaginative  and  esthetic  fields  of  the  United  States,  pic 
torial  and  melodramatic,  not  without  use  as  studies,  but  making 
sad  work,  and  forming  a  strange  anachronism  upon  the  scenes 
and  exigencies  around  us.  Of  course,  the  old  undying  elements 
remain.  The  task  is,  to  successfully  adjust  them  to  new  combi 
nations,  our  own  days.  Nor  is  this  so  incredible.  I  can  conceive 
a  community,  to-day  and  here,  in  which,  on  a  sufficient  scale,  the 
perfect  personalities,  without  noise  meet ;  say  in  some  pleasant 
western  settlement  or  town,  where  a  couple  of  hundred  best  men 
and  women,  of  ordinary  worldly  status,  have  by  luck  been  drawn 
together,  with  nothing  extra  of  genius  or  wealth,  but  virtuous, 
chaste,  industrious,  cheerful,  resolute,  friendly  and  devout.  I 
can  conceive  such  a  community  organized  in  running  order, 
powers  judiciously  delegated — farming,  building,  trade,  courts, 
mails,  schools,  elections,  all  attended  to ;  and  then  the  rest  of 
life,  the  main  thing,  freely  branching  and  blossoming  in  each  in 
dividual,  and  bearing  golden  fruit.  I  can  see  there,  in  every 
young  and  old  man,  after  his  kind,  and  in  every  woman  after 
hers,  a  true  personality,  develop' d,  exercised  proportionately  in 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS.  237 

body,  mind,  and  spirit.  I  can  imagine  this  case  as  one  not  nec 
essarily  rare  or  difficult,  but  in  buoyant  accordance  with  the  muni 
cipal  and  general  requirements  of  our  times.  And  I  can  realize 
iu  it  the  culmination  of  something  better  than  any  stereotyped 
eclat  of  history  or  poems.  Perhaps,  unsung,  undramatized,  unput 
in  essays  or  biographies — perhaps  even  some  such  community 
already  exists,  in  Ohio,  Illinois,  Missouri,  or  somewhere,  practi 
cally  fulfilling  itself,  and  thus  outvying,  in  cheapest  vulgar  life, 
all  that  has  been  hitherto  shown  in  best  ideal  pictures. 

In  short,  and  to  sum  up,  America,  betaking  herself  to  forma 
tive  action,  (as  it  is  about  time  for  more  solid  achievement,  and 
less  windy  promise,)  must,  for  her  purposes,  cease  to  recognize  a 
theory  of  character  grown  of  feudal  aristocracies,  or  form'd  by 
merely  literary  standards,  or  from  any  ultramarine,  full-dress  for 
mulas  of  culture,  polish,  caste,  &c.,  and  must  sternly  promulgate 
her  own  new  standard,  yet  old  enough,  and  accepting  the  old, 
the  perennial  elements,  and  combining  them  into  groups,  unities, 
appropriate  to  the  modern,  the  democratic,  the  west,  and  to  the 
practical  occasions  and  needs  of  our  own  cities,  and  of  the  agri 
cultural  regions.  Ever  the  most  precious  in  the  common.  Ever 
the  fresh  breeze  of  field,  or  hill,  or  lake,  is  more  than  any  palpi 
tation  of  fans,  though  of  ivory ^  and  redolent  with  perfume;  and 
the  air  is  more  than  the  costliest  perfumes. 

And  now,  for  fear  of  mistake,  we  may  not  intermit  to  beg  our 
absolution  from  all  that  genuinely  is,  or  goes  along  with,  even 
Culture.  Pardon  us,  venerable  shade !  if  we  have  seem'd  to 
speak  lightly  of  your  office.  The  whole  civilization  of  the  earth, 
we  know,  is  yours,  with  all  the  glory  and  the  light  thereof.  It 
is,  indeed,  in  your  own  spirit,  and  seeking  to  tally  the  loftiest 
teachings  of  it,  that  we  aim  these  poor  utterances.  For  you,  too, 
mighty  minister  !  know  that  there  is  something  greater  than  you, 
namely,  the  fresh,  eternal  qualities  of  Being.  From  them,  and 
by  them,  as  you,  at  your  best,  we  too  evoke  the  last,  the  needed 
help,  to  vitalize  our  country  and  our  days.  Thus  we  pronounce 
not  so  much  against  the  principle  of  culture ;  we  only  supervise 
it,  and  promulge  along  with  it,  as  deep,  perhaps  a  deeper,  prin 
ciple*  As  we  have  shown  the  New  World  including  in  itself  the 
all-leveling  aggregate  of  democracy,  we  show  it  also  including  the 
all-varied,  all-permitting,  all-free  theorem  of  individuality,  and 
erecting  therefor  a  lofty  and  hitherto  unoccupied  framework  or 
platform,  broad  enough  for  all,  eligible  to  every  farmer  and  me 
chanic — to  the  female  equally  with  the  male — a  towering  self 
hood,  not  physically  perfect  only — not  satisfied  with  the  mere 
mind's  and  learning's  stores,  but  religious,  possessing  the  idea  of 


2  -.«  COLLECT. 

\J 

the  infinite,  (rudder  and  compass  sure  amid  this  troublous  voyage, 
o'er  darkest,  wildest  wave,  through  stormiest  wind,  of  man's  or 
nation's  progress) — realizing,  above  the  rest,  that  known  hu 
manity,  in  deepest  sense,  is  fair  adhesion  to  itself,  for  purposes 
beyond — and  that,  finally,  the  personality  of  mortal  life  is  most 
important  with  reference  to  the  immortal,  the  unknown,  the 
spiritual,  the  only  permanently  real,  which  as  the  ocean  waits  for 
and  receives  the  rivers,  waits  for  us  each  and  all. 

Much  is  there,  yet,  demanding  line  and  outline  in  our  Vistas, 
not  only  on  these  topics,  but  others  quite  unwritten.  Indeed, 
we  could  talk  the  matter,  and  expand  it,  through  lifetime.  But 
it  is  necessary  to  return  to  our  original  premises.  In  view  of 
them,  we  have  again  pointedly  to  confess  that  all  the  objective 
grandeurs  of  the  world,  for  highest  purposes,  yield  themselves  up, 
and  depend  on  mentality  alone.  Here,  and  here  only,  all  bal 
ances,  all  rests.  For  the  mind,  which  alone  builds  the  permanent 
edifice,  haughtily  builds  it  to  itself.  By  it,  with  what  follows  it, 
are  convey'd  to  mortal  sense  the  culminations  of  the  material 
istic,  the  known,  and  a  prophecy  of  the  unknown.  To  take  ex 
pression,  to  incarnate,  to  endow  a  literature  with  grand  and 
archetypal  models — to  fill  with  pride  and  love  the  utmost  capacity, 
and  to  achieve  spiritual  meanings,  and  suggest  the  future — these, 
and  these  only,  satisfy  the  soul.  We  must  not  say  one  word 
against  real  materials ;  but  the  wise  know  that  they  do  not  become 
real  till  touched  by  emotions,  the  mind.  Did  we  call  the  latter 
imponderable?  Ah,  let  us  rather  proclaim  that  the  slightest 
song-tune,  the  countless  ephemera  of  passions  arous'd  by  orators 
and  tale-tellers,  are  more  dense,  more  weighty  than  the  engines 
there  in  the  great  factories,  or  the  granite  blocks  in  their  foun 
dations. 

Approaching  thus  the  momentous  spaces,  and  considering  with 
reference  to  a  new  and  greater  personalism,  the  needs  and  possi 
bilities  of  American  imaginative  literature,  through  the  medium- 
light  of  what  we  have  already  broach'd,  it  will  at  once  be  appre 
ciated  that  a  vast  gulf  of  difference  separates  the  present  accepted 
condition  of  these  spaces,  inclusive  of  what  is  floating  in  them, 
from  any  condition  adjusted  to,  or  fit  for,  the  world,  the  America, 
there  sought  to  be  indicated,  and  the  copious  races  of  contplete 
men  and  women,  along  these  Vistas  crudely  outlined.  It  is,  in 
some  sort,  no  less  a  difference  than  lies  between  that  long-con 
tinued  nebular  state  and  vagueness  of  the  astronomical  worlds, 
compared  with  the  subsequent  state,  the  definitely- form 'd  worlds 
themselves,  duly  compacted,  clustering  in  systems,  hung  up  there, 
chandeliers  of  the  universe,  beholding  and  mutually  lit  by  each 
other's  lights,  serving  for  ground  of  all  substantial  foothold,  all 


DEMOCRA  TIC  VISTAS. 


239 


vulgar  uses — yet  serving  still  more  as  an  undying  chain  and 
echelon  of  spiritual  proofs  and  shows.  A  boundless  field  to  fill ! 
A  new  creation,  with  needed  orbic  works  launch'd  forth,  to  re 
volve  in  free  and  lawful  circuits — to  move,  self-poised,  through 
the  ether,  and  shine  like  heaven's  own  suns !  With  such,  and 
nothing  less,  we  suggest  that  New  World  literature,  fit  to  rise 
upon,  cohere,  and  signalize  in  time,  these  States. 

What,  however,  do  we  more  definitely  mean  by  New  World 
literature  ?  Are  we  not  doing  well  enough  here  already  ?  Are 
not  the  United  States  this  day  busily  using,  working,  more  print 
er's  type,  more  presses,  than  any  other  country?  uttering  and 
absorbing  more  publications  than  any  other?  Do  not  our  pub 
lishers  fatten  quicker  and  deeper?  (helping  themselves,  under 
shelter  of  a  delusive  and  sneaking  law,  or  rather  absence  of  law, 
to  most  of  their  forage,  poetical,  pictorial,  historical,  romantic, 
even  comic,  without  money  and  without  price — and  fiercely  re 
sisting  the  timidest  proposal  to  pay  for  it.)  Many  will  come  un 
der  this  delusion — but  my  purpose  is  to  dispel  it.  I  say  that  a 
nation  may  hold  and  circulate  rivers  and  oceans  of  very  readable 
print,  journals,  magazines,  novels,  library-books,  "poetry,"  &c. 
— such  as  the  States  to-day  possess  and  circulate — of  unquestiona 
ble  aid  and  value — hundreds  of  new  volumes  annually  composed 
and  brought  out  here,  respectable  enough,  indeed  unsurpass'd  in 
smartness  and  erudition — with  further  hundreds,  or  rather  mil 
lions,  (as  by  free  forage  or  theft  aforemention'd,)  also  thrown 
into  the  market — and  yet,  all  the  while,  the  said  nation,  land, 
strictly  speaking,  may  possess  no  literature  at  all. 

Repeating  our  inquiry,  what,  then,  do  we  mean  by  real  litera 
ture  ?  especially  the  democratic  literature  of  the  future  ?  Hard 
questions  to  meet.  The  clues  are  inferential,  and  turn  us  to  the 
past.  At  best,  we  can  only  offer  suggestions,  comparisons,  cir 
cuits. 

It  must  still  be  reiterated,  as,  for  the  purpose  of  these  memo 
randa,  the  deep  lesson  of  history  and  time,  that  all  else  in  the 
contributions  of  a  nation  or  age,  through  its  politics,  materials, 
heroic  personalities,  military  eclat,  &c.,  remains  crude,  and  de 
fers,  in  any  close  and  thorough-going  estimate,  until  vitalized 
by  national,  original  archetypes  in  literature.  They  only  put 
the  nation  in  form,  finally  tell  anything — prove,  complete  any 
thing — perpetuate  anything.  Without  doubt,  some  of  the  richest 
and  most  powerful  and  populous  communities  of  the  antique 
world,  and  some  of  the  grandest  personalities  and  events,  have, 
to  after  and  present  times,  left  themselves  entirely  unbequeath'd. 
Doubtless,  greater  than  any  that  have  come  down  to  us,  were 
among  those  lands,  heroisms,  persons,  that  have  not  come  down 


240 


COLLECT. 


to  us  at  all,  even  by  name,  date,  or  location.  Others  have  ar 
rived  safely,  as  from  voyages  over  wide,  century-stretching  seas. 
The  little  ships,  the  miracles  that  have  buoy'd  them,  and  by  in- 
'credible  chances  safely  convey'd  them,  (or  the  best  of  them, 
their  meaning  and  essence,)  over  long  wastes,  darkness,  lethargy, 
ignorance,  &c.,  have  been  a  few  inscriptions — a  few  immortal 
compositions,  small  in  size,  yet  compassing  what  measureless 
values  of  reminiscence,  contemporary  portraitures,  manners, 
idioms  and  beliefs,  with  deepest  inference,  hint  and  thought,  to 
tie  and  touch  forever  the  old,  new  body,  and  the  old,  new  soul  ! 
These  !  and  still  these  !  bearing  the  freight  so  dear — dearer  than 
pride — dearer  than  love.  All  the  best  experience  of  humanity, 
folded,  saved,  freighted  to  us  here.  Some  of  these  tiny  ships  we  call 
Old  and  New  Testament,  Homer,  Eschylus,  Plato,  Juvenal,  &':. 
Precious  minims  !  I  think,  if  were  forced  to  choose,  rather  than 
have  you,  and  the  likes  of  you,  and  what  belongs  to,  and  has 
grown  of  you,  blotted  out  and  gone,  we  could  better  afford,  ap- 
paling  as  that  would  be,  to  lose  all  actual  ships,  this  day  fasten'd 
by  wharf,  or  floating  on  wave,  and  see  them,  with  all  their  car 
goes,  scuttled  and  sent  to  the  bottom. 

Gather'd  by  geniuses  of  city,  race  or  age,  and  put  by  them  in 
highest  of  art's  forms,  namely,  the  literary  form,  the  peculiar 
combinations  and  the  outshows  of  that  city,  age,  or  race,  its  par 
ticular  modes  of  the  universal  attributes  and  passions,  its  faiths, 
heroes,  lovers  and  gods,  wars,  traditions,  struggles,  crimes,  emo 
tions,  joys,  (or  the  subtle  spirit  of  these,)  having  been  pass'd  on 
to  us  to  illumine  our  own  selfhood,  and  its  experiences — what 
they  supply,  indispensable  and  highest,  if  taken  away,  nothing 
else  in  all  the  world's  boundless  storehouses  could  make  up  to 
us,  or  ever  again  return. 

For  us,  along  the  great  highways  of  time,  those  monuments 
stand — those  forms  of  majesty  and  beauty.  For  us  those  beacons 
burn  through  all  the  nights.  Unknown  Egyptians,  graving  hier 
oglyphs;  Hindus,  with  hymn  and  apothegm  and  endless  epic; 
Hebrew  prophet,  with  spirituality,  as  in  flashes  of  lightning,  con 
science  like  red-hot  iron,  plaintive  songs  and  screams  of  vengeance 
for  tyrannies  and  enslavement ;  Christ,  with  bent  head,  brooding 
love  and  peace,  like  a  dove ;  Greek,  creating  eternal  shapes  of 
physical  and  esthetic  proportion ;  Roman,  lord  of  satire,  the 
sword,  and  the  codex ; — of  the  figures,  some  far  off  and  veil'd, 
others  nearer  and  visible ;  Dante,  stalking  with  lean  form,  nothing 
but  fibre,  not  a  grain  of  superfluous  flesh ;  Angelo,  and  the  great 
painters,  architects,  musicians ;  rich  Shakspere,  luxuriant  as  the 
sun,  artist  and  singer  of  feudalism  in  its  sunset,  with  all  the  gor 
geous  colors,  owner  thereof,  and  using  them  at  will ;  and  so  to 


.DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS.  24I 

such  as  German  Kant  and  Hegel,  where  they,  though  near  us, 
leaping  over  the  ages,  sit  again,  impassive,  imperturbable,  like  the 
Egyptian  gods.  Of  these,  and  the  like  of  these,  is  it  too  much, 
indeed,  to  return  to  our  favorite  figure,  and  view  them  as  orbs 
and  systems  of  orbs,  moving  in  free  paths  in  the  spaces  of  that 
other  heaven,  the  kosmic  intellect,  the  soul? 

Ye  powerful  and  resplendent  ones  !  ye  were,  in  your  atmos 
pheres,  grown,  not  for  America,  but  rather  for  her  foes,  the  feudal 
and  the  old — while  our  genius  is  democratic  and  modern.  Yet 
could  ye,  indeed,  but  breathe  your  breath  of  life  into  our  New 
World's  nostrils — not  to  enslave  us,  as  now,  but,  for  our  needs, 
to  breed  a  spirit  like  your  own — perhaps,  (dare  we  to  say  it  ?) 
to  dominate,  even  destroy,  what  you  yourselves  Have  left !  On 
your  plane,  and  no  less,  but  even  higher  and  wider,  must  we  mete 
and  measure  for  to-day  and  here.  I  demand  races  of  orbic  bards, 
with  unconditional  uncompromising  sway.  Come  forth,  sweet 
democratic  despots  of  the  west ! 

By  points  like  these  we,  in  reflection,  token  what  we  mean  by 
any  land's  or  people's  genuine  literature.  And  thus  compared 
and  tested,  judging  amid  the  influence  of  loftiest  products  only, 
what  do  our  current  copious  fields  of  print,  covering  in  manifold 
forms,  the  United  States,  better,  for  an  analogy,  present,  than,  as 
in  certain  regions  of  the  sea,  those  spreading,  undulating  masses 
of  squid,  through  which  the  whale  swimming,  with  head  half  out, 
feeds? 

Not  but  that  doubtless  our  current  so-called  literature,  (like 
an  endless  supply  of  small  coin,)  performs  a  certain  service,  and 
may-be,  too,  the  service  needed  for  the  time,  (the  preparation- 
service,  as  children  learn  to  spell.)  Everybody  reads,  and  truly 
nearly  everybody  writes,  either  books,  or  for  the  magazines  or 
journals.  The  matter  has  magnitude,  too,  after  a  sort.  But  is 
it  really  advancing  ?  or,  has  it  advanced  for  a  long  while?  There 
is  something  impressive  about  the  huge  editions  of  the  dailies 
and  weeklies,  the  mountain  stacks  of  white  paper  piled  in  the 
press-vaults,  and  the  proud,  crashing,  ten-cylinder  presses,  which 
I  can  stand  and  watch  any  time  by  the  half  hour.  Then,  (though 
the  States  in  the  field  of  imagination  present  not  a  single  first- 
class  work,  not  a  single  great  literatus,)  the  main  objects,  to  amuse, 
to  titillate,  to  pass  away  time,  to  circulate  the  news,  and  rumors 
of  news,  to  rhyme  and  read  rhyme,  are  yet  attain'd,  and  on  a  scale 
of  infinity.  To-day,  in  books,  in  the  rivalry  of  writers,  especially 
novelists,  success,  (so-call'd,)  is  for  him  or  her  who  strikes  the 
mean  flat  average,  the  sensational  appetite  for  stimulus,  incident, 
persiflage,  &c.,  and  depicts,  to  the  common  calibre,  sensual,  ex- 

21 


.  f 


242 


COLLECT. 


terior  life.  To  such,  or  the  luckiest  of  them,  as  we  see,  the  audi 
ences  are  limitless  and  profitable ;  but  they  cease  presently.  While 
this  day,  or  any  day,  to  workmen  portraying  interior  or  spiritual 
life,  the  audiences  were  limited,  and  often  laggard — but  they  last 
forever. 

Compared  with  the  past,  our  modern  science  soars,  and  our 
journals  serve — but  ideal  and  even  ordinary  romantic  literature, 
does  not,  I  think,  substantially  advance.  Behold  the  prolific 
brood  of  the  contemporary  novel,  magazine-tale,  theatre-play, 
&c.  The  same  endless  thread  of  tangled  and  superlative  love- 
story,  inherited,  apparently  from  the  Amadises  and  Palmerins  of 
the  i3th,  i4th,  and  i5th  centuries  over  there  in  Europe.  The 
costumes  and  associations  brought  .down  to  date,  the  seasoning 
hotter  and  more  varied,  the  dragons  and  ogres  left  out — but  the 
thing,  I  should  say,  has  not  advanced — is  just  as  sensational,  just 
asstrain'd — remains  about  the  same,  nor  more,  nor  less. 

What  is  the  reason  our  time,  our  lands,  that  we  see  no  fresh 
local  courage,  sanity,  of  our  own — the  Mississippi,  stalwart 
Western  men,  real  mental  and  physical  facts,  Southerners,  &c., 
in  the  body  of  our  literature?  especially  the  poetic  part  of  it. 
But  always,  instead,  a  parcel  of  dandies  and  ennuyees,  dapper 
little  gentlemen  from  abroad,  who  flood  us  with  their  thin  senti 
ment  of  parlors,  parasols,  piano-songs,  tinkling  rhymes,  the  five- 
hundredth  importation — or  whimpering  and  crying  about  some 
thing,  chasing  one  aborted  conceit  after  another,  and  forever 
occupied  in  dyspeptic  amours  with  dyspeptic  women.  While, 
current  and  novel,  the  grandest  events  and  revolutions,  and 
stormiest  passions  of  history,  are  crossing  to-day  with  unparal- 
lel'd  rapidity  and  magnificence  over  the  stages  of  our  own  and 
all  the  continents,  offering  new  materials,  opening  new  vistas, 
with  largest  needs,  inviting  the  daring  launching  forth  of  con 
ceptions  in  literature,  inspired  by  them,  soaring  in  highest  re 
gions,  serving  art  in  its  highest,  (which  is  only  the  other  name 
for  serving  God,  and  serving  humanity,)  where  is  the  man  of 
letters,  where  is  the  book,  with  any  nobler  aim  than  to  follow  in 
the  old  track,  repeat  what  has  been  said  before — and,  as  its  ut 
most  triumph,  sell  well,  and  be  erudite  or  elegant? 

Mark  the  roads,  the  processes,  through  which  these  States  h^ve 
arrived,  standing  easy,  henceforth  ever-equal,  ever-compact,  in 
their  range  to-day.  European  adventures?  the  most  antique? 
Asiatic  or  African?  old  history — miracles — romances?  'Rather, 
our  own  unquestioned  facts.  They  hasten,  incredible,  blazing 
bright  as  fire.  From  the  deeds  and  days  of  Columbus  down  to 
the  present,  and  including  the  present — and  especially  the  late 
Secession  war — when  I  con  them,  I  feel,  every  leaf,  like  stopping 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS.  243 

to  see  if  I  have  not  made  a  mistake,  and  fall'n  on  the  splendid 
figments  of  some  dream.  But  it  is  no  dream.  We  stand,  live, 
move,  in  the  huge  flow  of  our  age's  materialism — in  its  spiritu 
ality.  We  have  had  founded  for  us  the  most  positive  of  lands. 
The  founders  have  pass'd  to  other  spheres — but  what  are  these 
terrible  duties  they  have  left  us  ? 

Their  politics  the  United  States  have,  in  my  opinion,  with  all 
their  faults,  already  substantially  establish'd,  for  good,  on  their 
own  native,  sound,  long-vista'd  principles,  never  to  be  overturn'd, 
offering  a  sure  basis  for  all  the  rest.  With  that,  their  future  re 
ligious  forms,  sociology,  literature,  teachers,  schools,  costumes, 
&c.,  are  of  course  to  make  a  compact  whole,  uniform,  on  tally 
ing  principles.  For  how  can  we  remain,  divided,  contradicting 
ourselves,  this  way  ?*  I  say  we  can  only  attain  harmony  and  sta 
bility  by  consulting  ensemble  and  the  ethic  purports,  and  faith 
fully  building  upon  them.  For  the  New  World,  indeed,  after 
two  grand  stages  of  preparation-strata,  I  perceive  that  now  a 
third  stage,  being  ready  for,  (and  without  which  the  other  two 
were  useless,)  with  unmistakable  signs  appears.  The  First  stage 
was  the  planning  and  putting  on  record  the  political  foundation 
rights  of  immense  masses  of  people — indeed  all  people — in  the 
organization  of  republican  National,  State,  and  municipal  gov 
ernments,  all  constructed  with  reference  to  each,  and  each  to  all. 
This  is  the  American  programme,  not  for  classes,  but  for  univer 
sal  man,  and  is  embodied  in  the  compacts  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  and,  as  it  began  and  has  now  grown,  with  its 
amendments,  the  Federal  Constitution — and  in  the  State  govern 
ments,  with  all  their  interiors,  and  with  general  suffrage  ;  those 
having  the  sense  not  only  of  what  is  in  themselves,  but  that  their 
certain  several  things  started,  planted,  hundreds  of  others  in  the 
same  direction  duly  arise  and  follow.  The  Second  stage  relates 
to  material  prosperity,  wealth,  produce,  labor-saving  machines, 
iron,  cotton,  local,  State  and  continental  railways,  intercommu 
nication  and  tra*de  with  all  lands,  steamships,  mining,  general 
employment,  organization  of  great  cities,  cheap  appliances  for 
comfort,  numberless  technical  schools,  books,  newspapers,  a  cur 
rency  for  money  circulation,  &c.  The  Third  stage,  rising  out  of 

*  Note,  to-day,  an  instructive,  curious  spectacle  and  conflict.  •  Science, 
(twin,  in  its  fields,  of  Democracy  in  its) — Science,  testing  absolutely  all 
thoughts,  all  works,  has  already  burst  well  upon  the  world — a  sun,  mounting, 
most  illuminating,  most  glorious — surely  never  again  to  set.  But  against  it, 
deeply  entrench'd,  holding  possession,  yet  remains,  (not  only  through  the 
churches  and  schools,  but  by  imaginative  literature,  and  unregenerate  poetry,) 
the  fossil  theology  of  *he  mythic-materialistic,  superstitious,  untaught  and 
credulous,  fable-loving,  primitive  ages  of  humanity. 


244  COLLECT. 

the  previous  ones,  to  make  them  and  all  illustrious,  I,  now,  for 
one,  promulge,  announcing  a  native  expression-spirit,  getting  into 
form,  adult,  and  through  mentality,  for  these  States,  self-con- 
tain'd,  different  from  others,  more  expansive,  more  rich  and  free, 
to  be  evidenced  by  original  authors  and  poets  to  come,  by 
American  personalities,  plenty  of  them,  male  and  female,  trav 
ersing  the  States,  none  excepted — and  by  native  superber  tab 
leaux  and  growths  of  language,  songs,  operas,  orations,  lectures, 
architecture — and  by  a  sublime  and  serious  Religious  Democracy 
sternly  taking  command,  dissolving  the  old,  sloughing  off  sur 
faces,  and  from  its  own  interior  and  vital  principles,  reconstruct 
ing,  democratizing  society. 

For  America,  type  of  progress,  and  of  essential  faith  in  man, 
above  all  his  errors  and  wickedness — few  suspect  how  deep,  how 
deep  it  really  strikes.  The  world  evidently  supposes,  and  we 
have  evidently  supposed  so  too,  that  the  States  are  merely  to 
achieve  the  equal  franchise,  an  elective  government — to  inaugu 
rate  the  respectability  of  labor,  and  become  a  nation  of  practical 
operatives,  law-abiding,  orderly  and  well  off.  Yes,  those  are  in 
deed  parts  of  the  task  of  America;  but  they  not  only  do  not  ex 
haust  the  progressive  conception,  but  rather  arise,  teeming  with 
it,  as  the  mediums  of  deeper,  higher  progress.  Daughter  of 
a  physical  revolution — mother  of  the  true  revolutions,  which  are 
of  the  interior  life,  and  of  the  arts.  For  so  long  as  the  spirit  is 
not  changed,  any  change  of  appearance  is  of  no  avail. 

The  old  men,  I  remember  as  a  boy,  were  always  talking  of 
American  independence.  What  is  independence?  Freedom 
from  all  laws  or  bonds  except  those  of  one's  own  being,  con- 
trol'd  by  the  universal  ones.  To  lands,  to  man,  to  woman,  what 
is  there  at  last  to  each,  but  the  inherent  soul,  nativity,  idiocrasy, 
free,  highest-poised,  soaring  its  own  flight,  following  out  itself? 

At  present,  these  States,  in  their  theology  and  social  standards, 
(of  greater  importance  than  their  political  institutions,)  are  en 
tirely  held  possession  of  by  foreign  lands.  We  see  the  sons  and 
daughters  of  the  New  World,  ignorant  of  its  genius,  not  yet  in 
augurating  the  native,  the  universal,  and  the  near,  still  importing 
the  distant,  the  partial,  and  the  dead.  We  see  London,  Paris, 
Italy — not  original,  superb,  as  where  they  belong — but  second 
hand  here,  where  they  do  not  belong.  We  see  the  shreds  of  He 
brews,  Romans,  Greeks ;  but  where,  on  her  own  soil,  do  we  see, 
in  any  faithful,  highest,  proud  expression,  America  herself?  I 
sometimes  question  whether  she  has  a  corner  in  her  own  house. 

Not  but  that  in  one  sense,  and  a  very  grand  one,  good  theology, 
good  art,  or  good  literature,  has  certain  features  shared  in  com 
mon.  The  combination  fraternizes,  ties  the  races — is,  in  many 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS. 


245 


particulars,  under  laws  applicable  indifferently  to  all,  irrespective 
of  climate  or  date,  and,  from  whatever  source,  appeals  to  emo 
tions,  pride,  love,  spirituality,  common  to  humankind.  Never 
theless,  they  touch  a  man  closest,  (perhaps  only  actually  touch 
him,)  even  in  these,  in  their  expression  through  autochthonic 
lights  and  shades,  flavors,  fondnesses,  aversions,  specific  incidents, 
illustrations,  out  of  his  own  nationality,  geography,  surroundings, 
antecedents,  &c.  The  spirit  and  the  form  are  one,  and  depend 
far  more  on  association,  identity  and  place,  than  is  supposed. 
Subtly  interwoven  with  the  materiality  and  personality  of  a  land, 
a  race — Teuton,  Turk,  Californian,  or  what  not — there  is  always 
something — I  can  hardly  tell  what  it  is — history  but  describes  the 
results  of  it — it  is  the  same  as  the  untellable  look  of  some  human 
faces.  Nature,  too,  in  her  stolid  forms,  is  full  of  it — but  to  most 
it  is  there  a  secret.  This  something  is  rooted  in  the  invisible 
roots,  the  profoundest  meanings  of  that  place,  race,  or  nation 
ality  ;  and  to  absorb  and  again  effuse  it,  uttering  words  and  pro 
ducts  as  from  its  midst,  and  carrying  it  into  highest  regions,  is 
the  work,  or  a  main  part  of  the  work,  of  any  country's  true 
author,  poet,  historian,  lecturer,  and  perhaps  even  priest  and 
philosoph.  Here,  and  here  only,  are  the  foundations  for  our 
really  valuable  and  permanent  verse,  drama,  &c. 

But  at  present,  (judged  by  any  higher  scale  than  that  which 
finds  the  chief  ends  of  existence  to  be  to  feverishly  make  money 
during  one-half  of  it,  and  by  some  "amusement,"  or  perhaps 
foreign  travel,  flippantly  kill  time,  the  other  half,)  and  con- 
sider'd  with  reference  to  purposes  of  patriotism,  health,  a  noble 
personality,  religion,  and  the  democratic  adjustments,  all  these 
swarms  of  poems,  literary  magazines,  dramatic  plays,  resultant  so 
far  from  American  intellect,  and  the  formation  of  our  best  ideas, 
are  useless  and  a  mockery.  They  strengthen  and  nourish  no  one, 
express  nothing  characteristic,  give  decision  and  purpose  to  no 
one,  and  suffice  only  the  lowest  level  of  vacant  minds. 

Of  what  is  called  the  drama,  or  dramatic  presentation  in  the 
United  States,  as  now  put  forth  at  the  theatres,  I  should  say  it 
deserves  to  be  treated  with  the  same  gravity,  and  on  a  par  with 
the  questions  of  ornamental  confectionery  at  public  dinners,  or 
the  arrangement  of  curtains  and  hangings  in  a  ball  room — nor 
more,  nor  less.  Of  the  other,  I  will  not  insult  the  reader's  intel 
ligence,  (once  really  entering  into  the  atmosphere  of  these  Vistas,) 
by  supposing  it  necessary  to  show,  in  detail,  why  the  copious 
dribble,  either  of  our  little  or  well-known  rhymesters,  does  not 
fulfil,  in  any  respect,  the  needs  and  august  occasions  of  this  land. 
America  demands  a  poetry  that  is  bold,  modern,  and  all-surround 
ing  and  kosmical,  as  she  is  herself.  It  must  in  no  respect  ignore 


246  COLLECT. 

science  or  the  modern,  but  inspire  itself  with  science  and  the 
modern.  It  must  bend  its  vision  toward  the  future,  more  than 
the  past.  Like  America,  it  must  extricate  itself  from  even  the 
greatest  models  of  the  past,  and,  while  courteous  to  them,  must 
have  entire  faith  in  itself,  and  the  products  of  its  own  democratic 
spirit  only.  Like  her,  it  must  place  in  the  van,  and  hold  up  at 
all  hazards,  the  banner  of  the  divine  pride  of  man  in  himself,  (the 
radical  foundation  of  the  new  religion.)  Long  enough  have  the 
People  been  listening  to  poems  in  which  common  humanity,  de 
ferential,  bends  low,  humiliated,  acknowledging  superiors.  But 
America  listens  to  no  such  poems.  Erect,  inflated,  and  fully  self- 
esteeming  be  the  chant ;  and  then  America  will  listen  with  pleased 
ears. 

Nor  may  the  genuine  gold,  the  gems,  when  brought  to  light  at 
last,  be  probably  usher'd  forth  from  any  of  the  quarters  currently 
counted  on.  To-day,  doubtless,  the  infant  genius  of  American 
poetic  expression,  (eluding  those  highly-refined  imported  and 
gilt-edged  themes,  and  sentimental  and  butterfly  flights,  pleasant 
to  orthodox  publishers — causing  tender  spasms  in  the  coteries, 
and  warranted  not  to  chafe  the  sensitive  cuticle  of  the  most  ex 
quisitely  artificial  gossamer  delicacy,)  lies  sleeping  far  away,  hap 
pily  unrecognized  and  uninjur'd  by  the  coteries,  fhe  art-writers, 
the  talkers  and  critics  of  the  saloons,  or  the  lecturers  in  the  col 
leges—lies  sleeping,  aside,  unrecking  itself,  in  some  western  idiom, 
or  native  Michigan  or  Tennessee  repartee,  or  stump-speech — or 
in  Kentucky  or  Georgia,  or  the  Carolinas — or  in  some  slang  or 
local  song  or  allusion  of  the  Manhattan,  Boston,  Philadelphia  or 
Baltimore  mechanic — or  up  in  the  Maine  woods — or  off  in  the 
hut  of  the  California  miner,  or  crossing  the  Rocky  mountains,  or 
along  the  Pacific  railroad — or  on  the  breasts  of  the  young  farmers 
of  the  northwest,  or  Canada,  or  boatmen  of  the  lakes.  Rude  and 
coarse  nursing-beds,  these ;  but  only  from  such  beginnings  and 
stocks,  indigenous  here,  may  haply  arrive,  be  grafted,  and  sprout, 
in  time,  flowers  of  genuine  American  aroma,  and  fruits  truly  and 
fully  our  own. 

I  say  it  were  a  standing  disgrace  to  these  States — I  say  it  were 
a  disgrace  to  any  nation,  distinguish'd  above  others  by  the  variety 
and  vastness  of  its  territories,  its  materials,  its  inventive  activity, 
and  the  splendid  practicality  of  its  people,  not  to  rise  and  soar 
above  others  also  in  its  original  styles  in  literature  and  art,  and 
its  own  supply  of  intellectual  and  esthetic  masterpieces,  arche 
typal,  and  consistent  with  itself.  I  know  not  a  land  except  ours 
that  has  not,  to  some  extent,  however  small,  made  its  title  clear. 
The  Scotch  have  their  born  ballads,  subtly  expressing  their  past 
and  present,  and  expressing  character.  The  Irish  have  theirs. 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS. 


247 


England,  Italy,  France,  Spain,  theirs.  What  has  America?  With 
exhaustless  mines  of  the  richest  ore  of  epic,  lyric,  tale,  tune,  pic 
ture,  &c.,  in  the  Four  Years'  War;  with,  indeed,  I  sometimes 
think,  the  richest  masses  of  material  ever  afforded  a  nation,  more 
variegated,  and  on  a  larger  scale — the  first  sign  of  proportionate, 
native,  imaginative  Soul,  and  first-class  works  to  match,  is,  (I 
cannot  too  often  repeat,)  so  far  wanting. 

Long  ere  the  second  centennial  arrives,  there  will  be  some  forty 
to  fifty  great  States,  among  them  Canada  and  Cuba.  When  the 
present  century  closes,  our  population  will  be  sixty  or  seventy 
millions.  The  Pacific  will  be  ours,  and  the  Atlantic  mainly  ours. 
There  will  be  daily  electric  communication  with  every  part  of  the 
globe.  What  an  age !  What  a  land  !  Where,  elsewhere,  one 
so  great?  The  individuality  of  one  nation  must  then,  as  always, 
lead  the  world.  Can  there  be  any  doubt  who  the  leader  ought  to 
be?  Bear  in  mind,  though,  that  nothing  less  than  the  mightiest 
original  non-subordinated  SOUL  has  ever  really,  gloriously  led, 
or  ever  can  lead.  (This  Soul — its  other  name,  in  these  Vistas, 
is  LITERATURE.) 

In  fond  fancy  leaping  those  hundred  years  ahead,  let  us  survey 
America's  works,  poems,  philosophies,  fulfilling  prophecies,  and 
giving  form  and  decision  to  best  ideals.  Much  that  is  now  un- 
dream'd  of,  we  might  then  perhaps  see  establish'd,  luxuriantly 
cropping  forth,  richness,  vigor  of  letters  and  of  artistic  expression, 
in  whose  products  character  will  be  a  main  requirement,  and  not 
merely  erudition  or  elegance. 

Intense  and  loving  comradeship,  the  personal  and  passionate 
attachment  of  man  to  man — which,  hard  to  define,  underlies  the 
lessons  and  ideals  of  the  profound  saviours  of  every  land  and  age, 
and  which  seems  to  promise,  when  thoroughly  develop'd,  culti 
vated  and  recognized  in  manners  and  literature,  the  most  sub 
stantial  hope  and  safety  of  the  future  of  these  States,  will  then  be 
fully  express' d.* 

*  It  is  to  the  development,  identification,  and  general  prevalence  of  that 
fervid  comradeship,  (the  adhesive  love,  at  least  rivaling  the  amative  love 
hitherto  possessing  imaginative  literature,  if  not  going  beyond  it,)  that  I  look 
for  the  counterbalance  and  offset  of  our  materialistic  and  vulgar  American 
democracy,  and  for  the  spiritualization  thereof.  Many  will  say  it  is  a  dream, 
and  will  not  follow  my  inferences :  but  I  confidently  expect  a  time  when 
there  will  be  seen,  running  like  a  half-hid  warp  through  all  the  myriad  audi 
ble  and  visible  worldly  interests  of  America,  threads  of  manly  friendship,  fond 
and  loving,  pure  and  sweet,  strong  and  life-long,  carried  to  degrees  hitherto 
unknown — not  only  giving  tone  to  individual  character,  and  making  it  un- 
precedently  emotional,  muscular,  heroic,  and  refined,  but  having  the  deepest 
relations  to  general  politics.  I  say  democracy  infers  such  loving  comradeship, 


248  COLLECT. 

A  strong  fibred  joyousness  and  faith,  and  the  sense  of  health  al 
fresco,  may  well  enter  into  the  preparation  of  future  noble  Amer 
ican  authorship.  Part  of  the  test  of  a  great  literatus  shall  be  the 
absence  in  him  of  the  idea  of  the  covert,  the  lurid,  the  malefi 
cent,  the  devil,  the  grim  estimates  inherited  from  the  Puritans, 
hell,  natural  depravity,  and  the  like.  The  great  literatus  will  be 
known,  among  the  rest,  by  his  cheerful  simplicity,  his  adherence 
to  natural  standards,  his  limitless  faith  in  God,  his  reverence,  and 
by  the  absence  in  him  of  doubt,  ennui,  burlesque,  persiflage,  or 
any  strain'd  and  temporary  fashion. 

Nor  must  I  fail,  again  and  yet  again,  to  clinch,  reiterate  more 
plainly  still,  (O  that  indeed  such  survey  as  we  fancy,  may  show 
in  time  this  part  completed  also!)  the  lofty  aim,  surely  the 
proudest  and  the  purest,  in  whose  service  the  future  literatus,  of 
whatever  field,  may  gladly  labor.  As  we  have  intimated,  offsetting 
the  material  civilization  of  our  race,  our  nationality,  its  wealth, 
territories,  factories,  population,  products,  trade,  and  military  and 
naval  strength,  and  breathing  breath  of  life  into  all  these,  and  more, 
must  be  its  moral  civilization — the  formulation,  expression,  and 
aidancy  whereof,  is  the  very  highest  height  of  literature.  The 
climax  of  this  loftiest  range  of  civilization,  rising  above  all  the 
gorgeous  shows  and  results  of  wealth,  intellect,  power,  and  art, 
as  such — above  even  theology  and  religious  fervor — is  to  be  its 
development,  from  the  eternal  bases,  and  the  fit  expression,  of 
absolute  Conscience,  moral  soundness,  Justice.  Even  in  religious 
fervor  there  is  a  touch  of  animal  heat.  But  moral  conscientious 
ness,  crystalline,  without  flaw,  not  Godlike  only,  entirely  human, 
awes  and  enchants  forever.  Great  is  emotional  love,  even  in  the 
order  of  the  rational  universe.  But,  if  we  must  make  gradations, 
I  am  clear  there  is  something  greater.  Power,  love,  veneration, 
products,  genius,  esthetics,  tried  by  subtlest  comparisons,  analyses, 
and  in  serenest  moods,  somewhere  fail,  somehow  become  vain. 
Then  noiseless,  with  flowing  steps,  the  lord,  the  sun,  the  last  ideal 
comes.  By  the  names  right,  justice,  truth,  we  suggest,  but  do  not 
describe  it.  To  the  world  of  men  it  remains  a  dream,  an  idea  as 
they  call  it.  But  no  dream  is  it  to  the  wise — but  the  proudest, 
almost  only  solid  lasting  thing  of  all.  Its  analogy  in  the  material 
universe  is  what  holds  together  this  world,  and  every  object  upon 
it,  and  carries  its  dynamics  on  forever  sure  and  safe.  Its  lack, 
and  the  persistent  shirking  of  it,  as  in  life,  sociology,  literature, 
politics,  business,  and  even  sermonizing,  these  times,  or  any  times, 
still  leaves  the  abysm,  the  mortal  flaw  and  smutch,  mocking  civi- 

as  its  most  inevitable  twin  or  counterpart,  without  which  it  will  be  incomplete, 
in  vain,  and  incapable  of  perpetuating  itself. 


DEMO  CRA  TIC  VIS  TA  S. 


249 


lization  to-day,  with  all  its  unquestion'cl  triumphs,  and  all  the 
civilization  so  far  known.* 

Present  literature,  while  magnificently  fulfilling  certain  popular 
demands,  with  plenteous  knowledge  and  verbal  smartness,  is  pro 
foundly  sophisticated,  insane,  and  its  very  joy  is  morbid.  It  needs 
tally  and  express  Nature,  and  the  spirit  of  Nature,  and  to  know 
and  obey. the  standards.  I  say  the  question  of  Nature,  largely 
consider'd,  involves  the  questions  of  the  esthetic,  the  emotional, 
and  the  religious — and  involves  happiness.  A  fitly  born  and  bred 
race,  growing  up  in  right  conditions  of  out-door  as  much  as  in 
door  harmony,  activity  and  development,  would  probably,  from 
and  in  those  conditions,  find  it  enough  merely  to  live — and  would, 
in  their  relations  to  the  sky,  air,  water,  trees,  &c.,  and  to  the 
countless  common  shows,  and  in  the  fact  of  life  itself,  discover 
and  achieve  happiness — with  Being  suffused  night  and  day  by 
wholesome  extasy,  surpassing  all  the  pleasures  that  wealth,  amuse 
ment,  and  even  gratified  intellect,  erudition,  or  the  sense  of  art, 
can  give. 

In  the  prophetic  literature  of  these  States  (the  reader  of  my 
speculations  will  miss  their  principal  stress  unless  he  allows  well 
for  the  point  that  a  new  Literature,  perhaps  a  new  Metaphysics, 
certainly  a  new  Poetry,  are  to  be,  in  my  opinion,  the  only  sure 
and  worthy  supports  and  expressions  of  the  American  Democ 
racy,)  Nature,  true  Nature,  and  the  true  idea  of  Nature,  long 
absent,  must,  above  all,  become  fully  restored,  enlarged,  and 
must  furnish  the  pervading  atmosphere  to  poems,  and  the  test  of 
all  high  literary  and  esthetic  compositions.  I  do  not  mean  the 
smooth  walks,  trimni'd  hedges,  poseys  and  nightingales  of  the 
English  poets,  but  the  whole  orb,  with  its  geologic  history,  the 
kosmos,  carrying  fire  and  snow,  that  rolls  through  the  illimitable 

*  I  am  reminded  as  I  write  that  out  of  this  very  conscience,  or  idea  of  con 
science,  of  intense  moral  right,  and  in  its  name  and  strain'd  construction,  the 
worst  fanaticisms,  wars,  persecutions,  murders,  &c.,  have  yet,  in  all  lands,  in 
the  past,  been  broach'd,  and  have  come  to  their  devilish  fruition.  Much  is  to 
be  said — but  I  may  say  here,  and  in  response,  that  side  by  side  with  the  unflag 
ging  stimulation  of  the  elements  of  religion  and  conscience  must  henceforth 
move  with  equal  sway,  science,  absolute  reason,  and  the  general  proportionate 
development  of  the  whole  man.  These  scientific  facts,  deductions,  are  divine 
too — precious  counted  parts  of  moral  civilization,  and,  with  physical  health, 
indispensable  to  it,  to  prevent  fanaticism.  For  abstract  religion,  I  perceive, 
is  easily  led  astray,  ever  credulous,  and  is  capable  of  devouring,  remorseless, 
like  fire  and  flame.  Conscience,  too,  isolated  from  all  else,  and  from  the  emo 
tional  nature,  may  but  attain  the  beauty  and  purity  of  glacial,  snowy  ice.  We 
want,  for  these  States,  for  the  general  character,  a  cheerful,  religious  fervor, 
endued  with  the  ever-present  modifications  of  the  human  emotions,  friendship, 
benevolence,  with  a  fair  field  for  scientific  inquiry,  the  right  of  individual 
judgment,  and  always  the  cooling  influences  of  material  Nature. 


25° 


COLLECT. 


areas,  light  as  a  feather,  though  weighing  billions  of  tons.  Fur 
thermore,  as  by  what  we  now  partially  call  Nature  is  intended,  at 
most,  only  what  is  entertainable  by  the  physical  conscience,  the 
sense  of  matter,  and  of  good  animal  health — on  these  it  must  be 
distinctly  accumulated,  incorporated,  that  man,  comprehending 
these,  has,  in  towering  superaddition,  the  moral  and  spiritual 
consciences,  indicating  his  destination  beyond  the  ostensible,  the 
mortal. 

To  the  heights  of  such  estimate  of  Nature  indeed  ascending, 
we  proceed  to  make  observations  for  our  Vistas,  breathing  rarest 
air.  What  is  I  believe  called  Idealism  seems  to  me  to  suggest,  • 
(guarding  against  extravagance,  and  ever  modified  even  by  its 
opposite,)  the  course  of  inquiry  and  desert  of  favor  for  our  New 
World  metaphysics,  their  foundation  of  and  in  literature,  giving 
hue  to  all.* 

*  The  culmination  and  fruit  of  literary  artistic  expression,  and  its  final 
fields  of  pleasure  for  the  human  soul,  are  in  metaphysics,  including  the  mysteries 
of  the  spiritual  world,  the  soul  itself,  and  the  question  of  the  immortal  con 
tinuation  of  our  identity.  In  all  ages,  the  mind  of  man  has  brought  up  here — 
and  always  will.  Here,  at  least,  of  whatever  race  or  era,  we  stand  on  com 
mon  ground.  Applause,  too,  is  unanimous,  antique  or  modern.  Those  authors 
who  work  well  in  this  field — though  their  reward,  instead  of  a  handsome  per 
centage,  or  royalty,  may  be  but  simply  the  laurel-crown  of  the  victors  in  the 
great  Olympic  games — will  be  dearest  to  humanity,  and  their  works,  however 
esthetically  defective,  will  be  treasur'd  forever.  The  altitude  of  literature  and 
poetry  has  always  been  religion — and  always  will  be.  The  Indian  Vedas,  the 
Nackas  of  Zoroaster,  the  Talmud  of  the  Jews,  the  Old  Testament,  the  Gospel 
of  Christ  and  his  disciples,  Plato's  works,  the  Koran  of  Mohammed,  the  Edda 
of  Snorro,  and  so  on  toward  our  own  day,  to  Swedenborg,  and  to  the  invalu 
able  contributions  of  Leibnitz,  Kant  and  Hegel — these,  with  such  poems  only 
in  which,  (while  singing  well  of  persons  and  events,  of  the  passions  of  man, 
and  the  shows  of  the  material  universe,)  the  religious  tone,  the  consciousness 
of  mystery,  the  recognition  of  the  future,  of  the  unknown,  of  Deity  over  and 
under  all,  and  of  the  divine  purpose,  are  never  absent,  but  indirectly  give  tone 
to  all — exhibit  literature's  real  heights  and  elevations,  towering  up  like  the 
great  mountains  of  the  earth. 

Standing  on  this  ground — the  last,  the  highest,  only  permanent  ground — 
and  sternly  criticising,  from  it,  all  works,  either  of  the  literary,  or  any  art,  we 
have  peremptorily  to  dismiss  every  pretensive  production,  however  fine  its 
esthetic  or  intellectual  points,  which  violates  or  ignores,  or  even  does  not  cele 
brate,  the  central  divine  idea  of  All,  suffusing  universe,  of  eternal  trains  of 
purpose,  in  the  development,  by  however  slow  degrees,  of  the  physical,  moral, 
and  spiritual  kosmos.  I  say  he  has  studied,  meditated  to  no  profit,  whatever 
maybe  his  mere  erudition,  who  has  not  absorb'd  this  simple  consciousness  and 
faith.  It  is  not  entirely  new — but  it  is  for  Democracy  to  elaborate  it,  and  look 
to  build  upon  and  expand  from  it,  with  uncompromising  reliance.  Above  the 
doors  of  teaching  the  inscription  is  to  appear,  Though  little  or  nothing  can  be 
absolutely  known,  perceiv'd,  except  from  a  point  of  view  which  is  evanes 
cent,  yet  we  know  at  least  one  permanency,  that  Time  and  Space,  in  the  will 
of  God,  furnish  successive  chains,  completions  of  material  births  and  begin- 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS.  251 

•  The  elevating  and  etherealizing  ideas  of  the  unknown  and  of 
unreality  must  be  brought  forward  with  authority,  as  they  are  the 
legitimate  heirs  of  the  known,  and  of  reality,  and  at  least  as 
great  as  their  parents.  Fearless  of  scoffing,  and  of  the  ostent, 
let  us  take  our  stand,  our  ground,  and  never  desert  it,  to  confront 
the  growing  excess  and  arrogance  of  realism.  To  the  cry,  now 
victorious — the  cry  of  sense,  science,  flesh,  incomes,  farms,  mer 
chandise,  logic,  intellect,  demonstrations,  solid  perpetuities,  build 
ings  of  brick  and  iron,  or  even  the  facts  of  the  shows  of  trees, 
earth,  rocks,  &c.,  fear  not,  my  brethren,  my  sisters,  to  sound  out 
with  equally  determin'd  voice,  that  conviction  brooding  within 
the  recesses  of  every  envision'd  soul — illusions!  apparitions!  fig 
ments  all !  True,  we  must  not  condemn  the  show,  nether  abso 
lutely  deny  it,  for  the  indispensability  of  its  meanings;  but  how 
clearly  we  see  that,  migrate  in  soul  to  what  we  can  already  con 
ceive  of  superior  and  spiritual  points  of  view,  and,  palpable  as  it 
seems  under  present  relations,  it  all  and  several  might,  nay  cer 
tainly  would,  fall  apart  and  vanish. 

I  hail  with  joy  the  oceanic,  variegated,  intense  practical  energy, 
the  demand  tor  facts,  even  the  business  materialism  of  the  cur 
rent  age,  our  States.  But  wo  to  the  age  or  land  in  which  these 
things,  movements,  stopping  at  themselves,  do  not  tend  to  ideas. 
As  fuel  to  flame,  and  flame  to  the  heavens,  so  must  wealth,  science, 
materialism — even  this  democracy  of  which  we  make  so  much — 
unerringly  feed  the  highest  mind,  the  soul.  Infinitude  the  flight : 
fathomless  the  mystery.  Man,  so  diminutive,  dilates  beyond  the 
sensible  universe,  competes  with,  outcopes  space  and  time,  medi 
tating  even  one  great  idea.  Thus,  and  thus  only,  does  a  human 
being,  his  spirit,  ascend  above,  and  justify,  objective  Nature, 
which,  probably  nothing  in  itself,  is  incredibly  and  divinely  ser 
viceable,  indispensable,  real,  here.  And  as  the  purport  of  objec 
tive  Nature  is  doubtless  folded,  hidden,  somewhere  here — as  some 
where  here  is  what  this  globe  and  its  manifold  forms,  and  the 
light  of  day,  and  night's  darkness,  and  life  itself,  with  all  its  ex 
periences,  are  for — it  is  here  the  great  literature,  especially  verse, 
must  get  its  inspiration  and  throbbing  blood.  Then  may  we  at- 

nings,  solve  all  discrepancies,  fears  and  doubts,  and  eventually  fulfil  happi 
ness—and  that  the  prophecy  of  those  births,  namely  spiritual  results,  throws 
the  true  arch  over  all  teaching,  all  science.  The  local  considerations  of  sin, 
disease,  deformity,  ignorance,  death,  &c.,  and  their  measurement  by  the  super 
ficial  mind,  and  ordinary  legislation  and  theology,  are  to  be  met  by  science, 
boldly  accepting,  promulging  this  faith,  and  planting  the  seeds  of  superber 
laws— of  the  explication  of  the  physical  universe  through  the  spiritual — and 
clearing  the  way  for  a  religion,  sweet  and  unimpugnable  alike  to  little  child 
or  great  savan. 


252 


COLLECT. 


tain  to  a  poetry  worthy  the  immortal  soul  of  man,  and  which, 
while  absorbing  materials,  and,  in  their  own  sense,  the  shows  of 
Nature,  will,  above  all,  have,  both  directly  and  indirectly,  a  free 
ing,  fluidizing,  expanding,  religious  character,  exulting  with 
science,  fructifying  the  moral  elements,  and  stimulating  aspira 
tions,  and  meditations  on  the  unknown. 

The  process,  so  far,  is  indirect  and  peculiar,  and  though  it  may 
be  suggested,  cannot  be  defined.  Observing,  rapport,  and  with 
intuition,  the  shows  and  forms  presented  by  Nature,  the  sensuous 
luxuriance,  the  beautiful  in  living  men  and  women,  the  actual 
play  of  passions,  in  history  and  life — and,  above  all,  from  those 
developments  either  in  Nature  or  human  personality  in  which 
power,  (dearest  of  all  to  the  sense  of  the  artist,)  transacts  itself — 
out  of  these,  and  seizing  what  is  in  them,  the  poet,  the  esthetic 
worker  in  any  field,  by  the  divine  magic  of  his  genius,  projects 
them,  their  analogies,  by  curious  removes,  indirections,  in  litera 
ture  and  art.  (No  useless  attempt  to  repeat  the  material  creation, 
by  daguerreotyping  the  exact  likeness  by  mortal  mental  means.) 
This  is  the  image-making  faculty,  coping  with  material  creation, 
and  rivaling,  almost  triumphing  over  it.  This  alone,  when  all 
the  other  parts  of  a  specimen  of  literature  or  art  are  ready  and 
waiting,  can  breathe  into  it  the  breath  of  life,  and  endow  it  with 
identity. 

"  The  true  question  to  ask,"  says  the  librarian  of  Congress  in  a 
paper  read  before  the  Social  Science  Convention  at  New  York, 
October,  1869,  "The  true  question  to  ask  respecting  a  book,  is, 
has  it  help' d  any  human  soul  ?"  This  is  the  hint,  statement,  not 
only  of  the  great  literatus,  his  book,  but  of  every  great  artist.  It 
may  be  that  all  works  of  art  are  to  be  first  tried  by  their  art 
qualities,  their  image-forming  talent,  and  their  dramatic,  pictorial, 
plot-constructing,  euphonious  and  other  talents.  Then,  when 
ever  claiming  to  be  first-class  works,  they  are  to  be  strictly  and 
sternly  tried  by  their  foundation  in,  and  radiation,  in  the  highest 
sense,  and  always  indirectly,  of  the  ethic  principles,  and  eligibility 
to  free,  arouse,  dilate. 

As,  within  the  purposes  of  the  Kosmos,  and  vivifying  all  me 
teorology,  and  all  the  congeries  of  the  mineral,  vegetable  and 
animal  worlds — all  the  physical  growth  and  development  of  man, 
and  all  the  history  of  the  race  in  politics,  religions,  wars,  &c., 
there  is  a  moral  purpose,  a  visible  or  invisible  intention,  certainly 
underlying  all — its  results  and  proof  needing  to  be  patiently 
waited  for — needing  intuition,  faith,  idiosyncrasy,  to  its  realiza 
tion,  which  many,  and  especially  the  intellectual,  do  not  have — 
so  in  the  product,  or  congeries  of  the  product,  of  the  greatest 
literatus.  This  is  the  last,  profoundest  measure  and  test  of  a 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS. 


253 


first-class  literary  or  esthetic  achievement,  and  when  understood 
and  put  in  force  must  fain,  I  say,  lead  to  works,  books,  nobler 
than  any  hitherto  known.  Lo  !  Nature,  (the  only  complete,  ac 
tual  poem,)  existing  calmly  in  the  divine  scheme,  containing  all, 
content,  careless  of  the  criticisms  of  a  day,  or  these  endless  and 
wordy  chatterers.  And  lo  !  to  the  consciousuess  of  the  soul,  the 
permanent  identity,  the  thought,  the  something,  before  which 
the  magnitude  even  of  democracy,  art,  literature,  &c.,  dwindles, 
becomes  partial,  measurable — something  that  fully  satisfies,  (which 
those  do  not.)  That  something  is  the  All,  and  the  idea  of  All, 
with  the  accompanying  idea  of  eternity,  and  of  itself,  the  soul, 
buoyant,  indestructible,  sailing  space  forever,  visiting  every  re 
gion,  as  a  ship  the  sea.  And  again  lo!  the  pulsations  in  all 
matter,  all  spirit,  throbbing  forever — the  eternal  beats,  eternal 
systole  and  diastole  of  life  in  things — wherefrom  I  feel  and  know 
that  death  is  not  the  ending,  as  was  thought,  but  rather  the  real 
beginning — and  that  nothing  ever  is  or  can  be  lost,  nor  ever  die, 
nor  soul,  nor  matter. 

In  the  future  of  these  States  must  arise  poets  immenser  far, 
and  make  great  poems  of  death.  The  poems  of  life  are  great, 
but  there  must  be  the  poems  of  the  purports  of  life,  not  only  in 
itself,  but  beyond  itself.  I  have  eulogized  Homer,  the  sacred 
bards  of  Jewry,  Eschylus,  Juvenal,  Shakspere,  &c.,  and  acknowl 
edged  their  inestimable  value.  But,  (with  perhaps  the  exception, 
in  some,  not  all  respects,  of  the  second-mention'd,)  I  say  there 
must,  for  future  and  democratic  purposes,  appear  poets,  (dare  I 
to  say  so  ?)  of  higher  class  even  than  any  of  those — poets  not  only 
possess'd  of  the  religious  fire  and  abandon  of  Isaiah,  luxuriant 
in  the  epic  talent  of  Homer,  or  for  proud  characters  as  in  Shak 
spere,  but  consistent  with  the  Hegelian  formulas,  and  consistent 
with  modern  science.  America  needs,  and  the  world  needs,  a 
class  of  bards  who  will,  now  and  ever,  so  link  and  tally  the  ra 
tional  physical  being  of  man,  with  the  ensembles  of  time  and 
space,  and  with  this  vast  and  multiform  show,  Nature,  surround 
ing  him,  ever  tantalizing  him,  equally  a  part,  and  yet  not  a  part 
of  him,  as  to  essentially  harmonize,  satisfy,  and  put  at  rest. 
Faith,  very  old,  now  scared  away  by  science,  must  be  restored, 
brought  back  by  the  same  power  that  caused  her  departure — 
restored  with  new  sway,  deeper,  wider,  higher  than  ever.  Surely, 
this  universal  ennui,  this  coward  fear,  this  shudde.ring  at  death, 
these  low,  degrading  views,  are  not  always  to  rule  the  spirit  per 
vading  future  society,  as  it  has  the  past,  and  does  the  present. 
What  the  Roman  Lucretius  sought  most  nobly,  yet  all  too  blindly, 
negatively  to  do  for  his  age  and  its  successors,  must  be  done 
positively  by  some  great  coming  literatus,  especially  poet,  who, 


254  COLLECT. 

while  remaining  fully  poet,  will  absorb  whatever  science  indicates, 
with  spiritualism,  and  out  of  them,  and  out  of  his  own  genius, 
will  compose  the  great  poem  of  death.  Then  will  man  indeed 
confront  Nature,  and  confront  time  and  space,  both  with  science, 
and  con  amore,  and  take  his  right  place,  prepared  for  life,  master 
of  fortune  and  misfortune.  And  then  that  which  was  long  wanted 
will  be  supplied,  and  the  ship  that  had  it  not  before  in  all  her 
voyages,  will  have  an  anchor. 

There  are  still  other  standards,  suggestions,  for  products  of 
high  literatuses.  That  which  really  balances  and  conserves  the 
social  and  political  world  is  not  so  much  legislation,  police, 
treaties,  and  dread  of  punishment,  as  the  latent  eternal  intuitional 
sense,  in  humanity,  of  fairness,  manliness,  decorum,  &c.  Indeed, 
this  perennial  regulation,  control,  and  oversight,  by  self-sup- 
pliance,  is  sine  qua  non  to  democracy;  and  a  highest  widest  aim 
of  democratic  literature  may  well  be  to  bring  forth, .  cultivate, 
brace,  and  strengthen  this  sense,  in  individuals  and  society.  A 
strong  mastership  of  the  general  inferior  self  by  the  superior  self,, 
is  to  be  aided,  secured,  indirectly,  but  surely,  by  the  literatus,  in 
his  works,  shaping,  for  individual  or  aggregate  democracy,  a 
great  passionate  body,  in  and  along  with  which  goes  a  great  mas 
terful  spirit. 

And  still,  providing  for  contingencies,  I  fain. confront  the  fact, 
the  need  of  powerful  native  philosophs  and  orators  and  bards, 
these  States,  as  rallying  points  to  come,  in  times  of  danger,  and 
to  fend  off  ruin  and  defection.  For  history  is  long,  long,  long. 
Shift  and  turn  the  combinations  of  the  statement  as  we  may,  the 
problem  of  the  future  of  America  is  in  certain  respects  as  dark 
as  it  is  vast.  Pride,  competition,  segregation,  vicious  wilfulness, 
and  license  beyond  example,  brood  already  upon  us.  Unwieldy 
and  immense,  who  shall  hold  in  behemoth?  who  bridle  levi 
athan?  Flaunt  it  as  we  choose,  athwart  and  over  the  roads  of 
our  progress  loom  huge  uncertainty,  and  dreadful,  threatening 
gloom.  It  is  useless  to  deny  it :  Democracy  grows  rankly  up  the 
thickest,  noxious,  deadliest  plants  and  fruits  of  all — brings  worse 
and  worse  invaders — needs  newer,  larger,  stronger,  keener  com 
pensations  and  compellers. 

Our  lands,  embracing  so  much,  (embracing  indeed  the  whole, 
rejecting  none,)  hold  in  their  breast  that  flame  also,  capable  of 
consuming  themselves,  consuming  us  all.  Short  as  the  span  of 
our  national  life  has  been,  already  have  death  and  downfall 
crowded  close  upon  us — and  will  again  crowd  close,  no  doubt, 
even  if  warded  off.  Ages  to  come  may  never  know,  but  I  know, 
how  narrowly  during  the  late  secession  war — and  more  than  once, 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS. 


255 


and  more  than  twice  or  thrice — our  Nationality,  (wherein  bound 
up,  as  in  a  ship  in  a  storm,  depended,  and  yet  depend,  all  our 
best  life,  all  hope,  all  value,)  just  grazed,  just  by  a  hair  escaped 
destruction.  Alas  !  to  think  of  them  !  the  agony  and  bloody 
sweat  of  certain  of  those  hours  !  those  cruel,  sharp,  suspended 
crises  ! 

Even  to-day,  amid  these  whirls,  incredible  flippancy,  and  blind 
fury  of  parties,  infidelity,  entire  lack  of  first-class  captains  and 
leaders,  added  to  the  plentiful  meanness  and  vulgarity  of  the  os 
tensible  masses — that  problem,  the  labor  question,  beginning  to 
open  like  a  yawning  gulf,  rapidly  widening  every  year — what 
prospect  have  we?  We  sail  a  dangerous  sea  of  seething  currents, 
cross  and  under-currents,  vortices — all  so  dark,  untried — and 
whither  shall  we  turn?  It  seems  as  if  the  Almighty  had  spread 
before  this  nation  charts  of  imperial  destinies,  dazzling  as  the 
sun,  yet  with  many  a  deep  intestine  difficulty,  and  human  aggre 
gate  of  cankerous  imperfection, — saying,  lo  !  the  roads,  the  only 
plans  of  development,  long  and  varied  with  all  terrible  balks  and 
ebullitions.  You  said  in  your  soul,  I  will  be  empire  of  empires, 
overshadowing  all  else,  past  and  present,  putting  the  history  of 
old-world  dynasties,  conquests  behind  me,  as  of  no  account — 
making  a  new  history,  a  history  of  democracy,  making  old  his 
tory  a  dwarf — I  alone  inaugurating  largeness,  culminating  time. 
If  these,  O  lands  of  America,  are  indeed  the  prizes,  the  determi 
nations  of  your  soul,  be  it  so.  But  behold  the  cost,  and  already 
specimens  of  the  cost.  Thought  you  greatness  was  to  ripen  for 
you  like  a  pear  ?  If  you  would  have  greatness,  know  that  you 
must  conquer  it  through  ages,  centuries — must  pay  for  it  with  a 
proportionate  price.  For  you  too,  as  for  all  lands,  the  struggle, 
the  traitor,  the  wily  person  in  office,  scrofulous  wealth,  the  surfeit 
of  prosperity,  the  demonism  of  greed,  the  hell  of  passion,  the  de 
cay  of  faith,  the  long  postponement,  the  fossil-like  lethargy,  the 
ceaseless  need  of  revolutions,  prophets,  thunderstorms,  deaths, 
births,  new  projections  and  invigorations  of  ideas  and  men. 

Yet  I  have  dream'd,  merged  in  that  hidden- tangled  problem 
of  our  fate,  whose  long  unraveling  stretches  mysteriously  through 
time — dream'd  out,  portray'd,  hinted  already — a  little  or  a  larger 
band — a  band  of  brave  and  true,  unprecedented  yet — arm'd  and 
equipt  at  every  point — the  members  separated,  it  may  be,  by  dif 
ferent  dates  and  States,  or  south,  or  north,  or  east,  or  west — Pa 
cific,  Atlantic,  Southern,  Canadian — a  year,  a  century  here,  and 
other  centuries  there — but  always  one,  compact  in  soul,  con 
science-conserving,  God-inculcating,  inspired  achievers,  not  only 
in  literature,  the  greatest  art,  but  achievers  in  all  art — a  new,  un 
dying  order,  dynasty,  from  age  to  age  transmitted — a  band,  a  class, 


256  COLLECT. 

at  least  as  fit  to  cope  with  current  years,  our  dangers,  needs,  as 
those  who,  for  their  times,  so  long,  so  well,  in  armor  or  in  cowl, 
upheld  and  made  illustrious,  that  far-back  feudal,  priestly  world. 
To  offset  chivalry,  indeed,  those  vanish'd  countless  knights,  old 
altars,  abbeys,  priests,  ages  and  strings  of  ages,  a  knightlier  and 
more  sacred  cause  to-day  demands,  and  shall  supply,  in  a  New 
World,  to  larger,  grander  work,  more  than  the  counterpart  and 
tally  of  them. 

Arrived  now,  definitely,  at  an  apex  for  these  Vistas,  I  confess 
that  the  promulgation  and  belief  in  such  a  class  or  institution — 
a  new  and  greater  literatus  order — its  possibility,  (nay  certainty,) 
underlies  these  entire  speculations — and  that  the  rest,  the  other 
parts,  as  superstructures,  are  all  founded  upon  it.  It  really  seems 
to  me  the  condition,  not  only  of  our  future  national  and  demo 
cratic  development,  but  of  our  perpetuation.  In  the  highly 
artificial  and  materialistic  bases  of  modern  civilization,  with  the 
corresponding  arrangements  and  methods  of  living,  the  force- 
infusion  of  intellect  alone,  the  depraving  influences  of  riches 
just  as  much  as  poverty,  the  absence  of  all  high  ideals  in  char 
acter — with  the  long  series  of  tendencies,  shapings,  which  few 
are  strong  enough  to  resist,  and  which  now  seem,  with  steam- 
engine  speed,  to  be  everywhere  turning  out  the  generations  of 
humanity  like  uniform  iron  castings — all  of  which,  as  compared 
with  the  feudal  ages,  we  can  yet  do  nothing  better  than  accept, 
make  the  best  of,  and  even  welcome,  upon  the  whole,  for  their 
oceanic  practical  grandeur,  and  their  restless  wholesale  kneading 
of  the  masses — I  say  of  all  this  tremendous  and  dominant  play  of 
solely  materialistic  bearings  upon  current  life  in  the  United 
States,  with  the  results  as  already  seen,  accumulating,  and  reach 
ing  far  into  the  future,  that  they  must  either  be  confronted  and 
met  by  at  least  an  equally  subtle  and  tremendous  force-infusion 
for  purposes  of  spiritualization,  for  the  pure  conscience,  for  gen 
uine  esthetics,  and  for  absolute  and  primal  manliness  and  woman 
liness — or  else  our  modern  civilization,  with  all  its  improvements, 
is  in  vain,  and  we  are  on  the  road  to  a  destiny,  a  status,  equiva 
lent,  in  its  real  world,  to  that  of  the  fabled  damned. 

Prospecting  thus  the  coming  unsped  days,  and  that  new  order 
in  them — marking  the  endless  train  of  exercise,  development, 
unwind,  in  nation  as  in  man,  which  life  is  for — we  see,  fore-indi 
cated,  amid  these  prospects  and  hopes,  new  law-forces  of  spoken 
and  written  language — not  merely  the  pedagogue-forms,  correct, 
regular,  familiar  with  precedents,  made  for  matters  of  outside 
propriety,  fine  words,  thoughts  definitely  told  out — but  a  lan 
guage  fann'd  by  the  breath  of  Nature,  which  leaps  overhead, 
cares  mostly  for  impetus  and  effects,  and  for  what  it  plants  and 


DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS. 


257 


invigorates  to  grow — tallies  life  and  character,  and  seldomer  tells 
a  thing  than  suggests  or  necessitates  it.  In  fact,  a  new  theory  of 
literary  composition  for  imaginative  works  of  the  very  first  class, 
and  especially  for  highest  poems,  is  the  sole  course  open  to  these 
States.  Books  are  to  be  call'd  for,  and  supplied,  on  the  assump 
tion  that  the  process  of  reading  is  not  a  half  sleep,. but,  in  highest 
sense,  an  exercise,  a  gymnast's  struggle ;  that  the  reader  is  to  do 
something  for  himself,  must  be  on  the  alert,  must  himself  or  herself 
construct  indeed  the  poem,  argument,  history,  metaphysical  essay 
— the  text  furnishing  the  hints,  the  clue,  the  start  or  frame-work. 
Not  the  book  needs  so  much  to  be  the  complete  thing,  but  the 
reader  of  the  book  does.  That  were  to  make  a  nation  of  supple 
and  athletic  minds,  well-train'd,  intuitive,  used  to  depend  on 
themselves,  and  not  on  a  few  coteries  of  writers. 

Investigating  here,  we  see,  not  that  it  is  a  little  thing  we  have, 
in  having  the  bequeath'd  libraries,  countless  shelves  of  volumes, 
records,  &c. ;  yet  how  serious  the  danger,  depending  entirely  on 
them,  of  the  bloodless  vein,  the  nerveless  arm,  the  false  applica 
tion,  at  second  or  third  hand.  We  see  that  the  real  interest  of 
this  people  of  ours  in  the  theology,  history,  poetry,  politics,  and 
personal  models  of  the  past,  (the  British  islands,  for  instance,  and 
indeed  all  the  past,)  is  not  necessarily  to  mould  ourselves  or  our 
literature  upon  them,  but  to  attain  fuller,  more  definite  compari 
sons,  warnings,  and  the  insight  to  ourselves,  our  own  present,  and 
our  own  far  grander,  different,  future  history,  religion,  social  - 
customs,  &c.  We  see  that  almost  everything  that  has  been  writ 
ten,  sung,  or  stated,  of  old,  with  reference  to  humanity  under  the 
feudal  and  oriental  institutes,  religions,  and  for  other  lands,  needs 
to  be  re- written,  re- sung,  re-stated,  in  terms  consistent  with  the 
institution  of  these  States,  and  to  come  in  range  and  obedient 
uniformity  with  them. 

We  see,  as  in  the  universes  of  the  material  kosmos,  after  me 
teorological,  vegetable,  and  animal  cycles,  man  at  last  arises, 
born  through  them,  to  prove  them,  concentrate  them,  to  turn 
upon  them  with  wonder  and  luve—  to  command  them,  adorn 
them,  and  carry  them  upward  into  superior  realms — so,  out  of  the 
series  of  the  preceding  social  and  political  universes,  now  arise 
these  States.  We  see  that  while  many  were  supposing  things  es 
tablished  and  completed,  really  the  grandest  things  always  re 
main  ;  and  discover  that  the  work  of  the  New  World  is  not 
ended,  but  only  fairly  begun. 

We  see  our  land,  America,  her  literature,  esthetics,  &c.,  as, 
substantially,  the  getting  in  form,  or  effusement  and  statement,  of 
deepest  basic  elements  and  loftiest  final  meanings,  of  history  and 
man — and  the  portrayal,  (under  the  eternal  laws  and  conditions 


COLLECT. 

of  beauty,)  of  our  own  physiognomy,  the  subjective  tie  and  ex 
pression  of  the  objective,  as  from  our  own  combination,  continu 
ation,  and  points  of  view — and  the  deposit  and  record  of  the 
national  mentality,  character,  appeals,  heroism,  wars,  and  even 
liberties — where  these,  and  all,  culminate  in  native  literary  and 
artistic  formulation,  to  be  perpetuated  ;  and  not  having  which 
native,  first-class  formulation,  she  will  flounder  about,  and  her 
other,  however  imposing,  eminent  greatness,  prove  merely  a  pass 
ing  gleam ;  but  truly  having  which,  she  will  understand  herself, 
live  nobly,  nobly  contribute,  emanate,  and,  swinging,  poised 
safely  on  herself,  illumin'd  and  illuming,  become  a  full-form'd 
world,  and  divine  Mother  not  only  of  material  but  spiritual 
worlds,  in  ceaseless  succession  through  time — the  main  thing 
being  the  average,  the  bodily,  the  concrete,  the  democratic,  the 
popular,  on  which  all  the  superstructures  of  the  future  are  to  per 
manently  rest. 


ORIGINS  OF  ATTEMPTED  SECESSION. 

Not  the  whole  matter,  but  some  side  facts  worth  conning  to-day  and 

any  day. 

I  CONSIDER  the  war  of  attempted  secession,  1860-65,  not  as  a 
struggle  of  two  distinct  and  separate  peoples,  but  a  conflict  (often 
happening,  and  very  fierce)  between  the  passions  and  paradoxes 
of  one  and  the  same  identity — perhaps  the  only  terms  on  which 
that  identity  could  really  become  fused,  homogeneous  and  lasting. 
The  origin  and  conditions  out  of  which  it  arose,  are  full  of  les 
sons,  full  of  warnings  yet  to  the  Republic — and  always  will  be. 
The  underlying  and  principal  of  those  origins  are  yet  singularly 
ignored.  The  Northern  States  were  really  just  as  responsible 
for  that  war,  (in  its  precedents,  foundations,  instigations,)  as 
the  South.  Let  me  try  to  give  my  view.  From  the  age  of  21  to 
40,  (1840-' 60,)  I  was  interested  in  the  political  movements  of  the 
land,  not  so  much  as  a  participant,  but  as  an  observer,  and  a  reg 
ular  voter  at  the  elections.  I  think  I  was  conversant  with  the 
springs  of  action,  and  their  workings,  not  only  in  New  York 
city  and  Brooklyn,  but  understood  them  in  the  whole  country,  as 
I  had  made  leisurely  tours  through  all  the  middle  States,  and  par 
tially  through  the  western  and  southern,  and  down  to  New  Or 
leans,  in  which  city  I  resided  for  some  time.  (I  was  there  at  the. 
close  of  the  Mexican  war — saw  and  talk'd  with  General  Taylor, 
and  the  other  generals  and  officers,  who  were  feted  and  detain'd 
several  days  on  their  return  victorious  from  that  expedition.) 


OR!GIArS  OF  ATTEMPTED  SECESSION. 


259 


Of  course  manyand  very  contradictory  things,specialties,  devel- 
opments,  constitutional  views,  &c.,  went  to  make  up  the  origin  of 
the  war — but  the  most  significant  general  fact  can  be  best  indicated 
and  stated  as  follows  :  For  twenty-five  years  previous  to  the  out 
break,  the  controling  "Democratic"  nominating  conventions  of 
our  Republic — starting  from  their  primaries  in  wards  or  districts, 
and  so  expanding  to  counties,  powerful  cities,  States,  and  to  the 
great  Presidential  nominating  conventions — were  getting  to  repre 
sent  and  be  composed  of  more  and  more  putrid  and  dangerous  ma 
terials.  Let  me  give  a  schedule,  or  list,  of  one  of  these  represen 
tative  conventions  for  a  long  time  before,  and  inclusive  of,  that 
which  nominated  Buchanan.  (Remember  they  had  come  to  be 
the  fountains  and  tissues  of  the  American  body  politic,  forming, 
as  it  were,  the  whole  blood,  legislation,  office-hold ing,  &c.)  One 
of  these  conventions,  from  1840  to  '60,  exhibited  a  spectacle  such 
as  could  never  be  seen  except  in  our  own  age  and  in  these  States. 
The  members  who  composed  it  were,  seven-eighths  of  them,  the 
meanest  kind  of  bawling  and  blowing  office-holders,  office-seekers, 
pimps,  malignants,  conspirators,  murderers,  fancy-men,  custom 
house  clerks,  contractors,  kept-editors,  spaniels  well-train'd  to 
carry  and  fetch,  jobbers,  infidels,  disunionists,  terrorists,  mail- 
riflers,  slave-catchers,  pushers  of  slavery,  creatures  of  the  Presi 
dent,  creatures  of  would-be  Presidents,  spies,  bribers,  compro 
misers,  lobbyers,  sponges,  ruin'd  sports,  expell'd  gamblers,  policy- 
backers,  monte-dealers,  duellists,  carriers  of  conceal'fl  weapons, 
deaf  men,  pimpled  men,  scarr'd  inside  with  vile  disease,  gaudy 
outside  with  gold  chains  made  from  the  people's  money  and  har 
lots'  money  twisted  together ;  crawling,  serpentine  men,  the  lousy 
combings  and  born  freedom-sellers  of  the  earth.  And  whence  came 
they  ?  From  back-yards  and  bar-rooms ;  from  out  of  the  custom 
houses,  marshals'  offices,  post-offices,  and  gambling-hells ;  from  the 
President's  house,  the  jail,  the  station-house  ;  from  unnamed  by- 
places,  where  devilish  disunion  was  hatch'd  at  midnight ;  from 
political  hearses,  and  from  the  coffins  inside,  and  from  the  shrouds 
inside  of  the  coffins  ;  from  the  tumors  and  abscesses  of  the  land; 
from  the  skeletons  and  skulls  in  the  vaults  of  the  federal  alms- 
houses;  and  from  the  running  sores  of  the  great  cities.  Such,  I 
say,  form'd,  or  absolutely  control'd  the  forming  of,  the  entire 
personnel,  the  atmosphere,  nutriment  and  chyle,  of  our  municipal, 
State,  and  National  politics — substantially  permeating,  handling, 
deciding,  and  wielding  everything — legislation,  nominations, 
elections,  "public  sentiment,"  &c. — while  the  great  masses  of  the 
people,  farmers,  mechanics,  and  traders,  were  helpless  in  their 
gripe.  These  conditions  were  mostly  prevalent  in  the  north  and 
west,  and  especially  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia  cities ;  and 


260  COLLECT. 

the  southern  leaders,  (bad  enough,  but  of  a  far  higher  order,) 
struck  hands  and  affiliated  with,  and  used  them.  Is  it  strange 
that  a  thunder-storm  follow'd  such  morbid  and  stifling  cloud- 
strata?  » 

I  say  then,  that  what,  as  just  outlined,  heralded,  and  made  the 
ground  ready  for  secession  revolt,  ought  to  be  held  up,  through 
all  the  future,  as  the  most  instructive  lesson  in  American  politi 
cal  history — -the  most  significant  warning  and  beacon-light  to 
coming  generations.  I  say  that  the  sixteenth,  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  terms  of  the  American  Presidency  have  shown  that 
the  villainy  and  shallowness  of  rulers  (back'd  by  the  machinery 
of  great  parties)  are  just  as  eligible  to  these  States  as  to  any 
foreign  despotism,  kingdom,  or  empire — there  is  not  a  bit  of 
difference.  History  is  to  record  those  three  Presidentiads,  and 
especially  the  administrations  of  Fillmore  and  Buchanan,  as  so 
far  our  topmost  warning  and  shame.  Never  were  publicly  dis- 
play'd  more  deform'd,  mediocre,  snivelling,  unreliable,  false 
hearted  men.  Never  were  these  States  so  insulted,  and  attempted 
to  be  betray'd.  All  the  main  purposes  for  which  the  government 
was  establish'd  were  openly  denied.  The  perfect  equality  of 
slavery  with  freedom  was  flauntingly  preach'd  in  the  north — nay, 
the  superiority  of  slavery.  The  slave  trade  was  proposed  to  be 
renew'd.  Everywhere  frowns  and  misunderstandings — every 
where  exasperations  and  humiliations.  (The  slavery  contest  is 
settled — and  the  war  is  long  over — yet  dp  not  those  putrid  con 
ditions,  too  many  of  them,  still  exist?  still  result  in  diseases, 
fevers,  wounds — not  of  war  and  army  hospitals — but  the  wounds 
and  diseases  of  peace?) 

Out  of  those  generic  influences,  mainly  in  New  York,  Pennsyl 
vania,  OhiOj&c.,  arose- the  attempt  at  disunion.  To  philosophi 
cal  examination,  the  malignant  fever  of  that  war  shows  its  em 
bryonic  sources,  and  the  original  nourishment  of  its  life  and 
growth,  in  the  north.  I  say  secession,  below  the  surface,  origi 
nated  and  was  brought  to  maturity  in  the  free  Sfates.  I  allude 
to  the  score  of  years  preceding  1860.  My  deliberate  opinion  is 
now,  that  if  at  the  opening  of  the  contest  the  abstract  duality- 
question  of  slavery  and  quiet  could  have  been  submitted  to  a  di 
rect  popular  vote,  as  against  their  opposite,  they  would  have 
triumphantly  carried  the  day  in  a  majority  of  the  northern 
States — in  the  large  cities,  leading  off  with  New  York  and  Phila 
delphia,  by  tremendous  majorities.  The  events  of  '61  amazed 
everybody  north  and  south,  and  burst  all  prophecies  and  calcula 
tions  like  bubbles.  But  even  then,  and  during  the  whole  war, 
the  stern  fact  remains  that  (not  only  did  the  north  put  it  down, 


ORIGINS  OF  A  TTEMP  TED  SE  CESSION.  2  6 1 

but)  the  secession  cause  had  numerically  just  as  many  sympathizers 
in  the  free  as  in  the  rebel  States. 

As  to  slavery,  abstractly  and  practically,  (its  idea,  and  the  deter 
mination  to  establish  and  expand  it,  especially  in  the  new  terri 
tories,  the  future  America,)  it  is  too  common,  I  repeat,  to  identify 
it  exclusively  with  the  south.  In  fact  down  to  the  opening  of 
the  war,  the  whole  country  had  about  an  equal  hand  in  it.  The 
north  had  at  least  been  just  as  guilty,  if  not  more  guilty ;  and 
the  east  and  west  had.  The  former  Presidents  and  Congresses 
had  been  guilty — the  governors  and  legislatures  of  every  north 
ern  State  had  been  guilty,  and  the  mayors  of  New  York  and  other 
northern  cities  had  all  been  guilty — their  hands  were  all  stain'd. 
And  as  the  conflict  took  decided  shape,  it  is  hard  to  tell  which 
class,  the  leading  southern  or  northern  disunionists,  was  more 
stunn'd  and  disappointed  at  the  non-action  of  the  free-state  seces 
sion  element,  so  largely  existing  and  counted  on  by  those  leaders, 
both  sections. 

So  much  for  that  point,  and  for  the  north.  As  to  the  incep 
tion  and  direct  instigation  of  the  war,  in  the  south  itself,  I  shall 
not  attempt  interiors  or  complications.  Behind  gll,  the  idea  that 
it  was  from  a  resolute  and  arrogant  determination  on  the  part  of 
the  extreme  slaveholders,  the  Calhounites,  to  carry  the  states 
rights'  portion  of  the  constitutional  compact  to  its  farthest  verge, 
and  nationalize  slavery,  or  else  disrupt  the  Union,  and  found  a 
new  empire,  with  slavery  for  its  corner-stone,  was  and  is  undoubt 
edly  the  true  theory.  (If  successful,  this  attempt  might — I  am 
not  sure,  but  it  might — have  destroy'd  not  only  our  American 
republic,  in  anything  like  first-class  proportions,  in  itself  and  its 
prestige,  but  for  ages  at  least,  the  cause  of  Liberty  and  Equality 
everywhere — and  would  have  been  the  greatest  triumph  of  reac 
tion,  and  the  severest  blow  to  political  and  every  other  freedom, 
possible  to  conceive.  Its  worst  result  would  have  inured  to  the 
southern  States  themselves.)  That  our  national  democratic  ex 
periment,  principle,  and  machinery,  could  triumphantly  sustain 
such  a  shock,  and  that  the  Constitution  could  weather  it,  like  a 
ship  a  storm,  and  come  out  of  it  as  sound  and  whole  as  before, 
is  by  far  the  most  signal  proof  yet  of  the  stability  of  that  experi 
ment,  Democracy,  and  of  those  principles,  and  that  Constitution. 

Of  the  war  itself,  we  know  in  the  ostent  what  has  been  done. 
The  numbers  of  the  dead  and  wounded  can  be  told  or  approxi 
mated,  the  debt  posted  and  put  on  record,  the  material  events 
narrated,  &c.  Meantime,  elections  go  on,  laws  are  pass'd,  politi 
cal  parties  struggle,  issue  their  platforms,  &c.,  just  the  same  as 
before.  But  immensest  results,  not  only  in  politics,  but  in  lite 
rature,  poems,  and  sociology,  are  doubtless  waiting  yet  un- 


262  COLLECT. 

form'd  in  the  future.  How  long  they  will  wait  I  cannot  telL 
The  pageant  of  history's  retrospect  shows  us,  ages  since,  all  Eu 
rope  marching  on  the  crusades,  those  arm'd  uprisings  o/  the 
people,  stirr'd  by  a  mere  idea,  to  grandest  attempt — and,  when 
once  baffled  in  it,  returning,  at  intervals,  twice,  thrice,  and  again. 
An  unsurpass'd  series  of  revolutionary  events,  influences.  Yet  it 
took  over  two  hundred  years  for  the  seeds  of  the  crusades  to  ger 
minate,  before  beginning  even  to  sprout.  Two  hundred  years 
they  lay,  sleeping,  not  dead,  but  dormant  in  the  ground.  Then, 
out  of  them,  unerringly,  arts,  travel,  navigation,  politics,  litera 
ture,  freedom,  the  spirit  of  adventure,  inquiry,  all  arose,  grew, 
and  steadily  sped  on  to  what  we  see  at  present.  Far  back  there, 
that  huge  agitation-struggle  of  the  crusades  stands,  as  undoubt 
edly  the  embryo,  the  start,  of  the  high  preeminence  of  experi 
ment,  civilization  and  enterprise  which  the  European  nations 
have  since  sustain'd,  and  of  which  these  States  are  the  heirs. 

Another  illustration — (history  is  full  of  them,  although  the 
war  itself,  the  victory  of  the  Union,  and  the  relations  of  our 
equal  States,  present  features  of  which  there  are  no  precedents  in 
the  past.)  The^conquest  of  England  eight  centuries  ago,  by  the 
Franco-Normans — the  obliteration  of  the  old,  (in  many  respects 
so  needing  obliteration) — the  Domesday  Book,  and  the  reparti 
tion  of  the  land — the  old  impedimenta  removed,  even  by  blood 
and  ruthless  violence,  and  a  new,  progressive  genesis  established, 
new  seeds  sown — time  has  proved  plain  enough  that,  bitter,  as 
they  were,  all  these  were  the  most  salutary  series  of  revolutions 
that  could  possibly  have  happen'd.  Out  of  them,  and  by  them 
mainly,  have  come,  out  of  Albic,  Roman  and  Saxon  England — 
and  without  them  could  not  have  come — not  only  the  England 
of  the  500  years  down  to  the  present,  and  of  the  present — but 
these  States.  Nor,  except  for  that  terrible  dislocation  and  over 
turn,  would  these  States,  as  they  are,  exist  to-day. 

It  is  certain  to  me  that  the  United  States,  by  virtue  of  that  war 
and  its  results,  and  through  that  and  them  only,  are  now  ready  to 
enter,  and  must  certainly  enter,  upon  their  genuine  career  in  his 
tory,  as  no  more  torn  and  divided  in  their  spinal  requisites,  but  a 
great  homogeneous  Nation — free  states  all — a  moral  and  political 
unity  in  variety,  such  as  Nature  shows  in  her  grandest  physical 
works,  and  as  much  greater  than  any  mere  work  of  Nature,  as  the 
moral  and  political,  the  work  of  man,  his  mind,  his  soul,  are,  in 
their  loftiest  sense,  greater  than  the  merely  physical.  Out  of  that 
war  not  only  has  the  nationalty  of  the  States  escaped  from  being 
strangled,  but  more  than  any  of  the  rest,  and,  in  my  opinion, 
more  than  the  north  itself,  the  vital  heart  and  breath  of  the  south 
have  escaped  as  from  the  pressure  of  a  general  nightmare,  and 


PREFACE,  1855.  263 

are  henceforth  to  enter  on  a  life,  development,  and  active  free 
dom,  whose  realities  are  certain  in  the  future,  notwithstanding 
all  the  southern  vexations  of  the  hour — a  development  which 
could  not  possibly  have  been  achiev'd  on  any  less  terms,  or  by 
any  other  means  than  that  grim  lesson,  or  something  equivalent 
to  it.  And  I  predict  that  the  south  is  yet  to  outstrip  the  north. 


PREFACE,  1855, 

to  first  issue  of  "LEAVES  OF  GRASS." 
Brooklyn,  N.  K 

AMERICA  does  not  repel  the  past,  or  what  the  past  has  produced 
under  its  forms,  or  amid  other  politics,  or  the  idea  of  castes,  or 
the  old  religions — accepts  the  lesson  with  calmness — is  not  im 
patient  because  the  slough  still  sticks  to  opinions  and  manners 
and  literature,  while  the  life  which  served  its  requirements  has 
passed  into  the  new  life  of  the  new  forms — perceives  that  the 
corpse  is  slowly  borne  from  the  eating  and  sleeping  rooms  of  the 
house — perceives  that  it  waits  a  little  while  in  the  door — that  it 
was  fittest  for  its  days — that  its  action  has  descended  to  the  stal 
wart  and  well-shaped  heir  who  approaches — and  that  he  shall  be 
fittest  for  his  days. 

The  Americans  of  all  nations  at  any  time  upon  the  earth,  have 
probably  the  fullest  poetical  nature.  The  United  States  them 
selves  are  essentially  the  greatest  poem.  In  the  history  of  the 
earth  hitherto)  the  largest  and  most  stirring  appear  tame  and  or 
derly  to  their  ampler  largeness  and  stir.  Here  at  last  is  some 
thing  in  the  doings  of  man  that  corresponds  with  the  broadcast 
doings  of  the  day  and  night.  Here  is  action  untied  from  strings, 
necessarily  blind  to  particulars  and  details,  magnificently  moving 
in  masses.  Here  is  the  hospitality  which  for  ever  indicates  he 
roes.  Here  the  performance,  disdaining  the  trivial,  unapproach'd 
in  the  tremendous  audacity  of  its  crowds  and  groupings,  and 
the  push  of  its  perspective,  spreads  with  crampless  and  flowing 
breadth,  and  showers  its  prolific  and  splendid  extravagance.  One 
sees  it  must  indeed  own  the  riches  of  the  summer  and  winter, 
and  need  never  be  bankrupt  while  corn  grows  from  the  ground, 
or  the  orchards  drop  apples,  or  the  bays  contain  fish,  or  men 
beget  children  upon  women. 

Other  states  indicate  themselves  in  their  deputies — but  the  ge- 


264 


COLLECT. 


nius  of  the  United  States  is  not  best  or  most  in  its  executives  or 
legislatures,  nor  in  its  ambassadors  or  authors,  or  colleges  or 
churches  or  parlors,  nor  even  in  its  newspapers  or  inventors — 
but  always  most  in  the  common  people,  south,  north,  west,  east, 
in  all  its  States,  through  all  its  mighty  amplitude.  The  largeness 
of  the  nation,  however,  were  monstrous  without  a  corresponding 
largeness  and  generosity  of  the  spirit  of  the  citizen.  Not  swarm 
ing  states,  nor  streets  and  steamships,  nor  prosperous  business, 
nor  farms,  nor  capital,  nor  learning,  may  suffice  for  the  ideal  of 
man — nor  suffice  the  poet.  No' reminiscences  may  suffice  either. 
A  live  nation  can  always  cut  a  deep  mark,  and  can  have  the  best 
authority  the  cheapest — namely,  from  its  own  soul.  This  is  the 
sum  of  the  profitable  uses  of  individuals  or  states,  and  of  present 
action  and  grandeur,  and  of  the  subjects  of  poets.  (As  if  it  were 
necessary  to  trot  back  generation  after  generation  to  the  eastern 
records !  As  if  the  beauty  and  sacredness  of  the  demonstrable 
must  fall  behind  that  of  the  mythical !  As  if  men  do  not  make 
their  mark  out  of  any  times !  As  if  the  opening  of  the  west 
ern  continent  by  discovery,  and  what  has  transpired  in  North  and 
South  America,  were  less  than  the  small  theatre  of  the  antique, 
or  the  aimless  sleep-walking  of  the  middle  ages  !)  The  pride  of 
the  United  States  leaves  the  wealth  and  finesse  of  the  cities,  and 
all  returns  of  commerce  and  agriculture,  and  all  the  magnitude 
of  geography  or  shows  of  exterior  victory,  to  enjoy  the  sight  and 
realization  of  full-sized  men,  or  one  full-sized  man  unconquerable 
and  simple. 

The  American  poets  are  to  enclose  old  and  new,  for  America 
is  the  race  of  races.  The  expression  of  the  American  poet  is  to 
be  transcendent  and  new.  It  is  to  be  indirect,  and  not  direct  or 
descriptive  or  epic.  Its  quality  goes  through  these  to  much 
more.  Let  the  age  and  wars  of  other  nations  be  chanted,  and 
their  eras  and  characters  be  illustrated,  and  that  finish  the  verse. 
Not  so  the  great  psalm  of  the  republic.  Here  the  theme  is  cre 
ative,  and  has  vista.  Whatever  stagnates  in  the  flat  of  custom  or 
obedience  or  legislation,  the  great  poet  never  stagnates.  Obe 
dience  does  not  master  him,  he  masters  it.  High  up  out  of  reach 
he  stands,  turning  a  concentrated  light — he  turns  the  pivot  with 
his  finger — he  baffles  the  swiftest  runners  as  he  stands,  and  easily 
overtakes  and  envelopes  them.  The  time  straying  toward  infi 
delity  and  confections  and  persiflage  he  withholds  by  steady  faith. 
Faith  is  the  antiseptic  of  the  soul — it  pervades  the  common 
people  and  preserves  them — they  never  give  up  believing  and  ex 
pecting  and  trusting.  There  is  that  indescribable  freshness  and 
unconsciousness  about  an  illiterate  person,  that  humbles  and 
mocks  the  power  of  the  noblest  expressive  genius.  The  poet 


PREFACE,  iSjj.  265 

sees  for  a  certainty  how  one  not  a  great  artist  may  be  just  as 
sacred  and  perfect  as  the  greatest  artist. 

The  power  to  destroy  or  remould  is  freely  used  by  the  greatest 
poet,  but  seldom  the  power  of  attack.  What  is  past  is  past.  If 
he  does  not  expose  superior  models,  and  prove  himself  by  every 
step  he  takes,  he  is  not  what  is  wanted.  The  presence  of  the 
great  poet  conquers — not  parleying,  or  struggling,  or  any  pre 
pared  attempts.  Now  he  has  passed  that  way,  see  after  him  ! 
There  is  not  left  any  vestige  of  despair,  or  misanthropy,  or  cun 
ning,  or  exclusiveness,  or  the  ignominy  of  a  nativity  or  color,  or 
delusion  of  hell  or  the  necessity  of  hell — and  no  man  thencefor 
ward  shall  be  degraded  for  ignorance  or  weakness  or  sin.  The 
greatest  poet  hardly  knows  pettiness  or  triviality.  If  he  breathes 
into  anything  that  was  before  thought  small,  it  dilates  with  the 
grandeur  and  life  of  the  universe.  He  is  a  seer — he  is  individ 
ual — he  is  complete  in  himself — the  others  are  as  good  as  he,  only 
he  sees  it,  and  they  do  not.  He  is  not  one  of  the  chorus — he 
does  not  stop  for  any  regulation — he  is  the  president  of  regula 
tion.  What  the  eyesight  does  to  the  rest,  he  does  to  the  rest. 
Who  knows  the  curious  mystery  of  the  eyesight?  The  other 
senses  corroborate  themselves,  but  this  is  removed  from  any  proof 
but  its  own,  and  foreruns  the  identities  of  the  spiritual  world. 
A  single  glance  of  it  mocks  all  the  investigations  of  man,  and  all 
the  instruments  and  books  of  the  earth,  and  all  reasoning.  What 
is  marvellous?  what  is  unlikely?  what  is  impossible  or  baseless 
or  vague — after  you  have  once  just  open'd  the  space  of  a  peach- 
pit,  and  given  audience  to  far  and  near,  and  to  the  sunset,  and 
had  all  things  enter  with  electric  swiftness,  softly  and  duly,  with 
out  confusion  or  jostling  or  jam? 

The  land  and  sea,  the  animals,  fishes  and  birds,  the  sky  of 
heaven  and  the  orbs,  the  forests,  mountains  and  rivers,  are  not 
small  themes — but  folks  expect  of  the  poet  to  indicate  more  than 
the  beauty  and  dignity  which  always  attach  to  dumb  real  objects — 
they  expect  him  to  indicate  the  path  between  reality  and  their 
souls.  Men  and  women  perceive  the  beauty  well  enough — prob 
ably  as  well  as  he.  The  passionate  tenacity  of  hunters,  wood 
men,  early  risers,  cultivators  of  gardens  and  orchards  and  fields, 
the  love  of  healthy  women  for  the  manly  form,  seafaring  persons, 
drivers  of  horses,  the  passion  for  light  and  the  open  air,  all  is  an 
old  varied  sign  of  the  unfailing  perception  of  beauty,  and  of  a 
residence  of  the  poetic  in  out-door  people.  They  can  never  be 
assisted  by  poets  to  perceive — some  may,  but  they  never  can. 
The  poetic  quality  is  not  marshal'd  in  rhyme  or  uniformity,  or 
abstract  addresses  to  things,  nor  in  melancholy  complaints  or 
good  precepts,  but  is  the  life  of  these  and  much  else,  and  is  in 

23 


266  COLLECT. 

the  soul.  The  profit  of  rhyme  is  that  it  drops  seeds  of  a  sweeter 
and  more  luxuriant  rhyme,  and  of  uniformity  that  it  conveys 
itself  into  its. own  roots  in  the  ground  out  of  sight.  The  rhyme 
and  uniformity  of  perfect  poems  show  the  free  growth  of  metri 
cal  laws,  and  bud  from  them  as  unerringly  and  loosely  as  lilacs 
and  roses  on  a  bush,  and,  take  shapes  as  compact  as  the  shapes  of 
chestnuts  and  oranges,  and  melons  and  pears,  and  shed  the  per 
fume  impalpable  to  form.  The  fluency  and  ornaments  of  the  finest 
poems  or  music  or  orations  or  recitations,  are  not  independent 
but  dependent.  All  beauty  comes  from  beautiful  blood  and  a 
beautiful  brain.  If  the  greatnesses  are  in  conjunction  in  a  man 
or  woman,  it  is  enough — the  fact  will  prevail  through  the  uni 
verse  ;  but  the  gaggery  and  gilt  of  a  million  years  will  not  pre 
vail.  Who  troubles  himself  about  his  ornaments  or  fluency  is 
lost.  This  is  what  you  shall  do :  Love  the  earth  and  sun  and 
the  animals,  despise  riches,  give  alms  to  every  one  that  asks,  stand 
up  for  the  stupid  and  crazy,  devote  your  income  and  labor  to 
others,  hate  tyrants,  argue  not  concerning  God,  have  patience 
and  indulgence  toward  the  people,  take  off  your  hat  to  nothing 
known  or  unknown,  or  to  any  man  or  number  of  men — go  freely 
with  powerful  uneducated  persons,  and  with  the  young,  and  with 
the  mothers  of  families — re-examine  all  you  have  been  told  in 
school  or  church  or  in  any  book,  and  dismiss  whatever  insults 
your  own  soul ;  and  your  very  flesh  shall  be  a  great  poem,  and 
have  the  richest  fluency,  not  only  in  its  words,  but  in  the  silent 
lines  of  its  lips  and  face,  and  between  the  lashes  of  your  eyes, 
and  in  every  motion  and  joint  of  your  body.  The  poet  shall  not 
spend  his  time  in  unneeded  work.  He  shall  know  that  the  ground 
is  already  plough'd  and  manured  ;  others  may  not  know  it,  but 
he  shall.  He  shall  go  directly  to  the  creation.  His  trust  shall 
master  the  trust  of  everything  he  touches — and  shall  master  all 
attachment. 

The  known  universe  has  one  complete  lover,  and  that  is  the 
greatest  poet.  He  consumes  an  eternal  passion,  and  is  indiffer 
ent  which  chance  happens,  and  which  possible  contingency  of 
fortune  or  misfortune,  and  persuades  daily  and  hourly  his  delicious 
pay.  What  baulks  or  breaks  others  is  fuel  for  his  burning  prog 
ress  to  contact  and  amorous  joy.  Other  proportions  of  the  recep 
tion  of  pleasure  dwindle  to  nothing  to  his  proportions.  All 
expected  from  heaven  or  from  the  highest,  he  is  rapport  with  in 
the  sight  of  the  daybreak,  or  the  scenes  of  the  winter  woods,  or 
the  presence  of  children  playing,  or  with  his  arm  round  the  neck 
of  a  man  or  woman.  His  love  above  all  love  has  leisure  and  ex 
panse — he  leaves  room  ahead  of  himself.  He  is  no  irresolute  or 
suspicious  lover — he  is  sure — he  scorns  intervals.  His  experience. 


PREFACE,  1855.  267 

and  the  showers  and  thrills  are  not  for  nothing.  Nothing  can 
jar  him — suffering  and  darkness  cannot — death  and  fear  cannot. 
To  him  complaint  and  jealousy  and  envy  are  corpses  buried  and 
rotten  in  the  earth — he  saw  them  buried.  The  sea  is  not  surer 
of  the  shore,  or  the  shore  of  the  sea,  than  he  is  the  fruition  of 
his  love,  and  of  all  perfection  and  beauty. 

The  fruition  of  beauty  is  no  chance  of  miss  or  hit — it  is  as  in 
evitable  as  life — it  is  exact  and  plumb  as  gravitation.  From  the 
eyesight  proceeds  another  eyesight,  and  from  the  hearing  pro 
ceeds  another  hearing,  and  from  the  voice  proceeds  another  voice, 
eternally  curious  of  the  harmony  of  things  with  man.  These 
understand  the  law  of  perfection  in  masses  and  floods — that  it  is 
profuse  and  impartial — that  there  is. not  a  minute  of  the  light  or 
dark,  nor  an  acre  of  the  earth  and  sea,  without  it — nor  any  di 
rection  of  the  sky,  nor  any  trade  or  employment,  nor  any  turn 
of  events.  This  is  the  reason  that  about  the  proper  expression 
of  beauty  there  is  precision  and  balance.  One  part  does  not  need 
to  be  thrust  above  another.  The  best  singer  is  not  the  one  who 
has  the  most  lithe  and  powerful  organ.  The  pleasure  of  poems 
is  not  in  them  that  take  the  handsomest  measure  and  sound. 

Without  effort,  and  without  exposing  in  the  least  how  it  is 
done,  the  greatest  poet  brings  the  spirit  of  any  or  all  events  and 
passions  and  scenes  and  persons,  some  more  and  some  less,  to 
bear  on  your  individual  character  as  you  hear  or  read.  To  do 
this  well  is  to  coaipete  with  the  laws  that  pursue  and  follow  Time. 
"What  is  the  purpose  must  surely  be  there,  and  the  clue  of  it  must 
be  there — and  the  faintest  indication  is  the  indication  of  the  best, 
and  then  becomes  the  clearest  indication.  Past  and  present  and 
future  are  not  disjoin'd  but  join'd.  The  greatest  poet  forms  the 
consistence  of  what  is  to  be,  from  what  has  been  and  is.  He 
drags  the  dead  out  of  their  coffins  and  stands  them  again  on  their 
feet.  He  says  to  the  past,  Rise  and  walk  before  me  that  I  may 
realize  you.  He  learns  the  lesson — he  places  himself  where  the 
future  becomes  present.  The  greatest  poet  does  not  only  dazzle 
his  rays  over  character  and  scenes  and  passions — he  finally  ascends, 
and  finishes  all — he  exhibits  the  pinnacles  that  no  man  can  tell 
what  they  are  for,  or  what  is  beyond — he  glows  a  moment  on  the 
extremest  verge.  He  is  most  wonderful  in  his  last  half-hidden 
smile  or  frown  ;  by  that  flash  of  the  moment  of  parting  the  one 
that  sees  it  shall  be  encouraged  or  terrified  afterward  for  many 
years.  The  greatest  poet  does  not  moralize  or  make  applications 
of  morals — he  knows  the  soul.  The  soul  has  that  measureless 
pride  which  consists  in  never  acknowledging  any  lessons  or  de 
ductions  but  its  own.  But  it  has  sympathy  as  measureless  as  its 
pride,  and  the  one  balances  the  other,  and  neither  can  stretch 


268  COLLECT. 

too  far  while  it  stretches  in  company  with  the  other.  The  in 
most  secrets  of  art  sleep  with  the  twain.  The  greatest  poet  has 
lain  close  betwixt  both,  and  they  are  vital  in  his  style  and 
thoughts. 

The  art  of  art,  the  glory  of  expression  and  the  sunshine  of  the 
light  of  letters,  is  simplicity.  Nothing  is  better  than  simplicity — 
nothing  can  make  up  for  ^excess,  or  for  the  lack  of  definiteness. 
To  carry  on  the  heave  of  impulse  and  pierce  intellectual  depths 
and  give  all  subjects  their  articulations,  are  powers  neither  com 
mon  nor  very  uncommon.  But  to  speak  in  literature  with  the 
perfect  rectitude  and  insouciance  of  the  movements  of  animals, 
and  the  unimpeachableness  of  the  sentiment  of  trees  in  the  woods 
and  grass  by  the  roadside,  is  .the  flawless  triumph  of  art.  If  you 
have  look'd  on  him  who  has  achiev'd  it  you  have  look'd  on  one 
of  the  masters  of  the  artists  of  all  nations  and  times.  You  shall 
not  contemplate  the  flight  of  the  gray  gull  over  the  bay,  or  the 
mettlesome  action  of  the  blood  horse,  or  the  tall  leaning  of  sun 
flowers  on  their  stalk,  or  the  appearance  of  the  sun  journeying 
through  heaven,  or  the  appearance  of  the  moon  afterward,  with 
any  more  satisfaction  than  you  shall  contemplate  him.  The  great 
poet  has  less  a  mark'd  style,  and  is  more  the  channel  of  thoughts 
and  things  without  increase  or  diminution,  and  is  the  free  chan 
nel  of  himself.  He  swears  to  his  art,  I  will  not  be  meddlesome, 
I  will  not  have  in  my  writing  any  elegance,  or  effect,  or  origi 
nality,  to  hang  in  the  way  between  me  and  the  rest  like  curtains. 
I  will  have  nothing  hang  in  the  way,  not  the  richest  curtains. 
What  I  tell  I  tell  for  precisely  what  it  is.  Let  who  may  exalt  or 
startle  or  fascinate  or  soothe,  I  will  have  purposes  as  health  or 
heat  or  snow  has,  and  be  as  regardless  of  observation.  What  I 
experience  or  portray  shall  go  from  my  composition  without  a 
shred  of  my  composition.  You  shall  stand  by  my  side  and  look 
in  the  mirror  with  me. 

The  old  red  blood  and  stainless  gentility  of  great  poets  will 
be  proved  by  their  unconstraint.  A  heroic  person  walks  at  his 
ease  through  and  out  of  that  custom  or  precedent  or  authority 
that  suits  him  not.  Of  the  traits  of  the  brotherhood  of  first- 
class  writers,  savans,  musicians,  inventors  and  artists,  nothing  is 
finer  than  silent  defiance  advancing  from  new  free  forms.  In  the 
need  of  poems,  philosophy,  politics,  mechanism,  science,  beha 
vior,  the  craft  of  art,  an  appropriate  native  grand  opera,  ship- 
craft,  or  any  craft,  he  is  greatest  for  ever  and  ever  who  contrib 
utes  the  greatest  original  practical  example.  The  cleanest  ex 
pression  is  that  which  finds  no  sphere  worthy  of  itself,  and  makes 
one. 

The  messages  of  great  poems  to  each  man  and  woman  are, 


PREFACE, 

Come  to  us  on  equal  terms,  only  then  can  you  understand  us. 
We  are  no  better  than  you,  what  we  inclose  you  inclose,  what 
we  enjoy  you  may  enjoy.  Did  you  suppose  there  could  be  only 
one  Supreme?  We  affirm  there  can  be  unnumber'd  Supremes, 
and  that  one  does  not  countervail  another  any  more  than  one 
eyesight  countervails  another — and  that  men  can  be  good  or 
grand  only  of  the  consciousness  of  their  supremacy  within  them. 
What  do  you  think  is  the  grandeur  of  storms  and  dismember 
ments,  and  the  deadliest  battles  and  wrecks,  and  the  wildest  fury 
of  the  elements,  and  the  power  of  the  sea,  and  the  motion  of 
nature,  and  the  throes  of  human  desires,  and  dignity  and  hate 
and  love?  It  is  that  something  in  the  soul  which  says,  Rage  on, 
whirl  on,  I  tread  master  here  and  everywhere — Master  of  the 
spasms  of  the  sky  and  of  the  shatter  of  the  sea,  Master  of  nature 
and  passion  and  death,  and  of  all  terror  and  all  pain. 

The  American  bards  shall  be  mark'd  for  generosity  and  af 
fection,  and  for  encouraging  competitors.  They  shall  be  Kos- 
mos,  without  monopoly  or  secrecy,  glad  to  pass  anything  to  any 
one — hungry  for  equals  night  and  day.  They  shall  not  be  care 
ful  of  riches  and  privilege — they  shall  be  riches  and  privilege — 
they  shall  perceive  who  the  most  affluent  man  is.  The  most  af 
fluent  man  is  he  that  confronts  all  the  shows  he  sees  by  equiva 
lents  out  of  the  stronger  wealth  of  himself.  The  American  bard 
shall  delineate  no  class  of  persons,  nor  one  or  two  out  of  the  strata 
of  interests,  nor  love  most  nor  truth  most,  nor  the  soul  most, 
nor  the  body  most — and  not  be  for  the  Eastern  states  more  than 
the  Western,  or  the  Northern  states  more  than  the  Southern. 

Exact  science  and  its  practical  movements  are  no  checks  on 
the  greatest  poet,  but  always  his  encouragement  and  support. 
The  outset  and  remembrance  are  there — there  the  arms  that  lifted 
him  first,  and  braced  him  best — there  he  returns  after  all  his 
goings  and  comings.  The  sailor  and  traveler — the  anatomist, 
chemist,  astronomer,  geologist,  phrenologist,  spiritualist,  mathe 
matician,  historian,  and  lexicographer,  are  not  poets,  but  they 
are  the  lawgivers  of  poets,  and  their  construction  underlies  the 
structure  of  every  perfect  poem.  No  matter  what  rises  or  is 
utter' d,  they  sent  the  seed  of  the  conception  of  it — of  them  and 
by  them  stand  the  visible  proofs  of  souls.  If  there  shall  be  love 
and  content  between  the  father  and  the  son,  and  if  the  great 
ness  of  the  son  is  the  exuding  of  the  greatness  of  the  father, 
there  shall  be  love  between  the  poet  and  the  man  of  demonstra 
ble  science.  In  the  beauty  of  poems  are  henceforth  the  tuft  and 
final  applause  of  science. 

Great  is  the  faith  of  the  flush  of  knowledge,  and  of  the  inves 
tigation  of  the  depths  of  qualities  and  things.  Cleaving  and 


270 


COLLECT. 


circling  here  swells  the  soul  of  the  poet,  yet  is  president  of  itself 
always.  The  depths  are  fathomless,  and  therefore  calm.  The  in 
nocence  and  nakedness  are  resumed — they  are  neither  modest 
nor  immodest.  The  whole  theory  of  the  supernatural,  and  all 
that  was  twined  with  it  or  educed  out  of  it,  departs  as  a  dream. 
What  has  ever  happen'd — what  happens,  and  whatever  may  or 
shall  happen,  the  vital  laws  inclose  all.  They  are  sufficient  for 
any  case  and  for  all  cases — none  to  be  hurried  or  retarded — 
any  special  miracle  of  affairs  or  persons  inadmissible  in  the  vast 
clear  scheme  where  every  motion  and  every  spear  of  grass,  an-d  the 
frames  and  spirits  of  men  and  women  and  all  that  concerns  them, 
are  unspeakably  perfect  miracles,  all  referring  to  all,  and  each 
distinct  and  in  its  place.  It  is  also  not  consistent  with  the  reality 
of  the  soul  to  admit  that  there  is  anything  in  the  known  universe 
more  divine  than  men  and  women. 

Men  and  women,  and  the  earth  and  all  upon  it,  are  to  be  taken 
as  they  are,  and  the  investigation  of  their  past  and  present  and 
future  shall  be  unintermitted,  and  shall  be  done  with  perfect  can 
dor.  Upon  this  basis  philosophy  speculates,  ever  looking  towards 
the  poet,  ever  regarding  the  eternal  tendencies  of  all  toward 
happiness,  never  inconsistent  with  what  is  clear  to  the  senses  and 
to  the  soul.  For  the  eternal  tendencies  of  all  toward  happiness 
make  the  only  point  of  sane  philosophy.  Whatever  comprehends 
less  than  that — whatever  is  less  than  the  laws  of  light  and  of  as 
tronomical  motion — or  less  than  the  laws  that  follow  the  thief, 
the  liar,  the  glutton  and  the  drunkard,  through  this  life  and 
doubtless  afterward — or  less  than  vast  stretches  of  time,  or  the 
slow  formation  of  density,  or  the  patient  upheaving  of  strata — is 
of  no  account.  Whatever  would  put  God  in  a  poem  or  system 
of  philosophy  as  contending  against  some  being  or  influence, 
is  also  of  no  account.  Sanity  and  ensemble  characterize  the  great 
master — spoilt  in  one  principle,  all  is  spoilt.  The  great  master 
has  nothing  to  do  with  miracles.  He  sees  health  for  himself  in 
being  one  of  the  mass — he  sees  the  hiatus  in  singular  eminence. 
To  the  perfect  shape  comes  common  ground.  To  be  under  the 
general  law  is  great,  for  that  is  to  correspond  with  it.  The  master 
knows  that  he  is  unspeakably  great,  and  that  all  are  unspeakably 
great — that  nothing,  for  instance,  is  greater  than  to  conceive 
children,  and  bring  them  up  well — that  to  be  is  just  as  great  as  to 
perceive  or  tell. 

In  the  make  of  the  great  masters  the  idea  of  political  liberty 
is  indispensable.  Liberty  takes  the  adherence  of  heroes  wherever 
man  and  woman  exist — but  never  takes  any  adherence  or  welcome 
from  the  rest  more  than  from  poets.  They  are  the  voice  and  ex 
position  of  liberty.  They  out  of  ages  are  worthy  the  grand  idea 


PREFACE, 

— to  them  it  is  confided,  and  they  must  sustain  it.     Nothing  has 
precedence  of  it,  and  nothing  can  warp  or  degrade  it. 

As  the  attributes  of  the  poets  of  the  kosmos  concentre  in  the 
real  body,  and  in  the  pleasure  of  things,  they  possess  the  superi 
ority  of  genuineness  over  all  fiction  and  romance.  As  they  emit 
themselves,  facts  are  shower'd  over  with  light — the  daylight  is 
lit  with  more  volatile  light — the  deep  between  the  setting  and 
rising  sun  goes  deeper  many  fold.  Each  precise  object  or  condi 
tion  or  combination  or  process  exhibits  a  beauty — the  multipli 
cation  table  its — old  age  its — the  carpenter's  trade  its — the  grand 
opera  its — the  huge-hull'd  clean-shap'd  New  York  clipper  at  sea 
under  steam  or  full  sail  gleams  with  unmatch'd  beauty — the 
American  circles  and  large  harmonies  of  government  gleam  with 
theirs — and  the  commonest  definite  intentions  and  actions  with 
theirs.  The  poets  of  the  kosmos  advance  through  all  interposi 
tions  and  coverings  and  turmoils  and  stratagems  to  first  princi 
ples.  They  are  of  use — they  dissolve  poverty  from  its  need,  and 
riches  from  its  conceit.  You  large  proprietor,  they  say,  shall  not 
realize  or  perceive  more  than  any  one  else.  The  owner  of  the  li 
brary  is  not  he  who  holds  a  legal  title  to  it,  having  bought  and  paid 
for  it.  Any  one  and  every  one  is  owner  of  the  library,  (in 
deed  he  or  she  alone  is  owner,)  who  can  read  the  same  through 
all  the  varieties  of  tongues  and  subjects  and  styles,  and  in  whom 
they  enter  with  ease,  and  make  supple  and  powerful  and  rich 
and  large. 

These  American  States,  strong  and  healthy  and  accomplish'd, 
shall  receive  no  pleasure  from  violations  of  natural  models,  and 
must  not  permit  them.  In  paintings  or  mouldings  or  carvings  in 
mineral  or  wood,  or  in  the  illustrations  of  books  or  newspapers, 
or  in  the  patterns  of  woven  stuffs,  or  anything  to  beautify  rooms 
or  furniture  or  costumes,  or  to  put  upon  cornices  or  monuments,  or 
on  the  prows  or  sterns  of  ships,  or  to  put  anywhere  before  the 
human  eye  indoors  or  out,  that  which  distorts  honest  shapes,  or 
which  creates  unearthly  beings  or  places  or  contingencies,  is  a 
nuisance  and  revolt.  Of  the  human  form  especially,  it  is  so  great 
it  must  never  be  made  ridiculous.  Of  ornaments  to  a  work  noth 
ing  outre  can  be  allow* d — but  those  ornaments  can  be  allow'd 
that  conform  to  the  perfect  facts  of  the  open  air,  and  that  flow 
out  of  the  nature  of  the  work,  and  come  irrepressibly  from  it, 
and  are  necessary  to  the  completion  of  the  work.  Most  works 
are  most  beautiful  without  ornament.  Exaggerations  will  be  re 
venged  in  human  physiology.  Clean  and  vigorous  children  are 
jetted  and  conceiv'd  only  in  those  communities  where  the  models 
of  natural  forms  are  public  every  day.  Great  genius  and  the 
people  of  these  States  must  never  be  demean'd  to  romances. 


272  COLLECT. 

As   soon  as  histories   are   properly  told,  no  more   need  of  ro 
mances. 

The  great  poets  are  to  be  known  by  the  absence  in  them  of 
tricks,  and  by  the  justification  of  perfect  personal  candor.  All 
faults  may  be  forgiven  of  him  who  has  perfect  candor.  Hence 
forth  let  no  man  of  us  lie,  for  we  have  seen  that  openness  wins 
the  inner  and  outer  world,  and  that  there  is  no  single  exception, 
and  that  never  since  our  earth  gather'd  itself  in  a  mass  have  de 
ceit  or  subterfuge  or  prevarication  attracted  its  smallest  particle 
or  the  faintest  tinge  of  a  shade — and  that  through  the  envelop 
ing  wealth  and  rank  of  a  state,  or  the  whole  republic  of  states,  a 
sneak  or  sly  person  shall  be  discover'd  and  despised — and  that 
the  soul  has  never  once  been  fool'd  and  never  can  be  fool'd — 
and  thrift  without  the  loving  nod  of  the  soul  is  only  a  foetid  puff 
— and  there  never  grew  up  in  any  of  the  continents  of  the  globe, 
nor  upon  any  planet  or  satellite,  nor  in  that  condition  which  pre 
cedes  the  birth  of  babes,  nor  at  any  time  during  the  changes  of 
life,  nor  in  any  stretch  of  abeyance  or  action  of  vitality,  nor  in 
any  process  of  formation  or  reformation  anywhere,  a  being  whose 
instinct  hated  the  truth. 

Extreme  caution  or  prudence,  the  soundest  organic  health, 
large  hope  and  comparison  and  fondness  for  women  and  chil 
dren,  large  alimentivenessand  destructiveness  and  causality,  with 
a  perfect  sense  of  the  oneness  of  nature,  and  the  propriety  of  the 
same  spirit  applied  to  human  affairs,  are  called  up  of  the  float  of  the 
brain  of  the  world  to  be  parts  of  the  greatest  poet  from  his  birth  out 
of  his  mother's  womb,  and  from  her  birth  out  of  her  mother's. 
Caution  seldom  goes  far  enough.  It  has  been  thought  that  the  pru 
dent  citizen  was  the  citizen  who  applied  himself  to  solid  gains, 
and  did  well  for  himself  and  for  his  family,  and  completed  a  law 
ful  life  without  debt  or  crime.  The  greatest  poet  sees  and  admits 
these  economies  as  he  sees  the  economies  of  food  and  sleep,  but 
has  higher  notions  of  prudence  than  to  think  he  gives  much  when 
he  gives  a  few  slight  attentions  at  the  latch  of  the  gate.  The 
premises  of  the  prudence  of  life  are  not  the  hospitality  of  it,  or 
the  ripeness  and  harvest  of  it.  Beyond  the  independence  of  a 
little  sum  laid  aside  for  burial-money,  and  of  a  few  clap-boards 
around  and  shingles  overhead  on  a  lot  of  American  soil  own'd, 
and  the  easy  dollars  that  supply  the  year's  plain  clothing  and 
meals,  the  melancholy  prudence  of  the  abandonment  of  such  a 
great  being  as  a  man  is,  to  the  toss  and  pallor  of  years  of  money- 
making,  with  all  their  scorching  days  and  icy  nights,  and  all 
their  stifling  deceits  and  underhand  dodgings,  or  infinitesimals 
of  parlors,  or  shameless  stuffing  while  others  starve,  and  all  the 
loss  of  the  bloom  and  odor  of  the  earth,  and  of  the  flowers  and 


- 

IVBRSIT7] 


PREFACE, 

~  l  \J 

atmosphere,  and  of  the  sea,  and  of  the  true  taste  of  the  women 
and  men  you  pass  or  have  to  do  with  in  youth  or  middle  age,  and 
the  issuing  sickness  and  desperate  revolt  at  the  close  of  a  life 
without  elevation  or  naivete,  (even  if  you  have  achiev'd  a  secure 
10,000  a  year,  or  election  to  Congress  or  the  Governorship,)  and 
the  ghastly  chatter  of  a  death  without  serenity  or  majesty,  is  the 
great  fraud  upon  modern  civilization  and  forethought,  blotching 
the  surface  and  system  which  civilization  undeniably  drafts,  and 
moistening  with  tears  the  immense  features  it  spreads  and  spreads 
with  such  velocity  before  the  reach'd  kisses  of  the  soul. 

Ever  the  right  explanation  remains  to  be  made  about  prudence. 
The  prudence  of  the  mere  wealth  and  respectability  of  the  most 
esteem'd  life  appears  too  faint  for  the  eye  to  observe  at  all,  when 
little  and  large  alike  drop  quietly  aside  at  the  thought  of  the  pru 
dence  suitable  for  immortality.  What  is  the  wisdom  that  fills  the 
thinness  of  a  year,  or  seventy  or  eighty  years — to  the  wisdom 
spaced  out  by  ages,  and  coming  back  at  a  certain  time  with  strong 
reinforcements  and  rich  presents,  and  the  clear  faces  of  wedding- 
guests  as  far  as  you  can  look,  in  every  direction,  running  gaily 
toward  you?  Only  the  soul  is  of  itself — all  else  has  reference  to 
what  ensues.  All  that  a  person  does  or  thinks  is  of  consequence. 
Nor  can  the  push  of  charity  or  personal  force  ever  be  anything 
else  than  the  profoundest  reason,  whether  it  brings  argument  to 
hand  or  no.  No  specification  is  necessary — to  add  or  subtract 
or  divide  is  in  vain.  Little  or  big,  learn'd  or  unlearn'd,  white 
or  black,  legal  or  illegal,  sick  or  well,  from  the  first  inspiration 
down  the  windpipe  to  the  last  expiration  out  of  it,  all  that  a  male 
or  female  does  that  is  vigorous  and  benevolent  and  clean  is  so 
much  sure  profit  to  him  or  her  in  the  unshakable  order  of  the 
universe,  and  through  the  whole  scope  of  it  forever.  The  pru 
dence  of  the  greatest  poet  answers  at  last  the  craving  and  glut 
of  the  soul,  puts  off  nothing,  permits  no  let-up  for  its  own  case 
or  any  case,  has  no  particular  sabbath  or  judgment  day,  divides 
not  the  living  from  the  dead,  or  the  righteous  from  the  unright 
eous,  is  satisfied  with  the  present,  matches  every  thought  or  act 
by  its  correlative,  arid  knows  no  possible  forgiveness  or  deputed 
atonement. 

The  direct  trial  of  him  who  would  be  the  greatest  poet  is  to 
day.  If  he  does  not  flood  himself  with  the  immediate  age  as 
with  vast  oceanic  tides— if  he  be  not  himself  the  age  transfigur'd, 
and  if  to  him  is  not  open'd  the  eternity  which  gives  similitude 
to  all  periods  and  locations  and  processes,  and  animate  and  in 
animate  forms,  and  which  is  the  bond  of  time,  and  rises  up  from 
its  inconceivable  vagueness  and  infiniteness  in  the  swimming 
shapes  of  to-day,  and  is  held  by  the  ductile  anchors  of  life,  and 


274  COLLECT. 

makes  the  present  spot  the  passage  from  what  was  to  what  shall 
be,  and  commits  itself  to  the  representation  of  this  wave  of  an 
hour,  and  this  one  of  the  sixty  beautiful  children  of  the  wave — 
let  him  merge  in  the  general  run,  and  wait  his  development. 

Still  the  final  test  of  poems,  or  any  character  or  work,  remains. 
The  prescient  poet  projects  himself  centuries  ahead,  and  judges 
performer  or  performance  after  the  changes  of  time.  Does  it 
live  through  them  ?  Does  it  still  hold  on  untired  ?  Will  the 
same  style,  and  the  direction  of  genius  to  similar  points,  be  satis 
factory  now?  Have  the  marches  of  tens  and  hundreds  and 
thousands  of  years  made  willing  detours  to  the  right  hand  and 
the  left  hand  for  his  sake  ?  Is  he  beloved  long  and  long  after  he 
is  buried  ?  Does  the  young  man  think  often  of  him  ?  and  the 
young  woman  think  often  of  him?  and  do  the  middle-aged  and 
the  old  think  of  him? 

A  great  poem  is  for  ages  and  ages  in  common,  and  for  all  de 
grees  and  complexions,  and  all  departments  and  sects,  and  for  a 
woman  as  much  as  a  man,  and  a  man  as  much  as  a  woman.  A  great 
poem  is  no  finish  to  a  man  or  woman,  but  rather  a  beginning. 
Has  any  one  fancied  he  could  sit  at  last  under  some  due  authority, 
and  rest  satisfied  with  explanations,  and  realize,  and  be  content 
and  full?  To  no  such  terminus  does  the  greatest  poet  bring — 
he  brings  neither  cessation  nor  shelter'd  fatness  and  ease.  The 
touch  of  him,  like  Nature,  tells  in  action.  Whom  he  takes  he 
takes  with  firm  sure  grasp  into  live  regions  previously  unattain'd 
— thenceforward  is  no  rest — they  see  the  space  and  ineffable  sheen 
that  turn  the  old  spots  and  lights  into  dead  vacuums.  Now  there 
shall  be  a  man  cohered  out  of  tumult  and  chaos — the  elder  en 
courages  the  younger  and  shows  him  how — they  two  shall  launch 
off  fearlessly  together  till  the  new  world  fits  an  orbit  for  itself, 
and  looks  unabash'd  on  the  lesser  orbits  of  the  stars,  and  sweeps 
through  the  ceaseless  rings,  and  shall  never  be  quiet  again. 

There  will  soon  be  no  more  priests.  Their  work  is  done.  A 
new  order  shall  arise,  and  they  shall  be  the  priests  of  man,  and 
every  man  shall  be  his  own  priest.  They  shall  find  their  inspira 
tion  in  real  objects  to-day,  symptoms  of  the  past  and  future. 
They  shall  not  deign  to  defend  immortality  or  God,  or  the  per 
fection  of  things,  or  liberty,  or  the  exquisite  beauty  and  reality 
of  the  soul.  They  shall  arise  in  America,  and  be  responded  to 
from  the  remainder  of  the  earth. 

The  English  language  befriends  the  grand  American  expres 
sion — it  is  brawny  enough,  and  limber  and  full  enough.  On  the 
tough  stock  of  a  race  who  through  all  change  of  circumstance 
was  never  without  the  idea  of  political  liberty,  which  is  the  animus 
of  all  liberty,  it  has  attracted  the  terms  of  daintier  and  gayer  and 


PREFACE,  1872.  27S 

subtler  and  more  elegant  tongues.  It  is  the  powerful  language  of 
resistance — it  is  the  dialect  of  common  sense.  It  is  the  speech 
of  the  proud  and  melancholy  races,  and  of  all  who  aspire.  It  is 
the  chosen  tongue  to  express  growth,  faith,  self-esteem,  freedom, 
justice,  equality,  friendliness,  amplitude,  prudence,  decision,  and 
courage.  It  is  the  medium  that  shall  wellnigh  express  the  inex 
pressible. 

No  great  literature,  nor  any  like  style  of  behavior  or  oratory, 
or  social  intercourse  or  household  arrangements,  or  public  insti 
tutions,  or  the  treatment  by  bosses  of  employ'd  people,  nor  ex 
ecutive  detail,  or  detail  of  the  army  and  navy,  nor  spirit  of  leg 
islation  or  courts,  or  police  or  tuition  or  architecture,  or  songs 
or  amusements,  can  long  elude  the  jealous  and  passionate  instinct 
of  American  standards.  Whether  or  no  the  sign  appears  from 
the  mouths  of  the  people,  it  throbs  a  live  interrogation  in  every 
freeman's  and  freewo man's  heart,  after  that  which  passes  by,  or 
this  built  to  remain.  Is  it  uniform  with  my  country?  Are  its 
disposals  without  ignominious  distinctions  ?  Is  it  for  the  ever 
growing  communes  of  brothers  and  lovers,  large,  well  united, 
proud,  beyond  the  old  models,  generous  beyond  all  models?  Is 
it  something  grown  fresh  out  of  the  fields,  or  drawn  from  the  sea 
for  use  to  me  to-day  here  ?  I  know  that  what  answers  for  me,  an 
American,  in  Texas,  Ohio,  Canada,  must  answer  for  any  individ 
ual  or  nation  that  serves  for  a  part  of  rny  materials.  Does  this 
answer?  Is  it  for  the  nursing  of  the  young  of  the  republic? 
Does  it  solve  readily  with  the  sweet  milk  of  the  nipples  of  the 
breasts  of  the  Mother  of  Many  Children  ? 

America  prepares  with  composure  and  good-will  for  the  visitors 
that  have  sent  word.  It  is  not  intellect  that  is  to  be  their  war 
rant  and  welcome.  The  talented,  the  artist,  the  ingenious,  the 
editor,  the  statesman,  the  erudite,  are  not  unappreciated — they 
fall  in  their  place  and  do  their  work.  The  soul  of  the  nation 
also  does  its  work.  It  rejects  none,  it  permits  all.  Only  toward 
the  like  of  itself  will  it  advance  half  way.  An  individual  is  as 
superb  as  a  nation  when  he  has  the  qualities  which  make  a  superb 
nation.  The  soul  of  the  largest  and  wealthiest  and  proudest  na 
tion  may  well  go  half-way  to  meet  that  of  its  poets. 


PREFACE,  1872, 

to  "  As  a  Strong  Bird  on  Pinions 
(now  "  Thou  Mother  with  thy  Equal  Brood"  in  permanent  ed'n.) 

THE  impetus  and  ideas  urging  me,  for  some  years  past,  to  an 
utterance,  or  attempt  at  utterance,  of  New  World  songs,  and  an 


276  COLLECT. 

epic  of  Democracy,  having  already  had  their  publish'd  expres 
sion,  as  well  as  I  can  expect  to  give  it,  in  "  Leaves  of  Grass," 
the  present  and  any  future  pieces  from  me  are  really  but  the  sur 
plusage  forming  after  that  volume,  or  the  wake  eddying  behind 
it.  I  fulfill'd  in  that  an  imperious  conviction,  and  the  commands 
of  my  nature  as. total  and  irresistible  as  those  which  make  the 
sea  flow,  or  the  globe  revolve.  But  of  this  supplementary  volume, 
I  confess  I  am  not  so  certain.  Having  from  early  manhood  aban- 
don'd  the  business  pursuits  and  applications  usual  in  my  time 
and  country,  and  obediently  yielded  myself  up  ever  since  to  the 
impetus  mention'd,  and  to  the  work  of  expressing  those  ideas,  it 
may  be  that  mere  habit  has  got  dominion  of  me,  when  there  is 
no  real  need  of  saying  any  thing  further.  But  what  is  life  but 
an  experiment?  and  mortality  but  an  exercise?  with  reference  to 
results  beyond.  And  so  shall  my  poems  be.  If  incomplete  here, 
and  superfluous  there,  n'importe — the  earnest  trial  and  persistent 
exploration  shall  at  least  be  mine,  and  other  success  failing  shall 
be  success  enough.  I  have  been  more  anxious,  anyhow,  to  suggest 
the  songs  of  vital  endeavor  and  manly  evolution,  and  furnish 
something  for  races  of  outdoor  rthletes,  than  to  make  perfect 
rhymes,  or  reign  in  the  parlors.  I  ventur'd  from  the  beginning 
my  own  way,  taking  chances — and  would  keep  on  venturing. 

I  will  therefore  not  conceal  from  any  persons,  known  or  un 
known  to  me,  who  take  an  interest  in  the  matter,  that  I  have  the 
ambition  of  devoting  yet  a  few  years  to  poetic  composition. 
The  mighty  present  age !  To  absorb  and  express  in  poetry,  any 
thing  of  it — of  its  world — America — cities  and  States — the  years, 
the  events  of  our  Nineteenth  century — the  rapidity  of  movement 
— the  violent  contrasts,  fluctuations  of  light  and  shade,  of  hope 
and  fear — the  entire  revolution  made  by  science  in  the  poetic 
method — these  great  new  underlying  facts  and  new  ideas  rushing 
and  spreading  everywhere ; — truly  a  mighty  age  !  As  if  in  some 
colossal  drama,  acted  again  like  those  of  old  under  the  open 
sun,  the  Nations  of  our  time,  and  all  the  characteristics  of  Civi 
lization,  seem  hurrying,  stalking  across,  flitting  from  wing  to  wing, 
gathering,  closing  up,  toward  some  long-prepared,  most  tremen 
dous  denouement.  Not  to  conclude  the  infinite  scenas  of  the 
race's  life  and  toil  and  happiness  and  sorrow,  but  haply  that  the 
boards  beclear'd  from  oldest,  worst  incumbrances,  accumulations, 
and  Man  resume  the  eternal  play  anew,  and  under  happier,  freer 
auspices.  To  me,  the  United  States  are  important  because  in 
this  colossal  drama  they  are  unquestionably  designated  for  the 
leading  parts,  for  many  a  century  to  come.  In  them  history  and 
humanity  seem  to  seek  to  culminate.  Our  broad  areas  are  even 
now  the  busy  theatre  of  plots,  passions,  interests,  and  suspended 


PREFACE,  1872.  277 

problems,  compared  to  which  the  intrigues  of  the  past  of  Europe, 
the  wars  of  dynasties,  the  scope  of  kings  and  kingdoms,  and  even 
the  development  of  peoples,  as  hitherto,  exhibit  scales  of  meas 
urement  comparatively  narrow  and  trivial.  And  on  these  areas 
of  ours,  as  on  a  stage,  sooner  or  later,  something  like  an  eclair- 
cissement  of  all  the  past  civilization  of  Europe  and  Asia  is  proba 
bly  to  be  evolved. 

The  leading  parts.  Not  to  be  acted,  emulated  here,  by  us  again, 
that  role  till  now  foremost  in  history — not  to  become  a  conqueror 
nation,  or  to  achieve  the  glory  of  mere  military,  or  diplomatic, 
or  commercial  superiority — but  to  become  the  grand  producing 
land  of  nobler  men  and  women- — of  copious  races,  cheerful, 
healthy,  tolerant,  free — to  become  the  most  friendly  nation,  (the 
United  States  indeed) — the  modern  composite  nation,  form'd 
from  all,  with  room  for  all,  welcoming  all  immigrants — accepting 
the  work  of  our  own  interior  development,  as  the  work  fitly  fill 
ing  ages  and  ages  to  come; — the  leading  nation  of  peace,  but 
neither  ignorant  nor  incapable  of  being  the  leading  nation  of 
war  ; — not  the  man's  nation  only,  but  the  woman's  nation — a  land 
of  splendid  mothers,  daughters,  sisters,  wives. 

Our  America  to-day  I  consider  in  many  respects  as  but  indeed 
a  vast  seething  mass  of  materials,  ampler,  better,  (worse  also,) 
than  previously  known — eligible  to  be  used  to  carry  towards  its 
crowning  stage,  and  build  for  good,  the  great  ideal  nationality  of 
the  future,  the  nation  of  the  body  and  the  soul,* — no  limit  here 
to  land,  help,  opportunities,  mines,  products,  demands,  supplies, 
&c.  ; — with  (I  think)  our  political  organization,  National,  State, 
and  Municipal,  permanently  established,  as  far  ahead  as  we  can 
calculate — but,  so  far,  no  social,  literary,  religious,  or  esthetic 
organizations,  consistent  with  our  politics,  or  becoming  to  us — 
which  organizations  can  only  come,  in  time,  through  great  demo 
cratic  ideas,  religion — through  science,  which  now,  like  a  new  sun- 
rise,  ascending,  begins  to  illuminate  all — and  through  our  own 
begotten  poets  and  literatuses.  (The  moral  of  a  late  well-written 
book  on  civilization  seems  to  be  that  the  only  real  foundation- 
waifs  and  bases — and  also  sine  qua  non  afterward — of  true  and 

*  The  problems  of  the  achievements  of  this  crowning  stage  through  future 
first-class  National  Singers,  Orators,  Artists,  and  others — of  creating  in  litera 
ture  an  imaginative  New  World,  the  correspondent  and  counterpart  of  the 
current  Scientific  and  Political  New  Worlds, — and  the  perhaps  distant,  but  still 
delightful  prospect,  (for  our  children,  if  not  in  our  own  day,)  of  delivering 
America,  and,  indeed,  all  Christian  lands  everywhere,  from  the  thin  moribund 
and  watery,  but  appallingly  extensive  nuisance  of  conventional  poetry — by 
putting  something  really  alive  and  substantial  in  its  place — I  have  undertaken 
to  grapple  with,  and  argue,  in  the  preceding  "  Democratic  Vistas." 


278 


COLLECT. 


full  civilization,  is  the  eligibility  and  certainty  of  boundless  prod- 
ucts  for  feeding,  clothing,  sheltering  everybody — perennial  foun 
tains  of  physical  a,nd  domestic  comfort,  with  intercommunica 
tion,  and  with  civil  and  ecclesiastical  freedom — and  that  then 
the  esthetic  and  mental  business  will  take  care  of  itself.  Well, 
the  United  States  have  established  this  basis,  and  upon  scales  of 
extent,  variety,  vitality,  and  continuity,  rivaling  those  of  Nature; 
and  have  now  to  proceed  to  build  an  edifice  upon  it.  I  say  this 
edifice  is  only  to  be  fitly  built  by  new  literatures,  especially  the 
poetic.  I  say  a  modern  image-making  creation  is  indispensable 
to  fuse  and  express  the  modern  political  and  scientific  creations 
— and  then  the  trinity  will  be  complete.) 

When  I  commenced,  years  ago,  elaborating  the  plan  of  my 
poems,  and  continued  turning  over  that  plan,  and  shifting  it  in 
my  mind  through  many  years,  (from  the  age  of  twenty-eight  to 
thirty-five,)  experimenting  much,  and  writing  and  abandoning 
much,  one  deep  purpose  underlay  the  others,  and  has  underlain 
it  and  its  execution  ever  since — and  that  has  been  the  religious 
purpose.  Amid  many  changes,  and  a  formulation  taking  far 
different  shape  from  what  I  at  first  supposed,  this  basic  purpose 
has  never  been  departed  from  in  the  composition  of  my  verses. 
Not  of  course  to  exhibit  itself  in  the  old  ways,  as  in  writing 
hymns  or  psalms  with  an  eye  to  the  church-pew,  or  to  express 
conventional  pietism,  or  the  sickly  yearnings  of  devotees,  but  in 
new  ways,  and  aiming  at  the  widest  sub-bases  and  inclusions  of 
humanity,  and  tallying  the  fresh  air  of  sea  and  land.  I  will  see, 
(said  I  to  myself,)  whether  there  is  not,  for  my  purposes  as  poet, 
a  religion,  and  a  sound  religious  germenancy  in  the  average  hu 
man  race,  at  least  in  their  modern  development  in  the  United 
States,  and  in  the  hardy  common  fibre  and  native  yearnings  and 
elements,  deeper  and  larger,  and  affording  more  profitable  re 
turns,  than  all  mere  sects  or  churches — as  boundless,  joyous,  and 
vital  as  Nature  itself — a  germenancy  that  has  too  long  been  unen- 
couraged,  unsung,  almost  unknown.  With  science,  the  old 
theology  of  the  East,  long  in  its  dotage,  begins  evidently  to  die 
and  disappear.  But  (to  my  mind)  science — and  may  be  such 
will  prove  its  principal  service — as  evidently  prepares  the  way 
for  One  indescribably  grander — Time's  young  but  perfect  off 
spring — the  new  theology — heir  of  the  West — lusty  and  loving, 
and  wondrous  beautiful.  For  America,  and  for  to-day,  just  the 
same  as  any  day,  the  supreme  and  final  science  is  the  science  of 
God — what  we  call  science  being  only  its  minister — as  Democ 
racy  is,  or  shall  be  also.  And  a  poet  of  America  (I  said)  must  fill 
himself  with  such  thoughts,  and  chant  his  best  out  of  them. 
And  as  those  were  the  convictions  and  aims,  for  good  or  bad,  of 


PREFACE,  i8T2.  279 

"Leaves  of  Grass,"  they  are  no  less  the  intention  of  this  vol 
ume.  As  there  can  be,  in  my  opinion,  no  sane  and  complete 
personality,  nor  any  grand  and  electric  nationality,  without  the 
stock  element  of  religion  imbuing  all  the  other  elements,  (like 
heat  in  chemistry,  invisible  itself,  but  the  life  of  all  visible  life,) 
so  there  can  be  no  poetry  worthy  the  name  without  that  element 
behind  all.  The  time  has  certainly  come  to  begin  to  discharge 
the  idea  of  religion,  in  the  United  States,  from  mere  ecclesiasti- 
cism,  and  from  Sundays  and  churches  and  church-going,  and 
assign  it  to  that  general  position,  chiefest,  most  indispensable, 
most  exhilarating,  to  which  the  others  are  to  be  adjusted,  inside 
of  all  human  character,  and  education,  and  affairs.  The  people, 
especially  the  young  men  and  women  of  America,  must  begin  to 
learn  that  religion,  (like  poetry,)  is  something  far,  far  different 
from  what  they  supposed.  It  is,  indeed,  too  important  to  the 
power  and  perpetuity  of  the  New  World  to  be  consign'd  any 
longer  to  the  churches,  old  or  new,  Catholic  or  Protestant — 
Saint  this,  or  Saint  that.  It  must  be  consign'd  henceforth  to 
democracy  en  masse,  and  to  literature.  It  must  enter  into  the 
poems  of  the  nation.  It  must  make  the  nation. 

The  Four  Years'  War  is  over — and  in  the  peaceful,  strong, 
exciting,  fresh  occasions  of  to-day,  and  of  the  future,  that 
strange,  sad  war  is  hurrying  even  now  to  be  forgotten.  The 
camp,  the  drill,  the  lines  of  sentries,  the  prisons,  the  hospitals, 
— (ah  !  the  hospitals  !) — all  have  passed  away — all.  seem  now  like 
a  dream.  A  new  race,  a  young  and  lusty  generation,  already 
sweeps  in  with  oceanic  currents,  obliterating  the  war,  and  all  its 
scars,  its  mounded  graves,  and  all  its  reminiscences  of  hatred, 
conflict,  death.  So  let  it  be  obliterated.  I  say  the  life  of  the 
present  and  the  future  makes  undeniable  demands  upon  us  each 
and  all,  south,  north,  east,  west.  To  help  put  the  United  States 
(even  if  only  in  imagination)  hand  in  hand,  in  one  unbroken 
circle  in  a  chant — to  rouse  them  to  the  unprecedented  grandeur 
of  the  part  they  are  to  play,  and  are  even  now  playing — to  the 
thought  of  their  great  future,  and  the  attitude  conform'd  to  it — 
especially  their  great  esthetic,  moral,  scientific  future,  (of  which 
their  vulgar  material  and  political  present  is  but  as  the  prepara 
tory  tuning  of  instruments  by  an  orchestra,)  these,  as  hitherto, 
are  still,  for  me,  among  my  hopes,  ambitions. 

"  Leaves  of  Grass,"  already  publish'd,  is,  in  its  intentions,  the 
song  of  a  great  composite  democratic  individual,  male  or  female. 
And  following  on  and  amplifying  the  same  purpose,  I  sup 
pose  I  have  in  my  mind  to  run  through  the  chants  of  this  vol 
ume,  (if  ever  completed,)  the  thread-voice,  more  or  less  audible, 


280  COLLECT. 

of  an  aggregated,  inseparable,  unprecedented,  vast,  composite, 
electric  democratic  nationality. 

Purposing,  then,  to  still  fill  out,  from  time  to  time  through 
years  to  come,  the  following  volume,  (unless  prevented,)  I  con 
clude  this  preface  to  the  first  instalment  of  it,  pencil'd  in  the 
open  air,  on  my  fifty-third  birth-day,  by  wafting  to  you,  dear 
reader,  whoever  you  are,  (from  amid  the  fresh  scent  of  the  grass, 
the  pleasant  coolness  of  the  forenoon  breeze,  the  lights  and 
shades  of  tree-boughs  silently  dappling  and  playing  around  me, 
and  the  notes  of  the  cat-bird  for  undertone  and  accompaniment,) 
my  true  good-will  and  love.  W.  W. 

Washington,  D.  C.,  May  31,  1872. 


PREFACE.  1876, 

to  the  two-volume  Centennial  Edition 

of  L.  of  G.  and  "  Two  Rivulets." 

AT  the  eleventh  hour,  under  grave  illness,  I  gather  up  the 
pieces  of  prose  and  poetry  left  over  since  publishing,  a  while 
since,  my  first  and  main  volume,  "Leaves  of  Grass" — pieces, 
here,  some  new,  some  old — nearly  all  of  them  (sombre  as  many 
are,  making  this  almost  death's  book)  composed  in  by-gone  at 
mospheres  of  perfect  health — and  preceded  by  the  freshest  col 
lection,  the  little  "  Two  Rivulets,"  now  send  them  out,  embodied 
in  the  present  melange,  partly  as  my  contribution  and  outpour 
ing  to  celebrate,  in  some  sort,  the  feature  of  the  time,  the  first 
centennial  of  our  New  World  nationality — and  then  as  chyle  and 
nutriment  to  that  moral,  indissoluble  union,  equally  representing 
all,  and  the  mother  of  many  coming  centennials. 

And  e'en  for  flush  and  proof  of  our  America — for  reminder, 

*;just  as  much,  or  more,  in  moods  of  towering  pride  and  joy,  I 

keep  my  special  chants  of  death  and  immortality*  to  stamp  the 

*  PASSAGE  TO  INDIA. — As  in  some  ancient  legend-play,  to  close  the  plot 
and  the  hero's  career,  there  is  a  farewell  gathering  on  ship's  deck  and  on 
shore,  a  loosing  of  hawsers  and  ties,  a  spreading  of  sails  to  the  wind — a  start 
ing  out  on  unknown  seas,  to  fetch  up  no  one  knows  whither — to  return  no 
more — and  the  curtain  falls,  and  there  is  the  end  of  it — so  I  have  reserv'd 
that  poem,  with  its  cluster,  to  finish  and  explain  much  that,  without  them, 
would  not  be  explain'd,  and  to  take  leave,  and  escape  for  good,  from  all  that 
has  preceded  them.  (Then  probably  "  Passage  to  India,"  and  its  cluster,  are 
but  freer  vent  and  fuller  expression  to  what,  frgm  the  first,  and  so  on  through- 


PREFACE,  1876.  28i 

coloring  finish  of  all,  present  and  past.  For  terminus  and  tem- 
perer  to  all,  they  were  originally  written ;  and  that  shall  be  their 
office  at  the  last. 

out,  more  or  less  lurks  in  my  writings,  underneath  every  page,  every  line, 
everywhere.) 

I  am  not  sure  but  the  last  inclosing  sublimation  of  race  or  poem  is,  what  it 
thinks  of  death.  After  the  rest  has  been  comprehended  and  said,  even  the 
grandest — after  those  contributions  to  mightiest  nationality,  or  to  sweetest 
song,  or  to  the  best  personalism,  male  or  female,  have  been  glean'd  from  the 
rich  and  varied  themes  of  tangible  life,  and  have  been  fully  accepted  and 
sung,  and  the  pervading  fact  of  visible  existence,  with  the  duty  it  devolves,  is 
rounded  and  apparently  completed,  it  still  remains  to  be  really  completed  by 
suffusing  through  the  whole  and  several,  that  other  pervading  invisible  fact, 
so  large  a  part,  (is  it  not  the  largest  part?)  of  life  here,  combining  the  rest, 
and  furnishing,  for  person  or  State,  the  only  permanent  and  unitary  meaning 
to  all,  even  the  meanest  life,  consistently  with  the  dignity  of  the  universe,  in 
Time.  As  from  the  eligibility  to  this  thought,  and  the  cheerful  conquest  of 
this  fact,  flash  forth  the  first  distinctive  proofs  of  the  soul,  so  to  me,  (extend 
ing  it  only  a  little  further,)  the  ultimate  Democratic  purports,  the  ethereal  and 
spiritual  ones,  are  to  concentrate  here,  and  as  fixed  stars,  radiate  hence,  For, 
in  my  opinion,  it  is  no  less  than  this  idea  of  immortality,  above  all  other  ideas, 
that  is  to  enter  into,  and  vivify,  and  give  crowning  religious  stamp,  to  democ 
racy  in  the  New  World. 

It  was  originally  my  intention,  after  chanting  in  "  Leaves  of  Grass  "  the 
songs  of  the  body  and  existence,  to  then  compose  a  further,  equally  needed 
volume,  based  on  those  convictions  of  perpetuity  and  conservation  which,  en 
veloping  all  precedents,  make  the  unseen  soul  govern  absolutely  at  last.  I 
meant,  while  in  a  sort  continuing  the  theme  of  my  first  chants,  to  shift  the 
slides,  and  exhibit  the  problem  and  paradox  of  the  same  ardent  and  fully  ap 
pointed  personality  entering  the  sphere  of  the  resistless  gravitation  of  spiritual 
law,  and  witli  cheerful  face  estimating  death,  not  at  all  as  the  cessation,  but 
as  somehow  what  I  feel  it  must  be,  the  entrance  upon  by  far  the  greatest  part 
of  existence,  and  something  that  life  is  at  least  as  much  for,  as  it  is  for  itself. 
But  the  full  construction  of  such  a  work  is  beyond  my  powers,  and  must  re 
main  for  some  bard  in  the  future.  The  physical  and  the  sensuous,  in  them 
selves  or  in  their  immediate  continuations,  retain  holds  upon  me  which  I  think 
are  never  entirely  releas'd;  and  those  holds  I  have  not  only  not  denied,  but 
hardly  wish'd  to  weaken. 

Meanwhile,  not  entirely  to  give  the  go-by  to  my  original  plan,  and  far  more 
to  avoid  a  mark'd  hiatus  in  it,  than  to  entirely  fulfil  it,  I  end  my  books  with 
thoughts,  or  radiations  from  thoughts,  on  death,  immortality,  and  a  free  en 
trance  into  the  spiritual  world.  In  those  thoughts,  in  a  sort,  I  make  the  first 
steps  or  studies  toward  the  mighty  theme,  from  the  point  of  view  necessitated 
by  my  foregoing  poems,  and  by  modern  science.  In  them  I  also  seek  to  set 
the  key-stone  to  my  democracy's  enduring  arch.  I  recollate  them  now,  for 
the  press,  in  order  to  partially  occupy  and  offset  days  of  strange  sickness,  and 
the  heaviest  affliction  and  bereavement  of  my  life ;  and  I  fondly  please  myself 
with  the  notion  of  leaving  that  cluster  to  you,  O  unknown  reader  of  the 
future,  as  "  something  to  remember  me  by,"  more  especially  than  all  else. 
Written  in  former  days  of  perfect  health,  little  did  I  think  the  pieces  had  the 
purport  that  now,  under  present  circumstances,  opens  to  me. 

[As  I  write  these  lines,  May  31,  1875,  it  is  again  early  summer— again  my 

24 


282  COLLECT. 

For  some  reason— not  explainable  or  definite  to  my  own  mind, 
yet  secretly  pleasing  and  satisfactory  to  it — I  have  not  hesitated 
to  embody  in,  and  run  through  the  volume,  two  altogether  dis 
tinct  veins,  or  strata — politics  for  one,  and  for  the  other,  the 
pensive  thought  of  immortality.  Thus,  too,  the  prose  and  po 
etic,  the  dual  forms  of  the  present  book.  The  volume,  there 
fore,  after  its  minor  episodes,  probably  divides  into  these  two,  at 
first  sight  far  diverse,  veins  of  topic  and  treatment.  Three  points, 
in  especial,  have  become  very  dear  to  me,  and  all  through  I  seek 
to  make  them  again  and  again,  in  many  forms  and  repetitions,  as 
will  be  seen  :  i.  That  the  true  growth-characteristics  of  the  de 
mocracy  of  the  New  World  are  henceforth  to  radiate  in  superior 
literary,  artistic  and  religious  expressions,  far  more  than  in  its  re 
publican  forms,  universal  suffrage,  and  frequent  elections,  (though 
these  are  unspeakably  important.)  2.  That  the  vital  political 
mission  of  the  United  States  is,  to  practically  solve  and  settle 
the  problem  of  two  sets  of  rights — the  fusion,  thorough  compati 
bility  and  junction  of  individual  State  prerogatives,  with  the  in 
dispensable  necessity  of  centrality  and  Oneness — the  national 
identity  power — the  sovereign  Union,  relentless,  permanently 
comprising  all,  and  over  all,  and  in  that  never  yielding  an  inch  : 
then  3d.  Do  we  not,  amid  a  general  malaria  of  fogs  and  vapors, 
our  day,  unmistakably  see  two  pillars  of  promise,  with  grandest, 
indestructible  indications — one,  that  the  morbid  facts  of  Ameri 
can  politics  and  society  everywhere  are  but  passing  incidents  and 
flanges  of  our  unbounded  impetus  of  growth?  weeds,  annuals,  of 
the  rank,  rich  soil — not  central,  enduring,  perennial  things  ?  The 

birth-day — now  my  fifty-sixth.  Amid  the  outside  beauty  and  freshness,  the 
sunlight  and  verdure  of  the  delightful  season,  O  how  different  the  moral  at 
mosphere  amid  which  I  now  revise  this  Volume,  from  the  jocund  influence 
surrounding  the  growth  and  advent  of  "  Leaves  of  Grass."  I  occupy  myself, 
arranging  these  pages  for  publication,  still  envelopt  in  thoughts  of  the  death 
two  years  since  of  my  dear  Mother,  the  most  perfect  and  magnetic  character, 
the  rarest  combination  of  practical,  moral  and  spiritual,  and  the  least  selfish, 
of  all  and  any  I  have  ever  known — and  by  me  O  so  much  the  most  deeply 
loved — and  also  under  the  physical  affliction  of  a  tedious  attack  of  paralysis, 
obstinately  lingering  and  keeping  its  hold  upon  me,  and  quite  suspending  all 
bodily  activity  and  comfort.] 

Under  these  influences,  therefore,  I  still  feel  to  keep  "  Passage  to  India  "  for 
last  words  even  to  this  centennial  dithyramb.  Not  as,  in  antiquity,  at  highest 
festival  of  Egypt,  the  noisome  skeleton  of  death  was  sent  on  exhibition  to 
the  revelers,  for  zest  and  shadow  to  the  occasion's  joy  and  light — but  as  the 
marble  statue  of  the  normal  Greeks  at  Elis,  suggesting  death  in  the  form  of  a 
beautiful  and  perfect  young  man,  with  closed  eyes,  leaning  on  an  inverted 
torch — emblem  of  rest  and  aspiration  after  action — of  crown  and  point  which 
all  lives  and  poems  should  steadily  have  reference  to,  namely,  the  justified 
and  noble  termination  of  our  identity,  this  grade  of  it,  and  outlet-preparation 
to^another  grade. 


PREFACE,  1876.  283 

other,  that  all  the  hitherto  experience  of  the  Sates,  their  first  cen 
tury,  has  been  but  preparation,  adolescence — and  that  this  Union 
is  only  now  and  henceforth,  (/".  e.  since  the  secession  war,)  to  enter 
on  its  full  democratic  career? 

Of  the  whole,  poems  and  prose,  (not  attending  at  all  to  chro 
nological  order,  and  with  original  dates  and  passing  allusions  in 
the  heat  and  impression  of  the  hour,  left  shuffled  in,  and  undis- 
turb'd,)  the  chants  of  "  Leaves  of  Grass,"  my  former  volume, 
yet  serve  as  the  indispensable  deep  soil,  or  basis,  out  of  which, 
and  out  of  which  only,  could  come  the  roots  and  stems  more 
definitely  indicated  by  these  later  pages.  (While  that  volume 
radiates  physiology  alone,  the  present  one,  though  of  the  like 
origin  in  the  main,  more  palpably  doubtless  shows  the  pathology 
which  was  pretty  sure  to  come  in  time  from  the  other.) 

In  that  former  and  main  volume,  composed  in  the  flush  of  my 
health  and  strength,  from  the  age  of  30  to  50  years,  I  dwelt  on 
birth  and  life,  clothing  rny  ideas  in  pictures,  days,  transactions 
of  my  time,  to  give  them  positive  place,  identity — saturating 
them  with  that  vehemence  of  pride  and  audacity  of  freedom 
necessary  to  loosen  the  mind  of  still-to-be-form'd  America  from 
the  accumulated  folds,  the  superstitions,  and  all  the  long,  tena 
cious  and  stifling  anti-democratic  authorities  of  the  Asiatic  and 
European  past — my  enclosing  purport  being  to  express,  above  all 
artificial  regulation  and  aid,  the  eternal  bodily  composite,  cumu 
lative,  natural  character  of  one's  self.* 

*  Namely,  a  character,  making  most  of  common  and  normal  elements,  to 
the  superstructure  of  which  not  only  the  precious  accumulations  of  the  learn 
ing  and  experiences  of  the  Old  World,  and  the  settled  social  and  municipal 
necessities  and  current  requirements,  so  long  a-building,  shall  still  faithfully 
contribute,  but  which  at  its  foundations  and  carried  up  thence,  and  receiving 
its  impetus  from  the  democratic  spirit,  and  accepting  its  gauge  in  all  depart 
ments  from  the  democratic  formulas,  shall  again  directly  be  vitalized  by  the 
perennial  influences  of  Nature  at  first  hand,  and  the  old  heroic  stamina  of 
Nature,  the  strong  air  of  prairie  and  mountain,  the  dash  of  the  briny  sea,  the 
primary  antiseptics — of  the  passions,  in  all  their  fullest  heat  and  potency,  of 
courage,  rankness,  amativeness,  and  of  immense  pride.  Not  to  lose  at  all, 
therefore,  the  benefits  of  artificial  progress  and  civilization,  but  to  re-occupy 
for  Western  tenancy  the  oldest  though  ever- fresh  fields,  and  reap  from  them 
the  savage  and  sane  nourishment  indispensable  to  a  hardy  nation,  and  the  ab 
sence  of  which,  threatening  to  become  worse  and  worse,  is  the  most  serious 
lack  and  defect  to-day  of  our  New  World  literature. 

Not  but  what  the  brawn  of  "Leaves  of  Grass"  is,  I  hope,  thoroughly 
spiritualized  everywhere,  for  final  estimate,  but,  from  the  very  subjects,  the  di 
rect  effect  is  a  sense  of  the  life,  as  it  should  be,  of  flesh  and  blood,  and  phys 
ical  urge,  and  animalism.  While  there  are  other  themes,  and  plenty  of  ab 
stract  thoughts  and  poems  in  the  volume — while  I  have  put  in  it  passing  and 
rapid  but  actual  glimpses  of  the  great  struggle  between  the  nation  and  the 
slave-power,  (i86l-'65,)  as  the  fierce  and  bloody  panorama  of  that  contest- 


284  COLLECT. 

Estimating  the  American  Union  as  so  far,  and  for  some  time  to 
come,  in  its  yet  formative  condition,  I  bequeath  poems  and  essays 

unroll'd  itself:  while  the  whole  book,  indeed,  revolves  around  that  four  years' 
war,  which,  as  I  was  in  the  midst  of  it,  becomes,  in  "  Drum-Taps,"  pivotal 
to  the  rest  entire — and  here  and  there,  before  and  afterward,  not  a  few  epi 
sodes  and  speculations— that — namely,  to  make  a  type-portrait  for  living,  ac 
tive,  worldly,  healthy  personality,  objective  as  well  as  subjective,  joyfuf  and 
potent,  and  mcdern  and  free,  distinctively  for  the  use  of  the  United  States, 
male  and  female,  through  the  long  future — has  been,  I  say,  my  general  ob 
ject.  (Probably,  indeed,  the  whole  of  these  varied  songs,  and  all  my  wri 
tings,  both  volumes,  only  ring  changes  in  some  sort,  on  the  ejaculation,  How 
vast,  how  eligible,  how  joyful,  how  real,  is  a  human  being,  himself  or  her 
self.) 

Though  from  no  definite  plan  at  the  time,  I  see  now  that  I  have  uncon 
sciously  sought,  by  indirections  at  least  as  much  as  directions,  to  express  the 
whirls  and  rapid  growth  and  intensity  of  the  United  States,  the  prevailing 
tendency  and  events  of  the  Nineteenth  century,  and  largely  the  spirit  of  the 
whole  current  world,  my  time;  for  I  feel  that  I  have  partaken  of  that  spirit. 
as  I  have  been  deeply  interested  in  all  those  events,  the  closing  of  long- 
stretch'd  eras  and  ages,  and,  illustrated  in  the  history  of  the  United  States,  the 
opening  of  larger  ones.  (The  death  of  President  Lincoln,  for  instance,  fitly. 
historically  closes,  in  the  civilization  of  feudalism,  many  old  influences — 
drops  on  them,  suddenly,  a  vast,  gloomy,  as  it  were,  separating  curtain.) 

Since  I  have  been  ill,  (1873-74-75,)  mostly  without  serious  pain,  and  with 
plenty  of  time  and  frequent  inclination  to  judge  my  poems,  (never  composed 
with  eye  on  the  book-market,  nor  for  fame,  nor  for  any  pecuniary  profit,)  I 
have  felt  temporary  depression  more  than  once,  for  fear  that  in  "  Leaves  of 
Grass  "  the  moral  parts  were  not  sufficiently  pronounc'd.  But  in  my  clearest 
and  calmest  moods  I  have  realized  that  as  those  "  Leaves,"  all  and  several, 
surely  prepare  the  way  for,  and  necessitate  morals,  and  are  adjusted  to  them, 
just  the  same  as  Nature  does  and  is,  they  are  what,  consistently  with  my  plan, 
they  must  and  probably  should  be.  (In  a  certain  sense,  while  the  Moral  is 
the  purport  and  last  intelligence  of  all  Nature,  there  is  absolutely  nothing  of 
the  moral  in  the  works,  or  laws,  or  shows  of  Nature.  Those  only  lead  inevi 
tably  to  it — begin  and  necessitate  it.) 

Then  I  meant  "  Leaves  of  Grass,"  as  publish'd,  to  be  the  Poem  of  average 
Identity,  (of  yours,  whoever  you  are,  now  reading  these  lines.)  A  man  is  not 
greatest  as  victor  in  war,  nor  inventor  or  explorer,  nor  even  in  science,  or  in  his 
intellectual  or  artistic  capacity,  or  exemplar  in  some  vast  benevolence.  To 
the  highest  democratic  view,  man  is  most  acceptable  in  living  well  the  prac 
tical  life  and  lot  which  happens  to  him  as  ordinary  farmer,  sea-farer,  mechanic, 
clerk,  laborer,  or  driver — upon  and  from  which  position  as  a  central  basis  or 
pedestal,  while  performing  its  labors,  and  his  duties  as  citizen,  son,  husband, 
father  and  employ'd  person,  he  preserves  his  physique,  ascends,  developing, 
radiating  himself  in  other  regions — and  especially  where  and  when,  (greatest 
of  all,  and  nobler  than  the  proudest  mere  genius  or  magnate  in  any  field,)  he 
fully  realizes  the  conscience,  the  spiritual,  the  divine  faculty,  cultivated  well, 
exemplified  in  all  his  deeds  and  words,  through  life,  uncompromising  to  the 
end — a  flight  loftier  than  any  of  Homer's  or  Shakspere's — broader  than  all 
poems  and  bibles — namely,  Nature's  own,  and  in  the  midst  of  it,  Yourself, 
your  own  Identity,  body  and  soul.  (All  serves,  helps — but  in  the  centre  of 
all,  absorbing  all,  giving,  for  your  purpose,  the  only  meaning  and  vitality  to 
all,  master  or  mistress  of  all,  under  the  law,  stands  Yourself.)  To  sing  the 


PREFACE,  2876.  285 

as  nutriment  and  influences  to  help  truly  assimilate  and  harden, 
and  especially  to  furnish  something  toward  what  the  States  most 
need  of  all,  and  which  seems  to  me  yet  quite  unsupplied  in  lit 
erature,  namely,  to  show  them,  or  begin  to  show  them,  themselves 
distinctively,  and  what  they  are  for.  For  though  perhaps  the 
main  points  of  all  ages  and  nations  are  points  of  resemblance, 
and,  even  while  granting  evolution,  are  substantially  the  same, 
there  are  some  vital  things  in  which  this  Republic,  as  to  its  indi 
vidualities,  and  as  a  compacted  Nation,  is  to  specially  stand  forth, 
and  culminate  modern  humanity.  And  these  are  the  very  things 
it  least  morally  and  mentally  knows — (though,  curiously  enough, 
it  is  at  the  same  time  faithfully  acting  upon  them.) 

I  count  with  such  absolute  certainty  on  the  great  future  of  the 
United  States — different  from,  though  founded  on,  the  past — 
that  I  have  always  invoked  that  future,  and  surrounded  myself 
with  it,  before  or  while  singing  my  songs.  (As  ever,  all  tends  to 
followings — America,  too,  is  a  prophecy.  What,  even  of  the  best 
and  most  successful,  would  be  justified  by  itself  alone?  by  the 
present,  or  the  material  ostent  alone?  Of  men  or  States,  few 
realize  how  much  they  live  in  the  future.  That,  rising  like  pin 
nacles,  gives  its  main  significance  to  all  You  and  I  are  doing  to 
day.  Without  it,  there  were  little  meaning  in  lands  or  poems — 

Song  of  that  law  of  average  Identity,  and  of  Yourself,  consistently  with  the 
divine  law  of  the  universal,  is  a  main  intention  of  those  "  Leaves." 

Something  more  may  be  added — for,  while  I  am  about  it,  I  would  make  a 
full  confession.  I  also  sent  out  ''  Leaves  of  Grass  "  to  arouse  and  set  flowing 
in  men's  and  women's  hearts,  young  and  old,  endless  streams  of  living,  pulsa 
ting  love  and  friendship,  directly  from  them  to  myself,  now  and  ever.  To 
this  terrible,  irrepressible  yearning,  (surely  more  or  less  down  underneath  in 
most  human  souls) — this  never-satisfied  appetite  for  sympathy,  and  this 
boundless  offering  of  sympathy — this  universal  democratic  comradeship — this 
old,  eternal,  yet  ever-new  interchange  of  adhesiveness,  so  fitly  emblematic  of 
America — I  have  given  in  that  book,  undisguisedly,  declaredly,  the  openest 
expression.  Besides,  important  as  they  are  in  my  purpose  as  emotional  ex 
pressions  for  humanity,  the  special  meaning  of  the  "Calamus"  cluster  of 
"  Leaves  of  Grass,"  (and  more  or  less  running  through  the  book,  and  crop 
ping  out  in  "  Drum-Taps,")  mainly  resides  in  its  political  significance.  In  my 
opinion,  it  is  by  a  fervent,  accepted  development  of  comradeship,  the  beauti 
ful  and  sane  affection  of  man  for  man,  latent  in  all  the  young  fellows,  north 
and  south,  east  and  west — it  is  by  this,  I  say,  and  by  what  goes  directly'and 
indirectly  along  with  it,  that  the  United  States  of  the  future,  (I  cannot  too 
often  repeat,)  are  to  be  most  effectually  welded  together,  intercalated,  anneal'd 
into  a  living  union. 

Then,  for  enclosing  clue  of  all,  it  is  imperatively  and  ever  to  be  borne  in 
mind  that  "  Leaves  of  Grass"  entire  is  not  to  be  construed  as  an  intellectual 
or  scholastic  effort  or  poem  mainly,  but  more  as  a  radical  utterance  out  of 
the  Emotions  and  the  Physique — an  utterance  adjusted  to,  perhaps  born  of, 
Democracy  and  the  Modern — in  its  very  nature  regardless  of  the  old  conven 
tions,  and,  under  the  great  laws,  following  only  its  own  impulses. 


286  COLLECT. 

little  purport  in  human  lives.  All  ages,  all  Nations  and  States, 
have  been  such  prophecies.  But  where  any  former  ones  with 
prophecy  so  broad,  so  clear,  as  our  times,  our  lands — as  those  of 
the  West  ?) 

Without  being  a  scientist,  I  have  thoroughly  adopted  the  con 
clusions  of  the  great  savans  and  experimentalists  of  our  time, 
and  of  the  last  hundred  years,  and  they  have  interiorly  tinged 
the  chyle  of  all  my  verse,  for  purposes  beyond.  Following  the 
modern  spirit,  the  real  poems  of  the  present,  ever  solidifying  and 
expanding  into  the  future,  must  vocalize  the  vastness  and  splen 
dor  and  reality  with  which  scientism  has  invested  man  and  the 
universe,  (all  that  is  called  creation,)  and  must  henceforth  launch 
humanity  into  new  orbits,  consonant  with  that  vastness,  splendor, 
and  reality,  (unknown  to  the  old  poems,)  like  new  systems  of 
orbs,  balanced  upon  themselves,  revolving  in  limitless  space,  more 
subtle  than  the  stars.  Poetry,  so  largely  hitherto  and  even  at 
present  wedded  to  children's  tales,  and  to  mere  amorousness, 
upholstery  and  superficial  rhyme,  will  have  to  accept,  and,  while 
not  denying  the  past,  nor  the  themes  of  the  past,  will  be  revivified 
by  this  tremendous  innovation,  the  kosmic  spirit,  which  must 
henceforth,  in  my  opinion,  be  the  background  and  underlying 
impetus,  more  or  less  visible,  of  all  first-class  songs. 

Only,  (for  me,  at  any  rate,  in  all  my  prose  and  poetry,)  joy 
fully  accepting  modern  science,  and  loyally  following  it  without 
the  slightest  hesitation,  there  remains  ever  recognized  still  a 
higher  flight,  a  higher  fact,  the  eternal  soul  of  man,  (of  all  else 
too,)  the  spiritual,  the  religious — which  it  is  to  be  the  greatest 
office  of  scientism,  in  my  opinion,  and  of  future  poetry  also,  to 
free  from  fables,  crudities  and  superstitions,  and  launch  forth  in 
renew'd  faith  and  scope  a  hundred  fold.  To  me,  the  worlds  of 
religiousness,  of  the  conception  of  the  divine,  and  of  the  ideal, 
though  mainly  latent,  are  just  as  absolute  in  humanity  and  the 
universe  as  the  world  of  chemistry,  or  anything  in  the  objective 
worlds.  To  me 

The  prophet  and  the  bard, 

Shall  yet  maintain  themselves — in  higher  circles  yet, 
Shall  mediate  to  the  modern,  to  democracy — interpret  yet  to  them, 

God  and  eid6lons. 

To  me,  the  crown  of  savantism  is  to  be,  that  it  surely  opens 
the  way  for  a  more  splendid  theology,  and  for  ampler  and  diviner 
songs.  No  year,  nor  even  century,  will  settle  this.  There  is  a 
phase  of  the  real,  lurking  behind  the  real,  which  it  is  all  for. 
There  is  also  in  the  intellect  of  man,  in  time,  far  in  prospective 
recesses,  a  judgment,  a  last  appellate  court,  which  will  settle  it. 


PREFACE,  1876.  287 

In  certain  parts  in  these  flights,  or  attempting  to  depict  or  sug 
gest  them,  I  have  not  been  afraid  of  the  charge  of  obscurity,  in 
either  of  my  two  volumes — because  human  thought,  poetry  or 
melody,  must  leave  dim  escapes  and  outlets — must  possess  a  cer 
tain  fluid,  aerial  character,  akin  to  space  itself,  obscure  to  those 
of  little  or  no  imagination,  but  indispensable  to  the  highest  pur 
poses  Poetic  style,  when  address'd  to  the  soul,  is  less  definite 
form,  outline,  sculpture,  and  becomes  vista,  music,  half-tints,  and 
even  less  than  half-tints.  True,  it  may  be  architecture ;  but  again 
it  may  be  the  forest  wild-wood,  or  the  best  effect  thereof,  at  twi 
light,  the  waving  oaks  and  cedars  in  the  wind,  and  the  impalpa 
ble  odor. 

Finally,  as  I  have  lived  in  fresh  lands,  inchoate,  and  in  a  revo 
lutionary  age,  future-founding,  I  have  felt  to  identify  the  points 
of  that  age,  these  lands,  in  my  recitatives,  altogether  in  my  own 
way.  Thus  my  form  has  strictly  grown  from  my  purports  and 
facts,  and  is  the  analogy  of  them.  Within  my  time  the  United 
States  have  emerged  from  nebulous  vagueness  and  suspense,  to  full 
orbic,  (though  varied,)  decision — have  done  the  deeds  and 
achiev'd  the  triumphs  of  half  a  score  of  centuries — and  are 
henceforth  to  enter  upon  their  real  history — the  way  being 
now,  (/'.  e.  since  the  result  of  the  Secession  War,)  clear'd  of  death- 
threatening  impedimenta,  and  the  free  areas  around  and  ahead 
of  us  assured  and  certain,  which  were  not  so  before — (the  past 
century  being  but  preparations,  trial  voyages  and  experiments  of 
the  ship,  before  her  starting  out  upon  deep  water.) 

In  estimating  my  volumes,  the  world's  current  times  and  deeds, 
and  their  spirit,  must  be  first  profoundly  estimated.  Out  of  the 
hundred  years  just  ending,  (1776-1876,)  with  their  genesis  of  in 
evitable  wilful  events,  and  new  experiments  and  introductions, 
and  many  unprecedented  things  of  war  and  peace,  (to  be  realized 
better,  perhaps  only  realized,  at  the  remove  of  a  century  hence;) 
out  of  that  stretch  of  time,  and  especially  out  of  the  immediately 
preceding  twenty-five  years,  (1850-75,)  with  all  their  rapid 
changes,  innovations,  and  audacious  movements — and  bearing 
their  own  inevitable  wilful  birth-marks — the  experiments  of  my 
poems  too  have  found  genesis. 

W.    W. 


288  COLLECT. 


POETRY   TO-DAY   IN   AMERICA— SHAK- 
SPERE— THE  FUTURE. 

STRANGE  as  it  may  seem,  the  topmost  proof  of  a  race  is  its  own 
born  poetry.  The  presence  of  that,  or  the  absence,  each  tells 
its  story.  As  the  flowering  rose  or  lily,  as  the  ripen'd  fruit  to  a 
tree,  the  apple  or  the  peach,  no  matter  how  fine  the  trunk,  or 
copious  or  rich  the  branches  and  foliage,  here  waits  sine  qua  non 
at  last.  The  stamp  of  entire  and  finish'd  greatness  to  any  nation, 
to  the  American  Republic  among  the  rest,  must  be  sternly  with 
held  till  it  has  put  what  it  stands  for  in  the  blossom  of  original, 
first-class  poems.  No  imitations  will  do. 

And  though  no  esthetik  worthy  the  present  condition  or  future 
certainties  of  the  New  World  seems  to  have  been  outlined  in 
men's  minds,  or  has  been  generally  called  for,  or  thought  needed, 
I  am  clear  that  until  the  United  States  have  just  such  definite 
and  native  expressers  in  the  highest  artistic  fields,  their  mere  po 
litical,  geographical,  wealth-forming,  and  even  intellectual  emi 
nence,  however  astonishing  and  predominant,  will  constitute  but 
a  more  and  more  expanded  and  well-appointed  body,  and  per 
haps  brain,  with  little  or  no  soul.  Sugar-coat  the  grim  truth  as 
we  may,  and  ward  off  with  outward  plausible  words,  denials,  ex 
planation?,  to  the  mental  inward  perception  of  the  land  this 
blank  is  plain  ;  a  barren  void  exists.  For  the  meanings  and  ma- 
turer  purposes  of  these  States  are  not  the  constructing  of  a  new 
world  of  politics  merely,  and  physical  comforts  for  the  million, 
but  even  more  determinedly,  in  range  with  science  and  the 
modern,  of  a  new  world  of  democratic  sociology  and  imagina 
tive  literature.  If  the  latter  were  not  establish'd  for  the  States, 
to  form  their  only  permanent  tie  and  hold,  the  first-named  would 
be  of  little  avail. 

With  the  poems  of  a  first-class  land  are  twined,  as  weft  with 
warp,  its  types  of  personal  character,  of  individuality,  peculiar, 
native,  its  own  physiognomy,  man's  and  woman's,  its  own  shapes, 
forms,  and  manners,  fully  justified  under  the  eternal  laws  of  all 
forms,  all  manners,  all  times.  The  hour  has  come  for  democracy 
in  America  to  inaugurate  itself  in  the  two  directions  specified — 
autochthonic  poems  and  personalities — born  expressers  of  itself, 
its  spirit  alone,  to  radiate  in  subtle  ways,  not  only  in  art,  but  the 
practical  and  familiar,  in  the  transactions  between  employers  and 
employ'd  persons,  in  business  and  wages,  and  sternly  in  the  army 
and  navy,  and  revolutionizing  them.  I  find  nowhere  a  scope  pro 
found  enough,  and  radical  and  objective  enough,  either  for  ag- 


POETRY  TO- DA  Y  IN  A  ME  RICA,  &c.  2  89 

gregates  or  individuals.  The  thought  and  identity  of  a  poetry 
in  America  to  fill,  and  worthily  fill,  the  great  void,  and  enhance 
these  aims,  electrifying  all  and  several,  involves  the  essence  and 
integral  facts,  real  and  spiritual,  of  the  whole  land,  the  whole, 
body.  What  the  great  sympathetic  is  to  the  congeries  of  bones, 
joints,  heart,  fluids,  nervous  system  and  vitality,  constituting, 
launching  forth  in  time  and  space  a  human  being — aye,  an  im 
mortal  soul — such  relation,  and  no  less,  holds  true  poetry  to  the 
single  personality,  or  to  the  nation. 

Here  our  thirty-eight  States  stand  today,  the  children  of  past 
precedents,  and,  young  as  they  are,  heirs  of  a  very  old  estate. 
One  or  two  points  we  will  consider,  out  of  the  myriads  present 
ing  themselves.  The  feudalism  of  the  British  Islands,  illustrated 
by  Shakspere — and  by  his  legitimate  followers,  Walter  Scott  and 
Alfred<  Tennyson — with  all  its  tyrannies,  superstitions,  evils,  had 
most  superb  and  heroic  permeating  veins,  poems,  manners;  even 
its  errors  fascinating.  It  almost  seems  as  if  only  that  feudalism 
in  Europe,  like  slavery  in  our  own  South,  could  outcrop  types  of 
tallest,  noblest  personal  character  yet — strength  and  devotion  and 
love  better  than  elsewhere — invincible  courage,  generosity,  aspi 
ration,  the  spines  of  all.  Here  is  where  Shakspere  and  the 
others  I  have  named  perform  a  service  incalculably  precious  to 
our  America.  Politics,  literature,  and  everything  else,  centers  at 
last  in  perfect  personnel,  (as  democracy  is  to  find  the  same  as  the 
rest ;)  and  here  feudalism  is  unrival'd — here  the  rich  and  highest- 
rising  lessons  it  bequeaths  us — a  mass  of  foreign  nutriment,  which 
we  are  to  work  over,  and  popularize  and  enlarge,  and  present 
again  in  our  own  growths. 

Still  there  are  pretty  grave  and  anxious  drawbacks,  jeopardies, 
fears.  Let  us  give  some  reflections  on  the  subject,  a  little  fluc 
tuating,  but  starting  from  one  central  thought,  and  returning 
there  again.  Two  or  three  curious  results  may  plow  up.  As  in 
the  astronomical  laws,  the  very  power  that  would  seem  most 
deadly  and  destructive  turns  out  to  be  latently  conservative  of 
longest,  vastest  future  births  and  lives.  We  will  for  once  briefly 
examine  the  just-named  authors  solely  from  a  Western  point  of 
view.  It  may  be,  indeed,  that  we  shall  use  the  sun  of  English 
literature,  and  the  brightest  current  stars  of  his  system,  mainly  as 
pegs  to  hang  some  cogitations  on,  for  home  inspection. 

As  depicter  and  dramatist  of  the  passions  at  their  stormiest 
outstretch,  though  ranking  high,  Shakspere  (spanning  the  arch 
wide  enough)  is  eqqal'd  by  several,  and  excell'd  by  the  best  old 
Greeks,  (as  yEschylus.)  But  in  portraying  "mediaeval  European 
lords  and  barons,  the  arrogant  port,  so  dear  to  the  inmost  human 

25 


290 


COLLECT. 


heart,  (pride  1  pride !  dearest,  perhaps,  of  all — touching  us,  too, 
of  the  States  closest  of  all — closer  than  love,)  he  stands  alone, 
and  I  do  not  wonder  he  so  witches  the  world. 

From  first  to  last,  also,  Walter  Scott  and  Tennyson,  like  Shak- 
spere,  exhale  that  principle  of  caste  which  we  Americans  have 
come  on  earth  to  destroy.  Jefferson's  verdict  on  the  Waverley 
novels  was  that  they  turn'd  and  condens'd  brilliant  but  entirely 
false  lights  and  glamours  over  the  lords,  ladies,  and  aristocratic 
institutes  of  Europe,  with  all  their  measureless  infamies,  and  then 
left  the  bulk  of  the  suffering,  down-trodden  people  contemptu 
ously  in  the  shade.  Without  stopping  to  answer  this  hornet- 
stinging  criticism,  or  to  repay  any  part  of  the  debt  of  thanks  I 
owe,  in  common  with  every  American,  to  the  noblest,  healthiest, 
cheeriest  romancer  that  ever  lived,  I  pass  on  to  Tennyson,  his 
works. 

Poetry  here  of  a  very  high  (perhaps  the  highest)  order  6f  ver 
bal  melody,  exquisitely  clean  and  pure,  and  almost  always  per 
fumed,  like  the  tuberose,  to  an  extreme  of  sweetness — sometimes 
not,  however,  but  even  then  a  camellia  of  the  hot-house,  never  a 
common  flower — the  verse  of  inside  elegance  and  high-life;  and 
yet  preserving  amid  all  its  super-delicatesse  a  smack  of  outdoors 
and  outdoor  folk.  The  old  Norman  iordhood  quality  here,  too, 
cross'd  with  that  Saxon  fiber  from  which  twain  the  best  current 
stock  of  England  springs — poetry  that  revels  above  all  things  in 
traditions  of  knights  and  chivalry,  and  deeds  of  derring-do.  The 
odor  of  English  social  life  in  its  highest  range — a  melancholy, 
affectionate,  very  manly,  but  dainty  breed — pervading  the  pages 
like  an  invisible  scent ;  the  idleness,  the  traditions,  the  manner 
isms,  the  stately  ennui;  the  yearning  of  love,  like  a  spinal  mar 
row,  inside  of  all ;  the  costumes,  brocade  and  satin  ;  the  old 
houses  and  furniture — solid  oak,  no  mere  veneering — the  moldy 
secrets  everywhere;  the  verdure,  the  ivy  on  the  walls,  the  moat, 
the  English  landscape  outside,  the  buzzing  fly  in  the  sun  inside 
the  window  pane.  Never  one  democratic  page;  nay,  not  a  line, 
not  a  word  ;  never  free  and  naive  poetry,  but  involv'd,  labor 'd, 
quite  sophisticated — even  when  the  theme  is  ever  so  simple  or 
rustic,  (a  shell,  a  bit  of  sedge,  the  commonest  love-passage  be 
tween  a  lad  and  lass,)  the  handling  of  the  rhyme  all  showing  the 
scholar  and  conventional  gentleman  ;  showing  the  laureate,  too, 
the  attach^  of  the  throne,  and  most  excellent,  too  ;  nothing  better 
throogto  the  volumes  than  the  dedication  "to  the  Queen  "  at  the 
beginning,  and  the  other  fine  dedication,  "these  to  his  memory" 
(Prince  Albert's,)  preceding  "Idylls  of  the  King." 

Such  for  an  off-hand  summary  of  the  mighty  three  that  now, 
by  the  women,  men,  and  young  folk  of  the  fifty  millions  given 


POE  TR  Y  TO- DA  Y  IN  AMERICA,  &<:.  29 1 

these  States  by  their  late  census,  have  been  and  are  more  read 
than  all  others  put  together. 

We  hear  it  said,  both  of  Tennyson  and  another  current  lead 
ing  literary  illustrator  of  Great  Britain,  Carlyle — as  of  Victor 
Hugo  in  France — that  not  one  of  them  is  personally  friendly  or 
admirant  toward  America;  indeed,  quite  the  reverse.  N'importe, 
That  they  (and  more  good  minds  than  theirs)  cannot  span  the 
vast  revolutionary  arch  thrown  by  the  United  States  over  the 
centuries,  fix'd  in  the  present,  launch'd  to  the  endless  future ;  that 
they  cannot  stomach  the  high-life-below-stairs  coloring  all  our 
poetic  and  genteel  social  status  so  far — the  measureless  vicious- 
ness  of  the  great  radical  Republic,  with  its  ruffianly  nominations 
and  elections ;  its  loud,  ill-pitch'd  voice,  utterly  regardless 
whether  the  verb  agrees  with  the  nominative ;  its  fights,  errors, 
eructations,  repulsions,  dishonesties,  audacities ;  those  fearful 
and  varied  and  long-continued  storm  and  stress  stages  (so  of 
fensive  to  the  well-regulated  college-bred  mind)  wherewith  Na 
ture,  history,  and  time  block  out  nationalities  more  powerful  than 
the  past,  and  to  upturn  it  and  press  on  to  the  future ; — that  they 
cannot  understand  and  fathom  all  this,  I  say,  is  it  to  be  wonder'd 
at  ?  Fortunately,  the  gestation  of  our  thirty-eight  empires  (and 
plenty  more  to  come)  proceeds  on  its  course,  on  scales  of  area 
and  velocity  immense  and  absolute  as  the  globe,  and,  like  the 
globe  itself,  quite  oblivious  even  of  great  poets  and  thinkers. 
But  we  can  by  no  means  afford  to  be  oblivious  of  them. 

The  same  of  feudalism,  its  castles,  courts,  etiquettes,  person 
alities.  However  they,  or  the  spirits  of  them  hovering  in  the  air, 
might  scowl  and  glower  at  such  removes  as  current  Kansas  or 
Kentucky  life  and  forms,  the  latter  may  by  no  means  repudiate 
or  leave  out  the  former.  Allowing  all  the  evil  that  it  did,  we  get, 
here  and  to-day,  a  balance  of  good  out  of  its  reminiscence  almost 
beyond  price, 

Am  I  content,  then,  that  the  general  interior  chyle  of  our  re 
public  should  be  supplied  and  nourish'd  by  wholesale  from  for 
eign  and  antagonistic  sources  such  as  these?  Let  me  answer  that 
question  briefly: 

Years  ago  I  thought  Americans  ought  to  strike  out  separate,  and 
have  expressions  of  their  own  in  highest  literature.  I  think  so  still, 
and  more  decidedly  than  ever.  But  those  convictions  are  now 
strongly  temper' d  by  some  additional  points,  (perhaps  the  results 
of  advancing  age,  or  the  reflections  of  invalidism.)  I  see  that 
this  world  of  the  West,  as  part  of  all,  fuses  inseparably  with  the 
East,  and  with  all,  as  time  does — the  ever  new,  yet  old,  old  hu 
man  race — "the  same  subject  continued,"  as  the  novels  of  our 


292 


COLLECT. 


grandfathers  had  it  for  chapter-heads.  If  we  are  not  to  hospitably 
receive  and  complete  the  inaugurations  of  the  old  civilizations, 
and  change  their  small  scale  to  the  largestt  broadest  scale,  what 
on  earth  are  we  for? 

The  currents  of  practical  business  in  America,  the  rude,  coarse, 
tussling  facts  of  our  lives,  and  all  their  daily  experiences,  need  just 
the  precipitation  and  tincture  of  this  entirely  different  fancy 
world  of  lulling,  contrasting,  even  feudalistic,  an ti -republican 
poetry  and  romance.  On  the  enormous  outgrowth  of  our  un- 
loos'd  individualities,  and  the  rank  self-assertion  of  humanity 
here,  may  well  fall  these  grace-persuading,  recherche  influences. 
We  first  require  that  individuals  and  communities  shall  be  free ; 
then  surely  comes  a  time  when  it  is  requisite  that  they  shall  not 
be  too  free.  Although  to  such  results  in  the  future  I  look  mainly 
for  a  great  poetry  native  to  us,  these  importations  till  then  will 
have  to  be  accepted,  such  as  they  are,  and  thankful  they  are  no 
worse.  The  inmost  spiritual  currents  of  the  present  time  curi 
ously  revenge  and  check  their  own  compell'd  tendency  to  democ 
racy,  and  absorption  in  it,  by  mark'd  leanings  to  the  past — by 
reminiscences  in  poems,  plots,  operas,  novels,  to  a  far-off,  con 
trary,  deceased  world,  as  if  they  dreaded  the  great  vulgar  gulf 
tides  of  to-day.  Then  what  has  been  fifty  centuries  growing, 
working  in,  and  accepted  as  crowns  and  apices  for  our  kind,  is 
not  going  to  be  pulled  down  and  discarded  in  a  hurry. 

It.  is,  perhaps,  time  we  paid  our  respects  directly  to  the  honor 
able  party,  the  real  object  of  these  preambles.  But  we  must  make 
reconnaissance  a  little  further  still.  Not  the  least  part  of  our 
lesson  were  to  realize  the  curiosity  and  interest  of  friendly  foreign 
experts,*  and  how  our  situation  looks  to  them.  "American 
"poetry,"  says  the  London  "  Times,  "f  "is  the  poetry  of  apt  pu- 
"  pils,  but  it  is  afflicted  from  first  to  last  with  a  fatal  want  of  raci- 
"  ness.  Bryant  has  been  long  passed  as  a  poet  by  Professor 
"  Longfellow;  but  in  Longfellow,  with  all  his  scholarly  grace  and 
"  tender  feeling,  the  defect  is  more  apparent  than  it  was  in  Bry- 
"  ant.  Mr.  Lowell  can  overflow  with  American  humor  when 

*  A  few  years  ago  I  saw  the  question,  "  Has  America  produced  any  great 
poem  ?"  announced  as  prize-subject  for  the  competition  of  some  university  m 
Northern  Europe.  I  saw  the  item  in  a  foreign  paper  and  made  a  note  of  it : 
but  being  taken  down  with  paralysis,  and  prostrated  for  a  long  season,  the 
matter  slipp'd  away,  and  I  have  never  been  able  since  to  get  hold  of  any  essay 
presented  for  the  prize,  or  report  of  the  discussion,  nor  to  learn  for  certain 
whether  there  was  any  essay  or  discussion,  nor  can  I  now  remember  the  place. 
It  may  have  been  Upsala,  or  possibly  Heidelberg.  Perhaps  some  German  or 
Scandinavian  can  give  particulars.  I  think  it  was  in  1872. 

f  In  a  long  and  prominent  editorial,  at  the  time,  on  the  death  of  William 
Cullen  Bryant. 


POE7R  Y  TO-DA  Y  IN  AMERICA,  &>c.  293 

"politics  inspire  his  muse;  but  in  the  realm  of  pure  poetry  he 
"  is  no  more  American  than  a  Newdigate  prize-man.  Joaquin 
"  Miller's  verse  has  fluency  and  movement  and  harmony,  but  as 
"  for  the  thought,  his  songs  of  the  sierras  might  as  well  have  been 
"written  in  Holland." 

Unless  in  a  certain  very  slight  contingency,  the  "Times"  says: 
"American  verse,  from  its  earliest  to  its  latest  stages,  seems  an 
"exotic,  with  an  exuberance  of  gorgeous  blossom,  but  no  prin- 
"  ciple  of  reproduction.  That  is  the  very  note  and  test  of  its  in- 
"  herent  want.  Great  poets  are  tortured  and  massacred  by  having 
"  their  flowers  of  fancy  gathered  and  gummed  down  in  ihehortus 
"  siccus  of  an  anthology.  American  poets  show  better  in  an  an- 
"  thology  than  in  the  collected  volumes  of  their  works.  Like 
"their  audience  they  have  been  unable  to  resist  the  attraction  of 
"  the  vast  orbit  of  English  literature.  They  may  talk  of  the  pri- 
"  meval  forest,  but  it  would  generally  be  very  hard  from  internal 
'evidence  to  detect  that  they  were  writing  on  the  banks  of  the 
'  Hudson  rather  than  on  those  of  the  Thames.  ....  In  fact,  they 
'have  caught  the  English  tone  and  air  and  mood  only  too  faith- 
'  fully,  and  are  accepted  by  the  superficially  cultivated  English 
'  intelligence  as  readily  as  if  they  were  English  born.  Americans 
'themselves  confess  to  a  certain  disappointment  that  a  literary 
'curiosity  and  intelligence  so  diffused  [as  in  the  United  States] 
'  have  not  taken  up  English  literature  at  the  point  at  which  Am- 
'  erica  has  received  it,  and  carried  it  forward  and  developed  it 
'  with  an  independent  energy.  But  like  reader  like  poet.  Both 
'  show  the  effects  of  having  come  into  an  estate  they  have  not 
'  earned.  A  nation  of  readers  has  required  of  its  poets  a  diction 
'  and  symmetry  of  form  equal  to  that  of  an  old  literature  like 
'  that  of  Great  Britain,  which  is  also  theirs.  No  ruggedness, 
'  however  racy,  would  be  tolerated  by  circles  which,  however 
'superficial  their  culture,  read  Byron  and  Tennyson." 

The  English  critic,  though  a  gentleman  and  a  scholar,  and 
friendly  withal,  is  evidently  not  altogether  satisfied,  (perhaps  he 
is  jealous,)  and  winds  up  by  saying:  "'For  the  English  language 
"to  have  been  enriched  with  a  national  poetry  which  was  not 
"  English  but  American,  would  have  been  a  treasure  beyond 
"  price."  With  which,  as  whet  and  foil,  we  shall  proceed  to  ven 
tilate  more  definitely  certain  no  doubt  willful  opinions. 

Leaving  unnoticed  at  present  the  great  masterpieces  of  the  an 
tique,  or  anything  from  the  middle  ages,  the  prevailing  flow  of 
poetry  for  the  last  fifty  or  eighty  years,  and  now  at  its  height,  has 
been  and  is  (like  the  music)  an  expression  of  mere  surface  melody, 
within  narrow  limits,  and  yet,  to  give  it  its  due,  perfectly  satisfy 
ing  to  the  demands  of  the  ear,  of  wondrous  charm,  of  smooth 


294 


COLLECT. 


and  easy  delivery,  and  the  triumph  of  technical  art.  Above  all 
things  it  is  fractional  and  select.  It  shrinks  with  aversion  from  the 
sturdy,  the  universal,  and  the  democratic. 

The  poetry  of  the  future,  (a  phrase  open  to  sharp  criticism,  and 
not  satisfactory  to  me,  but  significant,  and  I  will  use  it) — the 
poetry  of  the  future  aims  at  the  free  expression  of  emotion, 
(which  means  far,  far  more  than  appears  at  first,)  and  to  arouse 
and  initiate,  more  than  to  define  or  finish.  Like  all  modern  ten 
dencies,  it  has  direct  or  indirect  reference  continually  to  the 
reader,  to  you  or  me,  to  the  central  identity  of  everything,  the 
mighty  Ego.  (Byron's  was  a  vehement  dash,  with  plenty  of 
impatient  democracy,  but  lurid  and  introverted  amid  all  its 
magnetism  ;  not  at  all  the  fitting,  lasting  song  of  a  grand,  secure, 
free,  sunny  race.)  It  is  more  akin,  likewise,  to  outside  life  and 
landscape,  (returning  mainly  to  the  antique  feeling,)  real  sun  and 
gale,  and  woods  and  shores — to  the  elements  themselves — not 
sitting  at  ease  in  parlor  or  library  listening  to  a  good  tale  of 
them,  told  in  good  rhyme.  Character,  a  feature  far  above  style 
or  polish — a  feature  not  absent  at  any  time,  but  now  first  brought 
to  the  fore — gives  predominant  stamp  to  advancing  poetry.  Its 
born  sister,  music,  already  responds  to  the  same  influences.  "  The 
"  music  of  the  present,  Wagner's,  Gounod's,  even  the  later  Verdi's, 
"  all  tends  toward  this  free  expression  of  poetic  emotion,  and  de- 
"  mands  a  vocalism  totally  unlike  that  required  for  Rossini 'ssplen- 
"  did  roulades,  or  Bellini's  suave  melodies." 

Is  there  not  even  now,  indeed,  an  evolution,  a  departure  from 

the  masters?     Venerable  and  unsurpassable  after  their  kind  as 

are  the  old  works,  and  always  unspeakably  precious  as  studies, 

(for  Americans  more  than  any  other  people,)  is  it  too  much  to 

say  that  by  the  shifted  combinations  of  the  modern  mind  the 

whole  underlying  theory  of  first-class  verse  has  changed?  "For- 

'  merly,  during  the  period  terrn'd  classic,"  says  Sainte-Beuve, 

'  when  literature  was  govern'd  by  recognized  rules,  he  was  con- 

4  sider'd   the  best  poet  who  had  composed  the   most   perfect 

'  work,  the  most  beautiful  poem,  the  most  intelligible,  the  most 

'  agreeable  to  read,  the  most  complete  in  every  respect, — the 

'  ^Eneid,  the  Gerusalemme,  a  fine  tragedy.     To-day,  something 

*  else  is  wanted.     For  us  the  greatest  poet  is  he  who  in  his  works 

'  most  stimulates  the  reader's  imagination  and  reflection,  who 

'  excites  him  the  most  himself  to  poetize.     The  greatest  poet  is 

'  not  he  who  has  done  the  best ;  it  is  he  who  suggests  the  most ; 

'  he,  not  all  of  whose  meaning  is  at  first  obvious,  and  who  leaves 

'  you  much  to  desire,  to  explain,  to  study,  much  to  complete  in 

'your  turn." 

The  fatal  defects  our  American  singers  labor  under  are  subor- 


POETRY  TO-DA  Y  IN  AMERICA,  S-v.  295 

dination  of  spirit,  an  absence  of  the  concrete  and  of  real  pa 
triotism,  and  in  excess  that  modern  aesthetic  contagion  a  queer 
friend  of  mine  calls  the  beauty  disease.  "  The  immoderate  taste 
for  beauty  and  art,"  says  Charles  Baudelaire,  "  leads  men  into 
monstrous  excesses.  In  minds  imbued  with  a  frantic  greed  for 
the  beautiful,  all  the  balances  of  truth  and  justice  disappear. 
There  is  a  lust,  a  disease  of  the  art  faculties,  which  eats  up  the 
moral  like  a  cancer." 

Of  course,  by  our  plentiful  verse-writers  there  is  plenty  of  ser 
vice  perform'd,  of  a  kind.  Nor  need  we  go  far  for  a  tally.  We 
see,  in  every  polite  circle,  a  class  of  accomplish'd,  good-natured 
persons,  ("society,"  in  fact,  could  not  get  on  without  them,) 
fully  eligible  for  certain  problems,  times,  and  duties — to  mix  egg- 
nog,  to  mend  the  broken  spectacles,  to  decide  whether  the  stew'd 
eels  shall  precede  the  sherry  or  the  sherry  the  stew'd  eels,  to  eke 
out  Mrs.  A.  B.'s  parlor-tableaux  with  monk,  Jew,  lover,  Puck, 
Prospero,  Caliban,  or  what  not,  and  to  generally  contribute  and 
gracefully  adapt  their  flexibilities  and  talents,  in  those  ranges,  to 
the  world's  service.  But  for  real  crises,  great  needs  and  pulls, 
moral  or  physical,  they  might  as  well  have  never  been  born. 

Or  the  accepted  notion  of  a  poet  would  appear  to  be  a  sort  of 
male  odalisque,  singing  or  piano-playing  a  kind  of  spiced  ideas, 
second-hand  reminiscence,  or  toying  late  hours  at  entertainments, 
in  rooms  stifling  with  fashionable  scent.  I  think  I  haven't  seen 
a  new-publish'd,  healthy,  bracing,  simple  lyric  in  ten  years.  Not 
long  ago,  there  were  verses  in  each  of  three  fresh  monthlies,  from 
leading  authors,  and  in  every  one  the  whole  central  motif  ( perfectly 
serious)  was  the  melancholiness  of  a  marriageable  young  woman 
who  didn't  get  a  rich  husband,  but  a  poor  one  ! 

Besides  its  tonic  and  al  fresco  physiology,  relieving  such  as 
this,  the  poetry  of  the  future  will  take  on  character  in  a  more 
important  respect.  Science,  having  extirpated  the  old  stork- 
fables  and  superstitions,  is  clearing  a  field  for  verse,  for  all  the 
arts,  and  even  for  romance,  a  hundred-fold  ampler  and  more 
wonderful,  with  the  new  principles  behind.  Republicanism  ad 
vances  over  the  whole  world.  Liberty,  with  Law  by  her  side, 
will  one  day  be  paramount — will  at  any  rate  be  the  central  idea. 
Then  only — for  all  the  splendor  and  beauty  of  what  has  been,  or 
the  polish  of  what  is— then  only  will  the  true  poets  appear,  and 
the  true  poems.  Not  the  satin  and  patchouly  of  to-day,  not  the 
glorification  of  the  butcheries  and  wars  of  the  past,  nor  any  fight 
between  Deity  on  one  side  and  somebody  else  on  the  other — not 
Milton,  not  even  Shakspere's  plays,  grand  as  they  are.  Entirely 
different  and  hitherto  unknown  classes  of  men,  being  authorita 
tively  called  for  in  imaginative  literature,  will  certainly  appear. 


296  COLLECT. 

What  is  hitherto  most  lacking,  perhaps  most  absolutely  indicates 
the  future.  Democracy  has  been  hurried  on  through  time  by 
measureless  tides  and  winds,  resistless  as  the  revolution  of  the 
globe,  and  as  far-reaching  and  rapid.  But  in  the  highest  walks 
of  art  it  has  not  yet  had  a  single  representative  worthy  of  it  any 
where  upon  the  earth. 

Never  had  real  bard  a  task  more  fit  for  sublime  ardor  and 
genius  than  to  sing  worthily  the  songs  these  States  have  already 
indicated.  Their  origin,  Washington,  '76,  the  picturesqueness  of 
old  times,  the  war  of  1812  and  the  sea-fights;  the  incredible 
rapidity  of  movement  and  breadth  of  area — to  fuse  and  compact 
the  South  and  North,  the  East  and  West,  to  express  the  native 
forms,  situations,  scenes,  from  Montauk  to  California,  and  from 
the  Saguenay  to  the  Rio  Grande — the  working  out  on  such  gi 
gantic  scales,  and  with  such  a  swift  and  mighty  play  of  changing 
light  and  shade,  of  the  great  problems  of  man  and  freedom, — 
how  far  ahead  of  the  stereotyped  plots,  or  gem-cutting,  or  tales 
of  love,  or  wars  of  mere  ambition  !  Our  history  is  so  full  of 
spinal,  modern,  germinal  subjects — one  above  all.  What  the  an 
cient  siege  of  Ilium,  and  the  puissance  of  Hector's  and  Agamem 
non's  warriors  proved  to  Hellenic  art  and  literature,  and  all  art 
and  literature  since,  may  prove  the  war  of  attempted  secession 
of  i86i-'65  to  the  future  aesthetics,  drama,  romance,  poems  of 
the  United  States. 

Nor  could  utility  itself  provide  anything  more  practically  ser 
viceable  to  the  hundred  millions  who,  a  couple  of  generations 
hence,  will  inhabit  within  the  limits  just  named,  than  the  per 
meation  of  a  sane,  sweet,  autochthonous  national  poetry — must  I 
say  of  a  kind  that  does  not  now  exist?  but  which,  I  fully  believe, 
will  in  time  be  supplied  on  scales  as  free  as  Nature's  elements. 
(It  is  acknowledged  that  we  of  the  States  are  the  most  material 
istic  and  money-making  people  ever  known.  My  own  theory, 
while  fully  accepting  this,  is  that  we  are  the  most  emotional, 
spiritualistic,  and  poetry-loving  people  also.) 

Infinite  are  the  new  and  orbic  traits  waiting  to  be  launch'd 
forth  in  the  firmament  that  is,  and  is  to  be,  America.  Lately,  I 
have  wonder'd  whether  the  last  meaning  of  this  cluster  of  thirty- 
eight  States  is  not  only  practical  fraternity  among  themselves — 
the  only  real  union,  (much  nearer  its  accomplishment,  too,  than 
appears  on  the  surface) — but  for  fraternity  over  the  whole  globe 
— that  dazzling,  pensive  dream  of  ages  !  Indeed,  the  peculiar 
glory  of  our  lands,  I  have  come  to  see,  or  expect  to  see,  not  in 
their  geographical  or  republican  greatness,  nor  wealth  or  products, 
nor  military  or  naval  power,  nor  special,  eminent  names  in  any 


POE  TR  Y  TO- DA  Y  IN  AMERICA,  &>c.  29  7 

department,  to  shine  with,  or  outshine,  foreign  special  names  in 
similar  departments, — but  more  and  more  in  a  vaster,  saner,  more 
surrounding  Comradeship,  uniting  closer  and  closer  not  only  the 
American  States,  but  all  nations,  and  all  humanity.  That,  O 
poets!  is  not  that  a  theme  worth  chanting,  striving  for?  Why 
not  fix  your  verses  henceforth  to  the  gauge  of  the  round  globe  ? 
the  whole  race  ?  Perhaps  the  most  illustrious  culmination  of  the 
modern  may  thus  prove  to  be  a  signal  growth  of  joyous,  more  ex 
alted  bards  of  adhesiveness,  identically  one  in  soul,  but  contrib 
uted  by  every  nation,  each  after  its  distinctive  kind.  Let  us,  au 
dacious,  start  it.  Let  the  diplomats,  as  ever,  still  deeply  plan, 
seeking  advantages,  proposing  treaties  between  governments,  and 
to  bind  them,  on  paper :  what  I  seek  is  different,  simpler.  I 
would  inaugurate  from  America,  for  this  purpose,  new  formulas 
— international  poems.  I  have  thought  that  the  invisible  root 
out  of  which  the  poetry  deepest  in,  and  dearest  to,  humanity 
grows,  is  Friendship.  I  have  thought  that  both  in  patriotism 
and  song  (even  amid  their  grandest  shows  past)  we  have  adhered 
too  long  to  petty  limits,  and  that  the  time  has  come  to  enfold 
the  world. 

Not  only  is  the  human  and  artificial  world  we  have  establish'd 
in  the  West  a  radical  departure  from  anything  hitherto  known — 
not  only  men  and  politics,  and  all  that  goes  with  them — but  Na 
ture  itself,  in  the  main  sense,  its  construction,  is  different.  The 
same  old  font  of  type,  of  course,  but  set  up  to  a  text  never  com 
posed  or  issued  before.  For  Nature  consists  not  only  in  itself, 
objectively,  but  at  least  just  as  much  in  its  subjective  reflection 
from  the  person,  spirit,  age,  looking  at  it,  in  the  midst  of  it,  and 
absorbing  it — faithfully  sends  back  the  characteristic  beliefs  of 
the  time  or  individual — takes,  and  readily  gives  again,  the  phys 
iognomy  of  any  nation  or  literature — falls  like  a  great  elastic 
veil  on  a  face,  or  like  the  molding  plaster  on  a  statue. 

What  is  Nature  ?  What  were  the  elements,  the  invisible  back 
grounds  and  eidolons  of  it,  to  Homer's  heroes,  voyagers,  gods? 
What  all  through  the  wanderings  of  Virgil's  ^Eneas?  Then  to 
Shakspere's  characters — Hamlet,  Lear,  the  English-Norman  kings, 
the  Romans?  What  was  Nature  to  Rousseau,  to  Voltaire,  to  the 
German  Goethe  in  his  little  classical  court  gardens?  In  those 
presentments  in  Tennyson  (see  the  "Idyls  of  the  King  " — what 
sumptuous, perfumed,  arras-and-gold  Nature,  inimitablydescribed, 
better  than  any,  fit  for  princes  and  knights  and  peerless  ladies — 
wrathful  or  peaceful,  just  the  same — Vivien  and  Merlin  in  their 
strange  dalliance,  or  the  death-float  of  Elaine,  or  Geraint  and  the 
long  journey  of  his  disgraced  Enid  and  himself  through  the 
wood,  and  the  wife  all  day  driving  the  horses,)  as  in  all  the  great 


298  COLLECT. 

imported  art-works,  treatises,  systems,  from  Lucretius  down,  there 
is  a  constantly  lurking,  often  pervading  something,  that  will  have 
to  be  eliminated,  as  not  only  unsuited  to  modern  democracy  and 
science  in  America,  but  insulting  to  them,  and  disproved  by 
them.* 

Still,  the  rule  and  demesne  of  poetry  will  always  be  not  the 
exterior,  but  interior ;  not  the  macrocosm,  but  microcosm  ;  not 
Nature,  but  Man.  I  haven't  said  anything  about  the  imperative 
need  of  a  race  of  giant  bards  in  the  future,  to  hold  up  high  to 
eyes  of  land  and  race  the  eternal  antiseptic  models,  and  to 
dauntlessly  confront  greed,  injustice,  and  all  forms  of  that  wili- 
ness  and  tyranny  whose  roots  never  die — (my  opinion  is,  that 
after  all  the  rest  is  advanced,  that  is  what  first-class  poets  are  for; 
as,  to  their  days  and  occasions,  the  Hebrew  lyrists,  Roman  Juve 
nal,  and  doubtless  the  old  singers  of  India,  and  the  British  Druids) — 
to  counteract  dangers,  immensest  ones,  already  looming  in  Amer 
ica — measureless  corruption  in  politics — what  we  call  religion,  a 
mere  mask  of  wax  or  lace ; — for  ensemble,  that  most  cankerous, 
offensive  of  all  earth's  shows — a  vast  and  varied  community, 
prosperous  and  fat  with  wealth  of  money  and  products  and  busi 
ness  ventures — plenty  of  mere  intellectuality  too — and  then  ut 
terly  without  the  sound,  prevailing,  moral  and  aesthetic  health- 
action  beyond  all  the  money  and  mere  intellect  of  the  world. 

Is  it  a  dream  of  mine  that,  in  times  to  come,  west,  south,  east, 
north,  will  silently,  surely  arise  a  race  of  such  poets,  varied,  yet 
one  in  soul — nor  only  poets,  and  of  the  best,  but  newer,  larger 
prophets — larger  than  Judea's,  and  more  passionate — to  meet 
and  penetrate  those  woes,  as  shafts  of  light  the  darkness  ? 

As  I  write,  the  last  fifth  of  the  nineteenth  century  is  enter'd 
upon,  and  will  soon  be  waning.  Now,  and  for  a  long  time  to 
come,  what  the  United  States  most  need,  to  give  purport,  defi- 
niteness,  reason  why,  to  'their  unprecedented  material  wealth,  in 
dustrial  products,  education  by  rote  merely,  great  populousness 
and  intellectual  activity,  is  the  central,  spinal  reality,  (or  even 
the  idea  of  it,)  of  such  a  democratic  band  of  native-"born-and- 
bred  teachers,  artists,  litterateurs,  tolerant  and  receptive  of  im 
portations,  but  entirely  adjusted  to  the  West,  to  ourselves,  to  our 
own  days,  combinations,  differences,  superiorities.  Indeed,  I  am 
fond  of  thinking  that  the  whole  series  of  concrete  and  political 

*  Whatever  may  be  said  of  the  few  principal  poems — or  their  best  pas 
sages — it  is  certain  that  the  overwhelming  mass  of  poetic  works,  as  now  ab 
sorb' d  into  human  character,  exerts  a  certain  constipating,  repressing,  in-door, 
and  artificial  influence,  impossible  to  elude — seldom  or  never  that  freeing,  di 
lating,  joyous  one,  with  which  uncramp'd  Nature  works  on  every  individual 
without  exception. 


,' 


POETR  Y  TO- DA  Y  IN  AMERICA,  &>f.  299 

triumphs  of  the  Republic  are  mainly  as  bases  and  preparations 
for  half  a  dozen  future  poets,  ideal  personalities,  referring  not  to 
a  special  class,  but  to  the  entire  people,  four  or  five  millions  of 
square  miles. 

Long,  long  are  the  processes  of  the  development  of  a  nation 
ality.  Only  to  the  rapt  vision  does  the  seen  become  the  prophecy 
of  the  unseen.*  Democracy,  so  far  attending  only  to  the  real,  is 

*  Is  there  not  such  a  thing  as  the  philosophy  of  American  history  and  poli 
tics  ?  And  if  so,  what  is  it  ?  .  .  .  \Vise  men  say  there  are  two  sets  of  wills 
to  nations  and  to  persons — one  set  that  acts  and  works  from  explainable  mo 
tives — from  teaching,  intelligence,  judgment,  circumstance,  caprice,  emulation, 
greed,  &c. — and  then  another  set,  perhaps  deep,  hidden,  unsuspected,  yet  often 
more  potent  than  the  first,  refusing  to  be  argued  with,  rising  as  it  were  out  of 
abysses,  rcsistlessly  urging  on  speakers,  doers,  communities,  unwitting  to  them 
selves — the  poet  to  his  fieriest  words — the  race  to  pursue  its  loftiest  ideal. 
Indeed,  the  paradox  of  a  nation's  life  and  career,  with  all  its  wondrous  con 
tradictions,  can  probably  only  be  explain'd  from  these  two  wills,  sometimes 
conflicting,  each  operating  in  its  sphere,  combining  in  races  or  in  persons,  and 
producing  strangest  results. 

Let  us  hope  there  is  (indeed,  can  there  be  any  doubt  there  is?)  this  great 
unconscious  and  abysmic  second  will  also  running  through  the  average  na 
tionality  and  career  of  America.  Let  us  hope  that,  amid  all  the  dangers  and 
defections  of  the  present,  and  through  all  the  processes  of  the  conscious  will, 
it  alone  is  the  permanent  and  sovereign  force,  destined  to  carry  on  the  New 
World  to  fulfill  its  destinies  in  the  future — to  resolutely  pursue  those  destinies, 
age  upon  age ;  to  build,  far,  far  beyond  its  past  vision,  present  thought ;  to 
form  and  fashion,  and  for  the  general  type,  men  and  women  more  noble,  more 
athletic  than  the  world  has  yet  seen;  to  gradually,  firmly  blend,  from  all  the 
States,  with  all  varieties,  a  friendly,  happy,  free,  religious  nationality — a  na 
tionality  not  only  the  richest,  most  inventive,  most  productive  and  materialistic 
the  world  has  yet  known,  but  compacted  indissolubly,  and  out  of  whose  ample 
and  solid  bulk,  and  giving  purpose  and  finish  to  it,  conscience,  morals,  and  all 
the  spiritual  attributes,  shall  surely  rise,  like  spires  above  some  group  of  edi 
fices,  firm-footed  on  the  earth,  yet  scaling  space  and  heaven. 

Great  as  they  are,  and  greater  far  to  be,  the  United  States,  too,  are  but  a 
series  of  steps  in  the  eternal  process  of  creative  thought.  And  here  is,  to  my 
mind,  their  final  justification,  and  certain  perpetuity.  There  is  in  that  sub 
lime  process,  in  the  laws  of  the  universe — and,  above  all,  in  the  moral  law — 
something  that  would  make  unsatisfactory,  and.  even  vain  and  contemptible, 
all  the  triumphs  of  war,  the  gains  of  peace,  and  the  proudest  worldly  gran 
deur  of  all  the  nations  that  have  ever  existed,  or  that  (ours  included)  now 
exist,  except  that  we  constantly  see,  through  all  their  worldly  career,  however 
struggling  and  blind  and  lame,  attempts,  by  all  ages,  all  peoples,  according  to 
their  development,  to  reach,  to  press,  to  progress  on,  and  ever  farther  on,  to 
more  and  more  advanced  ideals. 

The  glory  of  the  republic  of  the  United  States,  in  my  opinion,  is  to  be  that, 
emerging  in  the  light  of  the  modern  and  the  splendor  of  science,  and  solidly 
based  on  the  past,  it  is  to  cheerfully  range  itself,  and  its  politics  are  hence 
forth  to  come,  under  those  universal  laws,  and  embody  them,  and  carry  them 
out,  to  serve  them.  And  as  only  that  individual  becomes  truly  great  who 
understands  well  that,  while  complete  in  himself  in  a  certain  sense,  he  is  but 
a  part  of  the  divine,  eternal  scheme,  and  whose  special  life  and  laws  are  ad- 


300  COLLECT, 

not  for  the  real  only,  but  the  grandest  ideal — to  justify  the  modern 
by  that,  and  not  only  to  equal,  but  to  become  by  that  superior  to 
the  past.  On  a  comprehensive  summing  up  of  the  processes  and 
present  and  hitherto  condition  of  the  United  States,  with  refer 
ence  to  their  future,  and  the  indispensable  precedents  to  it,  my 
point,  below  all  surfaces,  and  subsoiling  them,  is,  that  the  bases 
and  prerequisites  of  a  leading  nationality  are,  first,  at  all  haz 
ards,  freedom,  worldly  wealth  and  products  on  the  largest  and 
most  varied  scale,  common  education  and  intercommunication, 
and,  in  general,  the  passing  through  of  just  the  stages  and  crudi 
ties  we  have  passed  or  are  passing  through  in  the  United  States. 
Then,  perhaps,  as  weightiest  factor  of  the  whole  business,  and 
of  the  main  outgrowths  of  the  future,  it  remains  to  be  definitely 
avow'd  that  the  native-born  middle-class  population  of  quite  all 
the  United  States — the  average  of  farmers  and  mechanics  every- 
. where — the  real,  though  latent  and  silent  bulk  of  America,  city 
or  country,  presents  a  magnificent  mass  of  material,  never  before 
equaled  on  earth.  It  is  this  material,  quite  unexpress'd  by  lite 
rature  or  art,  that  in  every  respect  insures  the  future  of  the  repub- 

justed  to  move  in  harmonious  relations  with  the  general  laws.of  Nature,  and 
especially  with  the  moral  law,  the  deepest  and  highest  of  all,  and  the  last 
vitality  of  man  or  state — so  the  United  States  may  only  become  the  greatest 
and  the  most  continuous,  by  understanding  well  their  harmonious  relations 
with  entire  humanity  and  history,  and  all  their  laws  and  progress,  sublimed 
with  the  creative  thought  of  Deity,  through  all  time,  past,  present,  and  future. 
Thus  will  they  expand  to  the  amplitude  of  their  destiny,  and  become  illustra 
tions  and  culminating  parts  of  the  cosmos,  and  of  civilization. 

No  more  considering  the  States  as  an  incident,  or  series  of  incidents,  how 
ever  vast,  coming  accidentally  along  the  path  of  time,  and  shaped  by  casual 
emergencies  as  they  happen  to  arise,  and  the  mere  result  of  modern  improve 
ments,  vulgar  and  lucky,  ahead  of  other  nations  and  times,  I  would  finally 
plant,  as  seeds,  these  thoughts  or  speculations  in  the  growth  of  our  republic — 
that  it  is  the  delilierate  culmination  and  result  of  all  the  past — that  here,  too, 
as  in  all  departments  of  the  universe,  regular  laws  (slow  and  sure  in  planting, 
slow  and  sure  in  ripening)  have  controll'd  and  govern'd,  and  will  yet  control 
and  govern  ;  and  that  those  laws  can  no  more  lie  baffled  or  steer'd  clear  of,  or 
vitiated,  by  chance,  or  any  fortune  or  opposition,  than  the  laws  of  winter  and 
summer,  or  darkness  and  light. 

The  summing  up  of  the  tremendous  moral  and  military  perturbations  of 
1861-5,  and  their  results — and  indeed  of  the  entire  hundred  years  of  the  past 
of  our  national  experiment,  from  its  inchoate  movement  down  to  the  present 
day  (1780-1881) — is,  that  they  all  now  launch  the  United  States  fairly  forth, 
consistently  with  the  entirety  of  civilization  and  humanity,  and  in  main  sort 
the  representative  of  them,  leading  the  van,  leading  the  fleet  of  the  modern 
and  democratic,  on  the  seas  and  voyages  of  the  future. 

And  the  real  history  of  the  United  States — starting  from  that  great  convul 
sive  struggle  for  unity,  the  secession  war,  triumphantly  concluded,  and  the 
South  victorious  after  all — ;s  only  to  be  written  at  the  remove  of  hundreds, 
perhaps  a  thousand,  years  hence. 


POETR  Y  TO- DA  Y  IN  AMERICA,  &c.  301 

lie.  During  the  Secession  War  I  was  with  the  armies,  and  saw 
the  rank  and  file,  North  and  South,  and  studied  them  for  four 
years.  I  have  never  had  the  least  doubt  about  the  country  in  its 
essential  future  since. 

Meantime,  we  can  (perhaps)  do  no  better  than  to  saturate  our 
selves  with,  and  continue  to  give  imitations,  yet  awhile,  of  the 
aesthetic  models,  supplies,  of  that  past  and  of  those  lands  we 
spring  from.  Those  wondrous  stores,  reminiscences,  floods,  cur 
rents  !  Let  them  flow  on,  flow  hither  freely.  And  let  the  sources 
be  enlarged,  to  include  not  only  the  works  of  British  origin,  as 
now,  but  stately  and  devout  Spain,  courteous  France,  profound 
Germany,  the  manly  Scandinavian  lands,  Italy's  art  race,  and 
always  the  mystic  Orient.  Remembering  that  at  present,  and 
doubtless  long  ahead,  a  certain  humility  would  well  become  us. 
The  course  through  time  of  highest  civilization,  does  it  not  wait 
the  first  glimpse  of  our  contribution  to  its  cosmic  train  of  poems, 
bibles,  first-class  structures,  perpetuities — Egypt  and  Palestine 
and  India — Greece  and  Rome  and  mediaeval  Europe — and  so  on 
ward  ?  The  shadowy  procession  is  not  a  meagre  one,  and  the 
standard  not  a  low  one.  All  that  is  mighty  in  our  kind  seems  to 
have  already  trod  the  road.  Ah,  never  may  America  forget  her 
thanks  and  reverence  for  samples,  treasures  such  as  these — that 
other  life-blood,  inspiration,  sunshine,  hourly  in  use  to-day,  all 
days,  forever,  through  her  broad  demesne  ! 

All  serves  our  New  World  progress,  even  the  bafflers,  head 
winds,  cross-tides.  Through  'many  perturbations  and  squalls, 
and  much  backing  and  filling,  the  ship,  upon  the  whole,  makes 
unmistakably  for  her  destination.  Shakspere  has  served,  and 
serves,  may-be,  the  best  of  any. 

For  conclusion,  a  passing  thought,  a  contrast,  of  him  who,  in 
my  opinion,  continues  and  stands  for  the  Shaksperean  cultus  at 
the  present  day  among  all  English-writing  peoples — of  Tenny 
son,  his  poetry.  I  find  it  impossible,  as  I  taste  the  sweetness  of 
those  lines,  to  escape  the  flavor,  the  conviction,  the  lush-ripening 
culmination,  and  last  honey  of  decay  (I  dare  not  call  it  rotten 
ness)  of  that  feudalism  which  the  mighty  English  dramatist 
painted  in  all  the  splendors  of  its  noon  and  afternoon.  And  how 
they  arj  chanted— both  poets  !  Happy  those  kings  and  nobles 
to.  be  so  sung,  so  told  !  To  run  their  course — to  get  their  deeds 
and  shapes  in  lasting  pigments — the  very  pomp  and  dazzle  of  the 
sunset ! 

Meanwhile,  democracy  waits  the  coming  of  its  bards  in  silence 
and  in  twilight — but  'tis  -the  twilight  of  the  dawn. 


302 


COLLECT. 


A  MEMORANDUM  AT  A  VENTURE. 


"  All  is  proper  to  be  express'd,  provided  our  aim  is  only  high  enough." 
—J.  F.  Millet. 

"  The  candor  of  science  is  the  glory  of  the  modern.  It  does  not  hide  and 
repress ;  it  confronts,  turns  on  the  light.  It  alone  has  perfect  faith — faith  not 
in  a  part  only,  but  all.  Does  it  not  undermine  the  old  religious  standards? 
Yes,  in  God's  truth,  by  excluding  the  devil  from  the  theory  of  the  universe — 
by  showing  that  evil  is  not  a  law  in  itself,  but  a  sickness,  a  perversion  of  the 
good,  and  the  other  side  of  the  good — that  in  fact  all  of  humanity,  and  of 
everything,  is  divine  in  its  bases,  its  eligibilities." 

SHALL  the  mention  of  such  topics  as  I  have  briefly  but  plainly 
and  resolutely  broach'd  in  the  "Children  of  Adam"  section  of 
"  Leaves  of  Grass  "  be  admitted  in  poetry  and  literature?  Ought 
not  the  innovation  to  be  put  down  by  opinion  and  criticism?  and, 
if  those  fail,  by  the  District  Attorney?  True,  I  could  not  con 
struct  a  poem  which  declaredly  took,  as  never  before,  the  com 
plete  human  identity,  physical,  moral,  emotional,  and  intellec 
tual,  (giving  precedence  and  compass  in  a  certain  sense  to  the 
first,)  nor  fulfil  that  bona  fide  candor  and  entirety  of  treatment 
which  was  a  part  of  my  purpose,  without  comprehending  this 
section  also.  But  I  would  entrench  myself  more  deeply  and 
widely  than  that.  And  while  I  do  not  ask  any  man  to  indorse 
my  theory,  I  confess  myself  anxious  that  what  I  sought  to  write 
and  express,  and  the  ground  I  built  on,  shall  be  at  least  partially 
understood,  from  its  own  platform.  The  best  way  seems  to  me 
to  confront  the  question  with  entire  frankness. 

There  are,  generally  speaking,  two  points  of  view,  two  condi 
tions  of  the  world's  attitude  toward  these  matters ;  the  first,  the 
conventional  one  of  good  folks  and  good  print  everywhere,  re 
pressing  any  direct  statement  of  them,  and  making  allusions  only 
at  second  or  third  hand — (as  the  Greeks  did  of  death,  which,  in 
Hellenic  social  culture,  was  not  mention'd  point-blank,  but  by 
euphemisms.)  In  the  civilization  of  to-day,  this  condition — 
without  stopping  to  elaborate  the  arguments  and  facts,  which  are 
many  and  varied  and  perplexing — has  led  to  states  of  ignorance, 
repressal,  and  cover'd  over  disease  and  depletion,  forming  cer 
tainly  a  main  factor  in  the  world's  woe.  A  non-scientific,  non- 
aesthetic,  and  eminently  non-religious  condition,  bequeath'd  to 
us  from  the  past,  (its  origins  diverse,  one  of  them  the  far-back 
lessons  of  benevolent  and  wise  men  to  restrain  the  prevalent 
coarseness  and  animality  of  the  tribal  ages — with  Puritanism,  or 
perhaps  Protestantism  itself  for  another,  and  still  another  speci 
fied  in  the  latter  part  of  this  memorandum) — to  it  is  probably 
due  most  of  the  ill  births,  inefficient  maturity,  snickering  pruri- 


A  MEMORANDUM  AT  A   VENTURE. 


3°3 


ency,  and  of  that  human  pathologic  evil  and  morbidity  which  is, 
in  my  opinion,  the  keel  and  reason- why  of  every  evil  and  mor 
bidity.  Its  scent,  as  of  something  sneaking,  furtive,  mephitic, 
seems  to  lingeringly  pervade  all  modern  literature,  conversation, 
and  manners. 

The  second  point  of  view,  and  by  far  the  largest — as  the  world 
in  working-day  dress  vastly  exceeds  the  world  in  parlor  toilette — 
is  the  one  of  common  life,  from  the  oldest  times  down,  and  espe 
cially  in  England,  (see  the  earlier  chapters  of  "Taine's  English 
Literature,"  and  see  Shakspere  almost  anywhere,)  and  which  our 
age  to-day  inherits  from  riant  stock,  in  the  wit,  or  what  passes 
for  wit,  of  masculine  circles,  and  in  erotic  stories  and  talk,  to 
excite,  express,  and  dwell  on,  that  merely  sensual  voluptuousness 
which,  according  to  Victor  Hugo,  is  the  most  universal  trait  of 
all  ages,  all  lands.  This  second  condition,  however  bad,  isat  any 
rate  like  a  disease  which  comes  to  the  surface,  and  therefore  less 
dangerous  than  a  conceal'd  one. 

The  time  seems  to  me  to  have  arrived,  and  America  to-be  the 
place,  for  a  new  departure — a  third  point  of  view.  The  same 
freedom  and  faith  and  earnestness  which,  after  centuries  of  denial, 
struggle,  repression,  and  martyrdom,  the  present  day  brings  to 
the  treatment  of  politics  and  religion,  must  work  out  a  plan  and 
standard  on  this  subject,  not  so  much  for  what  is  call'd  society, 
as  for  thoughtfulest  men  and  women,  and  thoughtfulest  litera 
ture.  The  same  spirit  that  marks  the  physiological  author  and 
demonstrator  on  these  topics  in  his  important  field,  I  have  thought 
necessary  to  be  exemplified,  for  once,  in  another  certainly  not 
less  important  field. 

In  the  present  memorandum  I  only  venture  to  indicate  that 
plan  and  view — decided  upon  more  than  twenty  years  ago,  for 
my  own  literary  action,  and  formulated  tangibly  in  my  printed 
poems — (as  Bacon  says  an  abstract  thought  or  theory  is  of  no 
moment  unless  it  leads  to  a  deed  or  work  done,  exemplifying  it 
in  the  concrete) — that  the  sexual  passion  in  itself,  while  normal 
and  unperverted,  is  inherently  legitimate,  creditable,  not  neces 
sarily  an  improper  theme  for  poet,  as  confessedly  not  for  scien 
tist — that,  with  reference  to  the  whole  construction,  organism, 
and  intentions  of  "  Leaves  of  Grass,"  anything  short  of  confront 
ing  that  theme,  and  making  myself  clear  upon  it,  as  the  enclosing 
basis  of  everything,  (as  the  sanity  of  everything  was  to  be  the 
atmosphere  of  the  poems,)  I  should  beg  the  question  in  its  most 
momentous  aspect,  and  the  superstructure  that  follow'd,  preten- 
sive  as  it  might  assume  to  be,  would  all  rest  on  a  poor  founda 
tion,  or  no  foundation  at  all.  In  short,  as  the  assumption  of  the 
sanity  of  birth,  Nature  and  humanity,  is  the  key  to  any  true 


304  COLLECT. 

theory  of  life  and  the  universe — at  any  rate,  the  only  theory  out 
of  which  I  wrote — it  is,  and  must  inevitably  be,  the  only  key  to 
"  Leaves  of  Grass,"  and  every  part  of  it.  That,  (and  not  a  vain 
consistency  or  weak  pride,  as  a  late  "Springfield  Republican" 
charges,)  is  the  reason  that  I  have  stood  out  for  these  particular 
verses  uncompromisingly  for  over  twenty  years,  and  maintain 
them  to  this  day.  That  is  what  I  felt  in  my  inmost  brain  and 
heart,  when  I  only  answer'd  Emerson's  vehement  arguments  with 
silence,  under  the  old  elms  of  Boston  Common. 

Indeed,  might  not  every  physiologist  and  every  good  physician 
pray  for  the  redeeming  of  this  subject  from  its  hitherto  relega 
tion  to  the  tongues  and  pens  of  blackguards,  and  boldly  putting 
it  for  once  at  least,  if  no  more,  in  the  demesne  of  poetry  and 
sanity — as  something  not  in  itself  gross  or  impure,  but  entirely 
consistent  with  highest  manhood  and  womanhood,  and  indispen 
sable  to  both  ?  Might  not  only  every  wife  and  every  mother — 
not  only  every  babe  that  comes  into  the  world,  if  that  were  pos 
sible — not  only  all  marriage,  the  foundation  and  sine  qua  non  of 
the  civilized  state — bless  and  thank  the  showing,  or  taking  for 
granted,  that  motherhood,  fatherhood,  sexuality,  and  all  that  be 
longs  to  them,  can  be  asserted,  where  it  comes  to  question,  openly, 
joyously,  proudly,  "without  shame  or  the  need  of  shame,"  from 
the  highest  artistic  and  human  considerations — but,  with  rever 
ence  be  it  written,  on  such  attempt  to  justify  the  base  and  start 
of  the  whole  divine  scheme  in  humanity,  might  not  the  Creative 
Power  itself  deign  a  smile  of  approval  ? 

To  the  movement  for  the  eligibility  and  entrance  of  women 
amid  new  spheres  of  business,  politics,  and  the  suffrage,  the  cur 
rent  prurient,  conventional  treatment  of  sex  is  the  main  formida 
ble  obstacle.  The  rising  tide  of  "woman's  rights,"  swelling 
and  every  year  advancing  farther  and  farther,  recoils  from  it  with 
dismay.  There  will  in  my  opinion  be  no  general  progress  in  such 
eligibility  till  a  sensible,  philosophic,  democratic  method  is  sub 
stituted. 

The  whole  question — which  strikes  far,  very  far  deeper  than 
most  people  have  supposed,  (and  doubtless,  too,  something  is  to 
be  said  on  all  sides,)  is  peculiarly  an  important  one  in  art — is 
first  an  ethic,  and  then  still  more  an  aesthetic  one.  I  condense 
from  a  paper  read  not  long  since  at  Cheltenham,  England,  before 
the  "Social  Science  Congress,"  to  the  Art  Department,  by  P. H. 
Rathbone  of  Liverpool,  on  the  "  Undraped  Figure  in  Art,"  and 
the  discussion  that  follow'd  : 

"  When  coward  Europe  suffer'd  the  unclean  Turk  to  soil  the  sacred  shores 
of  Greece  by  his  polluting  presence,  civilization  and  morality  receiv'd  a  blow 
from  which  they  have  never  entirely  recover'd,  and  the  trail  of  the  serpent  has 


A  MEMORANDUM  AT  A    VENTURE. 


305 


been  over  European  art  and  European  society  ever  since.  The  Turk  regarded 
and  regards  women  as  animals  without  soul,  toys  to  be  play'd  with  or  broken 
at  pleasure,  and  to  be  hidden,  partly  from  shame,  but  chiefly  for  the  purpose 
of  stimulating  exhausted  passion.  Such  is  the  unholy  origin  of  the  objection 
to  the  nude  as  a  fit  subject  for  art ;  it  is  purely  Asiatic,  and  though  not  intro 
duced  for  the  first  time  in  the  fifteenth  century,  is  yet  to  be  traced  to  the 
source  of  all  impurity — the  East.  Although  the  source  of  the  prejudice  is 
thoroughly  unhealthy  and  impure,  yet  it  is  now  shared  by  many  pure-minded 
and  honest,  if  somewhat  uneducated,  people.  But  I  am  prepared  to  maintain 
that  it  is  necessary  for  the  future  of  English  art  and  of  English  morality  that 
the  right  of  the  nude  to  a  place  in  our  galleries  should  be  boiclly  asserted;  it 
must,  however,  be  the  nude  as  represented  by  thoroughly  trained  artists,  and 
with  a  pure  and  noble  ethic  purpose.  The  human  form,  male  and  female,  is 
the  type  and  standard  of  all  beauty  of  form  and  proportion,  and  it  is  necessary 
to  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  it  in  order  safely  to  judge  of  all  beauty  which 
consists  of  form  and  proportion.  To  women  it  is  most  necessary  that  they 
should  become  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  knowledge  of  the. ideal  female 
form,  in  order  that  they  should  recognize  the  perfection  of  it  at  once,  and 
without  effort,  and  so  far  as  possible  avoid  deviations  from  the  ideal.  Had 
this  been  the  case  in  times  past,  we  should  not  have  had  to  deplore  the  dis 
tortions  effected  by  tight-lacing,  which  destroy'd  the  figure  and  ruin'd  the 
health  of  so  many  of  the  last  generation.  Nor  should  we  have  had  the  scan 
dalous  dresses  alike  of  society  and  the  stage.  The  extreme  development  of 
the  low  dresses  which  obtain'd  some  years  ago,  when  the  stays  crush'd  up  the 
breasts  into  suggestive  prominence,  would  surely  have  been  check'd,  had  the 
eye  of  the  public  been  properly  educated  by  familiarity  with  the  exquisite 
beauty  of  line  of  a  well-shaped  bust.  I  might  show  how  thorough  acquaint 
ance  with  the  ideal  nude  foot  would  probably  have  much  modified  the  foot- 
torturing  boots  and  high  heels,  which  wring  the  foot  out  of  all  beauty  of  line, 
and  throw  the  body  forward  into  an  awkward  and  ungainly  attitude. 

"  It  is  argued  that  the  effect  of  nude  representation  of  women  upon  young 
men  is  unwholesome,  but  it  would  not  be  so  if  such  works  were  admitted  with 
out  question  into  our  galleries,  and  became  thoroughly  familiar  to  them.  On 
the  contrary,  it  would  do  much  to  clear  away  from  healthy-hearted  lads  one  of 
their  sorest  trials — that  prurient  curiosity  which  is  bred  of  prudish  conceal 
ment.  Where  there  is  mystery  there  is  the  suggestion  of  evil,  and  to  go  to 
a  theatre,  where  you  have  only  to  look  at  the  stalls  to  see  one-half  of  the  fe 
male  form,  and  to  the  stage  to  see  the  other  half  undraped,  is  far  more  preg 
nant  with  evil  imaginings  than  the  most  objectionable  of  totally  undraped 
figures.  In  French  art  there  'have  been  questionable  nude  figures  exhibited; 
but  the  fault  was  not  that  they  were  nude,  but  that  they  were  the  portraits  of 
ugly  immodest  women." 

Some  discussion  follow'd.  There  was  a  general  concurrence  in  the  principle 
contended  for  by  the  reader  of  the  paper.  Sir  Walter  Stirling  maintain'd  that 
the  perfect  male  figure,  rather  than  the  female,  was  the  model  of  beauty.  After 
a  few  remarks  from  Rev.  Mr.  Roberts  and  Colonel  Oldfield,  the  Chairman  re 
gretted  that  no  opponent  of  nude  figures  had  taken  part  in  the  discussion.  He 
agreed  with  Sir  Walter  Stirling  as  to  the  male  figure  being  the  most  perfect 
model  of  proportion.  He  join'd  in  defending  the  exhibition  of  nude  figures, 
but  thought  considerable  supervision  should  be  exercised  over  such  exhibi 
tions. 

No,  it  is  not  the  picture  or  nude  statue  or  text,  with  clear  aim, 
that  is  indecent ;  it  is  the  beholder's  own  thought,  inference,  dis- 

26 


306  COLLECT. 

torted  construction.  True  modesty  is  one  of  the  most  precious 
of  attributes,  even  virtues,  but  in  nothing  is  there  more  pretense, 
more  falsity,  than  the  needless  assumption  of  it.  Through  pre 
cept  and  consciousness,  man  has  long  enough  realized  how  bad 
he  is.  I  would  not  so  much  disturb  or  demolish  that  conviction, 
only  to  resume  and  keep  unerringly  with  it  the  spinal  meaning 
of  the  Scriptural  text,  God  overlook? d  all  that  He  had  made,  (in 
cluding  the  apex  of  the  whole — humanity — with  its  elements, 
passions,  appetites,)  and  behold,  it  was  very  good. 

Does  not  anything  short  of  that  third  point  of  view,  when 
you  come  to  think  of  it  profoundly  and  with  amplitude,  impugn 
Creation  from  the  outset?  In  fact,  however  overlaid,  or  unaware 
of  itself,  does  not  the  conviction  involv'd  in  it  perennially  ex 
ist  at  the  centre  of  all  society,  and  of  the  sexes,  and  of  marriage? 
Is  it  not  really  an  intuition  of  the  human  race?  For,  old  as  the 
world  is,  and  beyond  statement  as  are  the  countless  and  splendid 
results  of  its  culture  and  evolution,  perhaps  the  best  and  earliest 
and  purest  intuitions  of  the  human  race  have  yet  to  be  develop'd. 


DEATH  OF  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 

LECTURE  delivered  in  New  York,  April  ^4,  1879 — in  Philadephia,  '80 — in 

Boston,  '8 1. 

How  often  since  that  dark  and  dripping  Saturday — that  chilly 
April  day,  now  fifteen  years  bygone — my  heart  has  entertain'd 
the  dream,  the  wish,  to  give  of  Abraham  Lincoln's  death,  its  own 
special  thought  and  memorial.  Yet  now  the  sought-for  oppor 
tunity  offers,  I  find  my  notes  incompetent,  (why,  for  truly  pro 
found  themes,  is  statement  so  idle  ?  why  does  the  right  phrase 
never  offer?)  and  the  fit  tribute  I  dream'd  of,  waits  unprepared 
as  ever.  My  talk  here  indeed  is  less  because  of  itself  or  any 
thing  in  it,  and  nearly  altogether  because  I  feel  a  desire,  apart 
from  any  talk,  to  specify  the  day,  the  martyrdom.  It  is  for  this, 
my  friends,  I  have  call'd  you  together.  Oft  as  the  rolling  years 
bring  back  this  hour,  let  it  again,  however  briefly,  be  dwelt  upon. 
For  my  own  part,  I  hope  and  desire,  till  my  own  dying  day, 
whenever  the  i4th  or  i5th  of  April  comes,  to  annually  gather  a 
few  friends,  and  hold  its  tragic  reminiscence.  No  narrow  or 
sectional  reminiscence.  It  belongs  to  these  States  in  their  en 
tirety — not  the  North  only,  but  the  South — perhaps  belongs  most 
tenderly  and  devoutly  to  the  South,  of  all ;  for  there,  really, 
this  man's  birth  stock.  There  and  thence  his  antecedent  stamp. 


DEATH  OF  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 


3o7 


Why  should  I  not  say  that  thence  his  manliest  traits — his  univer 
sality — his  canny,  easy  ways  and  words  upon  the  surface — his  in 
flexible  determination  and  courage  at  heart  ?  Have  you  never 
realized  it,  my  friends,  that  Lincoln,  though  grafted  on  the  West, 
is  essentially,  in  personnel  and  character,  a  Southern  contribu 
tion? 

And  though  by  no  means  proposing  to  resume  the  Secession 
war  to-night,  I  would  briefly  remind  you  of  the  public  condi 
tions  preceding  that  contest.  For  twenty  years,  and  especially 
during  the  four  or  five  before  the  war  actually  began,  the  aspect 
of  affairs  in  the  United  States,  though  without  the  flash  of  mili 
tary  excitement,  presents  more  than  the  survey  of  a  battle,  or  any 
extended  campaign,  or  series,  even  of  Nature's  convulsions.  The 
hot  passions  of  the  South — the  strange  mixture  at  the  North  of 
inertia,  incredulity,  and  conscious  power — the  incendiarism  of 
the  abolitionists — the  rascality  and  grip  of  the  politicians,  unpar- 
allel'd  in  any  land,  any  age.  To  these  I  must  not  omit  adding 
the  honesty  of  the  essential  bulk  of  the  people  everywhere — yet 
with  all  the  seething  fury  and  contradiction  of  their  natures  more 
arous'd  than  the  Atlantic's  waves  in  wildest  equinox.  In  politics, 
what  can  be  more  ominous,  (though  generally  unappreciated 
then) — what  more  significant  than  the  Presidentiads  of  Fillmore 
and  Buchanan?  proving  conclusively  that  the  weakness  and 
wickedness  of  elected  rulers  are  just  as  likely  to  afflict  us  here, 
as  in  the  countries  of  the  Old  World,  under  their  monarchies, 
emperors,  and  aristocracies.  In  that  Old  World  were  everywhere 
heard  underground  rumblings,  that  died  out,  only  to  again  surely 
return.  While  in  America  the  volcano,  though  civic  yet,  con 
tinued  to  grow  more  and  more  convulsive — more  and  more 
stormy  and  threatening. 

In  the  height  of  all  this  excitement  and  chao^,  hovering  on  the 
edge  at  first,  and  then  merged  in  its  very  midst,  and  destined  to 
plz.y  a  leading  part,  appears  a  strange  and  awkward  figure.  I 
shall  not  easily  forget  the  first  time  I  ever  saw  Abraham  Lincoln. 
It  must  have  been  about  the  i8th  or  K^th  of  February,  1861.  It 
was  rather  a  pleasant  afternoon,  in  New  York  city,  as  he  arrived 
there  from  the  West,  to  remain  a  few  hours,  and  then  pass  on  to 
Washington,  to  prepare  for  his  inauguration.  I  saw  him  in 
Broadway,  near  the  site  of  the  present  Post-office.  He  came 
down,  I  think  from  Canal  street,  to  stop  at  the  Astor  House. 
The  broad  spaces,  sidewalks,  and  street  in  the  neighborhood,  and 
for  some  distance,  were  crowded  with  solid  masses  of  people, 
many  thousands.  The  omnibuses  and  other  vehicles  had  all  been 
turn'd  off,  leaving  an  unusual  hush  in  that  busy  part  of  the  city. 
Presently  two  or  three  shabby  hack  barouches  made  their  way 


308  COLLECT. 

with  some  difficulty  through  the  crowd,  and  drew  up  at  the  Astor 
House  entrance.  A  tall  figure  step'd  out  of  the  centre  of  these 
barouches,  paus'd  leisurely  on  the  sidewalk,  look'd  up  at  the 
granite  walls  and  looming  architecture  of  the  grand  old  hotel — 
then,  after  a  relieving  stretch  of  arms  and  legs,  turn'd  round  for 
over  a  minute  to  slowly  and  good-humoredly  scan  the  appearance 
of  the  vast  and  silent  crowds.  There  were  no  speeches — no 
compliments — no  welcome — as  far  as  I  could  hear,  not  a  word 
said.  Still  much  anxiety  was  conceal'd  in  that  quiet.  Cautious 
persons  had  fear'd  some  mark'd  insult  or  indignity  to  the  Presi 
dent-elect — for  he  possess'd  no  personal  popularity  at  all  in  New 
York  city,  and  very  little  political.  But  it  was  evidently  tacitly 
agreed  that  if  the  few  political  supporters  of  Mr.  Lincoln  present 
would  entirely  abstain  from  any  demonstration  on  their  side,  the 
immense  majority,  who  were  any  thing  but  supporters,  would 
abstain  on  their  side  also.  The  result  was  a  sulky,  unbroken 
silence,  such  as  certainly  never  before  characterized  so  great  a 
New  York  crowd. 

Almost  in  the  same  neighborhood  I  distinctly  remember'd 
seeing  Lafayette  on  his  visit  to  America  in  1825.  I  had  also  per 
sonally  seen  and  heard,  various  years  afterward,  how  Andrew 
Jackson,  Clay,  Webster,  Hungarian  Kossuth,  Filibuster  Walker, 
the  Prince  of  Wales  on  his  visit,  and  other  celebres,  native  and 
foreign,  had  been  welcom'd  there — all  that  indescribable  human 
roar  and  magnetism,  unlike  any  other  sound  in  the  universe — the 
glad  exulting  thunder-shouts  of  countless  unloos'd  throats  of 
men  !  But  on  this  occasion,  not  a  voice — not  a  sound.  From 
the  top  of  an  omnibus,  (driven  up  one  side,  close  by,  and  block'd 
by  the  curbstone  and  the  crowds,)  I  had,  I  say,  a  capital  view  of 
it  all,  and  especially  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  his  look  and  gait — his  per 
fect  composure  and  coolness — his  unusual  and  uncouth  height, 
his  dress  of  compfete  black,  stovepipe  hat  push'd  back  on  the 
head,  dark-brown  complexion,  seam'd  and  wrinkled  yet  canny- 
looking  face,  black,  bushy  head  of  hair,  disproportionately  long 
neck,  and  his  hands  held  behind  as  he  stood  observing  the  peo 
ple.  He  look'd  with  curiosity  upon  that  immense  sea  of  faces, 
and  the  sea  of  faces  return'd  the  look  with  similar  curiosity.  In 
both  there  was  a  dash  of  comedy,  almost  farce,  such  as  Shak- 
spere  puts  in  his  blackest  tragedies.  The  crowd  that  hemm'd 
around  consisted  I  should  think  of  thirty  to  forty  thousand  men, 
not  a  single  one  his  personal  friend — while  I  have  no  doubt,  (so 
frenzied  were  the  ferments  of  the  time,)  many  an  assassin's  knife 
and  pistol  lurk'd  in  hip  or  breast-pocket  there,  ready,  soon  as 
break  and  riot  came. 

But  no  break  or  riot  came.     The  tall  figure  gave  another  re- 


DEA  TH  OF  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 


3°9 


iieving  stretch  or  two  of  arms  and  legs ;  then  with  moderate  pace, 
and  accompanied  by  a  few  unknown  looking  persons,  ascended 
the  portico-steps  of  the  Astor  House,  disappear'd  through  its 
broad  entrance — and  the  dumb-show  ended. 

I  saw  Abraham  Lincoln  often  the  four  years  following  that 
date.  He  changed  rapidly  and  much  during  his  Presidency — 
but  this  scene,  and  him  in  it,  are  indelibly  stamped  upon  my 
recollection.  As  I  sat  on  the  top  of  my  omnibus,  and  had  a  good 
view  of  him,  the  thought,  dim  and  inchoate  then,  has  since  come 
out  clear  enough,  that  four  sorts  of  genius,  four  mighty  and 
primal  hands,  will  be  needed  to  the  complete  limning  of  this 
man's  future  portrait — the  eyes  and  brains  and  finger-touch  of 
Plutarch  and  Eschylus  and  Michel  Angelo,  assisted  by  Rabelais. 

And  now — (Mr.  Lincoln  passing  o.i  from  this  scene  to  Wash 
ington,  where  he  was  inaugurated,  amid  armed  cavalry,  and 
sharpshooters  at  every  point — the  first  instance  of  the  kind  in  our 
history — and  I  hop?  it  will  be  the  last) — now  the  rapid  succession 
of  well-known  events,  (too  well  known — I  believe,  these  days, 
we  almost  hate  to  hear  them  mention'd) — the  national  flag  fired 
on  at  Sumter — the  uprising  of  the  North,  in  paroxysms  of  as 
tonishment  and  rage — the  chaos  of  divided  councils — the  call  for 
troops — the  first  Bull  Run — the  stunning  cast-down,  shock,  and 
dismay  of  the  North — and  so  in  full  flood  the  Secession  war. 
Four  years  of  lurid,  bleeding,  murky,  murderous  war.  Who 
paint  those  years,  with  all  their  scenes? — the  hard-fought  engage 
ments — the  defeats,  plans,  failures — the  gloomy  hours,  days,  when 
our  Nationality  seem'd  hung  in  pall  of  doubt,  perhaps  death — 
the  Mephistophelean  sneers  of  foreign  lands  and  attaches — the 
dreaded  Scylla  of  European  interference,  and  the  Charybdis  of 
the  tremendously  dangerous  latent  strata  of  secession  sympa 
thizers  throughout  the  free  States,  (far  more  numerous  than  is 
supposed) — the  long  marches  in  summer — the  hot  sweat,  and 
many  a  sunstroke,  as  on  the  rush  to  Gettysburg  in  "63 — the  night 
battles  in  the  woods,  as  under  Hooker  at  Chancellorsville — the 
camps  in  winter — the  military  prisons — the  hospitals — (alas  !  alas ! 
the  hospitals.) 

The  Secession  war?  Nay,  let  me  call  it  the  Union  war. 
Though  whatever  call'd,  it  is  even  yet  too  near  us — too  vast  and 
too  closely  overshadowing — its  branches  unform'd  yet,  (but  cer 
tain,)  shooting  too  far  into  the  future — and  the  most  indicative 
and  mightiest  of  them  yet  ungrown.  A  great  literature  will  yet 
arise  out  of  the  era  of  those  four  years,  those  scenes — era  com 
pressing  centuries  of  native  passion,  first-class  pictures,  tempests 
of  life  and  death — an  inexhaustible  mine  for  the  histories,  drama, 
romance,  and  even  philosophy,  of  peoples  to  come — indeed  the 


3io 


COLLECT. 


verteber  of  poetry  and  art,  (of  personal  character  too,)  for  all 
future  America — far  more  grand,  in  my  opinion,  to  the  hands 
capable  of  it,  than  Homer's  siege  of  Troy,  or  the  French  wars 
to  Shakspere. 

But  I  must  leave  these  speculations,  and  come  to  the  theme  I 
have  assign'd  and  limited  myself  to.  Of  the  actual  murder  of 
President  Lincoln,  though  so  much  has  been  written,  probably 
the  facts  are  yet  very  indefinite  in  most  persons'  minds.  I  read 
from  my  memoranda,  written  at  the  time,  and  revised  frequently 
and  finally  since. 

The  day,  April  14,  1865,  seems  to  have  been  a  pleasant  one 
throughout  the  whole  land — the  moral  atmosphere  pleasant  too — 
the  long  storm,  so  dark,  so  fratricidal,  full  of  blood  and  doubt 
and  gloom,  over  and  ended  at  last  by  the  sun-rise  of  such  an  ab 
solute  National  victory,  and  utter  break-down  of  Secessionism — 
we  almost  doubted  our  own  senses  !  Lee  had  capitulated  beneath 
the  apple-tree  of  Appomattox.  The  other  armies,  the  flanges  of 
the  revolt,  swiftly  follow'd.  And  could  it  really  be,  then?  Out 
of  all  the  affairs  of  this  world  of  woe  and  failure  and  disorder, 
was  there  really  come  the  confirm'd,  unerring  sign  of  plan,  like 
a  shaft  of  pure  light — of  rightful  rule — of  God  ?  So  the  day,  as 
I  say,  was  propitious.  Early  herbage,  early  flowers,  were  out. 
(I  remember  where  I  was  stopping  at  the  time,  the  season  being 
advanced,  there  were  many  lilacs  in  full  bloom.  By  one  of  those 
caprices  that  enter  and  give  tinge  to  events  without  being  at  all 
a  part  of  them,  I  find  myself  always  reminded  of  the  great  tragedy 
of  that  day  by  the  sight  and  odor  of  these  blossoms.  It  never 
fails.) 

But  I  must  not  dwell  on  accessories.  The  deed  hastens.  The 
popular  afternoon  paper  of  Washington,  the  little  "  Evening 
Star,"  had  spatter'd  all  over  its  third  page,  divided  among  the 
advertisements  in  a  sensational  manner,  in  a  hundred  different 
places,  The  President  and  his  Lady  will  be  at  the  Theatre  this 
evening.  .  .  .  (Lincoln  was  fond  of  the  theatre.  I  have  myself 
seen  him  there  several  times.  I  remember  thinking  how  funny 
it  was  that  he,  in  some  respects  the  leading  actor  in  the  stormiest 
drama  known  to  real  history's  stage  through  centuries,  should 
sit  there  and  be  so  completely  interested  and  absorb'd  in  those 
human  jack-straws,  moving  about  with  their  silly  little  gestures, 
foreign  spirit,  and  flatulent  text.) 

On  this  occasion  the  theatre  was  crowded,  many  ladies  in  rich 
and  gay  costumes,  officers  in  their  uniforms,  many  well-known 
citizens,  young  folks,  the  usual  clusters  of  gas-lights,  the  usual 
magnetism  of  so  many  people,  cheerful,  with  perfumes,  music  of 
violins  and  flutes — (and  over  all,  and  saturating  all,  that  vast, 


DEAJH  OF  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN.  3II 

vague  wonder,  Victory,  the  nation's  victory,  the  triumph  of  the 
Union,  filling  the  air,  the  thought,  the  sense,  with  exhilaration 
more  than  all  music  and  perfumes.) 

The  President  came  betimes,  and,  with  his  wife,  witness'd  the 
play  from  the  large  stage-boxes  of  the  second  tier,  two  thrown 
into  one,  and  profusely  draped  with  the  national  flag.  The  acts 
and  scenes  of  the  piece — one  of  those  singularly  written  compo 
sitions  which  have  at  least  the  merit  of  giving  entire  relief  to  an 
audience  engaged  in  mental  action  or  business  excitements  and 
cares  during  the  day,  as  it  makes  not  the  slightest  ca'll  on  either 
the  moral,  emotional,  esthetic,  or  spiritual  nature — a  piece, 
("Our  American  Cousin,")  in  which,  among  other  characters,  so 
call'd,  a  Yankee,  certainly  such  a  one  as  was  never  seen,  or  the 
least  like  it  ever  seen,  in  North  America,  is  introduced  in  Eng 
land,  with  a  varied  fol-de-rol  of  talk,  plot,  scenery,  and  such 
phantasmagoria  as  goes  to  make  up  a  modern  popular  drama — 
had  progress'd  through  perhaps  a  couple  of  its  acts,  when  in  the 
midst  of  this  comedy,  or  non-such,  or  whatever  it  is  to  be  call'd, 
and  to  offset  it,  or  finish  it  out,  as  if  in  Nature's  and  the  great 
Muse's  mockery  of  those  poor  mimes,  came  interpolated  that 
scene,  not  really  or  exactly  to  be  described  at  all,  (for  on  the 
many  hundreds  who  were  there  it  seems  to  this  hour  to  have  left 
a  passing  blur,  a  dream,  a  blotch) — and  yet  partially  to  be  de 
scribed  as  I  now  proceed  to  give  it.  There  is  a  scene  in  the 
play  representing  a  modern  parlor,  in  which  two  unprecedented 
English  ladies  are  inform'd  by  the  impossible  Yankee  that  he  is 
not  a  man  of  fortune,  and  therefore  undesirable  for  marriage- 
catching  purposes;  after  which,  the  comments  being  finish'd,  the 
dramatic  trio  make  exit,  leaving  the  stage  clear  for  a  moment. 
At  this  period  came  the  murder  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  Great  as 
all  its  manifold  train,. circling  round  it,  and  stretching  into  the 
future  for  many  a  century,  in  the  politics,  history,  art,  &c.,  of 
the  New  World,  in  point  of  fact  the  main  thing,  the  actual  mur 
der,  transpired  with  the  quiet  and  simplicity  of  any  commonest 
occurrence — the  bursting  of  a  bud  or  pod  in  the  growth  of  vege 
tation,  for  instance.  Through  the  general  hum  following  the 
stage  pause,  with  the  change  of  positions,  came  the  muffled 
sound  of  a  pistol-shot,  which  not  one-hundredth  part  of  the  au 
dience  heard  at  the  time — and  yet  a  moment's  hush — somehow, 
surely,  a  vague  startled  thrill — and  then,  through  the  ornamented, 
draperied,  starr'd  and  striped  space-way  of  the  President's  box, 
a  sudden  figure,  a  man,  raises  himself  with  hands  and  feet,  stands 
a  moment  on  the  railing,  leaps  below  to  the  stage,  (a  distance  of 
perhaps  fourteen  or  fifteen  feet,)  falls  out  of  position,  catching 
his  boot-heel  in  the  copious  drapery,  (the  American  flag,)  falls 


3I2 


COLLECT. 


on  one  knee,  quickly  recovers  himself,  rises  as  if  nothing  had 
happen'd,  (he  really  sprains  his  ankle,  but  unfelt  then) — and  so 
the  figure,  Booth,  the  murderer,  dress'd  in  plain  black  broadcloth, 
bare-headed,  with  full,  glossy,  raven  hair,  and  his  eyes  like  some 
mad  animal's  flashing  with  light  and  resolution,  yet  with  a  certain 
strange  calmness,  holds  aloft  in  one  hand  a  large  knife — walks 
along  not  much  back  from  the  footlights — turns  fully  toward  the 
audience  his  face  of  statuesque  beauty,  lit  by  those  basilisk  eyes, 
flashing  with  desperation,  perhaps  insanity — launches  out  in  a 
firm  and  steady  voice  the  words  Sic  semper  tyrannis — and  then 
walks  with  neither  slow  nor  very  rapid  pace  diagonally  across  to 
the  back  of  the  stage,  and  disappears.  (Had  not  all  this  terrible 
scene — making  the  mimic  ones  preposterous — had  it  not  ail  been 
rehears'd,  in  blank,  by  Booth,  beforehand?) 

A  moment's  hush — a  scream — the  cry  of  murdei — Mrs.  Lincoln 
leaning  out  of  the  box,  with  ashy  cheeks  and  lips,  with  involun 
tary  cry,  pointing  to  the  retreating  figure,  He  has  kilF d the  Presi 
dent.  And  still  a  moment's  strange,  incredulous  suspense — and 
then  the  deluge  ! — then  that  mixture  of  horror,  noises,  uncertainty 
— (the  sound,  somewhere  back,  of  a  horse's  hoofs  clattering  with 
speed) — the  people  burst  through  chairs  and  railings,  and  break 
them  up — there  is  inextricable  confusion  and  terror — women 
faint — quite  feeble  persons  fall,  and  are  trampled  on — many  cries 
of  agony  are  heard — the  broad  stage  suddenly  fills  to  suffocation 
with  a  dense  and  motley  crowd,  like  some  horrible  carnival — the 
audience  rush  generally  upon  it,  at  least  the  strong  men  do — the 
actors  and  actresses  are  all  there  in  their  play-costumes  and  painted 
faces,  with  mortal  fright  showing  through  the  rouge — the  screams 
and  calls,  confused  talk — redoubled,  trebled — two  or  three  man 
age  to  pass  up  water  from  the  stage  to  the  President's  box — others 
try  to  clamber  up — &c.,  &c. 

In  the  midst  of  all  this,  the  soldiers  of  the  President's  guard, 
with  others,  suddenly  drawn  to  the  scene,  burst  in — (some  two 
hundred  altogether) — they  storm  the  house,  through  all  the  tiers, 
especially  the  upper  ones,  inflamed  with  fury,  literally  charging 
the  audience  with  fix'd  bayonets,  muskets  and  pistols,  shouting 

Clear  out!  clear  out !  you  sons  of Such  the  wild 

scene,  or  a  suggestion  of  it  rather,  inside  the  play-house  that 
night. 

Outside,  too,  in  the  atmosphere  of  shock  and  craze,  crowds  of 
people,  fill'd  with  frenzy,  ready  to  seize  any  outlet  for  it,  come 
near  committing  murder  several  times  on  innocent  individuals. 
One  such  case  was  especially  exciting.  The  infuriated  crowd, 
through  some  chance,  gof-started  against  one  man,  either  for 
words  he  utter' d,  or  perhaps  without  any  cause  at  all,  and  were 


DEATH  OF  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN', 


3'3 


proceeding  at  once  to  actually  hang  him  on  a  neighboring  lamp 
post,  when  he  was  rescued  by  a  few  heroic  policemen,  who  placed 
him  in  their  midst,  and  fought  their  way  slowly  and  amid  great 
peril  toward  the  station  house.  It  was  a  fitting  episode  of  the 
whole  affair.  The  crowd  rushing  and  eddying  to  and  fro — the 
night,  the  yells,  the  pale  faces,  many  frighten'd  people  trying  in 
vain  to  extricate  themselves — the  attack'd  man,  not  yet  freed 
from  the  jaws  of  death,  looking  like  a  corpse — the  silent,  resolute, 
half-dozen  policemen,  with  no  weapons  but  their  little  clubs,  yet 
stern  and  steady  through  all  those  eddying  swarms — made  a  fit 
ting  side-scene  to  the  grand  tragedy  of  the  murder.  They  gain'd 
the  station  house  with  the  protected  man,  whom  they  placed  in 
security  for  the  night,  and  discharged  him  in  the  morning. 

And  in  the  midst  of  that  pandemonium,  infuriated  soldiers, 
the  audience  and  the  crowd,  the  stage,  and  all  its  actors  and  ac 
tresses,  its  paint-pots,  spangles,  and  gas-lights — the  life  blood 
from  those  veins,  the  best  and  sweetest  of  the  land,  drips  slowly 
down,  and  death's  ooze  already  begins  its  little  bubbles  on  the 
lips. 

Thus  the  visible  incidents  and  surroundings  of  Abraham  Lin 
coln's  murder,  as  they  really  occur'd.  Thus  ended  the  attempted 
secession  of  these  States ;  thus  the  four  years'  war.  But  the 
main  things  come  subtly  and  invisibly  afterward,  perhaps  long 
afterward — neither  military,  political,  nor  (great  as  those  are,) 
historical.  I  say,  certain  secondary  and  indirect  results,  out  of 
the  tragedy  of  this  death,  are,  in  my  opinion,  greatest.  Not  the 
event  of  the  murder  itself.  Not  that  Mr.  Lincoln  strings  the 
principal  points  and  personages  of  the  period,  like  beads,  upon 
the  single  string  of  his  career.  Not  that  his  idiosyncrasy,  in  its 
sudden  appearance  and  disappearance,  stamps  this  Republic  with 
a  stamp  more  mark'd  and  enduring  than  any  yet  given  by  any 
one  man — (more  even  than  Washington's;) — but,  join'd  with 
these,  the  immeasurable  value  and  meaning  of  that  whole  tragedy 
lies,  to  me,  in  senses  finally  dearest  to  a  nation,  (and  here  all 
our  own) — the  imaginative  and  artistic  senses — the  literary 
and  dramatic  ones.  Not  in  any  common  or  low  meaning  of 
those  terms,  but  a  meaning  precious  to  the  race,  and  to  every 
age.  A  long  and  varied  series  of  contradictory  events  arrives  at 
last  at  its  highest  poetic,  single,  central,  pictorial  denouement. 
The  whole  involved,  baffling,  multiform  whirl  of  the  secession 
period  comes  to  a  head,  and  is  gather'd  in  one  brief  flash  of  light 
ning-illumination — one  simple,  fierce  deed.  Its  sharp  culmi 
nation,  and  as  it  were  solution,  of  so  many  bloody  and  angry 
problems,  illustrates  those  climax-ndPments  on  the  stage  of  uni 
versal  Time,  where  the  historic  Muse  at  one  entrance,  and  the 

27 


314  COLLECT. 

tragic  Muse  at  the  other,  suddenly  ringing  down  the  curtain, 
close  an  immense  act  in  the  long  drama  of  creative  thought,  and 
give  it  radiation,  tableau,  stranger  than  fiction.  Fit  radiation — 
fit  close !  How  the  imagination — how  the  student  loves  these 
things !  America,  too,  is  to  have  them.  For  not  in  all  great 
deaths,  nor  far  or  near — not  Csesar  in  the  Roman  senate-house, 
or  Napoleon  passing  away  in  the  wild  night-storm  at  St.  Helena 
— not  Paleologus,  falling,  desperately  fighting,  piled  over  dozens 
deep  with  Grecian  corpses — not  calm  old  Socrates,  drinking  the 
hemlock — outvies  that  terminus  of  the  secession  war,  in  one 
man's  life,  here  in  our  midst,  in  our  own  time — that  seal  of  the 
emancipation  of  three  million  slaves — that  parturition  and  de 
livery  of  our  at  last  really  free  Republic,  born  again,  henceforth 
to  commence  its  career  of  genuine  homogeneous  Union,  com 
pact,  consistent  with  itself. 

Nor  will  ever  future  American  Patriots  and  Unionists,  indif 
ferently  over  the  whole  land,  or  North  or  South,  find  a  better 
moral  to  their  lesson.  The  final  use  of  the  greatest  men  of  a 
Nation  is,  after  all,  not  with  reference  to  their  deeds  in  them 
selves,  or  their  direct  bearing  on  their  times  or  lands.  The  final 
use  of  a  heroic-eminent  life — especially  of  a  heroic-eminent 
death — is  its  indirect  filtering  into  the  nation  and  the  race,  and 
to  give,  often  at  many  removes,  but  unerringly,  age  after  age, 
color  and  fibre  to  the  personalism  of  the  youth  and  maturity  of 
that  age,  and  of  mankind.  Then  there  is  a  cement  to  the  whole 
people,  subtler,  more  underlying,  than  any  thing  in  written  con 
stitution,  or  courts  or  armies — namely,  the  cement  of  a  death 
identified  thoroughly  with  that  people,  at  its  head,  and  for  its 
sake.  Strange,  (is  it  not  ?)  that  battles,  martyrs,  agonies,  blood, 
even  assassination,  should  so  condense — perhaps  only  really,  last 
ingly  condense — a  Nationality. 

I  repeat  it — the  grand  deaths  of  the  race — the  dramatic  deaths 
of  every  nationality — are  its  most  important  inheritance-value — 
in  some  respects  beyond  its  literature  and  art — (as  the  herb  is 
beyond  his  finest  portrait,  and  the  battle  itself  beyond  its  choicest 
song  or  epic.)  Is  not  here  indeed  the  point  underlying  all 
tragedy  ?  the  famous  pieces  of  the  Grecian  masters — and  all 
masters?  Why,  if  the  old  Greeks  had  had  this  man,  what  trilo 
gies  of  plays — what  epics — would  have  been  made  out  of  him  ! 
How  the  rhapsodes  would  have  recited  him  !  How  quickly  that 
quaint  tall  form  would  have  enter'd  into  the  region  where  men 
vitalize  gods,  and  gods  divinify  men  !  But  Lincoln,  his  times, 
his  death — great  as  any,  any  age—  belong  altogether  to  our  own, 
and  are  autochthonic.  (S%ietimes  indeed  I  think  our  American 
days,  our  own  stage — the  actors  we  know  and  have  shaken  hands, 


TWO  LETTERS. 


3'5 


or  talk'd  with — more  fateful  than  any  thing  in  Eschylus — more 
heroic  than  the  fighters  around  Troy — afford  kings  of  men  for 
our  Democracy  prouder  than  Agamemnon — models  of  character 
cute  and  hardy  as  Ulysses — deaths  more  pitiful  than  Priam's.) 

When,  centuries  hence,  (as  it  must,  in  my  opinion,  be  centu 
ries  hence  before  the  life  of  these  States,  or  of  Democracy,  can 
be  really  written  and  illustrated,)  the  leading  historians  and 
dramatists  seek  for  some  personage,  some  special  event,  incisive 
enough  to  mark  with  deepest  cut,  and  mnemonize,  this  turbulent 
Nineteenth  century  of  ours,  (not  only  these  States,  but  all  over 
the  political  and  social  world) — something,  perhaps,  to  close  that 
gorgeous  procession  of  European  feudalism,  with  all  its  pomp 
and  caste-prejudices,  (of  whose  long  train  we  in  America  are  yet 
so  inextricably  the  heirs) — something  to  identify  with  terrible 
identification,  by  far  the  greatest  revolutionary  step  in  the  his 
tory  of  the  United  States,  (perhaps  the  greatest  of  the  world, 
our  century) — the  absolute  extirpation  and  erasure  of  slavery 
from  the  States — those  historians  will  seek  in  vain  for  any  point 
to  serve  more  thoroughly  their  purpose,  than  Abraham  Lincoln's 
death. 

Dear  to  the  Muse — thrice  dear  to  Nationality — to  the  whole 
human  race — precious  to  this  Union — precious  to  Democracy — 
unspeakably  and  forever  precious — their  first  great  Martyr  Chief. 


TWO  LETTERS. 

I. — To {London,  England.} 

CAMDEN,  N.  J.,  U.  S.  AMERICA,  March  ijth,  1876. 

DEAR  FRIEND  : — Yours  of  the  28th  Feb.  receiv'd,  and  indeed 
welcom'd.  I  am  jogging  along  still  about  the  same  in  physical 
condition — still  certainly  no  worse,  and  I  sometimes  lately  suspect 
rather  better,  or  at  any  rate  more  adjusted  to  the  situation. 
Even  begin  to  think  of  making  some  move,  some  change  of  base, 
&c. :  the  doctors  have  been  advising  it  for  over  two  years,  but  I 
haven't  felt  to  do  it  yet.  My  paralysis  does  not  lift — I  cannot 
walk  any  distance — I  still  have  this  baffling,  obstinate,  apparently 
chronic  affection  of  the  stomachic  apparatus  and  liver:  yet  I 
get  out  of  doors  a  little  every  day — write  and  read  in  modera 
tion — appetite  sufficiently  good — (eat  only  very  plain  food,  but 
always  did  that) — digestion  tolerable — spirits  unflagging.  I  have 
told  you  most  of  this  before,  but  suppose  you  might  like  to  know 
it  all  again,  up  to  date.  Of  course,  and  pretty  darkly  coloring 
the  whole,  are  bad  spells,  prostrations,  some  pretty  grave  ones, 


316  COLLECT. 

intervals — and  I  have  resign'd  myself  to  the  certainty  of  perma 
nent  incapacitation  from  solid  work  :  but  things  may  continue  at 
least  in  this  half-and-half  way  for  months,  even  years. 

My  books  are  out,  the  new  edition ;  a  set  of  which,  immedi 
ately  on  receiving  your  letter  of  28th,  I  have  sent  you,  (by  mail, 
March  15,)  and  I  suppose  you  have  before  this  receiv'd  them. 
My  dear  friend,  your  offers  of  help,  and  those  of  my  other 
British  friends,  I  think  I  fully  appreciate,  in  the  right  spirit,  wel 
come  and  acceptive — leaving  the  matter  altogether  in  your  and 
their  hands,  and  to  your  and  their  convenience,  discretion,  lei 
sure,  and  nicety.  Though  poor  now,  even  to  penury,  I  have  not 
so  far  been  deprived  of  any  physical  thing  I  need  or  wish  what 
ever,  and  I  feel  confident  I  shall  not  in  the  future.  During  my 
employment  of  seven  years  or  more  in  Washington  after  the  war 
(1865-72)  I  regularly  saved  part  of  my  wages  :  and,  though  the 
sum  has  now  become  about  exhausted  by  my  expenses  of  the  last 
three  years,  there  are  already  beginning  at  present  welcome  drib 
bles  hitherward  from  the  sales  of  my  new  edition,  which  I  just 
job  and  sell,  myself,  (all  through  this  illness,  my  book-agents  foi 
three  years  in  New  York  successively,  badly  cheated  me,)  and 
shall  continue  to  dispose  of  the  books  myself.  And  that  is  the 
way  I  should  prefer  to  glean  my  support.  In  that  way  I  cheer 
fully  accept  all  the  aid  my  friends  find  it  convenient  to  proffer. 

To  repeat  a  little,  and  without  undertaking  details,  understand, 
dear  friend,  for  yourself  and  all,  that  I  heartily  and  most  affec 
tionately  thank  my  British  friends,  and  that  I  accept  their  sym 
pathetic  generosity  in  the  same  spirit  in  which  I  believe  (nay, 
know)  it  is  offer'd — that  though  poor  I  am  not  in  want — that  I 
maintain  good  heart  and  cheer;  and  that  by  far  the  most  satis 
faction  to  me  (and  I  think  it  can  be  done,  and  believe  it  will  be) 
will  be  to  live,  as  long  as  possible,  on  the  sales,  by  myself,  of  my 
own  works,  and  perhaps,  if  practicable,  by  further  writings  for 
the  press.  .  W.  VV. 

I  am  prohibited  from  writing  too  much,  and  I  must  make  this 
candid  statement  of  the  situation  serve  for  all  my  dear  friends 
over  there. 

2. — To {Dresden,  Saxony.') 

CAMDEN,  New  Jersey,  U.  S.  A.,  Dec.  20,  '<?/. 

DEAR  SIR: — Your  letter  asking  definite  endorsement  to  your 
translation  of  my  "Leaves  of  Grass"  into  Russian  is  just  re 
ceived,  and  I  hasten  to  answer  it.  Most  warmly  and  willingly 
I  consent  to  the  translation,  and  waft  a  prayerful  God  speed  to 
the  enterprise. 


NOTES  LEFT  OVER. 


317 


You  Russians  and  we  Americans  !  Our  countries  so  distant,  so 
unlike  at  first  glance — such  a  difference  in  social  and  political 
conditions,  and  our  respective  methods  of  moral  and  practical 
development  the  last  hundred  years; — and  yet  in  certain  features, 
and  vastest  ones,  so  resembling  each  other.  The  variety  of 
stock-elements  and  tongues,  to  be  resolutely  fused  in  a  common 
identity  and  union  at  all  hazards — the  idea,  perennial  through 
the  ages,  that  they  both  have  their  historic  and  divine  mission — 
the  fervent  element  of  manly  friendship  throughout  the  whole 
people,  surpass'd  by  no  other  races — the  grand  expanse  of  terri 
torial  limits  and  boundaries — the  unform'd  and  nebulous  state 
of  many  things,  not  yet  permanently  settled,  but  agreed  on  all 
hands  to  be  the  preparations  of  an  infinitely  greater  future — the  fact 
that  both  Peoples  have  their  independent  and  leading  positions  to 
hold,  keep,  and  if  necessary,  fight  for,  against  the  rest  of  the 
world — the  deathless  aspirations  at  the  inmost  centre  of  each 
great  community,  so  vehement,  so  mysterious,  so  abysmic — are 
certainly  features  you  Russians  and  we  Americans  possess  in 
common. 

As  my  dearest  dream  is  for  an  internationality  of  poems  and 
poets,  binding  the  lands  of  the  earth  closer  than  all  treaties  and 
diplomacy — As  the  purpose  beneath  the  rest  in  my  book  is  such 
hearty  comradeship,  for  individuals  to  begin  with,  and  for  all  the 
nations  of  the  earth  as  a  result — how  happy  I  should  be  to  get 
the  hearing  and  emotional  contact  of  the  great  Russian  peoples. 

To  whom,  now  and  here,  (addressing  you  for  Russia  and  Rus 
sians,  and  empowering  you,  should  you  see  fit,  to  print  the  present 
letter,  in  your  book,  as  a  preface,)  I  waft  affectionate  salutation 
from  these  shores,  in  America's  name.  W.  W. 


NOTES  LEFT  OVER. 

NATIONALITY— (AND  YET.)    ' 

IT  is  more  and  more  clear  to  me  that  the  main  sustenance  for 
highest  separate  personality,  these  States,  is  to  come  from  that 
general  sustenance  of  the  aggregate,  (as  air,  earth,  rains,  give 
sustenance  to  a  tree) — and  that  such  personality,  by  democratic 
standards,  will  only  be  fully  coherent,  grand  and  free,  through 
the  cohesion,  grandeur  and  freedom  of  the  common  aggregate, 
the  Union.  Thus  the  existence  of  the  true  American  continental 
solidarity  of  the  future,  depending  on  myriads  of  superb,  large- 
sized,  emotional  and  physically  perfect  individualities,  of  one 
sex  just  as  much  as  the  other,  the  supply  of  such  individualities, 
in  my  opinion,  wholly  depends  on  a  compacted  imperial  en- 


31 8  COLLECT. 

semble.  The  theory  and  practice  of  both  sovereignties,  contra 
dictory  as  they  are,  are  necessary.  As  the  centripetal  law  were 
fatal  alone,  or  the  centrifugal  law  deadly  and  destructive  alone, 
but  together  forming  the  law  of  eternal  kosmical  action,  evolu 
tion,  preservation,  and  life — so,  by  itself  alone,  the  fullness  of 
individuality,  even  the  sanest,  would  surely  destroy  itself.  This 
is  what  makes  the  importance  to  the  identities  or  these  States  of 
the  thoroughly  fused,  relentless,  dominating  Union — a  moral 
and  spiritual  idea,  subjecting  ail  the  parts  with  remorseless  power, 
more  needed  by  American  democracy  than  by  any  of  history's 
hitherto  empires  or  feudalities,  and  the  sine  qua  non  of  carrying 
out  the  republican  principle  to  develop  itself  in  the  New  World 
through  hundreds,  thousands  of  years  to  come. 

Indeed,  what  most  needs  fostering  through  the  hundred  years 
to  come,  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  north,  south,  Missis 
sippi  valley,  and  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts,  is  this  fused  and 
fervent  identity  of  the  individual,  whoever  he  or  she  may  be, 
and  wherever  the  place,  with  the  idea  and  fact  of  AMERICAN  TO 
TALITY,  and  with  what  is  meant  by  the  Flag,  the  stars  and  stripes. 
We  need  this  conviction  of  nationality  as  a  faith,  to  be  absorb'd 
in  the  blood  and  belief  of  the  people  everywhere,  south,  north, 
west,  east,  to  emanate  in  their  life,  and  in  native  literature 
and  art.  We  want  the  germinal  idea  that  America,  inheritor  of 
the  past,  is  the  custodian  of  the  future  of  humanity.  Judging 
from  history,  it  is  some  such  moral  and  spiritual  ideas  appropri 
ate  to  them,  (and  such  ideas  only,)  that  have  made  the  profound- 
est  glory  and  endurance  of  nations  in  the  past.  The  races  of 
Judea,  the  classic  clusters  of  Greece  and  Rome,  and  the  feudal 
and  ecclesiastical  clusters  of  the  Middle  Ages,  were  each  and  all 
vitalized  by  their  separate  distinctive  ideas,  ingrain'd  in  them, 
redeeming  many  sins,  and  indeed,  in  a  sense,  the  principal  reason- 
why  for  their  whole  career. 

Thus,  in  the  thought  of  nationality  especially  for  the  United 
States,  and  making  them  original,  and  different  from  all  other 
countries,  a  main  point  ever  remains  to  be  considered.  There 
are  two  distinct  principles — aye,  paradoxes — at  the  life-fountain 
and  life-continuation  of  the  States;  one,  the  sacred  principle  of 
the  Union,  the  right  of  ensemble,  at  whatever  sacrifice — and  yet 
another,  an  equally  sacred  principle,  the  right  of  each  State, 
consider' d  as  a  separate  sovereign  individual,  in  its  own  sphere. 
Some  go  zealously  for  one  set  of  these  rights,  and  some  as  zeal 
ously  for  the  other  set.  We  must  have  both  ;  or  rather,  bred  out 
of  them,  as  out  of  mother  and  father,  a  third  set,  the  perennial 
result  and  combination  of  both,  and  neither  jeopardized.  I  say 
the  loss  or  abdication  of  one  set,  in  the  future,  will  be  ruin  to 


NOTES  LEFT  OVER. 


3*9 


democracy  just  as  much  as  the  loss  of  the  other  set.  The  prob 
lem  is,  to  harmoniously  adjust  the  two,  and  the  play  of  the  two. 
[Observe  the  lesson  of  the  divinity  of  Nature,  ever  checking  the 
excess  of  one  law,  by  an  opposite,  or  seemingly  opposite  law — 
generally  the  other  side  of  the  same  law.]  For  the  theory  of  this 
Republic  is,  not  that  the  General  government  is  the  fountain  of 
all  life  and  power,  dispensing  it  forth,  around,  and  to  the  re 
motest  portions  of  our  territory,  but  that  THE  PEOPLE  are,  repre 
sented  in  both,  underlying  both  the  General  and  State  govern 
ments,  and  consider'd  just  as  well  in  their  individualities  and  in 
their  separate  aggregates,  or  States,  as  consider'd  in  one  vast 
aggregate,  the  Union.  This  was  the  original  dual  theory  and 
foundation  of  the  United  States,  as  distinguish'd  from  the  feudal 
and  ecclesiastical  single  idea  of  monarchies  and  papacies,  and 
the  divine  right  of  kings.  (Kings  have  been  of  use,  hitherto,  as 
representing  the  idea  of  the  identity  of  nations.  But,  to  Ameri 
can  democracy,  both  ideas  must  be  fufill'd,  and  in  my  opinion 
the  loss  of  vitality  of  either  one  will  indeed  be  the  loss  of  vitality 
of  the  other.) 

EMERSON'S  BOOKS,  (THE  SHADOWS  OF  THEM.) 

In  the  regions  we  call  Nature,  towering  beyond  all  measure 
ment,  with  infinite  spread,  infinite  depth  and  height — in  those 
regions,  including  Man,  socially  and  historically,  with  his  moral- 
emotional  influences — how  small  a  part,  (it  came  in  my  mind 
to-day,)  has  literature  really  depicted — even  summing  up  all  of 
it,  all  ages.  Seems  at  its  best  some  little  fleet  of  boats,  hugging 
the  shores  of  a  boundless  sea,  and  never  venturing,  exploring  the 
unmapp'd — -never,  Columbus-like,  sailing  out  for  New  Worlds, 
and  to  complete  the  orb's  rondure.  Emerson  writes  frequently 
in  the  atmosphere  of  this  thought,  and  his  books  report  one  or 
two  things  from  that  very  ocean  and  air,  and  more  legibly  ad- 
dress'd  to  our  age  and  American  polity  than  by  any  man  yet. 
But  I  will  begin  by  scarifying  him — thus  proving  that  I  am  not 
insensible  to  his  deepest  lessons.  I  will  consider  his  books  from 
a  democratic  and  western  point  of  view.  I  will  specify  the 
shadows  on  these  sunny  expanses.  Somebody  has  said  of  heroic 
character  that  "wherever  the  tallest  peaks  are  present,  must  in 
evitably  be  deep  chasms  and  valleys."  Mine  be  the  ungracious 
task  (for  reasons)  of  leaving  unmention'd  both  sunny  expanses 
and  sky-reaching  heights,  to  dwell  on  the  bare  spots  and  dark 
nesses.  I  have  a  theory  that  no  artist  or  work  of  the  very  first 
class  may  be  or  can  be  without  them. 

First,  then,  these  pages  are  perhaps  too  perfect,  too  concen 
trated.  (How  good,  for  instance,  is  good  butter,  good  sugar. 


320 


COLLECT. 


But  to  be  eating  nothing  but  sugar  and  butter  all  the  time  !  even 
if  ever  so  good.)  And  though  the  author  has  much  to  say  of 
freedom  and  wildness  and  simplicity  and  spontaneity,  no  per 
formance  was  ever  more  based  on  artificial  scholarships  and  de 
corums  at  third  or  fourth  removes,  (he  calls  it  culture,)  and  built 
up  from  them.  It  is  always  &make.  never  an  unconscious  growth. 
It  is  the  porcelain  figure  or  statuette  of  lion,  or  stag,  or  Indian 
hunter — and  a  very  choice  statuette  too — appropriate  for  the  rose 
wood  or  marble  bracket  of  parlor  or  library;  never  the  animal 
itself,  or  the  hunter  himself.  Indeed,  who  wants  the  real  animal  or 
hunter?  What  would  that  do  amid  astral  and  bric-a-brac  and 
tapestry,  and  ladies  and  gentlemen  talking  in  subdued  tones  of 
Browning  and  Longfellow  and  art?  The  least  suspicion  of  such 
actual  bull,  or  Indian,  or  of  Nature  carrying  out  itself,  would  put 
all  those  good  people  to  instant  terror  and  flight. 

Emerson,  in  my  opinion,  is  not  most  eminent  as  poet  or 
artist  or  teacher,  though  valuable  in  all  those.  He  is  best  as 
critic,  or  diagnoser.  Not  passion  or  imagination  or  warp  or  weak 
ness,  or  any  pronounced  cause  or  specialty,  dominates  him.  Cold 
and  bloodless  intellectuality  dominates  him.  (I  know  the  fires, 
emotions,  love,  egotisms,  glow  deep,  perennial,  as  in  all  New 
Englanders — but  the  fa§ade  hides  them  well — they  give  no  sign.) 
He  does  not  see  or  take  one  side,  one  presentation  only  or  mainly, 
(as  all  the  poets,  or  most  of  the  fine  writers  anyhow) — he  sees 
all  sides.  His  final  influence  is  to  make  his  students  cease  to 
worship  anything — almost  cease  to  believe  in  anything,  outside 
of  themselves.  These  books  will  fill,  and  well  fill,  certain 
stretches  of  life,  certain  stages  of  development — are,  (like  the 
tenets  or  theology  the  author  of  them  preach'd  when  a  young 
man,)  unspeakably  serviceable  and  precious  as  a  stage.  But  in 
old  or  nervous  or  solemnest  or  dying  hours,  when  one  needs  the 
impalpably  soothing  and  vitalizing  influences  of  abysmic  Nature, 
or  its  affinities  in  literature  or  human  society,  and  the  soul  re 
sents  the  keenest  mere  intellection,  they  will  not  be  sought  for. 

For  a  philosopher,  Emerson  possesses  a  singularly  dandified 
theory  of  manners.  He  seems  to  have  no  notion  at  all  that  man 
ners  are  simply  the  signs  by  which  the  chemist  or  metallurgist 
knows  his  metals.  To  the  profound  scientist,  all  metals  are  pro 
found,  as  they  really  are.  The  little  one,  like  the  conventional 
world,  will  make  much  of  gold  and  silver  only.  Then  to  the 
real  artist  in  humanity,  what  are  called  bad  manners  are  often 
the  most  picturesque  and  significant  of  all.  Suppose  these  books 
becoming  absorb'd,  the  permanent  chyle  of  American  general 
and  particular  character — what  a  well-wash'd  and  grammatical, 
but  bloodless  and  helpless,  race  we  should  turn  out !  No,  no, 


NOTES  LEFT  OVER. 


321 


dear  friend  ;  though  the  States  want  scholars,  undoubtedly,  and 
perhaps  want  ladies  and  gentlemen  who  use  the  bath  frequently, 
and  never  laugh  loud,  or  talk  wrong,  they  don't  want  scholars, 
or  ladies  and  gentlemen,  at  the  expense  of  all  the  rest.  They 
want  good  farmers,  sailors,  mechanics,  clerks,  citizens — perfect 
business  and  social  relations — perfect  fathers  and  mothers.  If  we 
could  only  have  these,  or  their  approximations,  plenty  of  them, 
fine  and  large  and  sane  and  generous  and  patriotic,  they  might 
make  their  verbs  disagree  from  their  nominatives,  and  laugh  like 
volleys  of  musketeers,  if  they  should  please.  Of  course  these 
are  not  all  America  wants,  but  they  are  first  of  all  to  be  provided 
on  a  large  scale.  And,  with  tremendous  errors  and  escapades, 
this,  substantially,  is  what  the  States  seem  to  have  an  intuition 
of,  and  to  be  mainly  aiming  at.  The  plan  of  a  select  class,  su- 
perfined,  (demarcated  from  the  rest,)  the  plan  of  Old  World 
lands  and  literatures,  is  not  so  objectionable  in  Itself,  but  because 
it  chokes  the  true  plan  for  us,  and  indeed  is  death  to  it.  As  to 
such  special  class,  the  United  States  can  never  produce  any  equal 
to  the  splendid  show,  (far,  fa-r  beyond  comparison  or  competi 
tion  here,)  of  the  principal  European  nations,  both  in  the  past 
and  at  the  present  day.  But  an  immense  and  distinctive  com 
monalty  over  our  vast  and  varied  area,  west  and  east,  south  and 
north — in  fact,  for  the  first  time  in  history,  a  great,  aggregated, 
real  PEOPLE,  worthy  the  name,  and  made  of  develop' d  heroic 
individuals,  both  sexes — is  America's  principal,  perhaps  only, 
reason  for  being.  If  ever  accomplish'd,  it  will  be  at  least  as 
much,  (I  lately  think,  doubly  as  much,)  the  result  of  fitting  and 
democratic  sociologies,  literatures  and  arts — if  we  ever  get  them — 
as  of  our  democratic  politics. 

At  times  it  has  been  doubtful  to  me  if  Emerson  really  knows 
or  feels  what  Poetry  is  at  its  highest,  as  in  the  Bible,  for  instance, 
or  Homer  or  Shakspere.  I  see  he  covertly  or  plainly  likes  best 
superb  verbal  polish,  or  something  old  or  odd —  Waller's  "  Go, 
lovely  rose,"  or  Lovelace's  lines  "to  Lucusta  " — thequaint  con 
ceits  of  the  old  French  bards,  and  the  like.  Of  power  he  seems 
to  have  a  gentleman's  admiration — but  in  his  inmost  heart  the 
grandest  attribute  of  God  and  Poets  is  always  subordinate  to  the 
octaves,  conceits,  polite  kinks,  and  verbs. 

The  reminiscence  that  years  ago  I  began  like  most  youngsters 
to  have  a  touch  (though  it  came  late,  and  was  only  on  the  sur 
face)  of  Emerson-on-the- brain — that  I  read  his  writings  rever 
ently,  and  address' d  him  in  print  as  "  Master,"  and  for  a  month 
or  so  thought  of  him  as  such — I  retain  not  only  with  composure, 
but  positive  satisfaction.  I  have  noticed  that  most  young  people 
of  eager  minds  pass  through  this  stage  of  exercise. 


322 


COLLECT. 


The  best  part  of  Emersonianism  is,  it  breeds  the  giant  that 
destroys  itself.  Who  wants  to  be  any  man's  mere  follower?  lurks 
behind  every  page.  No  teacher  ever  taught,  that  has  so  provided 
for  his  pupil's  setting  up  independently — no  truer  evolutionist. 

VENTURES,  ON  AN  OLD  THEME. 

A  DIALOGUE — One  party  says — We  arrange  our  lives — even  the 
best  and  boldest  men  and  women  that  exist,  just  as  much  as  the 
most  limited — with  reference  to  what  society  conventionally 
rules  and  makes  right.  We  retire  to  our  rooms  for  freedom ;  to 
undress,  bathe,  unloose  everything  in  freedom.  These,  and 
much  else,  would  not  be  proper  in  society. 

Other  party  answers — Such  is  the  rule  of  society.  Not  always 
so,  and  considerable  exceptions  still  exist.  However,  it  must  be 
called  the  general  rule,  sanction'd  by  immemorial  usage,  and 
will  probably  always  remain  so. 

first  party — Why  not,  then,  respect  it  in  your  poems? 

Answer — One  reason,  and  to  me  a  profound  one,  is  that  the 
soul  of  a  man  or  woman  demands,  enjoys  compensation  in  the 
highest  directions  for  this  very  restraint  of  himself  or  herself, 
level'd  to  the  average,  or  rather  mean,  low,  however  eternally 
practical,  requirements  of  society's  intercourse.  To  balance  this 
indispensable  abnegation,  the  free  minds  of  poets  relieve  them 
selves,  and  strengthen  and  enrich  mankind  with  free  flights  in 
all  the  directions  not  tolerated  by  ordinary  society. 

first  party — But  must  not  outrage  or  give  offence  to  it. 

Answer — No,  not  in  the  deepest  sense — and  do  not,  and  can 
not.  The  vast  averages  of  time  and  the  race  en  masse  settle  these 
things.  Only  understand  that  the  conventional  standards  and 
laws  proper  enough  for  ordinary  society  apply  neither  to  the  ac 
tion  of  the  soul,  nor  its  poets.  In  fact  the  latter  know  no  laws 
but  the  laws  of  themselves,  planted  in  them  by  God,  and  are 
themselves  the  last  standards  of  the  law,  and  its  final  exponents 
— responsible  to  Him  directly,  and  not  at  all  to  mere  etiquette. 
Often  the  best  service  that  can  be  done  to  the  race,  is  to  lift  the 
veil,  at  least  for  a  time,  from  these  rules  and  fossil-etiquettes. 

NEW  POETRY — California,  Cana^/a,  Texas — In  my  opinion  the 
time  has  arrived  to  essentially  break  down  the  barriers  of  form 
between  prose  and  poetry.  I  say  the  latter  is  henceforth  to  win 
and  maintain  its  character  regardless  of  rhyme,  and  the  measure 
ment-rules  of  iambic,  spondee,  dactyl,  &c.,  and  that  even  if 
rhyme  and  those  measurements  continue  to  furnisrrthe  medium 
for  inferior  writers  and  themes,  (especially  for  persiflage  and  the 
comic,  as  there  seems  henceforward,  to  the  perfect  taste,  some 
thing  inevitably  comic  in  rhyme,  merely  in  itself,  and  anyhow,) 


NOTES  LEFT  OVER.  323 

the  truest  and  greatest  Poetry,  (while  subtly  and  necessarily  always 
rhythmic,  and  distinguishable  easily  enough,)  can  never  again, 
in  the  English  language,  be  express'd  in  arbitrary  and  rhyming 
metre,  any  more  than  the  greatest  eloquence,  or  the  truest  power 
and  passion.  While  admitting  that  the  venerable  and  heavenly 
forms  of  chiming  versification  have  in  their  time  play'd  great 
and  fitting  parts — that  the  pensive  complaint,  the  ballads,  wars, 
amours,  legends  of  Europe,  &c.,  have,  many  of  them,  been 
inimitably  render'd  in  rhyming  verse — that  there  have  been  very 
illustrious  poets  whose  shapes  the  mantle  of  such  verse  has  beau 
tifully  and  appropriately  envelopt — and  though  the  mantle  has 
fallen,  with  perhaps  added  beauty,  on  some  of  our  own  age — it 
is,  notwithstanding,  certain  to  me,  that  the  day  of  such  conven 
tional  rhyme  is  ended.  In  America,  at  any  rate,  and  as  a  medium 
of  highest  aesthetic  practical  or  spiritual  expression,  present  or 
future,  it  palpably  fails,  and  must  fail,  to  serve.  The  Muse  of 
the  Prairies,  of  California,  Canada,  Texas,  and  of  the  peaks  of 
Colorado,  dismissing  the  literary,  as  well  as  social  etiquette  of 
over-sea  feudalism  and  caste,  joyfully  enlarging,  adapting  itself 
to  comprehend  the  size  of  the  whole  people,  with  the  free  play, 
emotions,  pride,  passions,  experiences,  that  belong  to  them,  body 
and  soul — to  the  general  globe,  and  all  its  relations  in  astronomy,  as 
the  savans  portray  them  to  us — to  the  modern,  the  busy  Nineteenth 
century,  (as  grandly  poetic  as  any,  only  different,)  with  steam 
ships,  railroads,  factories,  electric  telegraphs,  cylinder  presses — 
to  the  thought  of  the  solidarity  of  nations,  the  brotherhood  and 
sisterhood  of  the  entire  earth — to  the  dignity  and  heroism  of  the 
practical  labor  of  farms,  factories,  foundries,  workshops,  mines, 
or  on  shipboard,  or  on  lakes  and  rivers — resumes  that  other  me 
dium  of  expression,  more  flexible,  more  eligible — soars  to  the 
freer,  vast,  diviner  heaven  of  prose. 

Of  poems  of  the  third  or  fourth  class,  (perhaps  even  some  of 
the  second,)  it  makes  little  or  no  difference  who  writes  them — 
they  are  good  enough  for  what  they  are ;  nor  is  it  necessary  that 
they  should  be  actual  emanations  from  the  personality  and  life 
of  the  writers.  The  very  reverse  sometimes  gives  piquancy. 
But  poems  of  the  first  class,  (poems  of  the  depth,  as  distinguished 
from  those  of  the  surface,)  are  to  be  sternly  tallied  with  the  poets 
themselves,  and  tried  by  them  and  their  lives.  Who  wants  a 
glorification  of  courage  and  manly  defiance  from  a  coward  or  a 
sneak  ? — a  ballad  of  benevolence  or  chastity  from  some  rhym 
ing  hunks,  or  lascivious,  glib  rout  ? 

In  these  States,  beyond  all  precedent,  poetry  will  have  to  do 
with  actual  facts,  with  the  concrete  States,  and — for  we  have  not 
much  more  than  begun — with  the  definitive  getting  into  shape 


324 


COLLECT. 


of  the  Union.  Indeed  I  sometimes  think  it  alone  is  to  define  the 
Union,  (namely,  to  give  it  artistic  character,  spirituality,  dignity.) 
What  American  humanity  is  most  in  danger  of  is  an  overwhelm 
ing  prosperity,  "business"  worldliness,  materialism:  what  is 
most  lacking,  east,  west,  north,  south,  is  a  fervid  and  glowing 
Nationality  and  patriotism,  cohering  all  the  parts  into  one. 
Who  may  fend  that  danger,  and  fill  that  lack  in  the  future,  but  a 
class  of  loftiest  poets? 

If  the  United  States  havn't  grown  poets,  on  any  scale  of  gran 
deur,  it  is  certain  they  import,  print,  and  read  more  poetry  than 
any  equal  number  of  people  elsewhere — probably  more  than  all 
the  rest  of  the  world  combined. 

Poetry  (like  a  grand  personality)  is  a  growth  of  many  genera 
tions — many  rare  combinations. 

To  have  great  poets,  there  must  be  great  audiences,  too. 

BRITISH  LITERATURE. 

To  avoid  mistake,  I  would  say  that  I  not  only  commend  the 
study  of  this  literature,  but  wish  our  sources  of  supply  and  com 
parison  vastly  enlarged.  American  students  may  well  derive 
from  all  former  lands — from  forenoon  Greece  and  Rome,  down 
to  the  perturb'd  medieval  times,  the  Crusades,  and  so  to  Italy, 
the  German  intellect — all  the  older  literatures,  and  all  the  newer 
ones — from  witty  and  warlike  France,  and  markedly,  and  in 
many  ways,  and  at  many  different  periods,  from  the  enterprise 
and  soul  of  the  great  Spanish  race — bearing  ourselves  always 
courteous,  always  deferential,  indebted  beyond  measure  to  the 
mother-world,  to  all  its  nations  dead,  as  all  its  nations  living — 
the  offspring,  this  America  of  ours,  the  daughter,  not  by  any 
means  of  the  British  isles  exclusively,  but  of  the  continent,  and 
all  continents.  Indeed,  it  is  time  we  should  realize  and  fuHy 
fructify  those  germs  we  also  hold  from  Italy,  France,  Spain, 
especially  in  the  best  imaginative  productions  of  those  lands, 
which  are,  in  many  ways,  loftier  and  subtler  than  the  English,  or 
British,  and  indispensable  to  complete  our  service,  proportions, 
education,  reminiscences,  &c.  .  .  .  The  British  element  these 
States  hold,  and  have  always  held,  enormously  beyond  its  fit 
proportions.  I  have  already  spoken  of  Shakspere.  He  seems  to 
me  of  astral  genius,  first  class,  entirely  fit  for  feudalism.  His 
contributions,  especially  to  the  literature  of  the  passions,  are  im 
mense,  forever  dear  to  humanity — and  his  name  is  always  to  be 
reverenced  in  America.  But  there  is  much  in  him  ever  offen 
sive  to  democracy.  He  is  not  only  the  tally  of  feudalism,  but  I 
should  say  Shakspere  is  incarnated,  uncompromising  feudalism, 
in  literature.  Then  one  seems  to  detect  something  in  him — I 


NOTES  LEFT  OVER. 


325 


hardly  know  how  to  describe  it — even  amid  the  dazzle  of  his 
genius;  and,  in  inferior  manifestations,  it  is  found  in  nearly  all 
leading  British  authors.  (Perhaps  we  will  have  to  import  the 
words  Snob,  Snobbish,  &c.,  after  all.)  While  of  the  great  poems 
of  Asian  antiquity,  the  Indian  epics,  the  book  of  Job,  the  Ionian 
Iliad,  the  unsurpassedly  simple,  loving,  perfect  idyls  of  the  life 
and  death  of  Christ,  in  the  New  Testament,  (indeed  Homer  and 
the  Biblical  utterances  intertwine  familiarly  with  us,  in  the  main.) 
and  along  down,  of  most  of  the  characteristic,  imaginative  or  ro 
mantic  relics  ofthe  continent,  as  the  Cid,  Cervantes'  Don  Quixote, 
&c.,  I  should  say  they  substantially  adjust  themselves  to  us,  and, 
far  off  as  they  are,  accord  curiously  with  our  bed  and  board  to 
day,  in  New  York,  Washington,  Canada,  Ohio,  Texas,  California 
— and  with  our  notions,  both  of  seriousness  and  of  fun,  and  our 
standards  of  heroism,  manliness,  and  even  the  democratic  require 
ments — those  requirements  are  not  only  not  fulfilled  in  the 
Shaksperean  productions,  but  are  insulted  on  every  page. 

I  add  that — while  England  is  among  the  greatest  of  lands  iri 
political  freedom,  or  the  idea  of  it,  and  in  stalwart  personal  char 
acter,  &c. — the  spirit  of  English  literature  is  not  great,  at  least  is 
not  greatest — and  its  products  are  no  models  for  us.  With  the 
exception  of  Shakspere,  there  is  no  first-class  genius  in  that  litera 
ture — which,  with  a  truly  vast  amount  of  value,  and  of  artificial 
beauty,  (largely  from  the  classics,)  is  almost  always  material,  sen 
sual,  not  spiritual — almost  always  congests,  makes  plethoric,  not 
frees,  expands,  dilates — is  cold,  anti-democratic,  loves  to  be 
sluggish  and  stately,  and  shows  much  of  that  characteristic  of 
vulgar  persons,  the  dread  of  saying  or  doing  something  not  at  all 
improper  in  itself,  but  unconventional,  and  that  may  be  laugh'd 
at.  In  its  best,  the  sombre  pervades  it ;  it  is  moody,  melancholy, 
and,  to  give  it  its  due,  expresses,  in  characters  and  plots,  those 
qualities,  in  an  unrival'd  manner.  Yet  not  as  the  black  thunder 
storms,  and  in  great  normal,  crashing  passions,  of  the  Greek 
dramatists — clearing  the  air,  refreshing  afterward,  bracing  with 
power ;  but  as  in  Hamlet,  moping,  sick,  uncertain,  and  leaving 
ever  after  a  secret  taste  for  the  blues,  the  morbid  fascination,  the 
luxury  of  wo.  .  .  . 

I  strongly  recommend  all  the  young  men  and.  young  women 
of  the  United  States  to  whom  it  may  be  eligible,  to  overhaul  the 
well-freighted  fleets,  the  literatures  of  Italy,  Spain,  France,  Ger 
many,  so  full  of  those  elements  of  freedom,  self-possession,  gay- 
heartedness,  subtlety,  dilation,  needed  in  preparations  for  the 
future  of  the  States.  I  only  wish  we  could  have  really  good 
translations.  I  rejoice  at  the  feeling  for  Oriental  researches  and 
poetry,  and  hope  it  will  go  on. 


3  26  COLLECT. 

DARWINISM— (THEN  FURTHERMORE.) 

Running  through  prehistoric  ages — coming  down  from  them 
into  the  daybreak  of  our  records,  founding  theology,  suffusing 
literature,  and  so  brought  onward — (a  sort  of  verteber  and  mar 
row  to  all  the  antique  races  and  lands,  Egypt,  India,  Greece, 
Rome,  the  Chinese,  the  Jews,  &c.,  and  giving  cast  and  complexion 
to  their  art,  poems,  and  their  politics  as  well  as  ecclesiasticism, 
all  of  which  we  more  or  less  inherit,)  appear  those  venerable 
claims  to  origin  from  God  himself,  or  from  gods  and  goddesses 
— ancestry  from  divine  beings  of  vaster  beauty,  size,  and  power 
than  ours.  But  in  current  and  latest  times,  the  theory  of  human 
origin  that  seems  to  have  most  made  its  mark,  (curiously  revers 
ing  the  antique,)  is  that  we  have  come  on,  originated,  developt, 
from  monkeys,  baboons — a  theory  more  significant  perhaps  in  its 
indirections,  or  what  it  necessitates,  than  it  is  even  in  itself. 
(Of  the  twain,  far  apart  as  they  seem,  and  angrily  as  their  con 
flicting  advocates  to-day  oppose  each  other,  are  not  both  theories 
to  be  possibly  reconciled,  and  even  blended  ?  Can  we,  indeed, 
spare  either  of  them?  Better  still,  out  of  them  is  not  a  third 
theory,  the  real  one,  or  suggesting  the  real  one,  to  arise?) 

Of  this  old  theory,  evolution,  as  broach'd  anew,  trebled,  with 
indeed  all-devouring  claims,  by  Darwin,  it  has  so  much  in  it,  and 
is  so  needed  as  a  counterpoise  to  yet  widely  prevailing  and  un 
speakably  tenacious,  enfeebling  superstitions — is  fused,  by  the 
new  man,  into  such  grand,  modest,  truly  scientific  accompani 
ments — that  the  world  of  erudition,  both  moral  and  physical, 
cannot  but  be  eventually  better'd  and  broaden'd  in  its  specu 
lations,  from  the  advent  of  Darwinism.  Nevertheless,  the  prob 
lem  of  origins,  human  and  other,  is  not  the  least  whit  nearer  its 
solution.  In  due  time  the  Evolution  theory  will  have  to  abate 
its  vehemence,  cannot  be  allow'd  to  dominate  every  thing  else, 
and  will  have  to  take  its  place  as  a  segment  of  the  circle,  the 
cluster — as  but  one  of  many  theories,  many  thoughts,  of  profound- 
est  value — and  re-adjusting  and  differentiating  much,  yet  leaving 
the  divine  secrets  just  as  inexplicable  and  unreachable  as  before 
— may-be  more  so. 

Then  furthermore — What  is  finally  to  be  done  by  priest  or 
poet — and  by  priest  or  poet  only — amid  all  the  stupendous  and 
dazzling  novelties  of  our  century,  with  the  advent  of  America, 
and  of  science  and  democracy — remains  just  as  indispensable, 
after  all  the  work  of  the  grand  astronomers,  chemists,  linguists, 
historians,  and  explorers  of  the  last  hundred  years — and  the  won 
drous  German  and  other  metaphysicians  of  that  time — and  will 
continue  to  remain,  needed,  America  and  here,  just  the  same  as 
in  the  world  of  Europe,  or  Asia,  of  a  hundred,  or  a  thousand,  or 


NOTES  LEFT  OVER. 


327 


several  thousand  years  ago.  I  think  indeed  more  needed,  to  furnish 
statements  from  the  present  points,  the  added  arriere,  and  the 
unspeakably  immenser  vistas  of  to-day.  Only  the  priests  and 
poets  of  the  modern,  at  least  as  exalted  as  any  in  the  past,  fully 
absorbing  and  appreciating  the  results  of  the  past,  in  the  com 
monalty  of  all  humanity,  all  time,  (the  main  results  already,  for 
there  is  perhaps  nothing  more,  or  at  any  rate  not  much,  strictly 
new,  only  more  important  modern  combinations,  and  new  rela 
tive  adjustments,)  must  indeed  recast  the  old  metal,  the  already 
achiev'd  material,  into  and  through  new  moulds,  current  forms. 
Meantime,  the  highest  and  subtlest  and  broadest  truths  of 
modern  science  wait  for  their  true  assignment  and  last  vivid 
flashes  of  light — as  Democracy  waits  for  it's — through  first-class 
metaphysicians  and  speculative  philosophs — laying  the  basements 
and  foundations  for  those  new,  more  expanded,  more  harmonious, 
more  melodious,  freer  American  poems. 

"SOCIETY." 

I  have  myself  little  or  no  hope  from  what  is  technically  called 
"  Society  "  in  our  American  cities.  New  York,  of  which  place 
I  have  spoken  so  sharply,  still  promises  something,  in  time,  out 
of  its  tremendous  and  varied  materials,  with  a  certain  superiority 
of  intuitions,  and  the  advantage  of  constant  agitation,  and  ever 
new  and  rapid  dealings  of  the  cards.  Of  Boston,  with  its  circles 
of  social  mummies,  swathed  in  cerementi  harder  than  brass — its 
bloodless  religion,  (Unitarianism,)  its  complacent  vanity  of  sci- 
entism  and  literature,  lots  of  grammatical  correctness,  mere  knowl 
edge,  (always  wearisome,  in  itself) — its  zealous  abstractions, 
ghosts  of  reforms — I  should  say,  (ever  admitting  its  business 
powers,  its  sharp,  almost  demoniac,  intellect,  and  no  lack,  in  its 
own  way,  of  courage  and  generosity) — there  is,  at  present,  little 
of  cheering,  satisfying  sign.  In  the  West,  California,  &c.,  "so 
ciety  "  is  yet  unform'd,  puerile,  seemingly  unconscious  of  any 
thing  above  a  driving  business,  or  to  liberally  spend  the  money 
made  by  it,  in  the  usual  rounds  aud  shows. 

Then  there  is,  to  the  humorous  observer  of  American  attempts 
at  fashion,  according  to  the  models  of  foreign  courts  and  saloons, 
quite  a  comic  side— particularly  visible  at  Washington  city — a 
sort  of  high-life-below-stairs  business.  As  if  any  farce  could  be 
funnier,  for  instance,  than  the  scenes  of  the  crowds,  winter  nights, 
meandering  around  our  Presidents  and  their  wives,  cabinet  offi 
cers,  western  or  other  Senators,  Representatives,  &c. ;  born  of 
good  laboring  mechanic  or  farmer  stock  and  antecedents,  at 
tempting  those  full-dress  receptions,  finesse  of  parlors,  foreign 
ceremonies,  etiquettes,  &c. 


328  COLLECT. 

Indeed,  consider'd  with  any  sense  of  propriety,  or  any  sense  at 
all,  the  whole  of  this  illy-play'd  fashionable  play  and  display, 
with  their  absorption  of  the  best  part  of  our  wealthier  citizens' 
time,  money,  energies,  &c.,  is  ridiculously  out  of  place  in  the 
United  States.  As  if  our  proper  man  and  woman,  (far,  far  greater 
words  than  "gentleman"  and  "lady,")  could  still  fail  to  see, 
and  presently  achieve,  not  this  spectral  business,  but  something 
truly  noble,  active,  sane,  American — by  modes,  perfections  of 
character,  manners,  costumes,  social  relations,  &c.,  adjusted  to 
standards,  far,  far  different  from  those. 

Eminent  and  liberal  foreigners,  British  or  continental,  must  at 
times  have  their  faith  fearfully  tried  by  what  they  see  of  our  New 
World  personalities.  The  shallowest  and  least  American  persons 
seem  surest  to  push  abroad,  and  call  without  fail  on  well-known 
foreigners,  who  are  doubtless  affected  with  indescribable  qualms 
by  these  queer  ones.  Then,  more  than  half  of  our  authors  and 
writers  evidently  think  it  a  great  thing  to  be  "aristocratic,"  and 
sneer  at  progress,  democracy,  revolution,  &c.  If  some  interna 
tional  literary  snobs'  gallery  were  establish'd,  it  is  certain  that 
America  could  contribute  at  least  her  full  share  of  the  portraits, 
and  some  very  distinguish'd  ones.  Observe  that  the  most  impu 
dent  slanders,  low  insults,  £c.,  on  the  great  revolutionary  authors, 
leaders,  poets,  &c.,  of  Europe,  have  their  origin  and  main  circu 
lation  in  certain  circles  here.  The  treatment  of  Victor  Hugo  liv 
ing,  and  Byron  dead,  are  samples.  Both  deserving  so  well  of 
America,  and  both  persistently  attempted  to  be  soil'd  here  by  un 
clean  birds,  male  and  female. 

Meanwhile  I  must  still  offset  the  like  of  the  foregoing,  and  all 
it  infers,  by  the  recognition  of  the  fact,  that  while  the  surfaces  of 
current  society  here  show  so  much  that  is  dismal,  noisome,  and 
vapory,  there  are,  beyond  question,  inexhaustible  supplies,  as  of 
true  gold  ore,  in  the  mines  of  America's  general  humanity.  Let 
us,  not  ignoring  the  dross,  give  fit  stress  to  these  precious  immor 
tal  values  also.  Let  it  be  distinctly  admitted,  that — whatever 
may  be  said  of  our  fashionable  society,  and  of  any  foul  fractions 
and  episodes — only  here  in  America,  out  of  the  long  history  and 
manifold  presentations  of  the  ages,  has  at  last  arisen,  and  now 
stands,  what  never  before  took  positive  form  and  sway,  the  People 
— and  that  view'd  en  masse,  and  while  fully  acknowledging  defi 
ciencies,  dangers,  faults,  this  people,  inchoate,  latent,  not  yet 
come  to  majority,  nor  to  its  own  religious,  literary,  or  aesthetic 
expression,  yet  affords,  to-day,  an  exultant  justification  of  all  the 
faith,  all  the  hopes  and  prayers  and  prophecies  of  good  men 
through  the  past — the  stablest,  solidest-based  government  of  the 
world — the  most  assured  in  a  future — the  beaming  Pharos  to  whose 


XOTES  LEFT  OVER. 


329 


perennial  light  all  earnest  eyes,  the  world  over,  are  tending — 
and  that  already,  in  and  from  it,  the  democratic  principle,  hav 
ing  been  mortally  tried  by  severest  tests,  fatalities  of  war  and 
peace,  now  issues  from  the  trial,  unharm'd,  trebly-invigorated, 
perhaps  to  commence  forthwith  its  finally  triumphant  march 
around  the  globe. 

THE  TRAMP  AND  STRIKE  QUESTIONS. 

Fart  of  a  Lecture  proposed,  (never  deliver1  d.) 

Two  grim  and  spectral  dangers — dangerous  to  peace,  to  health, 
to  social  security,  to  progress — long  known  in  concrete  to  the  gov 
ernments  of  the  Old  World,  and  there  eventuating,  more  than 
once  or  twice,  in  dynastic  overturns,  bloodshed,  days,  months, 
of  terror — seem  of  late  years  to  be  nearing  the  New  World,  nay, 
to  be  gradually  establishing  themselves  among  us.  What  mean 
these  phantoms  here?  (I  personify  them  in  fictitious  shapes,  but 
they  are  very  real.)  Is  the  fresh  and  broad  demesne  of  America 
destined  also  to  give  them  foothold  and  lodgment,  permanent 
domicile? 

Beneath  the  whole  political  world,  what  most  presses  and  per 
plexes  to-day,  sending  vastest  results  affecting  the  future,  is  not 
the  abstract  question  of  democracy,  but  of  social  and  economic 
organization,  the  treatment  of  working  people  by  employers,  and 
all  that  goes  along  with  it — not  only  the  wages-payment  part,  but 
a  certain  spirit  and  principle,  to  vivify  anew  these  relations;  all 
the  questions  of  progress,  strength,  tariffs,  finance,  &c.,  really 
evolving  themselves  moire  or  less  directly  out  of  the  Poverty 
Question,  ("the  Science  of  Wealth,"  and  a  dozen  other  names 
ar^  given  it,  but  I  prefer  the  severe  one  just  used.)  I  will  begin 
by  calling  the  reader's  attention  to  a  thought  upon  the  matter 
which  may  not  have  struck  you  before — the  wealth  of  the  civil 
ized  world,  as  contrasted  with  its  poverty — what  does  it  deriva 
tively  stand  for,  and  represent?  A  rich  person  ought  to  have  a 
strong  stomach.  As  in  Europe  the  wealth  of  to-day  mainly  results 
from,  and  represents,-  the  rapine,  murder,  outrages,  treachery,  hog- 
gishness,  of  hundreds  of  years  ago,  and  onward,  later,  so  in  Amer 
ica,  after  the  same  token — (not  yet  so  bad,  perhaps,  or  at  any 
rate  not  so  palpable — we  have  not  existed  long  enough — but  we 
seem  to  be  doing  our  best  to  make  it  up.) 

Curious  as  it  may  seem,  it  is  in  what  are  call'd  the  poorest, 
lowest  characters  you  will  sometimes,  nay  generally,  find  glints 
of  the  most  sublime  virtues,  eligibilities,  heroisms.  Then  it  is 
doubtful  whether  the  State  is  to  be  saved,  either  in  the  monoto 
nous  long  run,  or  in  tremendous  special  crises,  by  its  good  people 
only.  When  the  storm  is  deadliest,  and  the  disease  most  immi- 

28 


33° 


COLLECT. 


nent,  help  often  comes  from  strange  quarters — (the  homoeopathic 
motto,  you  remember,  cure  the  bite  with  a  hair  of  the  same  dog.} 

The  American  Revolution  of  1776  was  simply  a  great  strike, 
successful  for  its  immediate  object — but  whether  a  real  success 
judged  by  the  scale  of  the  centuries,  and  the  long-striking  bal 
ance  of  Time,  yet  remains  to  be  settled.  The  French  Revolu 
tion  was  absolutely  a  strike,  and  a  very  terrible  and  relentless 
one,  against  ages  of  bad  pay,  unjust  division  of  wealth-products, 
and  the  hoggish  monopoly  of  a  few,  rolling  in  superfluity,  against 
the  vast  bulk  of  the  work-people,  living  in  squalor. 

If  the  United  States,  like  the  countries  of  the  Old  World,  are 
also  to  grow  vast  crops  of  poor,  desperate,  dissatisfied,  nomadic, 
miserably-waged  populations,  such  as  we  see  looming  upon  us  of 
late  years — steadily,  even  if  slowly,  eating  into  them  like  a  cancer 
of  lungs  or  stomach — then  our  republican  experiment,  notwith 
standing  all  its  surface-successes,  is  at  heart  an  unhealthy  failure. 

Feb.,  '79. — I  saw  to-day  a  sight  I  had  never  seen  before — and 
it  amazed,  and  made  me  serious;  three  quite  good-looking 
American  men,  of  respectable  personal  presence,  two  of  them 
young,  carrying  chiffonier-bags  on  their  shoulders,  and  the  usual 
long  iron  hooks  in  their  hands,  plodding  along,  their  eyes  cast 
down,  spying  for  scraps,  rags,  bones,  &c. 

DEMOCRACY  IN  THE  NEW  WORLD, 

estimated  and  summ'd-up  to-day,  having  thoroughly  justified 
itself  the  past  hundred  years,  (as  far  as  growth,  vitality  and  power 
are  concern'd,)  by  severest  and  most  varied  trials  of  peace  and 
war,  and  having  establish'd  itself  for  good,  with  all  its  necessities 
and  benefits,  for  time  to  come,  is  now  to  be  seriously  consider'd 
'also  in  its  pronounc'd  and  already  developt  dangers.  While  the 
battle  was  raging,  and  the  result  suspended,  all  defections  and 
criticisms  were  to  be  hush'd,  and  everything  bent  with  vehe 
mence  unmitigated  toward  the  urge  of  victory.  But  that  victory 
settled,  new  responsibilities  advance.  I  can  conceive  of  no  better 
service  in  the  United  States,  henceforth,  by  democrats  of  thorough 
and  heart-felt  faith,  than  boldly  exposing  the  weakness,  liabilities 
and  infinite  corruptions  of  democracy.  By  the  unprecedented 
opening-up  of  humanity  en-masse  in  the  United  States,  the  last 
hundred  years,  under  our  institutions,  not  only  the  good  qualities 
of  the  race,  but  just  as  much  the  bad  ones,  are  prominently 
brought  forward.  Man  is  about  the  same,  in  the  main,  whether 
with  despotism,  or  whether  with  freedom. 

"  The  ideal  form  of  human  society,"  Canon  Kingsley  declares, 
"  is  democracy.  A  nation — and  were  it  even  possible,  a  whole 
world — of  free  men,  lifting  free  foreheads  to  God  and  Nature; 


NOTES  LEFT  OVER.  33  j 

calling  no  man  master,  for  One  is  their  master,  even  God  ;  know 
ing  and  doing  their  duties  toward  the  Maker  of  the  universe, 
and  therefore  to  each  other ;  not  from  fear,  nor  calculation  of 
profit  or  loss,  but  because  they  have  seen  the  beauty  of  righteous 
ness,  and  trust,  and  peace ;  because  the  law  of  God  is  in  their 
hearts.  Such  a  nation — such  a  society — what  nobler  conception 
of  moral  existence  can  we  form  ?  Would  not  that,  indeed,  be 
the  kingdom  of  God  come  on  earth?" 

To  this  faith,  founded  in  the  ideal,  let  us  hold — and  never 
abandon  or  lose  it.  Then  what  a  spectacle  is  practically  exhib 
ited  by  our  American  democracy  to-day  ! 

FOUNDATION  STAGES— THEN  OTHERS. 

Though  I  think  I  fully  comprehend  the  absence  of  moral  tone  in 
our  current  politics  and  business,  and  the  almost  entire  futility  of 
absolute  and  simple  honor  as  a  counterpoise  against  the  enormous 
greed  for  worldly  wealth,  with  the  trickeries  of  gaining  it,  all 
through  society  our  day,  I  still  do  not  share  the  depression  and 
despair  on  the  subject  which  I  find  possessing  many  good  people. 
The  advent  of  America,  the  history  of  the  past  century,  has  been 
the  first  general  aperture  and  opening-up  to  the  average  human 
commonalty,  on  the  broadest  scale,  of  the  eligibilities  to  wealth 
and  worldly  success  and  eminence,  and  has  been  fully  taken  advan 
tage  of;  and  the  example  has  spread  hence,  in  ripples,  to  all  na 
tions.  To  these  eligibilities — to  this  limitless  aperture,  the  race 
has  tended,  en-masse,  roaring  and  rushing  and  crude,  and  fiercely, 
turbidly  hastening — and  we  have  seen  the  first  stages,  and  are 
now  in  the  midst  of  the  result  of  it  all,  so  far.  But  there  will 
certainly  ensue  other  stages,  and  entirely  different  ones.  In  noth 
ing  is  there  more  evolution  than  the  American  mind.  Soon,  it  will 
be  fully  realized  that  ostensible  wealth  and  money-making,  show, 
luxury,  &c.,  imperatively  necessitate  something  beyond — namely, 
the  sane,  eternal  moral  and  spiritual-esthetic  attributes,  elements. 
(We  cannot  have  even  that  realization  on  any  less  terms  than  the 
price  we  are  now  paying  for  it.)  Soon,  it  will  be  understood 
clearly,  that  the  State  cannot  flourish,  (nay,  cannot  exist,)  with 
out  those  elements.  They  will  gradually  enter  into  the  chyle  of 
sociology  and  literature.  They  will  finally  make  the  blood  and 
brawn  of  the  best  American  individualities  of  both  sexes — and 
thus,  with  them,  to  a  certainty,  (through  these  very  processes  of 
to-day,)  dominate  the  New  World. 

GENERAL  SUFFRAGE,  ELECTIONS,  &c. 

It  still  remains  doubtful  to  me  whether  these  will  ever  secure, 
officially,  the  best  wit  and  capacity — whether,  through  them,  the 
first-class  genius  of  America  will  ever  personally  appear  in  the 


332 


COLLECT. 


high  political  stations,  the  Presidency,  Congress,  the  leading 
State  offices,  &c.  Those  offices,  or  the  candidacy  for  them,  ar 
ranged,  won,  by  caucusing,  money,  the  favoritism  or  pecuniary 
interest  of  rings,  the  superior  manipulation  of  the  ins  over  the 
outs,  or  the  outs  over  the  ins,  are,  indeed,  at  best,  the  mere  busi 
ness  agencies  of  the  people,  are  useful  as  formulating,  neither  the 
best  and  highest,  but  the  average  of  the  public  judgment,  sense, 
justice,  (or  sometimes  want  of  judgment,  sense,  justice.)  We 
elect  Presidents,  Congressmen,  &c.,  not  so  much  to  have  them 
consider  and  decide  for  us,  but  as  surest  practical  means  of  ex 
pressing  the  will  of  majorities  on  mooted  questions,  measures,  &c. 
As  to  general  suffrage,  after  all,  since  we  have  gone  so  far,  the 
more  general  it  is,  the  better.  I  favor  the  widest  opening  of  the 
doors.  Let  the  ventilation  and  area  be  wide  enough,  and  all  is 
safe.  We  can  never  have  a  born  penitentiary-bird,  or  panel-thief, 
or  lowest  gambling-hell  or  groggery  keeper,  for  President — though 
such  may  not  only  emulate,  but  get,  high  offices  from  localities — 
even  from  the  proud  and  wealthy  city  of  New  York. 

WHO  GETS  THE  PLUNDER? 

The  protectionists  are  fond  of  flashing  to  the  public  eye  the 
glittering  delusion  of  great  money-results  from  manufactures, 
mines,  artificial  exports — so  many  millions  from  this  source,  and 
so  many  from  that — such  a  seductive,  unanswerable  show — an  im 
mense  revenue  of  annual  cash  from  iron,  cotton,  woollen,  leather 
goods,  and  a  hundred  other  things,  all  bolstered  up  by  "  protec 
tion."  But  the  really  important  point  of  all  v&^into  whose  pockets 
does  this  plunder  really  go?  It  would  be  some  excuse  and  satis 
faction  if  even  a  fair  proportion  of  it  went  to  the  masses  of  labor 
ing-men — resulting  in  homesteads  to  such,  men,  women,  chil 
dren — myriads  of  actual  homes  in  fee  simple,  in  every  State,  (not 
the  false  glamour  of  the  stunning  wealth  reported  in  the  census, 
in  the  statistics,  or  tables  in  the  newspapers,)  but  a  fair  division 
and  generous  average  to  those  workmen  and  workwomen — that 
would  be  something.  But  the  fact  itself  is  nothing  of  the  kind. 
The  profits  of  "  protection  "  go  altogether  to  a  few  score  select 
persons — who,  by  favors  of  Congress,  State  legislatures,  the  banks, 
and  other  special  advantages,  are  forming  a  vulgar  aristocracy, 
full  as  bad  as  anything  in  the  British  or  European  castes,  of 
blood,  or  the  dynasties  there  of  the  past.  As  Sismondi  pointed 
out,  the  true  prosperity  of  a  nation  is  not  in  the  great  wealth  of 
a  special  class,  but  is  only  to  be  really  attain'd  in  having  the  bulk 
of  the  people  provided  with  homes  or  land  in  fee  simple.  This 
may  not  be  the  best  show,  but  it  is  the  best  reality. 


NOTES  LEFT  OVER. 


333 


FRIENDSHIP,  (THE  REAL  ARTICLE.) 

Though  Nature  maintains,  and  must  prevail,  there  will  always 
be  plenty  of  people,  and  good  people,  who  cannot,  or  think  they 
cannot,  see  anything  in  that  last,  wisest,  most  envelop'd  of  pro 
verbs,  "Friendship  rules  the  World."  Modern  society,  in  its 
largest  vein,  is  essentially  intellectual,  infidelistic — secretly  ad 
mires,  and  depends  most  on,  pure  compulsion  or  science,  its  rule 
and  sovereignty — is,  in  short,  in  "cultivated"  quarters,  deeply 
Napoleonic. 

"Friendship,"  said  Bonaparte,  in  one  of  his  lightning-flashes 
of  candid  garrulity,  "Friendship  is  but  a  name.  I  love  no  one 
— not  even  my  brothers ;  Joseph  perhaps  a  little.  Still,  if  I  do 
love  him,  it  is  from  habit,  because  he  is  the  eldest  of  us.  Duroc? 
.Ay,  him,  if  any  one,  I  love  in  a  sort — but  why?  He  suits  me; 
he  is  cool,  undemonstrative,  unfeeling — has  no  weak  affections — 
never  embraces  any  one — never  weeps." 

I  am  not  sure  but  the  same  analogy  is  to  be  applied,  in  cases, 
often  seen,  where,  with  an  extra  development  and  acuteness  of 
the  intellectual  faculties,  there  is  a  mark'd  absence  of  the  spiritual, 
affectional,  and  sometimes,  though  more  rarely,  the  highest 
aesthetic  and  moral  elements  of  cognition. 

LACKS  AND  WANTS  YET. 

Of  most  foreign'  countries,  small  or  large,  from  the  remotest 
times  known,  down  to  our  own,  each  has  contributed  after  its 
kind,  directly  or  indirectly,  at  least  one  great  undying  song,  to 
help  vitalize  and  increase  the  valor,  wisdom,  and  elegance  of 
humanity,  from  the  points  of  view  attain'd  by  it  up  to  date.  The 
stupendous  epics  of  India,  the  holy  Bible  itself,  the  Homeric  can 
ticles,  the  Nibelungen,  the  Gid  Campeador,  the  Inferno,  Shak- 
spere's  dramas  of  the  passions  and  of  the  feudal  lords,  Burns's 
songs,  Goethe's  in  Germany,  Tennyson's  poems  in  England, 
Victor  Hugo's  in  France,  and  many  more,  are  the  widely  various 
yet  integral  signs  or  land-marks,  (in  certain  respects  the  highest 
set  up  by  the  human  mind  and  soul,  beyond  science,  invention, 
political  amelioration,  &c.,)  narrating  in  subtlest,  best  ways,  the 
long,  long  routes  of  history,  and  giving  identity  to  the  stages 
arrived  at  by  aggregate  humanity,  and  the  conclusions  assumed 
in  its  progressive  and  varied  civilizations.  .  .  .  Where  is  America's 
art-rendering,  in  any  thing  like  the  spirit  worthy  of  herself  and 
the  modern,  to  these  characteristic  immortal  monuments?  So 
far,  our  Democratic  society,  (estimating  its  various  strata,  in  the 
mass,  as  one,)  possesses  nothing — nor  have  we  contributed  any 
characteristic  music,  the  finest  tie  of  nationality — to  make  up 
for  that  glowing,  blood-throbbing,  religious,  social,  emotional, 


334  COLLECT. 

artistic,  indefinable,  indescribably  beautiful  charm  and  hold 
v/hich  fused  the  separate  parts  of  the  old  feudal  societies  together, 
in  their  wonderful  interpenetration,  in  Europe  and  Asia,  of  love, 
belief,  and  loyalty,  running  one  way  like  a  living  weft — and  pic 
turesque  responsibility,  duty,  and  blessedness,  running  like  a 
warp  the  other  way.  (In  the  Southern  States,  under  slavery, 
much  of  the  same.)  ...  In  coincidence,  and  as  things  now  ex 
ist  in  the  States,  what  is  more  terrible,  more  alarming,  than  the 
total  want  of  any  such  fusion  and  mutuality  of  love,  belief,  and 
rapport  of  interest,  between  the  comparatively  few  successful 
rich,  and  the  great  masses  of  the  unsuccessful,  the  poor  ?  As  a 
mixed  political  and  social  question,  is  not  this  full  of  dark  signifi 
cance?  Is  it  not  worth  considering  as  a  problem  and  puzzle  in,' 
our  democracy — an  indispensable  want  to  be  supplied  ? 

RULERS  STRICTLY  OUT  OF  THE  MASSES. 

In  the  talk  (which  I  welcome)  about  the  need  of  men  of 
training,  thoroughly  school'd  and  experienced  men,  for  states 
men,  I  would  present  the  following  as  an  offset.  It  was  written 
by  me  twenty  years  ago — and  has  been  curiously  verified  since: 

I  say  no  body  of  men  are  fit  to  make  Presidents,  Judges,  and 
Generals,  unless  they  themselves  supply  the  best  specimens  of  the 
same;  and  that  supplying  one  or  two  such  specimens  illuminates 
the  whole  body  for  a  thousand  years.  I  expect  to  see  the  day 
when  the  like  of  the  present  personnel  of  the  governments,  Fed 
eral,  State,  municipal,  military,  and  naval,  will  be  look'd  upon 
with  derision,  and  when  qualified  mechanics  and  young  men  will 
reach  Congress  and  other  official  stations,  sent  in  their  working 
costumes,  fresh  from  their  benches  and  tools,  and  returning  to 
them  again  with  dignity.  The  young  fellows  must  prepaYe  to  do 
credit  to  this  destiny,  for  the  stuff  is  in  them.  Nothing  gives 
place,  recollect,  and  never  ought  to  give  place,  except  to  its 
clean  superiors.  There  is  more  rude  and  undevelopt  bravery, 
friendship,  conscientiousness,  clear-sightedness,  and  practical 
genius  for  any  scope  of  action,  even  the  broadest  and  highest, 
now  among  the  American  mechanics  and  young  men,  than  in  all 
the  official  persons  in  these  States,  legislative,  executive,  judicial, 
military,  and  naval,  and  more  than  among  all  the  literary  per 
sons.  I  would  be  much  pleased  to  see  some  heroic,  shrewd, 
fully-inform'd,  healthy-bodied,  middle-aged,  beard-faced  Ameri 
can  blacksmith  or  boatman  come  down  from  the  West  across  the 
Alleghanies,  and  walk  into  the  Presidency,  dress'd  in  a  clean 
suit  of  working  attire,  and  with  the  tan  all  over  his  face,  breast, 
and  arms ;  I  would  certainly  vote  for  that  sort  of  man,  possessing 
the  due  requirements,  before  any  other  candidate. 


NOTES  LEFT  OVER. 


335 


(The  facts  of  rank-and-file  workingmen,  mechanics,  Lincoln, 
Johnson,  Grant,  Garfield,  brought  forward  from  the  masses  and 
placed  in  the  Presidency,  and  swaying  its  mighty  powers  with  firm 
hand — really  with  more  sway  than  any  king  in  history,  and  with 
better  capacity  in  using  that  sway — can  we  not  see  that  these  facts 
have  bearings  far,  far  beyond  their  political  or  party  ones?) 

MONUMENTS— THE  PAST  AND  PRESENT. 
If  you  go  to  Europe,  (to  say  nothing  of  Asia,  more  ancient 
and  massive  still,)  you  cannot  stir  without  meeting  venerable  me 
mentos — cathedrals,  ruins  of  temples,  castles,  monuments  of  the 
great,  statues  and  paintings,  (far,  far  beyond  anything  America 
can  ever  expect  to  produce,)  haunts  of  heroes  long  dead,  saints, 
poets,  divinities,  with  deepest  associations  of  ages.  But  here  in 
the  New  World,  while  those we  can  never  emulate,  we  have  more 
than  those  to  build,  and  far  more  greatly  to  build.  (I  am  not 
sure  but  the  day  for  conventional  monuments,  statues,  memorials, 
&c.,  has  pass'd  away — and  that  they  are  henceforth  superfluous 
and  vulgar.)  An  enlarged  general  superior  humanity,  (partly  in 
deed  resulting  from  those,)  we  are  to  build.  European,  Asiatic 
greatness  are  in  the  past.  Vaster  and  subtler,  America,  combin 
ing,  justifying  the  past,  yet  works  for  a  grander  future,  in  living 
democratic  forms.  (Here  too  are  indicated  the  paths  for  our 
national  bards.)  Other  times,  other  lands,  have  had  their  mis 
sions — Art,  War,  Ecclesiasticism,  Literature,  Discovery,  Trade, 
Architecture,  &c.,  &c. — but  that  grand  future  is  the  enclosing  pur 
port  of  the  United  States. 

LITTLE  OR  NOTHING  NEW,  AFTER  ALL. 
How  small  were  the  best  thoughts,  poems,  conclusions,  except 
for  a  certain  invariable  resemblance  and  uniform  standard  in  the 
final  thoughts,  theology,  poems,  &c.,  of  all  nations,  all  civiliza 
tions,  all  centuries  and  times.  Those  precious  legacies — accumu 
lations  !  They  come  to  us  from  the  far-off — from  all  eras,  and 
all  lands — from  Egypt,  and  India,  and  Greece,  and  Rome — and 
along  through  the  middle  and  later  ages,  in  the  grand  monarchies 
of  Europe — born  under  far  different  institutes  and  conditions 
from  ours — but  out  of  the  insight  and  inspiration  of  the  same  old 
humanity — the  same  old  heart  and  brain — the  same  old  counte 
nance  yearningly,  pensively,  looking  forth.  What  we  have  to  do 
to-day  is  to  receive  them  cheerfully,  and  to  give  them  ensemble, 
and  a  modern  American  and  democratic  physiognomy. 

A  LINCOLN  REMINISCENCE. 

As  is  well  known,  story-telling  was  often  with  President  Lin 
coln  a  weapon  which  he  employ'd  with  great  skill.  Very  often 


336 


COLLECT. 


he  could  not  give  a  point-blank  reply  or  comment — and  these  in 
directions,  (sometimes  funny,  but  not  always  so, )  were  probably  the 
best  responses  possible.  In  the  gloomiest  period  of  the  war,  he  had 
a  call  from  a  large  delegation  of  bank  presidents.  In  the  talk  after 
business  was  settled,  one  of  the  big  Dons  asked  Mr.  Lincoln  if 
his  confidence  in  the  permanency  of  the  Union  was  not  begin 
ning  to  be  shaken — whereupon  the  homely  President  told  a  little 
story  :  "When  I  was  a  young  man  in  Illinois,"  said  he,  "I  boarded 
for  a  time  with  a  deacon  of  the  Presbyterian  church.  One  night 
I  was  roused  from  my  sleep  by  a  rap  at  the  door,  and  I  heard  the 
deacon's  voice  exclaiming,  '  Arise,  Abraham  !  the  day  of  judg 
ment  has  come  !'  I  sprang  from  my  bed  and  rushed  to  the  win 
dow,  and  saw  the  stars  falling  in  great  showers  ;  but  looking  back 
of  them  in  the  heavens  I  saw  the  grand  old  constellations,  with 
which  I  was  so  well  acquainted,  fixed  and  true  in  their  places. 
Gentlemen,  the  world  did  not  come  to  an  end  then,  nor  will  the 
Union  now." 

FREEDOM. 

It  is  not  only  true  that  most  people  entirely  misunderstand 
Freedom,  but  I  sometimes  think  I  have  not  yet  met  one  person 
who  rightly  understands  it.  The  whole  Universe  is  absolute  Law. 
Freedom  only  opens  entire  activity  and  license  under  the  law. 
To  the  degraded  or  undevelopt — and  even  to  too  many  others — 
the  thought  of  freedom  is  a  thought  of  escaping  from  law — which, 
of  course,  is  impossible.  More  precious  than  all  worldly  riches 
is  Freedom — freedom  from  the  painful  constipation  and  poor 
narrowness  of  ecclesiasticism — freedom  in  manners,  habiliments, 
furniture,  from  the  silliness  and  tyranny  of  local  fashions — entire 
freedom  from  party  rings  and  mere  conventions  in  Politics — and 
better  than  all,  a  general  freedom  of  One's-Self  from  the  tyran 
nic  domination  of  vices,  habits,  appetites,  under  which  nearly 
every  man  of  us,  (often  the  greatest  brawler  for  freedom,)  is  en 
slaved.  Can  we  attain  such  enfranchisement — the  true  Democ 
racy,  and  the  height  of  it?  While  we  are  from  birth  to  death 
the  subjects  of  irresistible  law,  enclosing  every  movement  and 
minute,  we  yet  escape,  by  a  paradox,  into  true  free  will.  Strange 
as  it  may  seem,  we  only  attain  to  freedom  by  a  knowledge  of,  and 
implicit  obedience  to,  Law.  Great — unspeakably  great — is  the 
Will !  the  free  Soul  of  man  !  At  its  greatest,  understanding  and 
'obeying  the  laws,  it  can  then,  and  then  only,  maintain  true  lib 
erty.  For  there  is  to  the  highest,  that  law  as  absolute  as  any — 
more  absolute  than  any — the  Law  of  Liberty.  The  shallow,  as 
intimated,  consider  liberty  a  release  from  all  law,  from  every 
constraint.  The  wise  see  in  it,  on  the  contrary,  the  potent  Law 


NOTES  LEFT  OVER. 


337 


of  Laws,  namely,  the  fusion  and  combination  of  the  conscious 
will,  or  partial  individual  law,  with  those  universal,  eternal,  un 
conscious  ones,  which  run  through  all  Time,  pervade  history, 
prove  immortality,  give  moral  purpose  to  the  entire  objective 
world,  and  the  last  dignity  to  human  life. 

BOOK-CLASSES—AMERICA'S  LITERATURE. 
For  certain  purposes,  literary  productions  through  all  the  re 
corded  ages  may  be  roughly  divided  into  two  classes.  The  first 
consisting  of  only  a  score  or  two,  perhaps  less,  of  typical,  pri 
mal,  representative  works,  different  from  any  before,  and  embody 
ing  in  themselves  their  own  main  laws  and  reasons  for  being. 
Then  the  second  class,  books  and  writings  innumerable,  inces 
sant — to  be  briefly  described  as  radiations  or  offshoots,  or  more 
or  less  imitations  of  the  first.  The  works  of  the  first  class,  as 
said,  have  their  own  laws,  and  may  indeed  be  described  as  making 
those  laws,  and  amenable  only  to  them.  The  sharp  warning  of 
Margaret  Fuller,  unqueH'd  for  thirty  years,  yet  sounds  in  the  air; 
"  It  does  not  follow  that  because  the  United  States  print  and  read 
more  books,  magazines,  and  newspapers  than  all  the  rest  of  the 
world,  that  they  really  have,  therefore,  a  literature." 

OUR  REAL  CULMINATION. 

The  final  culmination  of  this  vast  and  varied  Republic  will  be 
the  production  and  perennial  establishment  of  millions  of  com 
fortable  city  homesteads  and  moderate-sized  farms,  healthy  and 
independent,  single  separate  ownership,  fee  simple,  life  in  them 
complete  but  cheap,  within  reach  of  all.  Exceptional  wealth, 
splendor,  countless  manufactures,  excess  of  exports,  immense 
capital  and  capitalists,  the  five-dollar-a-day  hotels  well  fill'd,  arti 
ficial  improvements,  even  books,  colleges,  and  the  suffrage — all, 
in  many  respects,  in  themselves,  (hard  as  it  is  to  say  so,  and  sharp 
as  a  surgeon's  lance,)  form,  more  or  less,  a  sort  of  anti-demo 
cratic  disease  and  monstrosity,  except  as  they  contribute  by 
curious  indirections  to  that  culmination — seem  to  me  mainly  of 
value,  or  worth  consideration,  only  with  reference  to  it. 

There  is  a  subtle  something  in  the  common  earth,  crops,  cattle, 
air,  trees,  &c.,  and  in  having  to  do  at  first  hand  with  them,  that 
forms  the  only  purifying  and  perennial  element  for  individuals 
and  for  society.  I  must  confess  I  want  to  see  the  agricultural  oc 
cupation  of  America  at  first  hand  permanently  broaden'd.  Its 
gains  are  the  only  ones  on  which  God  seems  to  smile.  What 
others — what  business,  profit,  wealth,  without  a  taint?  What 
fortune  else — what  dollar — does  not  stand  for,  and  come  from, 
more  or  less  imposition,  lying,  unnaturalness? 

29 


338 


COLLECT. 


AN  AMERICAN  PROBLEM. 

One  of  the  problems  presented  in  America  these  times  is,  how 
to  combine  one's  duty  and  policy  as  a  member  of  associations, 
societies,  brotherhoods  or  what  not,  and  one's  obligations  to  the 
State  and  Nation,  with  essential  freedom  as  an  individual  person 
ality,  without  which  freedom  a  man  cannot  grow  or  expand,  or 
be  full,  modern,  heroic,  democratic,  American.  With  all  the  ne 
cessities  and  benefits  of  association,  (and  the  world  cannot  get 
along  without  it,)  the  true  nobility  and  satisfaction  of  a  man 
consist  in  his  thinking  and  acting  for  himself.  The  problem,  I 
say,  is  to  combine  the  two,  so  as  not  to  ignore  either. 

THE  LAST  COLLECTIVE  COMPACTION. 
I  like  well  our  polyglot  construction-stamp,  and  the  retention 
thereof,  in  the  broad,  the  tolerating,  the  many-sided,  the  collec 
tive.  All  nations  here — a  home  for  every  race  on  earth.  British, 
German,  Scandinavian,  Spanish,  French,  Italian — papers  pub 
lished,  plays  acted,  speeches  made,  in  all  languages — on  our 
shores  the  crowning  resultant  of  those  distillations,  decantations, 
compactions  of  humanity,  that  have  been  going  on,  on  trial,  over 
the  earth  so  long. 


COLLECT.    {Appendix) 

PIECES  IN  EARLY  YOUTH. 

1834-42. 

DOUGH-FACE  SONG. 
——  Like  dough ;  soft ;  yielding  to  pressure ;  pale. —  Webster's  Dictionary. 

WE  are  all  docile  dough-faces, 

They  knead  us  with  the  fist, 
They,  the  dashing  southern  lords, 

We  labor  as  they  list ; 
For  them  we  speak — or  hold  our  tongues, 

For  them  we  turn  and  twist. 

We  join  them  in  their  howl  against 

Free  soil  and  "abolition," 
That  firebrand — that  assassin  knife — • 

Which  risk  our  land's  condition, 
And  leave  no  peace  of  life  to  any 

Dough-faced  politician. 

To  put  down  "agitation,"  now, 

We  think  the  most  judicious; 
To  damn  all  "  northern  fanatics," 

Those  "  traitors  "  black  and  vicious; 
The  "  reg'lar  party  usages  " 

For  us,  and  no  "  new  issues." 

Things  have  come  to  a  pretty  pass, 

When  a  trifle  small  as  this, 
Moving  and  bartering  nigger  slaves, 

Can  open  an  abyss, 
With  jaws  a-gape  for  "the  two  great  parties;" 

A  pretty  thought,  I  wisJ 

Principle — freedom  1 — fiddlesticks! 

We  know  not  where  they  're  found. 
Rights  of  the  masses — progress ! — bah  1 

Words  that  tickle  and  sound ; 
But  claiming  to  rule  o'er  "  practical  men*' 

Is  very  different  ground. 

Beyond  all  such  we  know  a  term 

Charming  to  ears  and  eyes, 
With  it  we'll  stab  young  Freedom, 

And  do  it  in  disguise; 
Speak  soft,  ye  wily  dough-faces — 

That  term  is  "  compromise." 

(339  > 


240  COLLECT— (Appendix}. 

And  what  if  children,  growing  up, 

In  future  seasons  read 
The  thing  we  do  ?  and  heart  and  tongue 

Accurse  us  for  the  deed  ? 
The  future  cannot  touch  us ; 

The  present  gain  we  heed. 

Then,  all  together,  dough-faces! 

Let's  stop  the  exciting  clatter, 
And  pacify  slave-breeding  wrath 

By  yielding  all  the  matter  ; 
For  otherwise^  as  sure  as  guns, 

The  Union  it  will  shatter. 

Besides,  to  tell  the  honest  truth 

(For  us  an  innovation,) 
Keeping  in  with  the  slave  power 

Is  our  personal  salvation ; 
We  've  very  little  to  expect 

From  t'  other  part  of  the  nation.  • 

Besides  it's  plain  at  Washington 

Who.  likeliest  wins  the  race, 
What  earthly  chance  has  "  free  soil " 

For  any  good  fat  place  ? 
While  many  a  daw  has  feather'd  his  nest, 

By  his  creamy  and  nieek  dough-face. 

Take  heart,  then,  sweet  companions, 

Be  steady,  Scripture  Dick  1 
Webster,  Cooper,  Walker, 

To  your  allegiance  stick  \ 
With  Brooks,  and  Briggs  and  Phoenix, 

Stand  up  through  thin  and  thick  ! 

We  do  not  ask  a  bold  brave  front ; 

We  never  try  that  game ; 
Twould  bring  the  storm  upon  our  heads, 

A  huge  mad  storm  of  shame ; 
Evade  it,  brothers — "  compromise  " 

Will  answer  just  the  same.  PAUMANOK. 


DEATH  IN  THE  SCHOOL-ROOM.     (A  Fact.) 

TING- A-LING-LING- LING  1  went  the  little  bell  on  the  teacher's  desk  of  a 
village-school  one  morning,  when  the  studies  of  the  earlier  part  of  the  day 
were  about  half  completed.  It  was  well  understood  that  this  was  a  command 
for  silence  and  attention;  and  when  these  had  been  obtain'd,  the  master 
spoke.  He  was  a  low  thick-set  man,  and  his  name  was  Lugare. 

"  Boys,"  said  he,  "  I  have  had  a  complaint  enter'd,  that  last  night  some  of 
you  were  stealing  fruit  from  Mr.  Nichols's  garden.  I  rather  think  I  know 
the  thief.  Tim  Barker,  step  up  here,  sir." 

The  one  to  whom  he  spoke  came  forward.  He  was  a  slight,  fair  looking 
boy  of  about  thirteen ;  and  his  face  had  a  laughing,  good-humar'd  expression, 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH.  341 

which  even  the  charge  now  preferr'd  against  him,  and  the  stern  tone  and 
threatening  look  of  the  teacher,  had  not  entirely  dissipated.  The  countenance 
of  the  boy,  however,  was  too  unearthly  fair  for  health;  it  had,  notwithstand 
ing  its  fleshy,  cheerful  look,  a  singular  cast  as  if  seme  inward  disease,  and 
that  a  fearful  one,  were  seated  within.  As  the  stripling  stood  before  that 
place  of  judgment — that  place  so  often  made  the  scene  of  heartless  and  coarse 
brutality,  of  timid  innocence  confused,  helpless  childhood  outraged,  and  gen 
tle  feelings  crush'd — Lugare  looked  on  him  with  a  frown  which  plainly  told 
that  he  felt  in  no  very  pleasant  mood.  (Happily  a  worthier  and  more  philo 
sophical  system  is  proving  to  men  that  schools  can  be  better  govern'd  than 
bv  lashes  and  tears  and  sighs.  We  are  waxing  toward  that  consummation  when 
one  of  the  old-fashion'd  school-masters,  with  his  cowhide,  his  heavy  birch- 
rod,  and  his  many  ingenious  methods  of  child-torture,  will  be  gazed  upon  as 
a  scorn' d  memento  of  an  ignorant,  cruel,  and  exploded  doctrine.  May  pro 
pitious  gales  speed  that  day!) 

"Were  you  by  Mr.  Nichols's  garden-fence  last  night?"  said  Lugare. 

"  Yes,  sir,"  answer' d  the  boy,  "  I  was." 

"  Well,  sir,  I'm  glad  to  find  you  so  ready  with  your  confession.  And  so 
you  thought  you  could  do  a  little  robbing,  and  enjoy  yourself  in  a  manner  you 
ought  to  be  ashamed  to  own,  without  being  punish'd,  did  yon?" 

"  I  have  not  been  robbing,"  replied  the  boy  quickly.  His  face  was  suf 
fused,  whether  with  resentment  or  fright,  it  was  difficult  to  tell.  "  And  I 
didn't  do  anything  last  night,  that  I  am  ashamed  to  own." 

"  No  impudence !"  exclaim'd  the  teacher,  passionately,  as  he  grasp'd  a  long 
and  heavy  ratan :  "  give  me  none  of  your  sharp  speeches,  or  I'll  thrash  you 
till  you  beg  like  a  dog." 

The  youngster's  face  paled  a  little;  his  lip  quiver'd,  but  he  did  not  speak. 

"  And  pray,  sir,"  continued  Lugare,  as  the  outward  signs  of  wrath  disap- 
pear'd  from  his  features;  "what  were  you  about  the  garden  for?  Perhaps 
you  only  receiv'd  the  plunder,  and  had  an  accomplice  to  do  the  more  danger 
ous  part  of  the  job  ?" 

"  I  went  that  way  because  it  is  on  my  road  home.  I  was  there  again  after 
wards  to  meet  an  acquaintance ;  and — and —  But  I  did  not  go  into  the  gar 
den,  nor  take  anything  away  from  it.  I  would  not  steal, — hardly  to  save  my 
self  from  starving." 

"  You  had  better  have  stuck  to  that  last  evening.  You  were  seen,  Tim 
Barker,  to  come  from  under  Mr.  Nichols's  garden-fence,  a  little  after  nine 
o'clock,  with  a  bag  full  of  something  or  other  over  your  shoulders.  The  hag 
had  every  appearance  of  being  filled  with  fruit,  and  this  morning  the  melon  - 
beds  are  found  to  have  been  completely  clear'd.  Now,  sir,  what  was  there  in 
that  bag?" 

Like  fire  itself  glow'd  the  face  of  the  detected  lad.  He  spoke  not  a  word. 
All  the  school  had  their  eyes  directed  at  him.  The  perspiration  ran  down 
his  white  forehead  like  rain-drops. 

"Speak,  sir!"  exclaimed  Lugare,  with  a  loud  strike  of  his  ratan  on  the 
desk. 

The  boy  look'd  as  though  he  would  faint.  But  the  unmerciful  teacher,  con 
fident  of  having  brought  to  light  a  criminal,  and  exulting  in  the  idea  of  the 
severe  chastisement  he  should  now  be  justified  in  inflicting,  kept  working 
himself  up  to  a  still  greater  and  greater  degree  of  passion.  In  the  meantime, 
the  child  seem'd  hardly  to  know  what  to  do  with  himself.  His  tongue  cleav'd 
to  the  roof  of  his  mouth.  Either  he  was  very  much  frighten'd,  or  he  was 
actually  unwell. 


242  COLLECT— (Appendix). 

"  Speak,  I  say !"  again  thunder'd  Lugare ;  and  his  hand,  grasping  his  ratan, 
tower  d  above  his  head  in  a  very  significant  manner. 

"  I  hardly  can,  sir,"  said  the  poor  fellow  faintly.  His  voice  was  husky  and 
thick.  "  I  will  tell  you  some — some  other  time.  Please  let  me  go  to  my  seat 
— I  a'n't  well." 

"  Oh  yes;  that's  very  likely;"  and  Mr.  Lugare  bulged  out  his  nose  and  cheeks 
with  contempt.  "  Do  you  think  to  make  me  believe  your  lies?  I've  found 
you  out,  si.,  plainly  enough;  and  I  am  satisfied  that  you  are  as  precious  a  lit 
tle  villain  as  there  is  in  the  State.  But  I  will  postpone  settling  with  you  for 
an  hour  yet.  I  shall  then  call  you  up  again ;  and  if  you  don't  tell  the  whole 
truth  then,  I  will  give  you  something  that'll  make  you  remember  Mr. 
Nichols's  melons  for  many  a  month  to  come  : — go  to  your  seat." 

Glad  enough  of  the  ungracious  permission,  and  answering  not  a  sound,  the 
child  crept  tremblingly  to  his  bench.  He  felt  very  strangely,  dizzily — more 
as  if  he  was  in  a  dream  than  in  real  life;  and  laying  his  arms  on  his  desk, 
bow'd  down  his  face  between  them.  The  pupils  turn'd  to  their  accustom'd 
studies,  for  during  the  reign  of  Lugare  in  the  village-school,  they  had  been  so 
used  to  scenes  of  violence  and  severe  chastisement,  that  such  things  made  but 
little  interruption  in  the  tenor  of  their  way. 

Now,  while  the  intervening  hour  is  passing,  we  will  clear  up  the  mystery 
of  the  bag,  and  of  young  Barker  being  under  the  garden  fence  on  the  preceding 
night.  The  boy's  mother  was  a  widow,  and  they  both  had  to  live  in  the  very 
narrowest  limits.  His  father  had  died  when  he  was  six  years  old,  and  little 
Tim  was  left  a  sickly  emaciated  infant  whom  no  one  expected  to  live  many 
months.  To  the  surprise  of  all,  however,  the  poor  child  kept  alive,  and 
seem'd  to  recover  his  health,  as  he  certainly  did  his  size  and  good  looks. 
This  was  owing  to  the  kind  offices  of  an  eminent  physician  who  had  acountry- 
seat  in  the  neighborhood,  and  who  had  been  interested  in  the  widow's  little 
family.  Tim,  the  physician  said,  might  possibly  outgrow  his  disease ;  but 
everything  was  uncertain.  It  was  a  mysterious  and  baffling  malady  ;  and  it 
would  not  be  wonderful  if  he  should  in  some  moment  of  apparent  health  be 
suddenly  taken  away.  The  poor  widow  was  at  first  in  a  continual  state  of 
uneasiness;  but  several  years  had  now  pass' d,  and  none  of  the  impending 
evils  had  fallen  upon  the  boy's  head.  His  mother  seem'd  to  feel  confident  that 
he  would  live,  and  be  a  help  and  an  honor  to  her  old  age ;  and  the  two  strug 
gled  on  together,  mutually  happy  in  each  other,  and  enduring  much  of  poverty 
and  discomfort  without  repining,  each  for  the  other's  sake. 

Tim's  pleasant  disposition  had  made  him  many  friends  in  the  village,  and 
among  the  rest  a  young  farmer  named  Jones,  who,  with  his  elder  brother, 
work'd  a  large  farm  in  the  neigborhood  on  shares.  Jones  very  frequently 
made  Tim  a  present  of  a  bag  of  potatoes  or  corn,  or  some  garden  vegetables, 
which  he  took  from  his  own  stock;  but  as  his  partner  was  a  parsimonious, 
high-tempered  man,  and  had  often  said  that  Tim  was  an  idle  fellow,  and 
ought  not  to  be  help'd  because  he  did  not  work,  Jones  generally  made  his 
gifts  in  such  a  manner  that  no  one  knew  anything  about  them,  except  himself 
and  the  grateful  objects  of  his  kindness.  It  might  be,  too,  that  the  widow  was 
loth  to  have  it  understood  by  the  neighbors  that  she  received  food  from  anyone , 
for  there  is  often  an  excusable  pride  in  people  of  her  condition  which  makes 
them  shrink  from  being  consider'd  as  objects  of  "  charity  "  as  they  would  from 
the  severest  pains.  On  the  night  in  question,  Tim  had  been  told  that  Jones 
would  send  them  a  bag  of  potatoes,  and  the  place  at  which  they  were  to  be 
waiting  for  him  was  fixed  at  Mr.  Nichols's  garden-fence.  It  was  this  bag 
that  Tim  had  been  seen  staggering  under,  and  which  caused  the  unlucky  boy 
to  be  accused  and  convicted  by  his  teacher  as  a  thief.  That  teacher  was  one 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH.  343 

little  fitted  for  his  important  and  responsible  office.  Hasty  to  decide,  and  in 
flexibly  severe,  he  was  the  terror  ol  the  little  world  he  ruled  so  despotically. 
Punishment  he  seemed  to  delight  in.  Knowing  little  of  those  sweet  fountains 
which  in  children's  breasts  ever  open  quickly  at  the  call  of  gentleness  and 
kin  1  words,  he  was  fear'd  by  all  for  his  sternness,  and  loved  by  none.  I 
would  that  he  were  an  isolated  instance  in  his  profession. 

The  hour  of  grace  had  drawn  to  its  close,  and  the  time  approach'd  at  which 
i1:  was  usual  for  Lugare  to  give  his  school  a  joyfully-receiv'd  dismission.  Now 
ami  then  one  of  the  scholars  would  direct  a  furtive  glance  at  Tim,  sometimes 
in  pi'.y,  sometimes  in  indifference  or  inquiry.  They  knew  that  he  would  have 
ii)  mercy  shown  him,  and  though  mo^t  of  them  loved  him,  whipping  was  too 
common  there  to  exact  much  sympathy.  Every  inquiring  glance,  however, 
remain'd  unsatisfied,  for  at  the  end  of  the  houY,  Tim  remain'd  with  his  face 
completely  hidden,  and  his  head  bow'd  in  his  arms,  precisely  as  he  had  lean'd 
himself  when  he  first  went  to  his  seat.  Lugare  look'd  at  the  boy  occasionally 
•  with  a  scowl  which  seem'd  to  bode  vengeance  for  his  sullenness.  At  length  the 
last  class  had  been  heard,  and  the  last  lesson  recited,  and  Lugare  seated  him 
self  behind  his  desk  on  the  platform,  with  his  longest  and  stoutest  ratan  before 
him. 

"  Now,  Barker,"  he  said,  "  we'll  settle  that  little  business  of  yours.  Just 
step  up  here.'' 

Tim  did  not  move.  The  school-room  was  as  still  as  the  grave.  Not  a  sound 
was  to  be  heard,  except  occasionally  a  long-drawn  breath. 

" Mind  me,  sir,  or  it  will  be  the  worse  for  you.  Step  up  here,  and  takeoff 
your  jacket !" 

The  boy  did  not  stir  any  more  than  if  he  had  been  of  wood.  Lugare  shook 
with  passion.  He  sat  still  a  minute,  as  if  considering  the  best  way  to  wreak 
his  vengeance.  That  minute,  passed  in  death-like  silence,  was  a  fearful  one  to 
some  of  the  children,  for  their  faces'  whiten'd  with  fright.  It  seem'd,  as  it 
slowly  dropp'd  away,  like  the  minute  which  precedes  the  climax  of  an  ex 
quisitely-performed  tragedy,  when  some  mighty  master  of  the  histrionic  art  is 
treading  the  stage,  and  you  and  the  multitude  around  you  are  waiting,  with 
stretch'd  nerves  and  suspended  breath,  in  expectation  of  the  terrible  catas 
trophe. 

"  Tim  is  asleep,  sir,"  at  length  said  one  of  the  boys  who  sat  near  him. 
Lugare,  at  this  intelligence,  allow'd  his  features  to  relax  from  their  expres 
sion  of  savage  anger  into  a  smile,  but  that  smile  look'd  more  malignant  if  pos 
sible,  than  his  former  scowls.  It  might  be  that  he  felt  amused  at  the  horror 
depicted  on  the  faces  of  those  about  him ;  or  it  might  be  that  he  was  gloating 
in  pleasure  on  the  way  in  which  he  intended  to  wake  the  slumberer. 

"  Asleep !  are  you,  my  young  gentleman  !"  said  he ;  "  let  us  see  if  we  can't 
find  something  to  tickle  your  eyes  open.  There's  nothing  like  making  the 
best  of  a  bad  case,  boys.  Tim,  here,  is  determin'd  not  to  be  worried  in  his 
mind  about  a  little  flogging,  for  the  thought  of  it  can't  even  keep  the  little 
scoundrel  awake." 

Lugare  smiled  again  as  he  made  the  last  observation.  He  grasp'd  his  ratan 
firmly,  and  descended  from  his  seat.  With  light  and  stealthy  steps  he  cross'd 
the  room,  and  stood  by  the  unlucky  sleeper.  The  boy  was  still  as  unconscious 
of  his  impending  punishment  as  ever.  He  might  be  dreaming  some  golden 
dream  of  youth  and  pleasure ;  perhaps  he  was  far  away  in  the  world  of  fancy, 
seeing  scenes,  and  feeling  delights,  which  cold  reality  never  can  bestow. 
Lugare  lifted  his  ratan  high  over  his  head,  and  with  the  true  and  expert  aim 
which  he  had  acquired  by  long  practice,  brought  it  down  on  Tim's  back  with 
a  force  and  whacking  sound  which  seem'd  sufficient  to  awake  a  freezing  man 


344  COLLECT— (Appendix}. 

in  his  last  lethargy.  Quick  and  fa?t,  blow  follow'rl  blow.  Without  waiting 
to  see  the  effect  of  the  first  cut,  the  brutal  wretch  plied  his  instrument  of  tor 
ture  first  on  one  side  of  the  boy's  back,  and  then  on  the  other,  and  only 
stopped  at  the  end  of  two  or  three  minutes  from  very  weariness.  But  still 
Tim  show'd  no  signs  of  motion;  and  as  Lugare,  provoked  at  his  torpidity, 
jerk'd  away  one  of  the  child's  arms,  on  which  he  had  been  leaning  over  the 
desk,  his  head  dropp'd  down  on  the  board  with  a  dull  sound,  and  his  face  lay 
turn'd  up  and  exposed  to  view.  When  Lugare  saw  it,  he  stood  like  one 
transfix'd  by  a  basilisk.  His  countenance  turn'd  to  a  leaden  whiteness ; 
the  ratan  dropp'd  from  his  grasp;  and  his  eyes,  stretch'd  wide  open,  glared 
as  at  some  monstrous  spectacle  of  horror  and  death.  The  sweat  started  in 
great  globules  seemingly  from  every  pore  in  his  face  ;  his  skinny  lips  contracted, 
and  show'd  his  teeth;  and  when  he  at  length  stretch'd  forth  his  arm,  and  with 
the  end  of  one  of  his  fingers  touch'd  the  child's  cheek,  each  limb  quiver'd 
like  the  tungue  of  a  snake;  and  his  strength  seemed  as  though  it  would 
momentarily  fail  him.  The  boy  was  dead.  He  had  probably  been  so  for' 
some  time,  for  his  eyes  were  turn'd  up,  and  his  body  was  quite  cold.  Death 
was  in  the  school-room,  and  Lugare  had  been  flogging  A  CORPSE. 

— Democratic  Review,  August,  1841. 


ONE  WICKED   IMPULSE! 

That  section  of  Nassau  street  which  runs  into  the  great  mart  of  New  York 
brokers  and  stock  -jobbers,  has  for  a  long  time  been  much  occupied  by  practi 
tioners  of  the  law.  Tolerably  well-known  amid  this  class  some  years  since, 
was  Adam  Covert,  a  middle-aged  man  of  rather  limited  means,  who,  to  tell 
the  truth,  gained  more  by  trickery  than  he  did  in  the  legitimate  and  honorable 
exercise  of  his  profession.  He  was  a  tall,  bilious-faced  widower;  the  father 
of  two  children ;  and  had  lately  been  seeking  to  better  his  fortunes  by  a  rich 
marriage.  But  somehow  or  other  his  wooing  did  not  seem  to  thrive  well,  and, 
with  perhaps  one  exception,  the  lawyer's  prospects  in  the  matrimonial  way 
were  hopelessly  gloomy. 

Among  the  early  clients  of  Mr.  Covert  had  been  a  distant  relative  named 
Marsh,  who,  dying  somewhat  suddenly,  left  his  son  and  daughter,  and  some 
little  property,  to  the  care  of  Covert,  under  a  will  drawn  out  by  that  gentleman 
himself.  At  no  time  caught  without  his  eyes  open,  the  cunning  lawyer,  aided 
by  much  sad  confusion  in  the  emergency  which  had  caused  his  services  to  be 
called  for,  and  disguising  his  object  under  a  cloud  of  technicalities,  inserted 
provisions  in  the  will,  giving  himself  an  almost  arbitrary  control  over  the 
property  and  over  those  for  whom  it  was  designed.  This  control  was  even 
made  to  extend  beyond  the  time  when  the  children  would  arrive  at  mature 
age.  The  son,  Philip,  a  spirited  and  high-temper'd  fellow,  had  some  time 
since  pass'd  that  age.  Esther,  the  girl,  a  plain,  and  somewhat  devotional 
young  woman,  was  in  her  nineteenth  year. 

Having  such  power  over  his  wards,  Covert  did  not  scruple  openly  to  use  his 
advantage,  in  pressing  his  claims  as  a  suitor  for  Esther's  hand.  Since  the 
death  of  Marsh,  the  property  he  left,  which  had  been  in  real  estate,  and  was 
to  be  divided  equally  between  the  brother  and  sister,  had  risen  to  very  consid 
erable  value ;  and  Esther's  share  was  to  a  man  in  Covert's  situation  a  prize 
very  well  worth  seeking.  All  this  time,  while  really  owning  a  respectable 
income,  the  youaig  orphans  often  felt  the  want  of  the  smallest  sum  of  money — 
and  Esther,  on  Philip's  account,  was  more  than  once  driven  to  various  con 
trivances — the  pawn-shop,  sales  of  her  own  little  luxuries,  and  the  like,  to 
(urnish  him  with  means. 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH.  345 

Though  she  had  frequently  shown  her  guardian  unequivocal  evidence  of  her 
aversion,  Esther  continued  to  suffer  from  his  persecutions,  until  one  day  he 
proceeded  farther  and  was  more  pressing  than  usual.  She  possess'd  some  of  hes 
brother's  mettlesome  temper,  and  gave  him  an  abrupt  and  most  decided  refusal. 
With  dignity,  she  exposed  the  baseness  of  his  conduct,  and  forbade  him  ever 
again  mentioning  marriage  to  her.  He  retorted  bitterly,  vaunted  his  hold  on 
her  and  Philip,  and  swore  an  oath  that  unless  she  became  his  wife,  they  should 
both  thenceforward  become  penniless.  Losing  his  habitual  self-control  in  his 
exasperation,  he  even  added  insults  such  as  woman  never  receives  from  any 
one  deserving  the  name  of  man,  and  at  his  own  convenience  left  the  house. 
That  day,  Philip  return'd  to  New  York,  after  an  absence  of  several  weeks 
on  the  business  of  a  mercantile  house  in  whose  employment  he  had  lately 
engaged. 

Toward  the  latter  part  of  the  same  afternoon,  Mr.  Covert  was  sitting  in 
his  office,  in  Nassau  street,  busily  at  work,  when  a  knock  at  the  door  announc'd 
•a  visitor,  and  directly  afterward  young  Marsh  enter'd  the  room.  His  face 
exhibited  a  peculiar  pallid  appearance  that  did  not  strike  Covert  at  all  agreea 
bly,  and  he  call'd  his  clerk  from  an  adjoining  room,  and  gave  him  something 
to  do  at  a  desk  near  by. 

"  I  wish  to  see  you  alone,  Mr.  Covert,  if  convenient,"  said  the  new-comer. 

"  We  can  talk  quite  well  enough  where  we  are,"  answer'd  the  lawyer;  "  in 
deed,  I  don't  know  that  I  have  any  leisure  to  talk  at  all,  for  just  now  I  am 
very  much  press'd  with  business." 

"  But  I  must  speak  to  you,"  rejoined  Philip  sternly,  "  at  least  I  must  say  one 
thing,  and  that  is,  Mr.  Covert,  that  you  are  a  villain  !" 

"  Insolent !"  exclaimed  the  lawyer,  rising  behind  the  table,  and  pointing  to 
the  door:  "  Do  you  see  that,  sir!  Let  one  minute  longer  find  you  the  other 
side,  or  your  feet  may  reach  the  landing  by  quicker  method.  Begone,  sir?" 

Such  a  threat  was  the  more  harsh  to  Philip,  for  he  had  rather  high-strung 
feelings  of  honor.  He  grew  almost  livid  with  suppress' d  agitation. 

"  I  will  see  you  again  very  soon,"  said  he,  in  a  low  but  distinct  manner,  his 
lips  trembling  as  he  spoke ;  and  left  the  office. 

The  incidents  of  the  rest  of  that  pleasant  summer  day  left  little  impression 
on  the  young  man's  mind.  He  roam'd  to  and  fro  without  any  object  or  desti 
nation.  Along  South  street  and  by  Whitehall,  he  watch'd  with  curious  eyes 
the  movements  of  the  shipping,  and  the  loading  and  unloading  of  cargoes; 
and  listen'd  to  the  merry  heave-yo  of  the  sailors  and  stevedores.  There  are 
some  minds  upon  which  great  excitement  produces  the  singular  effect  of  unit 
ing  two  utterly  inconsistent  faculties — a  sort  of  cold  apathy,  and  a  sharp  sen 
sitiveness  to  all  that  is  going  on  at  the  same  time.  Philip's  was  one  of  this 
sort;  he  noticed  the  various  differences  in  the  apparel  of  a  gang  of  wharf- 
laborers — turn'd  over  in  his  brain  whether  they  receiv'd  wages  enough  to  keep 
them  comfortable,  and  their  families  also — and  if  they  had  families  or  not, 
which  he  tried  to  tell  by  their  looks.  In  such  petty  reflections  the  daylight 
passed  away.  And  all  the  while  the  master  wish  of  Philip's  thoughts  was  a 
desire  to  see  the  lawyer  Covert.  For  what  purpose  he  himself  was  by  no 
means  clear. 

Nightfall  came  at  last.  Still,  however,  the  young  man  did  not  direct  his 
steps  homeward.  He  felt  more  cairn,  however,  and  entering  an  eating  house, 
order'd  something  for  his  supper,  which,  when  it  was  brought  to  him,  he 
merely  tasted,  and  stroll'd  forth  again.  There  was  a  kind  of  gnawing  sensa 
tion  of  thirst  within  him  yet,  and  as  he  pass'd  a  hotel,  he  bethought  him  that 
one  little  glass  of  spirits  would  perhaps  be  just  the  thing.  He  drank,  and 
hour  after  hour  wore  away  unconsciously ;  he  drank  not  one  glass,  but  three 


.546  COLLECT— (Appendix}. 

or  four,  and  strong  glasses  they  were  to  him,  for  he  was  habitually  abstemi 
ous. 

It  had  been  a  hot  day  and  evening,  and  when  Philip,  at  an  advanced  period 
of  the  night,  emerged  from  the  bar-room  into  the  street,  he  found  that  a 
thunderstorm  had  just  commenced.  He  resolutely  walk'd  on,  however,  al 
though  at  every  step  it  grew  more  and  more  blustering. 

The  rain  now  pour'd  down  a  cataract ;  the  shops  were  all  shut ;  few  of  the 
street  lamps  were  lighted ;  and  there  was  little  except  the  frequent  Hashes  of 
lightning  to  show  him  his  way.  When  about  half  the  length  of  Chatham  street, 
which  lay  in  the  direction  he  had  to  take,  the  momentary  fury  of  the  tempest 
forced  him  to  turn  aside  into  a  sort  of  shelter  form'd  by  the  corners  of  the 
deep  entrance  to  a  Jew  pawnbroker's  shop  there.  He  had  hardly  drawn  him 
self  in  as  closely  as  possible,  when  the  lightning  reveal'd  to  him  that  the  oppo 
site  corner  of  the  nook  was  tenanted  also. 

"  A  sharp  rain,  this,"  said  the  other  occupant,  who  simultaneously  beheld 
Philip. 

The  voice  sounded  to  the  young  man's  ears  a  note  which  almost  made  him 
sober  again.  It  was  certainly  the  voice  of  Adam  Covert.  He  made  some 
commonplace  reply,  and  waited  for  another  flash  of  lightning  to  show  him  the 
stranger's  face.  It  came,  and  he  saw  that  his  companion  was  indeed  his 
guardian. 

Philip  Marsh  had  drank  deeply — (let  us  plead  all  that  may  be  possible  to 
you,  stern  moralist.)  Upon  his  mind  came  swarming,  and  he  could  not  drive 
them  away,  thoughts  of  all  those  insults  his  sister  had  told  him  of,  and  the 
bitter  words  Covert  had  spoken  to  her;  he  reflected,  too,  on  the  injuries  Es 
ther  as  well  as  himself  had  receiv'd,  and  were  still  likely  to  receive,  at  the 
hands  of  that  bold,  bad  man;  how  mean,  selfish,  and  unprincipled  was  his 
character — what  base  and  cruel  advantages  he  had  taken  of  many  poor 
people,  entangled  in  his  power,  and  of  how  much  wrong  and  suffering  he  had 
been  the  author,  and  might  be  again  through  future  years.  The  very  turmoil 
of  the  elements,  the  harsh  roll  of  the  thunder,  the  vindictive  beating  of  the 
rain,  and  the  fierce  glare  of  the  wild  fluid  that  seem'd  to  riot  in  the  ferocity  of 
the  storm  around  him,  kindled  a  strange  sympathetic  fury  in  the  young  man's 
mind.  Heaven  itself  (so  deranged  were  his  imaginations)  appear'd  to  have 
provided  a  fitting  scene  and  time  for  a  deed  of  retribution,  which  to  his  dis- 
order'd  passion  half  wore  the  semblance  of  a  divine  justice.  He  remember'd 
not  the  ready  solution  to  be  found  in  Covert's  pressure  of  business,  which  had 
no  doubt  kept  him  later  than  usual ;  but  fancied  some  mysterious  intent  in  the 
ordaining  that  he  should  be  there,  and  that  they  two  should  meet  at  that  un 
timely  hour.  All  this  whirl  of  influence  came  over  Philip  with  startling  quick 
ness  at  that  horrid  moment.  He  stepp'd  to  the  side  of  his  guardian. 

"Ho!"  said  he,  "have  we  met  so  soon,  Mr.  Covert?  You  traitor  to  my 
dead  father — robber  of  his  children  !  I  fear  to  think  on  what  I  think  now  !" 

The  lawyer's  natural  effrontery  did  not  desert  him. 

"  Unless  you'd  like  to  spend  a  night  in  the  watch-house,  young  gentleman," 
said  he,  after  a  short  pause,  "move  on.  Your  father  was  a  weak  man,  I  re 
member;  as  for  his  son,  his  own  wicked  heart  is  his  worst  foe.  1  have  never 
done  wrong  to  either — that  I  can  say,  and  swear  it !" 

"  Insolent  liar!"  exclaimed  Philip,  his  eye  flashing  out  sparks  of  fire  in  the 
darkness. 

Covert  made  no  reply  except  a  cool,  contemptuous  laugh,  which  stung  the 
excited  young  man  to  double  fury.  He  sprang  upon  the  lawyer,  and  clutch'd 
him  by  the  neckcloth. 

"Take  it,  then!''   he  cried  hoarsely,  for  his  throat  was  impeded  by  the 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH. 


347 


fiendish  rage  which  in  that  black  hour  possess'd  him.     "  You  are  not  fit  to 
live !" 

He  dragg'd  his  guardian  to  the  earth  and  fell  crushingly  upon  him,  choking 
the  shriek  the  poor  victim  but  just  began  to  utter.  Then,  with  monstrous  im 
precation*,  he  twisted  a  tight  knot  around  the  gasping  creature's  neck,  drew 
a  clasp  knife  from  his  pocket,  and  touching  the  spring,  the  long  sharp  blade, 
too  eager  for  its  bloody  work,  flew  open. 

During  the  lull  of  the  storm,  the  last  strength  of  the  prostrate  man  burst 
forth  into  one  short  loud  cry  of  agony.  At  the  same  instant,  the  arm  of  the 
murderer  thrust  the  blade,  once,  twice,  thrice,  deep  in  his  enemy's  bosom  ! 
Not  a  minute  had  passed  since  that  fatal  exasperating  laugh — but  the  deed  was 
done,  and  the  instinctive  thought  which  came  at  once  to  the  guilty  one,  was  a 
thought  of  fear  and  escape. 

In  the  unearthly  pause  which  follow'd,  Philip's  eyes  gave  one  long,  search 
ing  sweep  in  every  direction,  above  and  around  him.  Above !  God  of  the 
all-seeing  eye !  \Vhat,  and  who  was  that  figure  there  ? 

"Forbear!  In  Jehovah's  name  forbear;"  cried  a  shrill,  but  clear  and 
melodious  voice. 

It  was  as  if  some  accusing  spirit  had  come  down  to  bear  witness  against 
the  deed  of  blood.  Leaning  far  out  of  an  open  window,  appear'd  a  white 
draperied  shape,  its  face  possess'd  of  a  wonderful  youthful  beauty.  Long 
vivid  glows  of  lightning  gave  Philip  a  full  opportunity  to  see  as  clearly  as 
though  the  sun  had  been  shining  at  noonday.  One  hand  of  the  figure  was 
raised  upward  in  a  deprecating  attitude,  and  his  large  bright  black  eyes  bent 
down  upon  the  scene  below  with  an  expression  of  horror  and  shrinking  pain. 
Such  heavenly  looks,  and  the  peculiar  circumstance  of  the  time,  fill'd  Philip's 
heart  with  awe. 

"  Oh,  if  it  is  not  yet  too  late,"  spoke  the  youth  again,  "  spare  him.  In  God's 
voice,  I  command, '  Thou  shall  do  no  murder!'" 

The  words  rang  like  a  knell  in  the  ear  of  the  terror-stricken  and  already 
remorseful  Philip.  Springing  from  the  body,  he  gave  a  second  glance  up  and 
down  the  walk,  which  was  totally  lonesome  and  deserted ;  then  crossing  into 
Reade  street,  he  made  his  fearful  way  in  a  half  state  of  stupor,  half-bewilder 
ment,  by  the  nearest  avenues  to  his  home. 

When  the  corpse  of  the  murder'd  lawyer  was  found  in  the  morning,  and 
the  officers  of  justice  commenced  their  inquiry,  suspicion  immediately  fell  upon 
Philip,  and  he  was  arrested.  The  most  rigorous  search,  however,  brought  to 
light  nothing  at  all  implicating  the  young  man,  except  his  visit  to  Covert's 
office  the  evening  before,  and  his  angry  language  there.  That  was  by  no  means 
enough  to  fix  so  heavy  a  charge  upon  him. 

The  second  day  afterward,  the  whole  business  came  before  the  ordinary 
judicial  tribunal,  in  order  that  Philip  might  be  either  committed  for  the  crime, 
or  discharged.  The  testimony  of  Mr.'  Covert's  clerk  stood  alone.  One  of  his 
employers,  who,  believing  in  his  innocence,  had  deserted  him  not  in  this  crisis, 
had  provided  him  with  the  ablest  criminal  counsel  in  New  York.  The  proof 
was  declared  entirely  insufficient,  and  Philip  was  discharged. 

The  crowded  court-room  made  way  for  him  as  he  came  out ;  hundreds  of  cu 
rious  looks  fixed  upon  his  features,  and  many  a  jibe  pass'd  upon  him.  But  of 
all  that  arena  of  human  faces,  he  saw  only  one — a  sad,  pale,  black-eyed  one, 
cowering  in  the  centre  of  the  rest.  He  had  seen  that  face  twice  before — the 
first  time  as  a  warning  spectre — the  second  time  in  prison,  immediately  after 
his  arrest — now  for  the  last  time.  This  young  stranger — the  son  of  a  scorn'd 
race — coming  to  the  court-room  to  perform  an  unhappy  duty,  with  the  inten 
tion  of  testifying  to  what  he  had  seen,  melted  at  the  sight  of  Philip's  bloodless 


348  COLLECT— (Appendix}. 

cheek,  and  of  .his  sister's  convulsive  sobs,  and  forbore  witnessing  against  the 
murderer.  Shall  we  applaud  or  condemn  him  ?  Let  every  reader  answer  the 
question  for  himself. 

That  afternoon  Philip  left  New  York.  His  friendly  employer  own'd  a 
small  farm  some  miles  up  the  Hudson,  and  until  the  excitement  of  the  affair 
was  over,  he  advised  the  young  man  to  go  thither.  Philip  thankfully  accepted 
the  proposal,  made  a  few  preparations,  took  a  hurried  leave  of  Esther,  and  by 
nightfall  was  settled  in  his  new  abode. 

And  how,  think  you,  rested  Philip  Marsh  that  night  ?  Rested  indeed  !  O, 
if  those  who  clamor  so  much  for  the  halter  and  the  scaffold  to  punish  crime, 
could  have  seen  that  sight,  they  might  have  learn'd  a  lesson  then !  Four  days 
had  elapsed  since  he  that  lay  tossing  upon  the  bed  there  had  slumber'd.  Not  the 
slightest  intermission  had  come  to  his  awaken'd  and  tensely  strung  sense, 
during  those  frightful  days. 

Disturb'd  waking  dreams  came  to  him,  as  he  thought  what  he  might  do  to 
gain  his  lost  peace.  Far,  far  away  would  he  go !  The  cold  roll  of  the  mur- 
der'd  man's  eye,  as  it  turn'd  up  its  last  glance  into  his  face — the  shrill  excla 
mation  of  pain — all  the  unearthly  vividness  of  the  posture,  motions,  and  looks 
of  the  dead — the  warning  voice  from  above — pursued  him  like  tormenting 
furies,  and  were  never  absent  from  his  mind,  asleep  or  awake,  that  long  weary 
night.  Anything,  any  place,  to  escape  such  horrid  companionship !  He 
would  travel  inland — hire  himself  to  do  hard  drudgery  upon  some  farm — work 
incessantly  through  the  wide  summer  days,  and  thus  force  nature  to  bestow 
oblivion  upon  his  senses,  at  least  a  little  while  now  and  then.  He  would  fly 
on,  on,  on,  until  amid  different  scenes  and  a  new  life,  the  old  memories  were 
rubb'd  entirely  out.  He  would  fight  bravely  in  himself  for  peace  of  mind. 
For  peace  he  would  labor  and  struggle — for  peace  he  would  pray ! 

At  length  after  a  feverish  slumber  of  some  thirty  or  forty  minutes,  the  un 
happy  youth,  waking  with  a  nervous  start,  rais'd  himself  in  bed,  and  saw  the 
blessed  daylight  beginning  to  dawn  He  felt  the  sweat  trickling  down  his 
naked  breast ;  the  sheet  where  he  had  lain  was  quite  wet  with  it.  Dragging 
himself  wearily,  he  open'd  the  window.  Ah !  that  good  morning  air — how 
it  refresh'd  him — how  he  lean'd  out,  and  drank  in  the  fragrance  of  the  blossoms 
below,  and  almost  for  the  first  time  in  his  life  felt  how  beautifully  indeed  God 
had  made  the  earth,  and  that  there  was  wonderful  sweetness  in  mere  existence. 
And  amidst  the  thousand  mute  mouths  and  eloquent  eyes,  which  appear'd  as 
it  were  to  look  up  and  speak  in  every  direction,  he  fancied  so  many  invitations 
to  come  among  them.  Not  without  effort,  for  he  was  very  weak,  he  dress'd 
himself,  and  issued  forth  into  the  open  air. 

Clouds  of  pale  gold  and  transparent  crimson  draperied  the  eastern  sky,  but 
the  sun,  whose  face  gladden'd  them  into  all  that  glory,  was  not  yet  above  the 
horizon.  It  was  a  time  and  place  of  such  rare,  such  Eden-like  beauty  !  Philip 
paused  at  the  summit  of  an  upward  slope,  and  gazed  around  him.  Some  few 
miles  off  he  could  see  a  gleam  of  the  Hudson  river,  and  above  it  a  spur  of 
those  rugged  cliffs  scatter'd  along  its  western  shores.  Nearer  by  were  culti 
vated  fields.  The  clover  grew  richly  there,  the  young  grain  bent  to  the  early 
breeze,  and  the  air  was  filled  with  an  intoxicating  perfume.  At  his  side  was 
the  large  well-kept  garden  of  his  host,  in  which  were  many  pretty  flowers, 
grass  plots,  and  a  wide  avenue  of  noble  trees.  As  Philip  gazed,  the  holy  calm 
ing  power  of  Nature — the  invisible  spirit  of  so  much  beauty  and  so  much  in 
nocence,  melted  into  his  soul.  The  disturb'd  passions  and  the  feverish  conflict 
subsided.  He  even  felt  something  like  envied  peace  of  mind — a  sort  of  joy 
even  in  the  presence  of  all  the  unmarr'd  goodness.  It  was  as  fair  to  him,  guilty 
though  he  had  been,  as  to  the  purest  of  the  pure.  No  accusing  frowns  show'd 


PIECES  IN  EARLY  YOUTH.  349 

in  the  face  of  the  flowers,  or  in  the  green  shrubs,  or  the  branches  of  the  trees. 
They,  more  forgiving  than  mankind,  and  distinguishing  not  between  the  chil 
dren  of  darkness  and  the  children  of  light — they  at  least  treated  him  with  gen- 
tlcnos.  Was  he,  then  a  being  so  accurs'd  ?  Involuntarily,  he  bent  over  a 
branch  of  red  roses,  and  took  them  softly  between  his  hands — those  murderous, 
.bloody  hands!  But  the  red  roses  neither  wither'd  nor  smell'd  less  fragrant. 
And  as  the  young  man  kiss'd  them,  and  dropp'd  a  tear  upon  them,  it  seem'd  to 
him  that  he  had  found  pity  and  sympathy  from  Heaven  itself. 

Though  against  all  the  rules  of  story-writing,  we  continue  our  narrative  of 
these  mainly  true  incidents  (for  such  they  are,)  no  further.  Only  to  say  that 
the  murderer  soon  departed  for  a  new  field  of  action — that  he  is  still  living — 
and  that  this  is  but  one  of  thousands  of  cases  of  unravel'd,  unpunish'd  crime — 
left,  not  to  the  tribunals  of  man,  but  to  a  wider  power  and  judgment. 


THE   LAST   LOYALIST. 

"She  came  to  me  last  night, 
The  floor  gave  back  no  tread." 

The  story  I  am  going  to  tell  is  a  traditional  reminiscence  of  a  country  place, 
in  my  rambles  about  which  I  have  otten  passed  the  house,  now  unoccupied, 
and  mostly  in  ruins,  that  was  the  scene  of  the  transaction.  I  cannot,  of  course, 
convey  to  others  that  particular  kind  of  influence  which  is  derived  from  my 
being  so  familiar  with  the  locality,  and  with  the  very  people  whose  grand 
fathers  or  fathers  were  contemporaries  of  the  actors  in  the  drama  I  shall  tran 
scribe.  I  must  hardly  expect,  therefore,  that  to  those  who  hear  it  thro'  the 
medium  of  my  pen,  the  narration  will  possess  as  life-like  and  interesting  a 
character  as  it  does  to  myself. 

On  a  large  and  fertile  neck  of  land  that  juts  out  in  the  Sound,  stretching  to 
the  east  of  New  York  city,  there  stood,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century, 
an  okl-fashion'd  country-residence.  It  had  been  built  by  one  of  the  first  set 
tlers  of  this  section  of  the  New  World ;  and  its  occupant  was  originally  owner 
of  the  extensive  tract  lying  adjacent  to  his  house,  and  pushing  into  the  bosom 
of  the  salt  waters.  It  was  during  the  troubled  times  which  mark'd  our 
American  Revolution  that  the  incidents  occurr'd  which  are  the  foundation  of 
my  story.  Some  time  before  the  commencement  of  the  war,  the  owner,  whom 
I  shall  call  Vanhome,  was  taken  sick  and  died.  For  some  time  before  his 
death  he  had  lived  a  widower;  and  his  only  child,  a  lad  of  ten  years  old,  was 
thus  left  an  orphan.  By  his  father's  will  this  child  was  placed  implicitly  under 
the  guardianship  of  an  uncle,  a  middle-aged  man,  who  had  been  of  late  a 
resident  in  the  family.  His  care  and  interest,  however,  were  needed  but  a 
little  while — not  two  years  elaps'd  after  the  parents  were  laid  away  to  their 
last  repose  before  another  grave  had  to  be  prepared  for  the  son — the  child  who 
had  been  so  haplessly  deprived  of  their  fostering  care. 

The  period  now  arrived  when  the  great  national  convulsion  burst  forth. 
Sounds  of  strife  and  the  clash  of  arms,  and  the  angry  voices  of  disputants, 
were  borne  along  by  the  air,  and  week  after  week  grew  to  still  louder  clamor. 
Families  were  divided ;  adherents  to  the  crown,  and  ardent  upholders  of  the 
rebellion,  were  often  found  in  the  bosom  of  the  same  domestic  circle.  Van- 
home,  the  uncle  spoken  of  as  guardian  to  the  young  heir,  was  a  man  who 
lean'd  to  the  stern,  the  high-handed  and  the  severe.  He  soon  became  known 
among  the  most  energetic  of  the  loyalists.  So  decided  were  his  sentiments 
that,  leaving  the  estate  which  he  had  inherited  from  his  brother  and  nephew, 
he  join'd  the  forces  of  the  British  king.  Thenceforward,  whenever  his  old 


250  COLLECT— (Appendix). 

neighbors  heard  of  him,  it  was  as  being  engaged  in  the  crudest  outrages,  the 
boldest  inroads,  or  the  most  determin'd  attacks  upon  the  army  of  his  country 
men  or  their  peaceful  settlements. 

Eight  years  brought  the  rebel  States  and  their  leaders  to  that  glorious  epoch 
when  the  last  remnant  of  a  monarch's  rule  was  to  leave  their  shores — when 
the  last  waving  of  the  royal  standard  was  to  flutter  as  it  should  be  haui'd  down 
from  the  staff,  and  its  place  fill'd  by  the  proud  testimonial  of  our  warriors' 
success. 

Pleasantly  over  the  autumn  fields  shone  the  November  sun,  when  a  horse 
man,  of  somewhat  military  look,  plodded  slowly  along  the  road  that  led  to  the 
old  Vanhome  farmhouse.  There  was  nothing  peculiar  in  his  attire,  unless  it 
might  be  a  red  scarf  which  he  wore  tied  round  his  waist.  He  was  a  dark- 
featured,  sullen-eyed  man;  and  as  his  glance  was  thrown  restlessly  to  the 
right  and  left,  his  whole  manner  appear' d  to  be  that  of  a  person  moving  amid 
familiar  and  accustom'd  scenes.  Occasionally  he  stopp'd,  and  looking  Ion* 
and  steadily  at  some  object  that  attracted  his  attention,  mutter'd  to  himself, 
like  one  in  whose  breast  busy  thoughts  were  moving.  His  course  was  evidently 
to  the  homestead  itself,  at  which  in  due  time  he  arrived.  He  dismounted,  led 
his  horse  to  the  stables,  and  then,  without  knocking,  though  there  were  evident 
signs  of  occupancy  around  the  building,  the  traveler  made  his  entrance  as  com 
posedly  and  boldly  as  though  he  were  master  of  the  whole  establishment. 

Now  the  house  being  in  a  measure  deserted  for  many  years,  and  the  suc 
cessful  termination  of  the  strife  rendering  it  probable  that  the  Vanhome  estate 
would  be  confiscated  to  the  new  government,  an  aged,  poverty-stricken  couple 
had  been  encouraged  by  the  neighbors  to  take  possession  as  tenants  of  the 
place.  Their  name  was  Gills ;  and  these  people  the  traveler  found  upon  his 
entrance  were  likely  to  be  his  host  and  hostess.  Holding  their  right  as  they 
did  by  so  slight  a  tenure,  they  ventur'd  to  offer  no  opposition  when  the  stranger 
signified  his  intention  of  passing  several  hours  there. 

The  day  wore  on,  and  the  sun  went  down  in  the  west;  still  the  interloper, 
gloomy  and  taciturn,  made  no  signs  of  departing.  But  as  the  evening  ad 
vanced  (whether  the  darkness  was  congenial  to  his  sombre  thoughts,  or 
whether  it  merely  chanced  so)  he  seem'd  to  grow  more  affable  and  communi 
cative,  and  informed  Gills  that  he  should  pass  the  night  there,  tendering  him 
at  the  same  time  ample  remuneration,  which  the  latter  accepted  with  many 
thanks. 

"  Tell  me,"  said  he  to  his  aged  host,  when  they  were  all  sitting  around  the 
ample  hearth,  at  the  conclusion  of  their  evening  meal,  "tell  me  something  to 
while  away  the  hours." 

"  Ah !  sir,"  answered  Gills,  "  this  is  no  place  for  new  or  interesting  events. 
We  live  here  from  year  to  year,  and  at  the  end  of  one  we  find  ourselves  at 
about  the  same  place  which  we  filled  in  the  beginning." 

"Can  you  relate  nothing,  then?"  rejoin'd  the  guest,  and  a  singular  smile 
pass'd  over  his  features ;  "  can  you  say  nothing  about  your  own  place  ? — this 
house  or  its  former  inhabitants,  or  former  history  ?  " 

The  old  man  glanced  across  to  his  wife,  and  a  look  expressive  of  sympathetic 
feeling  started  in  the  face  of  each. 

"  It  is  an  unfortunate  story,  sir,"  said  Gills,  "  and  may  cast  a  chill  upon  you, 
instead  of  the  pleasant  feeling  which  it  would  be  best  to  foster  when  in  strange 
walls." 

"  Strange  walls!  "  echoed  he  of  the  red  scarf,  and  for  the  first  time  since 
his  arrival  he  half  laughed,  but  it  was  not  the  laugh  which  conies  trom  a  man's 
heart. 

"  You  must  know,  sir,"  continued  Gills,  "  I  am  myself  a  sort  of  intruder 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH.  je  r 

here.  The  Vanhomes — that  was  the  name  of  the  former  residents  and 
owners — I  have  never  seen ;  for  when  I  came  to  these  parts  the  last  occupant 
had  left  to  join  the  red-coat  soldiery.  I  am  told  that  he  is  to  sail  with  them 
for  foreign  lands,  now  that  the  war  is  ended,  and  his  property  almost  certain 
to  pass  into  other  hands." 

As  the  old  man  went  on,  the  stranger  cast  down 'his  eyes,  and  listen'd  with 
an  appearance  of  great  interest,  though  a  transient  smile  or  a  brightening  of 
the  eye  would  occasionally  disturb  the  serenity  of  his  deportment. 

"The  old  owners  of  this  place,"  continued  the  white-haired  narrator,  "  were 
well  oft'  in  the  world,  and  bore  a  good  name  among  their  neighbors.  The 
brother  of  Sergeant  Vanhome,  now  the  only  one  of  the  name,  died  ten  or 
twelve  years  since,  leaving  a  son— a  child  so  small  that  the  father's  will  made 
provision  for  his  being  brought  up  by  his  uncle,  whom  I  mention'd  but  now 
as  of  the  British  army.  He  was  a  strange  man,  this  uncle ;  disliked  by  all 
who  knew  him ;  passionate,  vindictive,  and,  it  was  said,  very  avaricious,  even 
from  his  childhood. 

"  Well,  not  long  after  the  death  of  the  parents,  dark  stories  began  to  be  cir 
culated  about  cruelty  and  punishment  and  whippings  and  starvation  inflicted 
by  the  new  master  upon  his  nephew.  People  who  had  business  at  the  home 
stead  would  frequently,  when  they  came  away,  relate  the  most  fearful  things 
of  its  manager,  and  how  he  misused  his  brother's  child.  It  was  half  hinted 
that  he  strove -to  get  the  youngster  out  of  the  way  in  order  that  the  whole  estate 
might  fall  into  his  own  hands.  As  I  told  you  before,  however,  nobody  liked 
the  man  ;  and  perhaps  they  judged  him  too  uncharitably. 

"  After  things  had  gone  on  in  this  way  for  some  time,  a  countryman,  a 
laborer,  who  was  hired  to  do  farm-work  upcn  the  place,  one  evening  observed 
that  the  little  orphan  Vanhome  was  more  faint  and  pale  even  than  usual,  for  he 
was  always  delicate,  and  that  is  one  reason  why  I  think  it  possible  that  his 
death,  of  which  I  am  now  going  to  tell  you,  was  but  the  result  of  his  own 
weak  constitution,  and  nothing  else.  The  laborer  slept  that  night  at  the  farm- 
house.  Just  before  the  time  at  which  they  usually  retired  to  bed,  this  person, 
feeling  sleepy  with  his  day's  toil,  left  the  kitchen  hearth  and  wended  his  way 
to  rest.  In  going  to  his  place  of  repose  he  had  to  pass  a  chamber — the  very 
chamber  where  you,  sir,  are  to  sleep  to-night — and  there  he  heard  the  voice 
of  the  orphan  child  uttering  half-suppress'd  exclamations  as  if  in  pitiful  en 
treaty.  Upon  stopping,  he  heard  also  the  tones  of  the  elder  Vanhome,  but 
they  were  harsh  and  bitter.  The  sound  of  blows  followed.  As  each  one  fell 
it  was  accompanied  by  a  groan  or  shriek,  and  so  they  continued  for  some  time. 
Shock'd  and  indignant,  the  countryman  would  have  burst  open  the  door  and 
interfered  to  prevent  this  brutal  proceeding,  but  he  bethought  him  that  he  might 
get  himself  into  trouble,  and  perhaps  find  that  he  could  do  no  good  after  all, 
and  so  he  passed  on  to  his  room. 

"  Well,  sir,  the  following  day  the  child  did  not  come  out  among  the  work 
people  as  usual.  He  was  taken  very  ill.  No  physician  was  sent  for  until  the 
next  afternoon;  and  though  one  arrived  in  the  course  of  the  night,  it  was  too 
late — the  poor  boy  died  before  morning. 

"  People  talk'd  threateningly  upon  the  subject,  but  nothing  could  be  proved 
against  Vanhome.  At  one  period  there  were  efforts  made  to  have  the  whole 
affair  investigated.  Perhaps  that  would  have  taken  place,  had  not  every  one's 
attention  been  swallow'd  up  by  the  rumors  of  difficulty  and  war,  which  were 
then  beginning  to  disturb  the  country. 

"  Vanhome  joined  the  army  of  the  king.  His  enemies  said  that  he  feared 
to  be  on  the  side  of  the  rebels,  because  if  they  were  routed  his  property  would 
be  taken  from  him.  But  events  have  shown  that,  if  this  was  indeed  wh?t  he 


352  COLLECT— (Appendix}. 

dreaded,    it    has   happen'd  to  him  from   the  very  means  which  he  took  to 
prevent  it." 

The  old  man  paused.  He  had  quite  wearied  himself  with  so  long  talking. 
For  some  minutes  there  was  unbroken  silence. 

Presently  the  stranger  signified  his  intention  of  retiring  for  the  night.  He 
rose,  and  his  host  took  a  light  for  the  purpose  of  ushering  him  to  his  apartment. 

When  Gills  return'd  to  his  accustom'd  situation  in  the  large  arm-chair  by 
the  chimney  hearth,  his  ancient  helpmate  had  retired  to  rest.  With  the  sim 
plicity  of  their  times,  the  bed  stood  in  the  same  room  where  the  three  had  been 
seated  during  the  last  few  hours;  and  now  the  remaining  two  talk'd  together 
about  the  singular  events  of  the  evening.  As  the  time  wore  on,  Gills  show'd 
no  disposition  to  leave  his  cosy  chair;  but  sat  toasting  his  feet,  and  bending 
over  the  coals.  Gradually  the  insidious  heat  and  the  lateness  of  the  hour 
began  to  exercise  their  influence  over  the  old  man.  The  drowsy  indolent 
feeling  which  every  one  has  experienced  in  getting  thoroughly  heated  through 
by  close  contact  with  a  glowing  fire,  spread  in  each  vein  and  sinew,  and 
relax'd  its  tone.  He  lean'd  back  in  his  chair  and  slept. 

For  a  long  time  his  repose  went  on  quietly  and  soundly.  He  could  not 
tell  how  many  hours  elapsed ;  but,  a  while  after  midnight,  the  torpid  senses 
of  the  slumberer  were  awaken'd  by  a  startling  shock.  It  was  a  cry  as  of  a 
strong  man  in  his  agony — a  shrill,  not  very  loud  cry,  but  fearful,  and  creeping 
into  the  blood  like  cold,  polish'd  steel.  The  old  man  raised  himself  in  his 
seat  and  listen'd,  at  once  fully  awake.  For  a  minute,  all  was  the  solemn 
stillness  of  midnight.  Then  rose  that  horrid  -tone  again,  wailing  and  wild, 
and  making  the  hearer's  hair  to  stand  on  end.  One  moment  more,  and  the 
trampling  of  hasty  feet  sounded  in  the  passage  outside.  The  door  was  thrown 
open,  and  the  form  of  the  stranger,  more  like  a  corpse  than  living  man,  rushed 
into  the  room. 

"All  white!"  yell'd  the  conscience-stricken  creature — "all  white,  and 
with  the  grave-clothes  around  him.  Ore  shoulder  was  bare,  and  I  saw,"  he 
whisper'd,  "  I  saw  blue  streaks  upon  it.  It  was  horrible,  and  I  cried  aloud. 
He  stepp'd  toward  me!  He  came  to  my  very  bedside;  his  small  hand  almost 
touch'd  my  face.  I  could  not  bear  it,  and  fled." 

The  miserable  man  bent  his  head  down  upon  his  bosom  ;  convulsive  rattlings 
shook  his  throat ;  and  his  whole  frame  waver'd  to  and  fro  like  a  tree  in  a 
storm.  Bewilder'd  and  shock'd,  Gills  look'd  at  his  apparently  deranged 
guest,  and  knew  not  what  answer  to  make,  or  what  course  of  conduct  to 
pursue. 

Thrusting  out  his  arms  and  his  extended  fingers,  and  bending  down  his  eyes, 
as  men  do  when  shading  them  from  a  glare  of  lightning,  the  stranger  stagger'd 
from  the  door,  and,  in  a  moment  further,  dash'd  madly  through  the  passage 
which  led  through  the  kitchen  into  the  outer  road.  The  old  man  heard  the 
noise  of  his  falling  footsteps,  sounding  fainter  and  fainter  in  the  distance,  and 
then,  retreating,  dropp'd  his  own  exhausted  limbs  into  the  chair  from  which 
he  had  been  arous'd  so  terribly.  It  was  many  minutes  before  his  energies 
recover'd  their  accustomed  tone  again.  Strangely  enough,  his  wife,  unawaken'd 
by  the  stranger's  ravings,  still  slumber'd  on  as  profoundly  as  ever. 

Pass  we  on  to  a  far  different  scene — the  embarkation  of  the  British  troops 
for  the  distant  land  whose  monarch  was  never  more  to  wield  the  sceptre  over 
a  kingdom  lost  by  his  imprudence  and  tyranny.  With  frowning  brow  and 
sullen  pace  the  martial  ranks  moved  on.  Boat  after  boat  was  filled,  and,  as 
each  discharged  its  complement  in  the  ships  that  lay  heaving  their  anchors  in 
the  stream,  it  return'd,  and  was  soon  filled  with  another  load.  And  at  length 
it  became  time  for  the  last  soldier  to  lift  his  eye  and  take  a  last  glance  at  the 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH. 


353 


broad  banner  of  England's  pride,  which  flapp'd  its  folds  from  the  top  of  the 
highest  staff  on  the   Battery. 

As  the  warning  sound  of  a  trumpet  called  together  all  who  were  laggards — 
those  taking  leave  of  friends,  and  those  who  were  arranging  their  own  private 
affairs,  left  until  the  last  moment — a  single  horseman  was  seen  furiously 
dashing  down  the  street.  A  red  scarf  tightly  encircled  his  waist.  He  made 
directly  for  the  shore,  and  the  crowd  there  gather'd  started  back  in  wonder 
ment  as  they  beheld  his  dishevel'd  appearance  and  ghastly  face.  Throwing 
himself  violently  from  his  saddle,  he  flung  the  bridle  over  the  animal's  neck, 
and  gave  him  a  sharp  cut  with  a  small  riding  whip.  He  made  for  the  boat ; 
one  minute  later,  and  he  had  been  left.  They  were  pushing  the  keel  from 
the  landing — the  stranger  sprang — a  space  of  two  or  three  feet  already  inter 
vened — he  struck  on  the  gunwale — and  the  Last  Soldier  of  King  George  had 
left  the  American  shores. 


WILD  FRANK'S  RETURN. 

As  the  sun,  one  August  day  some  fifty  years  ago,  had  just  pass'd  the  me 
ridian  of  a  country  town  in  the  eastern  section  of  Long  Island,  a  single  traveler 
came  up  to  the  quaint  low-roofd  village  tavern,  open'd  its  half-door,  and  en- 
ter'd  the  common  room.  Dust  cover'd  the  clothes  of  the  wayfarer,  and  his 
brow  was  moist  with  sweat.  He  trod  in  a  lagging,  weary  way;  though  his 
form  and  features  told  of  an  age  not  more  than  nineteen  or  twenty  years. 
Over  one  shoulder  was  slung  a  sailor's  jacket,  and  in  his  hand  he  carried  a 
little  bundle.  Sitting  down  on  a  rude  bench,  he  told  a  female  who  made  her 
appearance  behind  the  bar,  that  he  would  have  a  glass  of  brandy  and  sugar. 
He  took  off  the  liquor  at  a  draught :  after  which  he  lit  and  began  to  smoke  a 
cigar,  with  which  he  supplied  himself  from  his  pocket — stretching  out  one  leg, 
and  leaning  his  elbow  down  on  the  bench,  in  the  attitude  of  a  man  who  takes 
an  indolent  lounge. 

"  Do  you  know  one  Richard  Hall  that  lives  somewhere  here  among  you  ?" 
said  he. 

"  Mr.  Hall's  is  down  the  lane  that  turns  off  by  that  big  locust  tree,"  answer'd 
the  woman,  pointing  to  the  direction  through  the  open  door;  "  it's  about  half 
a  mile  from  here  to  his  house." 

The  youth,  for  a  minute  or  two,  pufPd'the  smoke  from  his  mouth  very  lei 
surely  in  silence.  His  manner  had  an  air  of  vacant  self-sufficiency,  rather 
strange  in  one  of  so  few  years. 

"  I  wish  to  see  Mr.  Hall,"  he  said  at  length — "  Here's  a  silver  sixpence,  for 
any  one  who  will  carry  a  message  to  him." 

"  The  folks  are  all  away.  It's  but  a  short  walk,  and  your  limbs  are  young," 
replied  the  female,  who  was  not  altogether  pleased  with  the  easy  way  of 
making  himself  at  home,  which  mark'd  her  shabby-looking  customer.  That 
individual,  however,  seem'd  to  give  small  attention  to  the  hint,  but  lean'd  and 
puft'd  his  cigar-smoke  as  leisurely  as  before. 

"  Unless,"  continued  the  woman,  catching  a  second  glance  at  the  sixpence; 
"  unless  old  Joe  is  at  the  stable,  as  he's  very  likely  to  be.  I'll  go  and  find  out 
for  you."  And  she  push'd  open  a  door  at  her  back,  stepp'd  through  an  ad 
joining  room  into  a  yard,  whence  her  voice  was  the  next  moment  heard  calling 
the  person  she  had  mention'd,  in  accents  by  no  means  remarkable  for  their 
melody  or  softness. 

Her  search  was  successful.  She  soon  return'd  with  him  who  was  to  act  as 
messenger — a  little,  wither'd,  ragged  old  man — a  hanger-on  there,  whose  un 
shaven  face  told  plainly  enough  the  story  of  his  intemperate  habits — those 

30 


354  COLLECT— (Appendix). 

deeply  seated  habits,  now  too  late  to  be  uprooted,  that  would  ere  long  lay  him 
in  a  drunkard's  grave.  The  youth  inform'd  him  what  the  required  service 
was,  and  promised  him  the  reward  as  soon  as  he  should  return. 

"  Tell  Richard  Hall  that  I  am  going  to  his  father's  house  this  afternoon.  If 
he  asks  who  it  is  that  wishes  him  here,  say  the  person  sent  no  name,"  con 
tinued  the  stranger,  sitting  up  from  his  indolent  posture,  as  the  feet  of  old  Joe 
were  about  leaving  the  door-stone,  and  his  blear'd  eyes  turned  to  catch  the  last 
sentence  of  the  mandate. 

"  And  yet,  perhaps  you  may  as  well,"  added  he,  communing  a  moment  with 
himself:  "you  may  tell  him  his  brother  Frank,  Wild  Frank,  it  is,  who  wishes 
him  to  come." 

The  old  man  departed  on  his  errand,  and  he  who  call'd  himself  Wild  Frank, 
toss'd  his  nearly  smoked  cigar  out  of  the  window,  and  folded  his  arms  in 
thought. 

No  better  place  than  this,  probably,  will  occur  to  give  a  brief  account  of 
some  former  events  in  the  life  of  the  young  stranger,  resting  and  waiting  at  the 
village  inn.  Fifteen  miles  east  of  that  inn  lived  a  farmer  named  Hall,  a  man 
of  good  repute,  well-off  in  the  world,  and  head  of  a  large  family.  He  was 
fond  of  gain — required  all  his  boys  to  labor  in  proportion  to  their  age;  and 
his  right  hand  man,  if  he  might  not  be  .called  favorite,  was  his  eldest  son 
Richard.  This  eldest  son,  an  industrious,' sober-faced  young  fellow,  was  in 
vested  by  his  father  with  the  powers  of  second  in  command ;  and  as  strict  and 
swift  obedience  was  a  prime  tenet  in  the  farmer's  domestic  government,  the 
children  all  tacitly  submitted  to  their  brother's  sway — all  but  one,  and  that 
was  Frank.  The  farmer's  wife  was  a  quiet  woman,  in  rather  tender  health  ; 
and  though  for  all  her  offspring  she  had  a  mother's  love,  Frank's  kiss  ever 
seem'd  sweetest  to  her  lips.  She  favor'd  him  more  than  the  rest — perhaps,  as 
in  a  hundred  similar  instances,  for  his  being  so  often  at  fault,  and  so  often 
blamed.  In  truth,  however,  he  seldom  receiv'd  more  blame  than  he  deserv'd, 
for  he  was  a  capricious,  high-temper'd  lad,  and  up  to  all  kinds  of  mischief. 
From  these  traits  he  was  known  in  the  neighborhood  by  the  name  of  Wild 
Frank. 

Among  the  farmer's  stock  there  was  a  fine  young  blood  mare — a  beautiful 
creature,  large  and  graceful,  with  eyes  like  dark-hued  jewels,  and  her  color 
that  of  the  deep  night.  It  being  the  custom  of  the  farmer  to  let  his  boys  have 
soYnething  about  the  farm  that  they  could  call  their  own,  and  take  care  of  as 
such,  Black  Nell,  as  the  mare  was  called,  had  somehow  or  other  fallen  to 
Frank's  share.  He  was  very  proud  of  her,  and  thought  as  much  of  her  com 
fort  as  his  own.  The  elder  brother,  however,  saw  fit  to  claim  for  himself,  and 
several  times  to  exercise,  a  privilege  of  managing  and  using  Black  Nell,  not 
withstanding  what  Frank  consider'd  his  prerogative.  On  one  of  these  occa 
sions  a  hot  dispute  arose,  and,  after  much  angry  blood,  it  was  referr'd  to  the 
farmer  for  settlement.  He  decided  in  favor  of  Richard,  and  added  a  harsh 
lecture  to  his  other  son.  The  farmer  was  really  unjust ;  and  Wild  Frank's 
face  paled  with  rage  and  mortification.  That  furious  temper  which  he  had 
never  been  taught  to  curb,  now  swell'd  like  an  overflowing  torrent.  With 
difficulty  restraining  the  exhibition  of  his  passions,  as  soon  as  he  got  by  him 
self  he  swore  that  not  another  sun  should  roll  by  and  find  him  under  that  roof. 
Late  at  night  he  silently  arose,  and  turning  his  back  on  what  he  thought  an  in 
hospitable  home,  in  mood  in  which  the  child  should  never  leave  the  parental 
roof,  bent  his  steps  toward  the  city. 

It  may  well  be  imagined  that  alarm  and  grief  pervaded  the  whole  of  the 
family,  on  discovering  Frank's  departure.  And  as  week  after  week  melted 
away  and  brought  no  tidings  of  him,  his  poor  mother's  heart  grew  wearier  and 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH. 


355 


wearier.  She  spoke  not  much,  but  was  evidently  sick  in  spirit.  Nearly  two 
years  had  elaps'd  when  about  a  week  before  the  incidents  at  the  commence 
ment  of  this  story,  the  farmer's  family  were  joyfully  surprised  by  receiving  a 
letter  from  the  long  absent  son.  He  had  been  to  sea,  and  was  then  in  New 
York,  at  which  port  his  vessel  had  just  arrived.  He  wrote  in  a  gay  strain; 
appear'd  to  have  lost  the  angry  feeling  which  caused  his  flight  from  home  ; 
and  said  he  heard  in  the  city  that  Richard  had  married,  and  settled  several  miles 
distant,  where  he  wished  him  all  good  luck  and  happiness.  Wild  Frank 
wound  up  his  letter  by  promising,  as  soon  as  he  could  get  through  the  imper 
ative  business  of  his  ship,  to  pay  a  visit  to  his  parents  and  native  place.  On 
Tuesday  of  the  succeeding  week,  he  said  he  would  be  with  them. 

Within  half  an  hour  after  the  departure  of  old  Joe,  the  form  of  that  ancient 
personage  was  seen  slowly  wheeling  round  the  locust-tree  at  the  end  of  the 
lane,  accompanied  by  a  stout  young  man  in  primitive  homespun  apparel.  The 
meeting  between  Wild  Frank  and  his  brother  Richard,  though  hardly  of  that 
kind  which  generally  takes  place  between  persons  so  closely  related,  could  not 
exactly  be  call'd  distant  or  cool  either.  Richard  press'd  his  brother  to  go 
with  him  to  the  farm  house,  and  refresh  and  repose  himself  for  some  hours  at 
least,  but  Frank  declined. 

"  They  will  all  expect  me  home  tbis  afternoon,"  he  said,  "  I  wrote  to  them 
I  would  be  there  to-day." 

"But  you  must  be  very  tired,  Frank,"  rejoin'd  the  other;  "won't  you  let 
some  of  us  harness  up  and  carry  you?  Or  if  you  like — "  he  stopp'd  a  mo 
ment,  and  a  trifling  suffusion  spread  over  his  face;  "  if  you  like,  I'll  put  the 
saddle  on  Black  Nell — she's  here  at  my  place  now,  and  you  can  ride  home 
like  a  lord." 

Frank's  face  color'd  a  little,  too.  He  paused  for  a  moment  in  thought — he 
was  really  foot-sore,  and  exhausted  with  his  journey  that  hot  day — so  he 
accepted  his  brother's  offer. 

"  You  know  the  speed  of  Nell,  as  well  as  I,"  said  Richard;  "  I'll  warrant 
when  I  bring  her  here  you'll  say  she's  in  good  order  as  ever."  So  telling  him 
to  amuse  himself  for  a  few  minutes  as  well  as  he  could,  Richard  lelt  the 
tavern. 

Could  it  be  thrt  Black  Nell  knew  her  early  master  ?  She  neigh'd  and 
rubb'd  her  nose  on  his  shoulder;  and  as  he  put  his  foot  in  the  stirrup  and  rose 
on  her  back,  it  was  evident  that  they  were  both  highly  pleased  with  their  meet 
ing.  Bidding  his  brother  farewell,  and  not  forgetting  old  Joe,  the  young  man 
set  forth  on  his  journey  to  his  father's  house.  As  he  left  the  village  behind, 
and  came  upon  the  long  monotonous  road  before  him,  he  thought  on  the  cir 
cumstances  of  his  leaving  home — and  he  thought,  too,  on  his  course  of  life, 
how  it  was  being  frittered  away  and  lost.  Very  gentle  influences,  doubtless, 
came  over  Wild  Frank's  mind  then,  and  he  yearn'd  to  show  his  parents  that 
he  was  sorry  for  the  trouble  he  had  cost  them.  He  blamed  himself  for  his 
former  follies,  and  even  felt  remorse  that  he  had  not  acted  more  kindly  to 
Richard,  and  gone  to  his  house.  Oh,  it  had  been  a  sad  mistake  of  the  farmer 
that  he  did  not  teach  his  children  to  love  one  another.  It  was  a  foolish  thing 
that  he  prided  himself  on  governing  his  little  flock  well,  when  sweet  affection, 
gentle  forbearance,  and  brotherly  faith,  were  almost  unknown  among  them. 

The  day  was  now  advanced,  though  the  heat  pour'd  down  with  a  strength 
little  less  oppressive  than  at  noon.  Frank  had  accomplish'd  the  greater  part 
of  his  journey;  he  was  within  two  miles  of  his  home.  The  road  here  led 
over  a  high,  tiresome  hill,  and  he  determined  to  stop  on  the  top  of  it  and  rest 
himself,  as  well  as  give  the  animal  he  rode  a  few  minutes'  breath.  How  well 
he  knew  the  place J  And  that  mighty  oak,  standing  just  outside  the  fence  on 


356  COLLECT— (Appendix}. 

the  very  summit  of  the  hill,  often  had  he  reposed  under  its  shade.  It  would 
be  pleasant  for  a  few  minutes  to  stretch  his  limbs  there  again  as  of  old,  he 
thought  to  himself;  and  he  dismounted  from  the  saddle  and  led  Black  Nell 
under  the  tree.  Mindful  of  the  comfort  of  his  favorite,  he  took  from  his  litile 
bundle,  which  he  had  strapped  behind  him  on  the  mare's  back,  a  piece  of 
strong  cord,  four  or  five  yards  in  length,  which  he  tied  to  the  bridle,  and 
wound  and  tied  the  other  end,  for  security,  over  his  own  wrist ;  then  thro\\  - 
ing  himself  at  full  length  upon  the  ground,  Black  Nell  was  at  liberty  to  graze 
around  him,  without  danger  of  straying  away. 

It  was  a  calm  scene,  and  a  pleasant.  There  was  no  rude  sound — hardly 
even  a  chirping  insect — to  break  the  sleepy  silence  of  the  place.  The  atmos 
phere  had  a  dim,  hazy  cast,  and  was  impregnated  with  overpowering  heat. 
The  young  man  lay  there  minute  after  minute,  as  time  glided  away  unnoticed  ; 
for  he  was  very  tired,  and  his  repose  was  sweet  to  him.  Occasionally  he  raised 
himself  and  cast  a  listless  look  at  the  distant  landscape,  veil'd  as  it  was  by  the 
slight  mist.  At  length  his  repose  was  without  such  interruptions.  His  eyes 
closed,  and  though  at  first  they  open'd  languidly  again  at  intervals,  after  a 
while  they  shut  altogether.  Could  it  be  that  he  slept  ?  It  was  so  indeed. 
Yielding  to  the  drowsy  influences  about  him,  and  to  his  prolong'd  weariness 
of  travel,  he  had  fallen  into  a  deep,  sound  slumber.  Thus  he  lay  ;  and  Black 
Nell,  the  original  cause  of  his  departure  from  his,  home — by  a  singular  chance, 
the  companion  of  his  return — quietly  cropp'd  the  grass  at  his  side. 

An  hour  nearly  pass'd  away,  and  yet  the  young  man  slept  on.  The  light 
and  heat  were  not  glaring  now  ;  a  change  had  come  over  earth  and  heaven. 
There  were  signs  of  one  of  those  thunderstorms  that  in  our  climate  spring  up 
and  pass  over  so  quickly  and  so  terribly.  Masses  of  vapor  loom'd  up  in  the 
horizon,  and  a  dark  shadow  settled  on  the  woods  and  fields.  The  leaves  of 
the  great  oak  rustled  together  over  the  youth's  head.  Clouds  flitted  swiftly  in 
the  sky,  like  bodies  of  armed  men  coming  up  to  battle  at  the  call  of  their 
leader's  trumpet.  A  thick  rain-drop  fell  now  and  then,  while  occasionally 
hoarse  mutterings  of  thunder  sounded  in  the  distance  ;  yet  the  slumberer  was 
not  arous'd.  It  was  strange  that  Wild  Frank  did  not  awake.  Perhaps  his 
ocean  life  had  taught  him  to  rest  undisturbed  amid  the  jarring  of  elements. 
Though  the  storm  was  now  coming  on  in  its  fury,  he  slept  like  a  babe  in  its 
cradle. 

Black  Nell  had  ceased  grazing,  and  i-tood  by  her  sleeping  master  with  ears 
erect,  and  her  long  mane  and  tail  waving  in  the  wind.  It  seem'd  quite  dark, 
so  heavy  were  the  clouds.  The  blast  blew  sweepingly,  the  lightning  flash'd, 
and  the  rain  fell  in  torrents.  Crash  after  crash  of  thunder  seem'd  to  shake 
the  solid  earth.  And  Black  Nell,  she  stood  now,  a.n  image  of  beautiful  ter 
ror,  with  her  fore  feet  thiust  out,  her  neck  arch'd,  and  her  eyes  glaring  balls 
of  fear.  At  length,  after  a  dazzling  and  lurid  glare,  there  came  a  peal — a 
deafening  crash — as  if  the  great  axle  was  rent.  God  of  Spirits !  the  startled 
mare  sprang  off  like  a  ship  in  an  ocean-storm  !  Her  eyes  were  blinded  with 
light;  she  dashed  madly  down  the  hill,  and  plunge  after  plunge — far,  far 
away — swift  as  an  arrow — dragging  the  hapless  body  of  the  youth  behind 
her! 

In  the  low,  old-fashion'd  dwelling  of  the  farmer  there  was  a  large  family 
group.  The  men  and  boys  had  gather'd  under  shelter  at  the  approach  of  the 
storm  ;  and  the  subject  of  their  talk  was  the  return  of  the  long  absent  son. 
The  mother  spoke  of  him,  too,  and  her  eyes  brighten'cl  with  pleasure  as  >he 
spoke.  She  made  all  the  little  domestic  preparations — cook'd  his  favorite 
dishes — and  arranged  for  him  his  own  bed,  in  its  own  old  place.  A>  the 
tempest  mounted  to  its  fury  they  discuss'd  the  probability  of  his.  getting  soak' d 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH.  357 

by  it ;  and  the  provident  dame  had  already  selected  some  dry  garments  for  a 
change.  But  the  rain  was  soon  over,  and  nature  smiled  again  in  her  invigo 
rated  beauty.  The  sun  shone  out  as  it  was  dipping  in  the  west.  Drops 
sparkled  on  the  leaf-tips — coolness  and  clearness  were  in  the  air. 

The  clattering  of  a  horse's  hoofs  came  to  the  ears  of  those  who  were  gath- 
er'd  there.  It  was  on  the  other  side  of  the  house  that  the  wagon  road  led  ; 
and  they  open'd  the  door  and  rush'd  in  a  tumult  of  glad  anticipations,  through 
the  adjoining  room  to  the  porch.  What  a  sight  it  was  that  met  them  there  ! 
Black  Nell  stood  a  few  feet  from  the  door,  with  her  neck  crouch'd  down ; 
she  drew  her  breath  long  and  deep,  and  vapor  rose  from  every  part  of  her 
reeking  body.  And  with  eyes  starting  from  their  sockets,  and  mouths  agape 
with  stupefying  terror,  they  beheld  on  the  ground  near  her  a  mangled,  hide 
ous  mass — the  rough  semblance  of  a  human  form— all  batter  d,  and  cut,  and 
bloody.  Attach'd  to  it  was  the  fatal  cord,  dabbled  over  with  gore.  And  as 
the  mother  gazed — for  she  could  not  withdraw  her  eyes — and  the  appalling 
truth  came  upon  her  mind,  she  sank  down  without  shriek  or  utterance,  into 
a  deep,  deathly  swoon. 


THE  BOY  LOVER. 

Listen,  and  the  old  will  speak  a  chronicle  for  the  young.  Ah,  youth ! 
thou  art  one  day  coming  to  be  old,  too.  And  let  me  tell  thee  how  thou  may- 
est  get  a  useful  lesson.  For  an  hour,  dream  thyself  old.  Realize,  in  thy 
thoughts  and  consciousness,  that  vigor  and  strength  are  subdued  in  thy  sinews 
— that  the  color  of  the  shroud  is  liken'd  in  thy  very  hairs — that  all  those 
leaping  desires,  luxurious  hopes,  beautiful  aspirations,  and  proud  confidences, 
of  thy  younger  life,  have  long  been  buried  (a  funeral  for  the  better  part  of 
thee)  in  that  grave  which  must  soon  close  over  thy  tottering  limbs.  Look 
back,  then,  through  the  long  track  of  the  past  years.  How  has  it  been,  with 
thee  ?  Are  there  bright  beacons  of  happiness  enjoy'd,  and  of  good  done  by 
the  way?  Glimmer  gentle  rays  of  what  was  scatter' d  from  a  holy  heart? 
Have  benevolence,  and  love,  and  undeviating  honesty  left  tokens  on  which 
thy  eyes  can  rest  sweetly  ?  Is  it  well  with  thee,  thus  ?  Answerest  thou,  it  is? 
Oranswerest  thou,  I  see  nothing  but  gloom  and  shatter'd  hours,  and  the  wreck 
of  good  resolves,  and  a  broken  heart,  filled  with  sickness,  and  troubled  among 
its  ruined  chambers  with  the  phantoms  of  many  follies? 

O,  youth  !  youth  !  this  dream  will  one  day  be  a  reality — a  reality,  either  of 
heavenly  peace  or  agonizing  sorrow. 

And  yet  not  for  all  is  it  decreed  to  attain  the  neighborhood  of  the  three 
score  and  ten  years — the  span  of  life.  I  am  to  speak  of  one  who  died  young. 
Very  awkward  was  his  childhood — but  most  fragile  and  sensitive !  So  deli 
cate  a  nature  may  exist  in  a  rough,  unnoticed  plant!  Let  the  boy  rest; — he 
was  not  beautiful,  and  dropp'd  away  betimes.  But  for  the  cause— it  is  a  sin 
gular  story,  to  which  let  crusted  worldlings  pay  the  tribute  of  a  light  laugh — 
light  and  empty  as  their  own  hollow  hearts. 

Love  !  which  with  its  cankerseed  of  decay  within,  has  sent  young  men  and 
maidens  to  a  long'd-for,  but  too  premature  burial.  Love !  the  child-monarch 
that  Death  itself  cannot  conquer;  that  has  its  tokens  on  slabs  at  the  head  of 
grass-cover'd  tombs — tokens  more  visible  to  the  eye  of  the  stranger,  yet  not  so 
deeply  graven  as  the  face  and  the  remembrances  cut  upon  the  heart  of  the 
living.  Love  !  the  sweet,  the  pure,  the  innocent ;  yet  the  causer  of  fierce  hate, 
of  wishes  for  deadly  revenge,  of  bloody  deeds,  and  madness,  and  the  horrors 
of  hell.  Love !  that  wanders  over  battlefields,  turning  up  mangled  human 


2^8  COLLECT— (Appendix'). 

trunks,  and  parting  back  the  hair  from  gory  faces,  and  daring  the  points  of 
swords  and  the  thunder  of  artillery,  without  a  fear  or  a  thought  of  danger. 

Words !  words !  I  begin  to  see  I  am,  indeed,  an  old  man,  and  garrulous ! 
Let  me  go  back — yes,  I  see  it  must  be  many  years ! 

It  was  at  the  close  of  the  last  century.  I  was  at  that  time  studying  la\v,  the 
profession  my  father  follow'd.  One  of  his  clients  was  an  elderly  widow,  a 
foreigner,  who  kept  a  little  ale-house,  on  the  banks  of  the  North  River,  at 
about  two  miles  from  what  is  now  the  centre  of  the  city.  Then  the  spot  was 
quite  out  of  town  and  surrounded  by  fields  and  green  trees.  The  widow  often 
invited  me  to  come  and  pay  her  a  visit,  when  I  had  a  leisure  afternoon — in 
cluding  also  in  the  invitation  my  brother  and  two  other  students  who  were  in 
my  father's  office.  Matthew,  the  brother  I  mention,  was  a  boy  of  sixteen ; 
he  was  troubled  with  an  inward  illness — though  it  had  no  power  over  his 
temper,  which  ever  retain'd  the  most  admirable  placidity  and  gentleness.  He 
was  cheerful,  but  never  boisterous,  and  everybody  loved  him ;  his  mind  seem'd 
more  develop'd  than  is  usual  for  his  age,  though  his  personal  appearance  was 
exceedingly  plain.  Wheaton  and  Brown,  the  names  of  the  other  students, 
were  spirited,  clever  young  fellows,  with  most  of  the  traits  that  those  in  their 
position  of  life  generally  possess.  The  first  was  as  generous  and  brave  as  any 
man  I  ever  knew.  He  was  very  passionate,  too,  but  the  whirlwind  soon  blew 
over,  and  left  everything  quiet  again.  Frank  Brown  was  slim,  graceful,  and 
handsome.  He  profess'd  to  be  fond  of  sentiment,  and  used  to  fall  regularly 
in  love  once  a  month. 

The  half  of  every  Wednesday  we  four  youths  had  to  ourselves,  and  were  in 
the  habit  of  taking  a  sail,  a  ride,  or  a  walk  together.  One  of  these  afternoons, 
of  a  pleasant  day  in  April,  the  sun  shining,  and  the  air  clear,  I  bethought  my 
self  of  the  widow  and  her  beer — about  which  latter  article  I  had  made  in 
quiries,  and  heard  it  spoken  of  in  terms  of  high  commendation.  I  mention'd 
the  matter  to  Matthew  and  to  my  fellow- students,  and  we  agreed  to  fill  up 
our  holiday  by  a  jaunt  to  the  ale-house.  Accordingly,  we  set  forth,  and,  after 
a  fine  walk,  arrived  in  glorious  spirits  at  our  destination. 

Ah !  how  shall  I  describe  the  quiet  beauties  of  the  spot,  with  its  long,  low 
piazza  looking  out  upon  the  river,  and  its  clean  homely  tables,  and  the  tank 
ards  of  real  silver  in  which  the  ale  was  given  us,  and  the  flavor  of  that  excel 
lent  liquor  itself.  There  was  the  widow ;  and  there  was  a  sober,  stately  old 
woman,  half  companion,  half  servant,  Margery  by  name  ;  and  there  was  (good 
God  !  my  fingers  quiver  yet  as  I  write  the  word!)  young  Ninon,  the  daughter 
of  the  widow. 

O,  through  the  years  that  live  no  more,  my  memory  strays  back,  and  that 
whole  scene  comes  up  before  me  once  again — and  the  brightest  part  of  the 
picture  is  the  strange  ethereal  beauty  of  that  young  girl !  She  was  apparently 
about  the  age  of  my  brother  Matthew,  and  the  most  fascinating,  artless  crea 
ture  I  had  ever  beheld.  She  had  blue  eyes  and  light  hair,  and  an  expression 
of  childish  simplicity  which  was  charming  indeed.  I  have  no  doubt  that 
ere  half  an  hour  had  elapsed  from  the  time  we  enter'd  the  tavern  and 
saw  Ninon,  every  one  of  the  four  of  us  loved  the  girl  to  the  very  depth  of 
passion. 

We  neither  spent  so  much  money,  nor  drank  as  much  beer,  as  we  had  in 
tended  before  starting  from  home.  The  widow  was  very  civil,  being  pleased 
to  see  us,  and  Margery  served  our  wants  with  a  deal  of  politeness — but  it 
was  to  Ninon  that  the  afternoon's  pleasure  was  attributable ;  for  though  we 
were  strangers,  we  became  acquainted  at  once — the  manners  of  the  girl,  merry 
as  she  was,  putting  entirely  out  of  view  the  most  distant  imputation  of  inde 
corum  —and  the  presence  of  the  widow  and  Margery,  (for  we  were  all  in  the 


PIECES  IN  EARLY  YOL'J^H.  359 

common  room  together,  there  being  no  other  company,)  serving  to  make  us  all 
disembarass'd  and  at  ease. 

It  was  not  until  quite  a  while  after  sunset  that  we  started  on  our  return  to 
the  city.  We  made  several  attempts  to  revive  the  mirth  and  lively  talk  that 
usually  signalized  our  rambles,  but  they  seem'd  forced  and  discordant,  like 
laughter  in  a  sick-room.  My  brother  was  the  only  one  who  preserved  his 
usual  tenor  of  temper  and  conduct. 

I  need  hardly  say  that  thenceforward  every  Wednesday  afternoon  was  spent 
at  the  widow's  tavern.  Strangely,  neither  Matthew  or  my  two  friends,  or  my 
self,  spoke  to  each  other  of  the  sentiment  that  filled  us  in  reference  to  Ninon. 
Yet  we  all  knew  the  thoughts  and  feelings  of  the  others;  and  each,  perhaps, 
felt  confident  that  his  love  alone  was  unsuspected  by  his  companions. 

The  story  of  the  widow  was  a  touching  yet  simple  one.  She  was  by  birth 
a  Swiss.  In  one  of  the  cantons  of  her  native  land,  she  had  grown  up,  and 
married,  and  lived  for  a  time  in  happy  comfort.  A  son  was  born  to  her,  and 
a  daughter,  the  beautitul  Ninon.  By  some  reverse  of  fortune,  the  father  and 
head  of  the  family  had  the  greater  portion  of  his  possessions  swept  from  him. 
He  struggled  for  a  time  against  the  evil  influence,  but  it  press'd  upon  him 
harder  and  harder.  He  had  heard  of  a  people  in  the  western  world — a  new 
and  swarming  land — where  the  stranger  was  welcom'd,  and  peace  and  the 
protection  of  the  strong  arm  thrown  around  him.  He  had  not  heart  to  stay 
and  struggle  amid  the  scenes  of  his  former  prosperity,  and  he  determin'd  to 
go  and  make  his  home  in  that  distant  republic  of  the  west.  So  with  his  wife 
and  children,  and  the  proceeds  of  what  little  property  was  left,  he  took  pas 
sage  for  New  York.  He  was  never  to  reach  his  journey's  end.  Either  the 
cares  that  weigh'd  upon  his  mind,  or  some  other  cause,  consign'd  him  to  a 
sick  hammock,  from  which  he  only  found  relief  through  the  Great  Dismisser. 
He  was  buried  in  the  sea,  and  in  due  time  his  family  arrived  at  the  American 
emporium.  But  there,  the  son  too  sicken'd  — died,  ere  long,  and  was  buried 
likewise.  They  would  not  bury  him  in  the  city,  but  away — by  the  solitary 
banks  of  the  Hudson ;  on  which  the  widow  soon  afterwards  took  up  her 
abode. 

Ninon  was  too  young  to  feel  much  grief  at  these  sad  occurrences ;  and  the 
mother,  whatever  she  might  have  suffer'd  inwardly,  had  a  good  deal  of  phlegm 
and  patience,  and  set  about  making  herself  and  her  remaining  child  as  com 
fortable  as  might  be.  They  had  still  a  respectable  sum  in  cash,  and  after  due 
deliberation,  the  widow  purchas'd  the  little  quiet  tavern,  not  far  from  the  grave 
of  her  boy;  and  of  Sundays  and  holidays  she  took  in  considerable  money — 
enough  to  make  a  decent  support  for  them  in  their  humble  way  of  living. 
French  and  Germans  visited  the  house  frequently,  and  quite  a  number  of 
young  Americans  too.  Probably  the  greatest  attraction  to  the  latter  was  the 
sweet  f;ice  of  Ninon. 

Spring  passed,  and  summer  crept  in  and  wasted  away,  and  autumn  had  ar 
rived.  Every  New  Yorker  knows  what  delicious  weather  we  have,  in  these 
regions,  of  the  early  October  days;  how  calm,  clear,  and  divested  of  sultri 
ness,  is  the  air,  and  how  decently  nature  seems  preparing  for  her  winter  sleep. 

Thus  it  was  the  last  Wednesday  we  started  on  our  accustomed  excursion. 
Six  months  had  elapsed  since  our  first  visit,  and,  as  then,  we  were  full  of  the 
exuberance  of  young  and  joyful  hearts.  Frequent  and  hearty  were  our 
jokes,  by  no  means  particular  about  the  theme  or  the  method,  and  long  and 
loud  the  peals  of  laughter  that  rang  over  the  fields  or  along  the  shore. 

We  took  our  seats  round  the  same  clean,  white  table,  and  received  our  fa 
vorite  beverage  in  the  same  bright  tankards.  They  were  set  before  us  by  the 
sober  Margery,  no  one  else  being  visible.  As  frequently  happen'd,  we  were 


360  COLLECT— {Appendix). 

the  only  company.  Walking  and  breathing  the  keen,  fine  air  had  made  us 
dry,  and  we  soon  drain'd  the  foaming  vessels,  and  call'd  for  more.  I  remem 
ber  well  an  animated  chat  we  had  about  some  poems  that  had  just  made  their 
appearance  from  a  great  British  author,  and  were  creating  quite  a  public  stir. 
There  was  one,  a  tale  of  passion  and  despair,  which  Wheaton  had  read,  and 
of  which  he  gave  us  a  transcript.  Wild,  startling,  and  dreamy,  perhaps  it 
threw  over  our  minds  its  peculiar  cast. 

An  hour  moved  off,  and  we  began  to  think  it  strange  that  neither  Ninon  or 
the  widow  came  into  the  room.  One  of  us  gave  a  hint  to  that  effect  to  Mar 
gery  ;  but  she  made  no  answer,  and  went  on  in  her  usual  way  as  before. 

"  The  grim  old  thing,"  said  Wheaton,  "if  she  were  in  Spain,  they'd  make 
her  a  premier  duenna  !  " 

I  ask'd  the  woman  about  Ninon  and  the  widow.  She  seemed  disturb'd,  1 
thought;  but,  making  no  reply  to  the  first  part  of  my  question,  said  that  her 
mistress  was  in  another  part  of  the  house,  and  did  not  wish  to  be  with  com 
pany. 

"Then  be  kind  enough,  Mrs.  Vinegar,"  resumed  Wheaton,  good-naturedly, 
"be  kind  enough  to  go  and  ask  the  widow  if  we  can  see  Ninon." 

Our  attendant's  face  turn'd  as  pale  as  ashes,  and  she  precipitately  left  the 
apartment.  We  laugh \1  at  her  agitation,  which  Frank  Brown  assigned  to  our 
merry  ridicule. 

Quite  a  quarter  of  an  hour  elaps'd  before  Margery's  return.  When  she 
appear'd  she  told  us  briefly  that  the  widow  had  bidden  her  obey  our  behest, 
and  now,  if  we  desired,  she  would  conduct  us  to  the  daughter's  presence. 
There  was  a  singular  expression  in  the  woman's  eyes,  and  the  whole  affair 
began  to  strike  us  as  somewhat  odd  ;  but  we  arose,  and  taking  our  caps,  fol- 
low'd  her  as  she  stepp'd  through  the  door.  Back  of  the  house  were  some 
fields,  and  a  path  leading  into  clumps  of  trees.  At  some  thirty  rods  distant 
from  the  tavern,  nigh  one  of  those  clumps,  the  larger  tree  whereof  was  a  wil 
low,  Margery  stopp'd,  and  pausing  a  minute,  while  we  came  up,  spoke  in 
tones  calm  and  low : 

"  Ninon  is  there  !" 

She  pointed  downward  with  her  finger.  Great  God!  There  was  a. grave, 
new  made,  and  with  the  sods  loosely  join'd,  and  a  rough  brown  stone  at  each 
extremity !  Some  earth  yet  lay  upon  the  grass  near  by.  If  we  had  look'd, 
we  might  have  seen  the  resting-place  of  the  widow's  son,  Ninon's  brother — 
for  it  was  close  at  hand.  But  amid  the  whole  scene  our  eyes  took  in  nothing 
except  that  horrible  covering  of  death — the  oven-shaped  mound.  My  sight 
seemed  to  waver,  my  head  felt  dizzy,  and  a  feeling  of  deadly  sickness  came 
over  me.  I  heard  a  stifled  exclamation,  and  looking  round,  saw  Frank  Brown 
leaning  against  the  nearest  tree,  great  sweat  upon  his  forehead,  and  his 
cheeks  bloodless  as  chalk.  Wheaton  gave  way  to  his  agony  more  fully  than 
ever  I  had  known  a  man  before;  he  had  fallen — sobbing  like  a  child,  and 
wringing  his  hands.  It  is  impossible  to  describe  the  suddenness  and  fearful- 
ness  of  the  sickening  truth  that  came  upon  us  like  a  stroke  of  thunder. 

Of  all  of  us,  my  brother  Matthew  neither  shed  tears,  or  turned  pale,  or 
fainted,  or  exposed  any  other  evidence  of  inward  depth  of  pain.  His  quiet, 
pleasant  voice  was  indeed  a  tone  lower,  but  it  was  that  which  recall'd  us, 
after  the  lapse  of  many  long  minutes,  to  ourselves. 

So  the  girl  had  died  and  been  buried.  We  were  told  of  an  illness  that  had 
seized  her  the  very  day  after  our  last  preceding  visit ;  but  we  inquired  not 
into  the  particulars. 

And  now  come  I  to  the  conclusion  of  my  story,  and  to  the  most  singular 
part  of  it.  The  evening  of  the  third  day  afterward,  Wheaton,  who  had  wept 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH.  361 

scalding  tears,  and  Brown,  whose  cheeks  had  recover'd  their  color,  and  my 
self,  that  for  an  hour  thought  my  heart  would  never  rebound  again  from  the 
fearful  shock — that  evening,  I  say,  we  three  were  seated  around  a  table  in  an 
other  tavern,  drinking  other  beer,  and  laughing  but  a  little  less  cheerfully, 
and  as  though  we  had  never  known  the  widow  or  her  daughter — neither  of 
whom,  I  venture  to  affirm,  came  into  our  minds  once  the  whole  night,  or  but 
to  be  dismiss'd  again,  carelessly,  like  the  remembrance  of  faces  seen  in  a 
crowd. 

Strange  are  the  contradictions  of  the  things  of  life  !  The  seventh  day  after 
that  dreadful  visit  saw  my  brother  Matthew — the  delicate  one,  who,  while 
bold  men  writhed  in  torture,  had  kept  the  same  placid  face,  and  the  same  un- 
trembling  ringers — him  that  seventh  day  saw  a  clay-cold  corpse,  carried  to 
the  repose  of  the  churchyard.  The  shaft,  rankling  far  down  and  within, 
wrought  a  poison  too  great  for  show,  and  the  youth  died. 


THE   CHILD   AND   THE   PROFLIGATE. 

Just  after  sunset,  one  evening  in  summer — that  pleasant  hour  when  the  air 
is  balmy,  the  light  loses  its  glare,  and  all  around  is  imbued  with  soothing 
quiet — on  the  door-step  of  a  house  there  sat  an  elderly  woman  waiting  the 
arrival  of  her  son.  The  house  was  in  a  straggling  village  some  fifty  miles 
from  New  York  city.  She  who  sat  on  the  door  step  was  a  widow  ;  her  white 
cap  cover'd  locks  of  gray,  and  her  dress,  though  clean,  was  exceedingly  homely. 
Her  house — for  the  tenement  she  occupied  was  her  own — was  very  little  and 
very  old.  Trees  cluster'd  around  it  so  thickly  as  almost  to  hide  its  color — 
that  blackish  gray  color  which  belongs  to  old  wooden  houses  that  have  never 
been  painted ;  and  to  get  in  it  you  had  to  enter  a  little  rickety  gate  and  walk 
through  a  short  path,  border'd  by  carrot  beds  and  beets  and  other  vegetables. 
The  son  whom  she  was  »xpecting  was  her  only  child.  About  a  year  before 
he  had  been  bound  apprentice  to  a  rich  farmer  in  the  place,  and  after  finishing 
his  daily  task  he  was  in  the  habit  of  spending  half  an  hour  at  his  mother's. 
On  the  present  occasion  the  shadows  of  night  had  settled  heavily  before  the 
youth  made  his  appearance.  When  he  did,  his  walk  was  slow  and  dragging, 
and  all  his  motions  were  languid,  as  if  from  great  weariness.  He  open'd  the 
gate,  came  through  the  path,  and  sat  down  by  his  mother  in  silence. 

"  You  are  sullen  to-night,  Charley,"  said  the  widow,  after  a  moment's 
pause,  when  she  found  that  he  return'd  no  answer  to  her  greeting. 

As  she  spoke  she  put  her  hand  fondly  on  his  head ;  it  seem'd  moist  as  if 
it  had  been  dipp'd  in  the  water.  His  shirt,  too,  was  soak'd ;  and  as  she  pass'd 
her  fingers  down  his  shoulder  she  felt  a  sharp  twinge  in  her  heart,  for  she 
knew  that  moisture  to  be  the  hard  wrung  sweat  of  severe  toil,  exacted  from 
her  young  child  (he  was  but  thirteen  years  old)  by  an  unyielding  task-master. 

"  You  have  work'd  hard  to-day,  my  son." 

"  I've  been  mowing." 

The  widow's  heart  felt  another  pang. 

"  Not  all  day,  Charley?"  she  said,  in  a  low  voice;  and  there  was  a  slight 
quiver  in  it. 

"  Yes,  mother,  all  day,"  replied  the  boy  ;  "  Mr.  Ellis  said  he  couldn't  afford 
to  hire  men,  for  wages  are  so  high.  I've  swung  the  scythe  ever  since  an  hour 
before  sunrise.  Feel  of  my  hands." 

There  were  blisters  on  them  like  great  lumps.  Tears  started  in  the  widow's 
eyes.  She  dared  not  trust  herself  with  a  reply,  though  her  heart  was  bursting 
with  the  thought  that  she  could  not  better  his  condition.  There  was  no  earthly 

3' 


362  COLLECT— (Appendix}. 

means  of  support  on  which  she  had  dependence  enough  to  encourage  her  child 
in  the  wish  she  knew  he  was  forming — the  wish  not  utterM  for  the  first  time 
— to  be  freed  from  his  bondage. 

"  Mother,''  at  le.ngth  said  the  boy,  "  I  can  stand  it  no  longer.  I  cannot  and 
will  not  stay  at  Mr.  Ellis's.  Ever  since  the  day  I  first  went  into  his  house 
I've  been  a  slave;  and  if  I  have  to  work  so  much  longer  I  know  I  shall  run 
off  and  go  to  sea  or  somewhere  else.  I'd  as  leave  be  in  my  grave  as  there." 
And  the  child  burst  into  a  passionate  fit  of  weeping. 

His  mother  was  silent,  for  she  was  in  deep  grief  herself.  After  some  minutes 
had  flown,  however,  she  gather'd  sufficient  self-possession  to  speak  to  her  son 
in  a  soothing  tone,  endeavoring  to  win  him  from  his  sorrows  and  cheer  up  his 
heart.  She  told  him  that  time  was  swift— that  in  the  course  of  a  few  years 
he  would  be  his  own  master — that  all  people  have  their  troubles — with  many 
other  ready  arguments  which,  though  they  had  little  effect  in  calming  her  own 
distress,  she  hoped  would  act  as  a  solace  to  the  disturb'd  temper  of  the  boy. 
And  as  the  half  hour  to  which  he  was  limited  had  now  elaps'd,  she  took  him 
by  the  hand  and  led  him  to  the  gate,  to  set  forth  on  his  return.  The  youth 
seemed  pacified,  though  occasionally  one  of  those  convulsive  sighs  that  remain 
after  a  fit  of  weeping,  would  break  from  his  throat.  At  the  gate  he  threw  his 
arms  about  his  mother's  neck ;  each  press'd  a  long  kiss  on  the  lips  of  the 
other,  and  the  youngster  bent  his  steps  towards  his  master's  house. 

As  her  child  pass'd  out  of  sight  the  widow  return'd,  shut  the  gate  and 
enter' d  her  lonely  room.  There  was  no  light  in  the  old  cottage  that  night — 
the  heart  of  its  occupant  was  dark  and  cheerless.  Love,  agony,  and  grief, 
and  tears  and  convulsive  wrestlings  were  there.  The  thought  of  a  beloved 
son  condemned  to  labor — labor  that  would  break  down  a  man — struggling 
from  day  to  day  under  the  hard  rule  of  a  soulless  gold-worshipper;  the  knowl 
edge  that  years  must  pass  thus;  the  sickening  idea  of  her  own  poverty,  and 
of  living  mainly  on  the  grudged  charity  of  neighbors — thoughts,  too,«of  former 
happy  clays — these  rack'd  the  widow's  heart,  and  made  her  bed  a  sleepless  one 
without  repose. 

The  boy  bent  his  steps  to  his  employer's,  as  has  been  said.  In  his  wny 
down  the  village  street  he  had  to  pass  a  public  house,  the  only  one  the  place 
contain'd ;  and  when  he  came  off  against  it  he  heard  the  sound  of  a  fiddle — 
drown'd,  however,  at  intervals,  by  much  laughter  and  talking.  The  windows 
vere  up,  and,  the  house  standing  close  to  the  road,  Charles  thought  it  no  harm 
to  take  a  look  and  see  what  was  going  on  within.  Half  a  dozen  footsteps 
brought  him  to  the  low  casement,  on  which  he  lean'd  his  elbow,  and  where 
he  had  a  full  view  of  the  room  and  its  occupants.  In  one  corner  was  an  old 
man,  known  in  the  village  as  Black  Dave — he  it  was  whose  musical  perform 
ances  had  a  moment  before  drawn  Gharleb's  attention  to  the  tavern;  and  he 
it  was  who  now  exerted  himself  in  a  violent  manner  to  give,  with  divers 
flourishes  and  extra  twangs,,  a  tune  very  popular  among  that  thick-lipp'd  race 
whose  fondness  for  melody  is  so  well  known.  In  the  middle  of  the  room 
were  five  or  six  sailors,  some  of  them  quite  drunk,  and  others  in  the  earlier 
stages  of  that  process",  while  on  benches  around  were  more  sailors,  and  here 
and  there  a  person  dress'd  in  landsman's  attire.  The  men  in  the  middle  of 
the  room  were  dancing;  that  is,  they  were  going  through  certain  contortions 
and  shufflings,  varied  occasionally  by  exceeding  hearty  stamps  upon  the  sanded 
floor.  In  short  the  whole  party  were  engaged  in  a  drunken  frolic,  which  was 
in  no  respect  different  from  a  thousand  other  drunken  frolics,  except,  perhaps, 
that  there  was  less  than  the  ordinary  amount  of  anger  and  quarreling.  In 
deed  everyone  seem'd  in  remarkably  good  humor.  . 

But  what  excited  the  boy's  attention  more  than  any  other  object  was  an  in- 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH. 


363 


dividual,  seated  on  one  of  the  benches  opposite,  who,  though  evidently  enjoy 
ing  the  spree  as  much  as  if  he  were  an  old  hand  at  such  business,  seem'd  in 
every  other  particular  to  be  far  out  of  his  element.  His  appearance  was  youth 
ful.  He  might  have  been  twenty-one  or  two  years  old.  His  countenance  was 
intelligent,  and  had  the  air  of  city  life  and  society.  He  was  dress'd  not  gau 
dily,  but  in  every  respect  fashionably  ;  his  coat  being  of  the  finest  broadcloth, 
his  linen  delicate  and  spotless  as  snow,  and  his  whole  aspect  that  of  one  whose 
counterpart  may  now  and  then  be  seen  upon  the  pave  in  Broadway  of  a  fine 
afternoon.  He  laugh'd  and  talk'd  with  the  rest,  and  it  must  be  confess'd  his 
jokes — like  the  most  of  those  that  pass'd  current  there — were  by  no  means 
di>tinguish'd  for  their  refinement  or  purity.  Near  the  door  was  a  small  table, 
covei'd  with  decanters  and  glasses,  some  of  which  had  been  used,  but  were 
used  again  indiscriminately,  and  a  box  of  very  thick  and  very  long  cigars. 

One  of  the  sailors — and  it  was  he  who  made  the  largest  share  of  the  hub 
bub — had  but  one  eye.  His  chin  and  cheeks  were  cover'd  with  huge,  bushy 
whiskers,  and  altogether  he  had  quite  a  brutal  appearance.  "•  Come,  boys," 
said  this  gentleman,  "  come,  let  us  take  a  clrink.  I  know  you're  all  a  getting 
dry;"  and  he  clench'd  his  invitation  with  an  appalling  oath. 

This  politeness  was  responded  to  by  a  general  moving  of  the  company 
toward  the  table  holding  the  before-mention'd  decanters  and  glasses.  Clus 
tering  there  around,  each  one  help'd  himself  to  a  very  handsome  portion  of 
that  particular  liquor  which  suited  his  fancy  ;  and  steadiness  and  accuracy 
being  at  that  moment  by  no  means  distinguishing  traits  of  the  arms  and  legs 
of  the  party,  a  goodly  amount  of  the  fluid  was  spill'd  upon  the  floor.  This 
piece  of  extravagance  excited  the  ire  of  the  personage  who  gave  the  "  treat ;" 
and  that  ire  was  still  further  increas'd  when  he  discover'd  two  or  three  loiterers 
who  seem'd  disposed  to  slight  his  request  to  drink.  Charles,  as  we  have  before 
mention'd,  was  looking  in  at  the  window. 

"  \Valk  up,  boys!  walk  up!  If  there  be  any  skulker  among  us,  blast  my 
eyes  if  he  shan't  go  down  on  his  marrow  bones  and  taste  the  liquor  we  have 
spilt !  Hallo  !  "  he  exclaim' d  as  he  spied  Charles;  "  hallo,  you  chap  in  the 
window,  come  here  and  take  a  sup." 

As  he  spoke  he  step p'd  to  the  cpen  casement,  put  his  brawny  hands  under 
the  boy's  arms,  and  lifted  him  into  the  room  bodily. 

"  There,  my  lads,"  said  he,  turning  to  his  companions,  "  there's  a  new  recruit 
for  you.  Not  so  coarse  a  one,  either,"  he  added  as  he  took  a  fair  view  of  the 
boy,  who,  though  not  what  is  called  pretty,  was  fresh  and  manly  looking,  and 
large  for  his  age. 

"  Come,  youngster,  take  a  glass,"  he  continued.  And  he  pour'd  one  nearly 
full  of  strong  brandy. 

Now  Charles  was  not  exactly  frighten'd,  for  he  was  a  lively  fellow,  and 
had  often  been  at  the  country  merry-makings,  and  at  the  parties  of  the  place ; 
but  he  was  certainly  rather  abash'd  at  his  abrupt  introduction  to  the  midst  of 
strangers.  So,  putting  the  glass  aside,  he  look'd  up  with  a  pleasant  smile  in 
his  new  acquaintance's  face. 

"  I've  no  need  for  anything  now,"  he  said,  "  but  I'm  just  as  much  obliged 
to  you  as  if  I  was." 

"  Poh  !  man,  drink  it  down,"  rejoin'd  the  sailor,  "  drink  it  down— it  won't 
hurt  you." 

And,  by  way  of  showing  its  excellence,  the  one-eyed  worthy  drain'd  it  him 
self  to  the  last  drop.  Then  filling  it  again,  he  renew'd  his  efforts  to  make  the 
lad  go  through  the  same  operation. 

"  I've  no  occasion.  Besides,  my  mother  has  often  pray' d  me  not  to  drink, 
and  I  promised  to  obey  her." 


COLLECT— (Appendix). 

A  little  irritated  by  his  continued  refusal,  the  sailor,  with  a  loud  oath,  de 
clared  that  Charles  should  swallow  the  brandy,  whether  he  would  or  no. 
Placing  one  of  his  tremendous  paws  on  the  back  of  the  boy's  head,  with  the 
other  he  thrust  the  edge  of  the  glass  to  his  lips,  swearing  at  the  same  time, 
that  if  he  shook  it  so  as  to  spill  its  contents  the  consequences  would  be  of  a 
nature  by  no  means  agreeable  to  his  back  and  shoulders.  Disliking  the  liquor, 
and  angry  at  the  attempt  to  overbear  him,  the  undaunted  child  lifted  his  hand 
and  struck  the  arm  of  the  sailor  with  a  blow  so  sudden  that  the  glass  fell  and 
was  smash'd  to  pieces  on  the  floor;  while  the  brandy  was  about  equally  di 
vided  between  the  face  of  Charles,  the  clothes  of  the  sailor,  and  the  sand.  By 
this  time  the  whole  of  the  company  had  their  attention  drawn  to  the  scene. 
Some  of  them  laugh'd  when  they  saw  Charles's  undisguised  antipathy  to  the 
drink;  but  they  laugh'd  still  more  heartily  when  he  discomfited  the  sailor. 
All  of  them,  however,  were  content  to  let  the  matter  go  as  chance  would  have 
it— all  but  the  young  man  of  the  blade  coat,  who  has  been  spoken  of. 

What  was  there  in  the  wdVds  which  Charles  had  spoken  that  carried  the 
mind  of  the  young  men  back  to  former  times — to  a  period  when  he  was  more 
pure  and  innocent  than  now  ?  "My  mother  lias  often  pray' d  me  not  to  drink .'" 
Ah,  how  the  mist  of  months  roll'd  aside,  and  presented  to  his  soul's  eye  the 
picture  of  his  mother,  and  a  prayer  of  exactly  similar  purport !  Why  was  it, 
too,  that  the  young  man's  heart  moved  with  a  feeling  of  kindness  toward  the 
harshly  treated  child? 

Charles  stood,  his  cheek  flush'd  and  his  heart  throbbing,  wiping  the  trick 
ling  drops  from  his  face  with  a  handkerchief.  At  first  the  sailor,  between  his 
drunkenness  and  his  surprise,  was  much  in  the  condition  of  one  suddenly 
avvaken'd  out  of  a  deep  sle^ep,  who  cannot  call  his  consciousness  about  him. 
When  he  saw  the  state  of  things,  however,  and  heard  the  jeering  laugh  of  his 
companions,  his  dull  eye  lighting  up  with  anger,  fell  upon  the  boy  who  had 
withstood  him.  He  seized  Charles  with  a  grip  of  iron,  and  with  the  side  of 
his  heavy  boot  gave  him  a  sharp  and  solid  kick.  He  was  about  repeating  the 
performance — for  the  child  hung  like  a  rag  in  his  grasp — but  all  of  a  sudden 
his  ears  rang,  as  if  pistols  were  snapp'd  close  to  them ;  lights  of  various  hues 
flicker'd  in  his  eye,  (he  had  but  one,  it  will  be  remember'd,)  and  a  strong  pro 
pelling  power  caused  him  to  move  from  his  position,  and  keep  moving  until 
he  was  brought  up  by  the  wall.  A  blow,  a  cuff  given  in  such  a  scientific 
manner  that  the  hand  from  which  it  proceeded  was  evidently  no  stranger  to 
the  pugilistic  art,  had  been  suddenly  planted  in  the  ear  of  the  sailor.  It  was 
planted  by  the  young  man  of  the  black  coat.  He  had  watch'd  with  interest 
the  proceeding  of  the  sailor  and  the  boy — two  or  three  times  he  was  on  the 
point  of  interfering;  but  when  the  kick  was  given,  his  rage  was  uncontroll 
able.  He  sprang  from  his  seat  in  the  attitude  of  a  boxer — struck  the  sailor 
in  a  manner  to  cause  those  unpleasant  sensations  which  have  been  described 
—and  would  probably  have  follow'd  up  the  attack,  had  not  Charles,  now 
thoroughly  terrified,  clung  around  his  legs  and  prevented  his  advancing. 

The  scene  was  a  strange  one,  and  for  the  time  quite  a  silent  one.  The 
company  had  started  from  their  seats,  and  for  a  moment  held  breathless  but 
strain'd  positions.  In  the  middle  of  the  room  stood  the  young  man,  in  his 
not  at  all  ungraceful  attitude — every  nerve  out,  and  his  eyes  flashing  brilliantly. 
He  seem'd  rooted  like  a  rock ;  and  clasping  him,  with  an  appearance  of  con 
fidence  in  his  protection,  clung, the  boy. 

"  You  scoundrel  !"  cried  the  young  man,  his  voice  thick  with  passion,  "  dare 
to  touch  the  boy  again,  and  I'll  thrash  you  till  no  sense  is  left  in  your  body." 

The  sailor,  now  partially  recover'd,  made  some  gestures  of  a  belligerent 
nature. 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH. 


365 


"Come  on,  drunken  brute!"  continued  the  angry  youth;  "I  wish  you 
v.-ould !  You've  not  had  half  what  you  deserve!" 

Upon  sobriety  and  sense  more  fully  taking  their  power  in  the  brains  of  the 
one-eyed  mariner,  however,  that  worthy  determined  in  his  own  mind  that  it 
would  be  most  prudent  to  let  the  matter  drop.  Expressing  therefore  his  con 
viction  to  that  effect,  adding  certain  remarks  to  the  purport  that  he  "  meant 
no  harm  to  the  lad,"  that  he  was  surprised  at  such  a  gentleman  being  angry 
at  "  a  little  piece  of  fun,"  and  so  forth — he  proposed  that  the  company  should 
go  on  with  their  jollity  just  as  if  nothing  had  happen'd.  In  truth,  he  of  the 
single  eye  was  not  a  bad  fellow  at  heart,  after  all;  the  fiery  enemy  whose  ad 
vances  he  had  so  often  courted  that  night,  had  stolen  away  his  good  feelings, 
and  set  busy  devils  at  work  within  him,  that  might  have  made  his  hands  do 
some  dreadful  deed,  had  not  the  stranger  interposed. 

In  a  few  minutes  the  frolic  of  the  party  was  upon  its  former  footing.  The 
young  man  sat  clown  upon  one  of  the  benches,  with  the  boy  by  his  side,  and 
while  the  rest  were  loudly  laughing  and  talking,  they  two  convers'd  together. 

The  stranger  learn'd   from  Charles  all  the  particulars  of  his  simple  story 

how  his  father  had  died  years  since— how  his  mother  work'd  hard  for  a  bare 
living— and  how  he  himself,  for  many  dreary  months,  had  been  the  servant 
of  a  hard-hearted,  avaricious  master.  More  and  more  interested,  drawing 
the  child  close  to  his  side,  the  young  man  listen'd  to  his  plainly  told  history 
— and  thus  an  hour  pass'd  away. 

It  was  now  past  midnight.  The  young  man  told  Charles  that  on  the  mor 
row  he  would  take  steps  to  relieve  him  from  his  servitude— that  for  the  pres 
ent  night  the  landlord  would  probably  give  him  a  lodging  at  the  inn— and 
little  persuading  did  the  host  need  for  that. 

As  he  retired  to  sleep,  very  pleasant  thoughts  filled  the  mind  of  the  young 
man— thoughts  of  a  worthy  action  perform'd — thoughts,  too,  newly  awak 
ened  ones,  of  walking  in  a  steadier  and  wiser  path  than  formerly. 

That  roof,  then,  sheltered  two  beings  that  night — one  of  them  innocent  and 
sinless  of  all  wrong— the  other— oh,  to  that  other  what  evil  had  not  been  pres 
ent,  either  in  action  or  to  his  desires  \ 

Who  was  the  stranger?  To  those  that,  from  ties  of  relationship  or  other 
wise,  felt  an  interest  in  him,  the  answer  to  that  question  was  not  pleasant  to 
dwell  upon.  His  name  was  Langton — parentless — a  dissipated  young  man — 
a  brawler — one  whose  too  frequent  companions  were  rowdies,  blacklegs,  and 
swindlers.  The  New  York  police  offices  were  not  strangers  to  his  counte 
nance.  He  had  been  bred  to  the  profession  of  medicine;  besides,  he  had  a 
very  respectable  income,  and  his  house  was  in  a  pleasant  street  on  the  west  side 
of  the  city.  Little  of  his  time,  however,  did  Mr.  John  Langton  spend  at  his 
domestic  hearth ;  and  the  elderly  lady  who  officiated  as  his  housekeeper  was 
by  no  means  surprised  to  have  him  gone  for  a  week  or  a  month  at  a  time,  and 
she  knowing  nothing  of  his  whereabouts. 

Living  as  he  did,  the  young  man  was  an  unhappy  being.  It  was  not  so 
much  that  his  associates  were  below  his  own  capacity — for  Langton,  though 
sensible  and  well  bred,  was  not  highly  talented  or  refined — but  that  he  lived 
without  any  steady  purpose,  that  he  had  no  one  to  attract  him  to  his  home, 
that  l:e  too  easily  allow'd  himself  to  be.  tempted^which  caused  hjs  life  tq  be, 
of  late,  one  continued  scene  of  dissatisfaction.  This  dissatisfaction  he  spught 
to  drive  away  by  the  brandy  bottle,  and  mixing  in  all  kinds  qf  parties  where 
the  object  was  pleasure,  On  the  present  occasipn  he  ha,d  left  the  city  a  few 
days  before,  and  was  passing  his  time  at  a  place  near  the  village  where  Charles 
and  his  mother  lived.  He  fell  in,  during  the  day,  with  those  who  were  his 
companions  of  the  tavern  spree  5  and  lhu.s  it  happen'd  that  they  were  all  to- 


366  COLLECT— (Appendix.} 

gether.  Langton  hesitated  not  to  make  himself  at  home  with  any  associate 
that  suited  his  fancy. 

The  next  morning  the  poor  widow  rose  from  her  sleepless  cot;  and  from 
that  lucky  trait  in  our  nature  which  makes  one  extreme  follow  another,  she 
set  about  her  toil  with  a  lighten'd  heart.  Ellis,  the  farmer,  rose,  too,  short  as 
the  nights  were,  an  hour  before  day ;  for  his  god  was  gam,  and  a  prime  article 
of  his  creed  was  to  get  as  much  work  as  possible  from  everyone  around  him. 
In  the  course  of  the  day  Ellis  was  called  upon  by  young  Langton,  and  never 
.perhaps  in  his  life  was  the  farmer  puzzled  more  than  at  the  young  man's  pro 
posal — his  desire  to  provide  for  the  widow's  family,  a  family  that  could  do 
him  no  pecuniary  good,  and  his  willingness  to  disburse  money  for  that  pur 
pose.  The  widow,  too,  was  called  upon,  not  only  on  that  day,  but  the  next 
and  the  next. 

It  needs  not  that  I  should  particularize  the  subsequent  events  of  Langton's 
and  the  boy's  history — how  the  reformation  of  the  profligate  might  be  dated 
to  begin  from  that  time — how  he  gradually  sever'd  the  guilty  ties  that  had  so 
long  gall'd  him — how  he  enjoy'd  his  own  home  again — how  the  friendship 
of  Charles  and  himself  grew  not  slack  with  time — and  how,  when  in  the 
course  of  seasons  he  became  head  of  a  family  of  his  own,  he  would  shudder 
at  the  remembrance  of  his  early  dangers  and  his  escapes. 


LINGAVE'S  TEMPTATION. 

"  Another  day,"  utter'd  the  poet  I.ingave,  as  he  awoke  in  the  morning,  and 
turn'd  him  drowsily  on  his  hard  pallet,  "  another  day  comes  out,  burthen'd 
with  its  weight  of  woes.  Of  what  use  is  existence  to  me?  Crush'd  down  beneath 
the  merciless  heel  of  poverty,  and  no  promise  of  hope  to  cheer  me  on,  what 
have  I  in  prospect  but  a  life  neglected,  and  a  death  of  misery  ?" 

The  youth  paused ;  but  receiving  no  answer  to  his  questions,  thought  proper 
to  continue  the  peevish  soliloquy.  "  I  am  a  genius,  they  say,"  and  the  speaker 
smiled  bitterly,  "but  genius  is  not  apparel  and  food.  Why  should  I  exist  in 
the  world,  unknown,  unloved,  press'd  with  cares,  while  so  many  around  me  have 
all  their  souls  can  desire  ?  I  behold  the  splendid  equipages  roll  by — I  see  the 
respectful  bow  at  the  presence  of  pride — and  I  curse  the  contrast  between  my 
own  lot,  and  the  fortune  of  the  rich.  The  lofty  air — the  show  of  dress — the 
aristocratic  demeanor — the  glitter  of  jewels — dazzle  my  eyes ;  and  sharp- 
tooth'd  envy  works  within  me.  I  hate  these  haughty  and  favor'cl  ones.  Why 
should  my  path  be  so  much  rougher  than  theirs  ?  Pitiable,  unfortunate  man 
that  I  am  !  to  be  placed  beneath  those  whom  in  my  heart  I  despise — and  to 
be  constantly  tantalized  with  the  presence  of  that  wealth  I  cannot  enjoy !" 
And  the  poet  cover'd  his  eyes  with  his  hands,  and  wept  from  very  passion  and 
fretfulness. 

O,  Lingave !  be  more  of  a  man  !  Have  you  not  the  treasures  of  health 
and  untainted  propensities,  which  many  of  those  you  envy  never  enjoy?  Are 
you  not  their  superior  in  mental  power,  in  liberal  views  of  mankind,  and  in 
comprehensive  intellect?  And  even  allowing  you  the  choice,  how  would  you 
shudder  at  changing,  in  total,  conditions  with  them !  Besides,  were  you  will 
ing  to  devote  all  your  time  and  energies,  you  could  gain  property  too :  squeeze, 
and  toil,  and  worry,  and  twist  everything  into  a  matter  of  profit,  and  you  can 
become  a  great  man,  as  far  as  money  goes  to  make  greatness. 

Retreat,  then,  man  of  the  pohsh'd  soul,  from  those  irritable  complaints 
against  your  lot — those  longings  for  wealth  and  puerile  distinction,  not  worthy 
your  class.  Do  justice,  philosopher,  to  your  own  powers.  While  the  world 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH.  367 

runs  after  its  shadows' and  its  bubbles,  (thus  commune  in  your  own  mind,)  we 
will  fold  ourselves  in  our  circle  of  understanding,  and  look  with  an  eye  of 
apathy  on  those  things  it  considers  so  mighty  and  so  enviable.  Let  the  proud 
man  pass  with  his  pompous  glance — let  the  gay  flutter  in  finery — let  the  foolish 
enjoy  his  folly,  and  the  beautiful  move  on  in  his  perishing  glory;  we  will 
gaze  without  desire  on  all  their  possessions,  and  all  their  pleasures.  Our 
destiny  is  different  from  theirs.  Not  for  such  as  we,  the  lowly  flights  of  their 
crippled  wings.  We  acknowledge  no  fellowship  with  them  in  ambition.  We 
composedly  look  down  on  the  paths  where  they  walk,  and  pursue  our  own, 
without  uttering  a  wish  to  descend,  and  be  as  they.  What  is  it  to  us  that  the 
mass  pay  us  not  th.it  deference  which  wealth  commands?  We  desire  no  ap 
plause,  save  the  applause  of  the  good  and  discriminating — the  choice  spirits 
among  men.  Our  intellect  would  be  sullied,  were  the  vulgar  to  approximate 
to  it,  by  professing  to  readily  enter  in,  and  praising  it.  Our  pride  is  a  tower 
ing,  and  thrice  refined  pride. 

When  Lingave  had  given  way  to  his  temper  some  half  hour,  or  thereabout, 
he  grew  more  calm,  and  bethought  himself  that  he  was  acting  a  very  silly 
part.  He  listen'd  a  moment  to  the  clatter  of  the  carts,  and  the  tramp  of  early 
passengers  on  the  pave  below,  as  they  wended  along  to  commence  their  daily 
toil.  It  was  just  sunrise,  and  the  season  was  summer.  A  little  canary  bird, 
the  only  pet  poor  Lingave  could  afford  to  keep,  chirp'd  merrily  in  its  cage  on 
the  wall.  How  slight  a  circumstance  will  sometimes  change  the  whole  cur 
rent  of  our  thoughts!  The  music  of  that  bird  abstracting  the  mind  of  the  poet 
but  a-moment  from  his  sorrows,  gave  a  chance  for  his  natural  buoyancy  to  act 
again. 

Lingave  sprang  lightly  from  his  bed,  and  perform'd  his  ablutions  and  his 
simple  toilet — -then  hanging  the  cage  on  a  nail  outside  the  window,  and  speak 
ing  an  endearment  to  the  songster,  which  brought  a  perfect  flood  of  melody 
in  return — he  slowly  passed  through  his  door,  descended  the  long  narrow 
turnings  of  the  stairs,  and  stood  in  the  open  street.  Undetermin'd  as  to  any 
particular  destination,  he  folded  his  hands  behind  him,  cast  his  glance  upon 
the  ground,  and  moved  listlessly  onward. 

Hour  after  hour  the  poet  walk'd  along — up  this  street  and  down  that — he 
reck'd  not  how  or  where.  And  as  crowded  thoroughfares  are  hardly  the  most 
fit  places  for  a  man  to  let  his  fancy  soar  in  the  clouds — many  a  push  and  shove 
and  curse  did  the  dreamer  get  bestow'd  upon  him. 

The  booming  of  the  city  clock  sounded  forth  the  hour  twelve — high  noon. 

"  Ho !  Lingave !"  cried  a  voice  from  an  open  basement  window  as  the  poet 
pass'd. 

He  stopp'd,  and  then  unwittingly  would  have  walked  on  still,  hot  fully 
awaken'd  from  his  reverie. 

"  Lingave,  1  say !"  cried  the  voice  again,  and  the  person  to  whom  the  voice 
belong'd  stretch'd  his  head  quite  out  into  the  area  in  front,  "  Stop  man.  Have 
you  forgotten  your  appointment?" 

"  Oh  !  ah  !"  said  the  poet,  and  he  smiled  unmeaningly,  and  descending  the 
stops,  went  into  the  office  of  Ridman,  whose  call  it  was  that. had  startled  him 
in  his  walk. 

Who  was  Ridman  ?  While  the  poet  is  waiting  the  convenience  of  that  per 
sonage,  it  may  be  as  well  to  describe  him. 

Ridman  was  a  money-maker.  He  had  much  penetration,  considerable 
knowledge  of  the  world,  and  a  disposition  to  be  constantly  in  the  midst  of 
enterprise,  excitement,  and  stir.  His  schemes  for  gaining  wealth  were  various ; 
he  had  dipp'd  into  almost  every  branch  and  channel  of  business.  A  slight 
acquaintance  of  several  years'  standing  subsisted  between  him  and  the  poet. 


368  COLLECT— (Appendix). 

The  day  previous  a  boy  had  call'd  with  a  note  from  Kidman  to  Lingave, 
desiring  the  presence  of  the  latter  at  the  money-maker's  room.  The  poet  re- 
turn'd  for  answer  that  he  would  be  there.  This  was  the  engagement  which 
he  came  near  breaking. 

Ridman  had  a  smooth  tongue.  All  his  ingenuity  was  needed  in  the 
explanation  to  his  companion  of  why  and  wherefore  the  latter  had  been 
sen  l  for. 

It  is  not  requisite  to  state  specifically  the  offer  made  by  the  man  of  wealth 
to  the  poet.  Ridman,  in  one  of  his  enterprises,  found  it  necessary  to  procure 
the  aid  of  such  a  person  as  Lingave — a  writer  of  power,  a  master  of  elegant 
diction,  of  fine  taste,  in  style  passionate  yet  pure,  and  of  the  delicate  imagery 
that  belongs  to  the  children  of  song.  The  youth  was  absolutely  startled  at  the 
magnificent  and  permanent  remuneration  which  was  held  out  to  him  for  a 
moderate  exercise  of  his  talents. 

But  the  nature  of  the  service  required !  All  the  sophistry  and  art  of  Rid 
man  could  not  veil  its  repulsiveness.  The  poet  was  to  labor  for  the  advance 
ment  of  what  he  felt  to  be  unholy — he  was  to  inculcate  what  would  lower  the 
perfection  of  man.  He  promised  to  give  an  answer  to  the  proposal  the  suc 
ceeding  day,  and  left  the  place. 

Now  during  the  many  hours  there  was  a  war  going  on  in  the  heart  of  the 
poor  poet.  He  was  indeed  poor ;  -often,  he  had  no  certainty  whether  he 
should  be  able  to  procure  the  next  day's  meals.  And  the  poet  knew  the 
beauty  of  truth,  and  adored,  not  in  the  abstract  merely,  but  in  practice,  the 
excellence  of  upright  principles. 

Night  came.  Lingave,  wearied,  lay  upon  his  pallet  again  and  slept.  The 
misty  veil  thrown  over  him,  the  spirit  of  poesy  came  to  his  visions,  and  stood 
beside  him,  and  look'd  down  pleasantly  with  her  large  eyes,  which  were  bright 
and  liquid  like  the  reflection  of  stars  in  a  lake. 

Virtue,  (such  imagining,  then,  seem'd  conscious  to  the  soul  of  the  dreamer.) 
is  ever  the  sinew  of  true  genius.  Together,  the  two  in  one,  they  are  endow'd 
with  immortal  strength,  and  approach  loftily  to  Him  from  whom  both  spring. 
Yet  there  are  those  that  having  great  powers,  bend  them  to  the  slavery  of 
wrong.  God  forgive  them !  for  they  surely  do  it  ignorantly  or  heedlessly. 
Oh,  could  he  who  lightly  tosses  around  him  the  seeds  of  evil  in  his  writings, 
or  his  enduring  thoughts,  or  his  chance  words — could  he  see  how,  haply,  they 
are  to  spring  up  in  distant  time  and  poison  the  air,  and  putrefy,  and  cause  to 
sicken — would  he  not  shrink  back  in  horror?  A  bad  principle,  jestingly 
spoken — a  falsehood,  but  of  a  word — may  taint  a  whole  nation  !  Let  the  man 
to  whom  the  great  Master  has  given  the  might  of  mind,  beware  how  he  uses 
that  might.  If  for  the  furtherance  of  bad  ends,  what  can  be  expected  but  that, 
as  the  hour  of  the  closing  scene  draws  nigh,  thoughts  of  harm  done,  and 
capacities  distorted  from  their  proper  aim,  and  strength  so  laid  out  that  men 
must  be  worse  instead  of  better,  through  the  exertion  of  that  strength — will 
come  and  swarm  like  spectres  around  him  ? 

"  Be  and  continue  poor,  young  man,"  so  taught  one  whose  counsels  should 
be  graven  on  the  heart  of  every  youth,  "  while  others  around  you  grow  rich  by 
fraud  and  disloyalty.  Be  without  place  and  power,  while  others  beg  their 
way  upward.  Bear  the  pain  of  disappointed  hopes,  while  others  gain  the 
accomplishment  of  their  flattery.  Forego  the  gracious  pressure  of  a  hand,  for 
which  others  cringe  and  crawl.  Wrap  yourself  in  your  own  virtue,  and  seek 
a  friend  and  your  daily  bread.  If  you  have,  in  such  a  course,  grown  gray  with 
unblench'd  honor,  bless  God  and  die." 

When  Lingave  awoke  the  next  morning,  he  despatch'd  his  answer  to  his 
wealthy  friend,  and  then  plodded  on  as  in  the  days  before. 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH.  369 

LITTLE  JANE. 

"  Lift  up !  "  was  ejaculated  as  a  signal  ! — and  click  !  went  the  glasses  in 
the  hands  of  a  party  of  tipsy  men,  drinking  one  night  at  the  bar  of  one  of  the 
middling  order  of  taverns.  And  many  a  wild  gibe  was  utter'd,  and  many  a 
terrible  blasphemy,  and  many  an  impure  phrase  sounded  out  the  pollution  of 
the  hearts  of  these  half-crazed  creatures,  as  they  toss'd  down  their  liquor, 
and  made  the  walls  echo  with  their  uproar,  The  first  and  foremost  in  reck 
lessness  was  a  girlish-faced,  fair-hair'd  fellow  of  twenty-two  or  three  years. 
They  called  him  Mike.  He  seein'd  to  be  look'd  upon  by  the  others  as  a  sort 
of  prompter,  from  whom  they  were  to  take  cue.  And  if  the  brazen  wicked 
ness  evinced  by  him  in  a  hundred  freaks  and  remarks  to  his  companions, 
during  their  stay  in  that  place,  were  any  test  of  his  capacity — there  might 
hardly  be  one  more  fit  to  go  forward  as  a  guide  on  the  road  of  destruction. 
From  the  conversation  of  the  party,  it  appear'd  that  they  had  been  spending 
the  early  part  of  the  evening  in  a  gambling  house. 

A  second,  third  and  fourth  time  were  the  glasses  fill'd ;  and  the  effect 
thereof  began  to  be  perceiv'd  in  a  still  higher  degree  of  noise  and  loquacity 
among  the  revellers.  One  of  the  serving-men  came  in  at  this  moment,  and 
whisper'd  the  barkeeper,  who  went  out,  and  in  a  moment  return'd  again. 

"  A  person,"  he  said,  "  wish'd  to  speak  with  Mr.  Michael.  He  waited  on 
the  walk  in  front." 

The  individual  whose  name  was  mention'd,  made  his  excuses  to  the  others, 
telling  them  he  would  be  back  in  a  moment,  and  left  the  room.  As  he  shut 
the  door  behind  him,  and  stepp'd  into  the  open  air,  he  saw  one  of  his  broth 
ers — his  elder  by  eight  or  ten  years — pacing  to  and  fro  with  rapid  and  uneven 
steps.  As  the  man  turn'd  in  his  walk,  and  the  glare  of  the  street  lamp  fell 
upon  his  face,  the  youth,  half-benumb'd  as  his  senses  were,  was  somewhat 
startled  at  its  paleness  and  evident  perturbation. 

"  Come  with  me!"  said  the  elder  brother,  hurriedly,  "  the  illness  of  our 
little  Jane  is  worse,  and  I  have  been  sent  for  you." 

"  Poh  !  "  answered  the  young  drunkard,  very  composedly,  "  is  that  all  ?  I 
shall  be  home  by-and-by,"  and  he  turn'd  back  again. 

"  But,  brother,  she  is  worse  than  ever  before.  Perhaps  when  you  arrive  she 
may  be  dead." 

The  tipsy  one  paus'd  in  his  retreat,  perhaps  alarm'd  at  the  utterance  of  that 
dread  word,  which  seldom  fails  to  shoot  a  chill  to  the  hearts  of  mortals.  But 
he  soon  calm'd  himself,  and  waving  his  hand  to  the  other: 

"  Why,  see,"  said  he,  "  a  score  of  times  at  least,  have  I  been  call'd  away  to 
the  last  sickness  of  our  good  little  sister ;  and  each  time  it  proves  to  be  noth 
ing  worse  than  some  whim  of  the  nurse  or  physician.  Three  years  has  the 
girl  been  able  to  live  very  heartily  under  her  disease;  and  I'll  be  bound  she'll 
stay  on  the  earth  three  years  longer." 

And  as  he  concluded  this  wicked  and  most  brutal  reply,  the  speaker  open'd 
the  door  and  went  into  the  bar-room.  But  in  his  intoxication,  during  the  hour 
that  follow'd,  Mike  was  far  from  being  at  ease.  At  the  end  of  that  hour,  the 
words,  "  perhaps  when  you  arrive  she  may  be  dead,"  were  not  effaced  from 
his  hearing  yet,  and  he  started  for  home.  The  elder  brother  had  wended 
his  way  back  in  sorrow. 

Let  me  go  before  the  younger  one,  awhile,  to  a  room  in  that  home.  A  little 
girl  lay  there  dying.  She  had  been  ill  a  long  time  ;  so  it  was  no  sudden  thing 
for  her  parents,  and  her  brethren  and  sisters,  to  be  called  for  the  witness  of  the 
death  agony.  The  girl  was  not  what  might  be  called  beautiful.  And  yet, 
there  is  a  solemn  kind  of  loveliness  that  always  surrounds  a  sick  child.  The 
sympathy  for  the  weak  and  helpless  sufferer,  perhaps,  increases  it  in  our  own 


370  COLLECT— (Appendix}. 

ideas.  The  ashiness  and  the  moisture  on  the  brow,  and  the  film  over  the  eye 
balls — what  man  can  look  upon  the  sight,  and  not  feel  his  heart  awed  within 
him  ?  Children,  I  have  sometimes  fancied  too,  increase  in  beauty  as  their  ill 
ness  deepens. 

Besides  the  nearest  relatives  of  little  Jane,  standing  round  her  bedside,  was 
the  family  doctor.  He  had  just  laid  her  wrist  down  upon  the  coverlet,  and 
the  look  he  gave  the  mother,  was  a  look  in  which  there  was  no  hope. 

"  My  child  !  "  she  cried,  in  uncontrollable  agony,  "  O  !  my  child !  " 

And  the  father,  and  the  sons  and  daughters,  were  bowed  down  in  grief, 
and  thick  tears  rippled  between  the  fingers  held  before  their  eyes. 

Then  there  was  silence  awhile.  During  the  hour  just  by-gone,  Jane  had,  in 
her  childish  way,  bestow'd  a  little  gift  upon  each  of  her  kindred,  as  a  remem 
brancer  when  she  should  be  dead  and  buried  in  the  grave.  And  there  was 
one  of  these  simple  tokens  which  had  not  reach'd  its  destination.  She  held 
it  in  her  hand  now.  It  was  a  very  small  much-thumbed  book — a  religious  story 
for  infants,  given  her  by  her  mother  when  she  had  first  learn'd  to  read. 

While  they  were  all  keeping  this  solemn  stillness — broken  only  by  the  sup- 
press'd  sobs  of  those  who  stood  and  watch'd  for  the  passing  away  of  the  girl's 
soul — a  confusion  of  some  one  entering  rudely,  and  speaking  in  a  turbulent 
voice,  was  heard  in  an  adjoining  apartment.  Again  the  voice  roughly  sounded 
out;  it  was  the  voice  of  the  drunkard  Mike,  and  the  father  bade  one  of  his 
sons  go  and  quiet  the  intruder. 

"  If  nought  else  will  do,"  said  he  sternly,  "  put  him  forth  by  strength.  We 
want  no  tipsy  brawlers  here,  to  disturb  such  a  scene  as  this." 

For  what  moved  the  sick  girl  uneasily  on  her  pillow,  and  raised  her  neck, 
and  motion'd  to  her  mother?  She  would  that  Mike  should  be  brought  to  her 
side.  And  it  was  enjoin'd  on  him  whom  the  father  had  bade  to  eject  the  noisy 
one,  that  he  should  tell  Mike  his  sister's  request,  and  beg  him  to  come  to  her. 

He  came.  The  inebriate — his  mind  sober'd  by  the  deep  solemnity  of  the 
scene — stood  there,  and  leaned  over  to  catch  the  last  accounts  of  one  who  soon 
was  to  be  with  the  spirits  of  heaven.  All  was  the  silence  of  the  deepest  night. 
The  dying  child  held  the  young  man's  hand  in  one  of  hers ;  with  the  other 
she  slowly  lifted  the  trifling  memorial  she  had  assigned  especially  for  him, 
aloft  in  the  air.  Her  arm  shook — her  eyes,  now  becoming  glassy  with  the 
death-damps,  were  cast  toward  her  brother's  face.  She  smiled  pleasantly,  and 
as  an  indistinct  gurgle  came  from  her  throat,  the  uplifted  hand  fell  suddenly 
into  the  open  palm  of  her  brother's,  depositing  the  tiny  volume  there.  Little 
Jane  was  dead. 

From  that  night,  the  young  man  stepped  no  more  in  his  wild  courses,  but 
was  reform'd. 


DUMB   KATE. 

Not  many  years  since — and  yet  long  enough  to  have  been  before  the 
abundance  of  railroads,  and  similar  speedy  modes  of  conveyance — the 
travelers  from  Amboy  village  to  the  metropolis  of  our  republic  were  permitted 
to  refresh  themselves,  and  the  horses  of  the  stage  had  a  breathing  spell,  at  a 
certain  old-fashion'd  tavern,  about  half  way  between  the  two  places.  It  was 
a  quaint,  comfortable,  ancient  house,  that  tavern.  Huge  buttonwood  trees 
embower'd  it  round  about,  and  there  was  a  long  porch  in  front,  the  trellis'd 
work  whereof,  though  old  and  moulder'd,  had  been,  and  promised  still  to  be 
for  years,  held  together  by  the  tangled  folds  of  a  grape  vine  wreath'd  about  it 
like  a  tremendous  serpent. 

How  clean  and  fragrant  everything  was  there !     How  bright  the  pewter 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH. 


371 


tankards  wherefrom  cider  or  ale  w5nt  into  the  parch'd  throat  of  the  thirsty 
man!  How  pleasing  to  look  into  the  expressive  eyes  of  Kate,  the  landlord's 
lovely  daughter,  who  kept  everything  so  clean  and  bright ! 

Now  the  reason  why  Kate's  eyes  had  become  so  expressive  was,  that,  besides 
their  proper  and  natural  office,  they  stood  to  the  poor  girl  in  the  place  of 
tongue  and  ears  also.  Kate  had  been  dumb  from  her  birth.  Everybody  loved 
the  helpless  creature  when  she  was  a  child.  Gentle,  timid,  and  affectionate 
was  she,  and  beautiful  as  the  lilies  of  which  she  loved  to  cultivate  so  many 
every  summer  in  her  garden.  Her  light  hair,  and  the  like-color'd  lashes,  so 
long  and  silky,  that  droop'd  over  her  blue  eyes  of  such  uncommon  size  and 
softness — her  rounded  shape,  well  set  off  by  a  little  modest  art  of  dress — her 
smile — the  graceful  ease  of  her  motions,  always  attracted  the  admiration  of  the 
strangers  who  stopped  there,  and  were  quite  a  pride  to  her  parents  and  friends. 

How  could  it  happen  that  so  beautiful  and  inoffensive  a  being  should  taste, 
even  to  its  dregs,  the  bitterest  unhappiness?  Oh,  there  must  indeed  be  a 
mysterious,  unfathomable  meaning  in  the  decrees  of  Providence  which  is  be 
yond  the  comprehension  of  man ;  for  no  one  on  earth  less  deserved  or  needed 
'  the  uses  of  adversity '  than  Dumb  Kate.  Love,  the  mighty  and  lawless 
passion,  came  into  the  sanctuary  of  the  maid's  pure  breast,  and  the  dove  of 
peace  fled  away  forever. 

One  of  the  persons  who  had  occasion  to  stop  mo^t  frequently  at  the  tavern 
kept  by  Dumb  Kate's  parents  was  a  young  man,  the  son  of  a  wealthy  farmer, 
who  own'd  an  estate  in  the  neighborhood.  He  saw  Kate,  and  was  struck 
with  her  natural  elegance.  Though  not  of  thoroughly  wicked  propensities, 
the  fascination  of  so  fine  a  prize  made  this  youth  determine  to  gain  her  love, 
and,  if  possible,  to  win  her  to  himself.  At  first  he  hardly  dared,  even  amid 
the  depths  of  his  own  soul,  to  entertain  thoughts  of  vileness  against  one  so 
confiding  and  childlike.  But  in  a  short  time  such  feelings  wore  away,  and  he 
made  up  his  mind  to  become  the  betrayer  of  poor  Kale.  He  was  a  good- 
looking  fellow,  and  made  but  too  sure  of  his  victim.  Kate  was  lost! 

The  villain  came  to  New  York  soon  after,  and  engaged  in  a  business  which 
prosper'd  well,  and  which  has  no  doubt  by  this  time  made  him  what  iscall'd  a 
man  of  fortune. 

Not  long  did  sickness  of  the  heart  wear  into  the  life  and  happiness  of  Dumb 
Kate.  One  pleasant  spring  day,  the  neighbors  having  been  called  by  a  notice 
the  previous  morning,  the  old  churchyard  was  thrown  open,  and  a  coffin  was 
borne  over  the  early  grass  that  seem'd  so  delicate  with  its  light  green  hue. 
There  was  a  new  made  grave,  and  by  its  side  the  bier  was  rested — while  they 
paused  a  moment  until  holy  words  had  been  said.  An  idle  boy,  call'd  there 
by  curiosity,  saw  something  lying  on  the  fresh  earth  thrown  out  from  the 
grave,  which  attracted  his  attention.  A  little  blossom,  the  only  one  to  be  seen 
around,  had  grown  exactly  on  the  spot  where  the  sexton  chose  to  dig  poor 
JCate's  last  resting-place.  It  was  a  weak  but  lovely  flower,  and  now  lay  where 
it  had  been  carelessly  toss' d  amid  the  coarse  gravel.  The  boy  twirl 'd  it  a  mo 
ment  in  his  fingers— the  bruis'd  fragments  gave  out  a  momentary  perfume,  and 
then  fell  to  the  edge  of  the  pit,  over  which  the  child  at  that  moment  lean'd 
and  gazed  in  his  inquisitiveness.  As  they  dropp'd,  they  were  wafted  to  the 
bottom  of  the  grave.  The  last  look  was  bestow'd  on  the  dead  girl's  face  by 
those  who  loved  her  so  well  in  life,  and  then  she  was  softly  laid  away  to  her 
sleep  beneath  that  green  grass  covering. 

Yet  in  the  churchyard  on  the  hill  is  Kate's  grave.  There  stands  a  little 
white  stone  at  the  head,  and  verdure  grows  richly  there  ;  and  gossips,  some 
times  of  a  Sabbath  afternoon,  rambling  over  that  gathering-place  of  the  gone 
from  earth,  stop  a  while,  and  con  over  the  dumb  girl's  hapless  story. 


372  COLLECT— (Appendix). 

TALK   TO   AN«  ART-UNION. 
(A  Brooklyn  fragment.') 

It  is  a  beautiful  truth  that  all  men  contain  something  of  the  artist  in  them. 
And  perhaps  it  is  the  case  that  the  greatest  artists  live  and  die,  the  world  and 
themselves  alike  ignorant  what  they  possess.  Who  would  not  mourn  that  an 
ample  palace,  of  surpassingly  graceful  architecture,  fill'd  with  luxuries,  and 
embellish'd  with  fine  pictures  and  sculpture,  should  stand  cold  and  still  and 
vacant,  and  never  be  known  or  enjoy'd  by  its  owner?  Would  such  a  fact  as 
this  cause  your  sadness  ?  Then  be  sad.  For  there  is  a  palace,  to  which  the 
courts  of  the  most  sumptuous  kings  are  but  a  frivolous  patch,  and,  though  it 
is  always  waiting  for  them,  not  one  of  its  owners  ever  enters  there  with  any 
genuine  sense  of  its  grandeur  and  glory. 

I  think  of  few  heroic  actions,  which  cannot  be  traced  to  the  artistical  im 
pulse.  He  who  does  great  deeds,  does  them  from  his  innate  sensitiveness  to 
moral  beauty.  Such  men  are  not  merely  artists,  they  are  also  artistic  mate 
rial.  Washington  in  some  great  crisis,  Lawrence  on  the  bloody  deck  of  the 
Chesapeake,  Mary  Stuart  at  the  block,  Kossuth  in  captivity,  and  Mazzini  in 
exile — all  great  rebels  and  innovators,  exhibit  the  highest  phases  of  the  artist 
spirit.  The  painter,  the  sculptor,  the  poet,  express  heroic  beauty  better  in 
description ;  but  the  others  are  heroic  beauty,  the  best  belov'd  of  art. 

Talk  not  so  much,  then,  young  artist,  of  the  great  old  masters,  who  but 
painted  and  chisell'd.  Study  not  only  their  productions.  There  is  a  still 
higher  school  for  him  who  would  kindle  his  fire  with  coal  from  the  altar  of 
the  loftiest  and  purest  art.  It  is  the  school  of  all  grand  actions  and  grand 
virtues,  of  heroism,  of  the  death  of  patriots  and  martyrs — of  all  the  mighty 
deeds  written  in  the  pages  of  history — deeds  of  daring,  and  enthusiasm,  de 
votion,  and  fortitude. 


BLOOD -MONEY. 
"  Guilty  of  the  body  and  the  blood  of  Christ." 

I. 

Of  olden  time,  when  it  came  to  pass 

That  the  beautiful  god,  Jesus,  should  finish  his  work  on  earth, 

Then  went  Judas,  and  sold  the  divine  youth, 

And  took  pay  for  his  body. 

Curs'd  was  the  deed,  even  before  the  sweat  of  the  rlutching  hand  grew  dry ; 

And  darkness  frown'd  upon  the  seller  of  the  like  of  God, 

Where,  as  though  earth  lifted  her  breast  to  throw  him  from  her,  and  heaven 

refused  him, 
He  hung  in  the  air,  self-slaughter'd. 

The  cycles,  with  their  long  shadows,  have  stalk'd  silently  forward, 
Since  those  ancient  days — many  a  pouch  enwrapping  meanwhile 
Its  fee,  like  that  paid  for  the  son  of  Mary. 

And  still  goes  one,  saying, 

"  What  will  ye  give  me,  and  I  will  deliver  this  man  unto  you  ?" 

And  they  make  the  covenant,  and  pay  the  pieces  of  silver. 


PIECES  IN  EARL  Y  YOUTH.  373 

Look  forth,  deliverer, 

Look  forth,  first-born  of  the  dead, 

Over  the  tree- tops  of  Paradise  ; 

See  thyself  in  yet-continued  bonds, 

Toilsome  and  poor,  thou  bear'st  man's  form  again, 

Thou  art  reviled,  scourged,  put  into  prison, 

Hunted  from  the  arrogant  equality  of  the  rest ; 

With  staves  and  swords  throng  the  willing  servants  of  authority, 

Again  they  surround  thee,  mad  with  devilish  spite; 

Toward  thee  stretch  the  hands  of  a  multitude,  like  vultures'  talons,  . 

The  meanest  spit  in  thy  face,  they  smite  thee  with  their  palms ; 

Bruised,  bloody,  and  pinion'd  is  thy  body, 

More  sorrowful  than  death  is  thy  soul. 

Witness  of  anguish,  brother  of  slaves, 

Not  with  thy  price  closed  the  price  of  thine  image  : 

And  still  Iscariot  plies  his  trade. 

PAUMANOK. 
April,  1843.  . 

WOUNDED  IN  THE  HOUSE  OF  FRIENDS. 

"  And  one  shall  say  unto  him,  What  are  these  wounds  in  thy  hands?     Then  he  shall  an 
swer,  Those  with  which  I  was  wounded  in  the  house  of  my  friends." — Zechariah,  xiii.  6.  • 

If  thou  art  balk'd,  O  Freedom, 
The  victory  is  not  to  thy  manlier  foes ; 
From  the  house  of  friends  comes  the  death  stab. 

Virginia,  mother  of  greatness, 
Blush  not  for  being  also  mother  of  slaves ; 
You  might  have  borne  deeper  slaves — 
Doughfaces,  crawlers,  lice  of  humanity — 
Terrific  screamers  of  freedom, 
Who  roar  and  bawl,  and  get  hot  i'  the  face, 
But  were  they  not  incapable  of  august  crime, 
Would  quench  the  hopes  of  ages  for  a  drink — 
Muck-worms,  creeping  flat  to  the  ground, 
A  dollar  dearer  to  them  than  Christ's  blessing; 
All  loves,  all  hopes,  less  than  the  thought  of  gain, 
In  life  walking  in  that  as  in  a  shroud ; 
Men  whom  the  throes  of  heroes, 
Great  deeds  at  which  the  gods  might  stand  appal'd, 
The  shriek  of  the  drown'd,  the  appeal  of  women, 
The  exulting  laugh  of  untied  empires, 
Would  touch  them  never  in  the  heart, 
But  only  in  the  pocket. 

Hot-headed  Carolina, 
Well  may  you  curl  your  lip; 
With  all  your  bondsmen,  bless  the  destiny 
Which  brings  you  no  such  breed  as  this. 

Arise,  young  North ! 
Our  elder  blood  flows  in  the  veins  of  cowards : 


374  COLLECT— (Appendix}. 

The  gray-hair'd  sneak,  the  blanch'd  poltroon, 
The  feign'd  or  real  shiverer  at  tongues 
That  nursing  babes  need  hardly  cry  the  less  for- 
Are  they  to  be  our  tokens  always  ? 


SAILING   THE   MISSISSIPPI  AT  MIDNIGHT. 

Vast  and  starless,  the  pall  of  heaven 
Laps  on  the  trailing  pall  below ; 

And  forward,  forward,  in  solemn  darkness, 
As  if  to  the  sea  of  the  lost  we  go. 

Now  drawn  nigh  the  edge  of  the  river, 
Weird-like  creatures  suddenly  rise ; 

Shapes  that  fade,  dissolving  outlines 
Baffle  the  gazer's  straining  eyes. 

Towering  upward  and  bending  forward, 
Wild  and  wide  their  arms  are  thrown, 

Ready  to  pierce  with  forked  fingers 
Him  who  touches  their  realm  upon. 

Tide  of  you*h,  thus  thickly  planted, 
While  in  the  eddies  onward  you  swim, 

Thus  on  the  shore  stands  a  phantom  army, 
Lining  forever  the  channel's  rim. 

Steady,  helmsman!  you  guide  the  immortal; 

Many  a  wreck  is  beneath  you  piled, 
Many  a  brave  yet  unwary  sailor 

Over  these  waters  has  been  beguiled. 

Nor  is  it  the  storm  or  the  scowling  midnight, 
Cold,  or  sickness,  or  fire's  dismay  — 

Nor  is  it  the  reef,  or  treacherous  quicksand, 
Will  peril  you  most  on  your  twisted  way. 

But  when  there  comes  a  voluptuous  languor, 

Soft  the  sunshine,  silent  the  air, 
Bewitching  your  craft  with  snfety  and  sweetness, 

Then,  young  pilot  of  life,  beware. 


THE  7oth   }  'EA  R taken  from  life. 


Copyright,  1888,  by  WALT  WHITMAN. 


CONTENTS. 


A  BACKWARD  GLANCE  O'ER  TRAVEL'D  ROADS,  5 
SANDS  AT  SEVENTY  : 


Mannahatta,  19 

Paumanok,  19 

From  Montauk  Point,  19 

To  Those  Who've  Fail'd,  19 

A  Carol  Closing  Sixty-Nine,  2O 

The  Bravest  Soldiers,  20 

A  Font  of  Type,  20 

As  I  Sit  Writing  Here,  20 

My  Canary  Bird,  20 

Queries  to  My  Seventieth  Year,  21 

The  Wallabout  Martyrs,  21 

The  First  Dandelion,  21 

America,  21 

Memories,  21 

To-day  and  Thee,  22 

After  the  Dazzle  of  Day,  22 

Abraham    Lincoln,   born  Feb.    12, 

1809,  22 

Out  of  May's  Shows  Selected,  22 
Halcyon  Days,  22 
Fancies  at  Navesink,  23 

(The  Pilot  in  the  Mist— Had  I  the 
Choice— You  Tides  With  Ceaseless 
Swell— Last  of  Ebb,  and  Daylight 
Waning— And  Yet  Not  You  Alone— 
Proudly  the  Flood  Comes  In— By  That 
Long  Scan  of  Waves — Then  Last  of 
All.) 

Election  Day,  November,  1884,  25 


With      Husky- Haughty     Lips,    O 

Sea,  26 

Death  of  General  Grant,  26 
Red  Jacket  (from  Aloft,)  27 
Washington's  Monument,  February, 

1885,  27 

Of  That  Blithe  Throat  of  Thine,  28 
Broadway,  28 

To  Get  the  Final  Lilt  of  Songs,  28 
Old  Salt  Kossabone,  29 
The  Dead  Tenor,  29 
Continuities,  30 
Yonnondio,  30 
Life,  30 

"  Going  Somewhere,"  31 
Small  the  Theme  of  My  Chant,  31 
True  Conquerors,  31 
The  United  States  to  Old  World 

Critics,  32 

The  Calming  Thought  of  All,  32 
Thanks  in  Old  Age,  32 
Life  and  Death,  32 
The  Voice  of  the  Rain,  33 
Soon  Shall   the   Winter's  Foil  Be 

Here,  33 

While  Not  the  Past  Forgetting,  33 
The  Dying  Veteran,  34 
Stronger  Lessons,  34 
A  Prairie  Sunset,  34 

(3) 


CONTENTS. 


Twenty  Years,  35 

Orange  Buds  by  Mail  From  Florida, 

35 

Twilight,  35 
You  Lingering  Sparse   Leaves   of 

Me,  36 
Not  Meagre,  Latent  Boughs  Alone, 

36 


The  Dead  Emperor,  36 

As  the  Greek's  Signal  Flame,  36 

The  Dismantled  Ship,  37 

Now   Precedent   Songs,    Farewell, 


37 


An  Evening  Lull,  37 

After  the  Supper  and  Talk,  38 


OUR  EMINENT  VISITORS,  PAST,  PRESENT  AND  FUTURE,  39 

THE  BIBLE  AS  POETRY,  43 

FATHER  TAYLOR  (AND  ORATORY,)  47 

THE  SPANISH  ELEMENT  IN  OUR  NATIONALITY,  50 

WHAT  LURKS  BEHIND  SHAKSPERE'S  HISTORICAL  PLAYS?  52 

A  THOUGHT  ON  SHAKSPERE,  55 

ROBERT  BURNS  AS  POET  AND  PERSON,  57 

A  WORD  ABOUT  TENNYSON,  65 

SLANG  IN  AMERICA,  68 

AN  INDIAN  BUREAU  REMINISCENCE,  73 

SOME  DIARY  NOTES  AT  RANDOM,  76 

(Negro  Slaves  in  New  York— Canada  Nights— Country  Days  and  Nights— Central 
Park  Notes— Plate  Glass,  St.  Louis.) 

SOME  WAR  MEMORANDA,  80 

("Yankee  Doodle"— Washington  Street  Scenes— The  itfth  Pennsylvania— Left-hand 
Writing  by  Soldiers — Central  Virginia  in  '64 — Paying  the  First  Color' d  Troops.) 

FIVE  THOUSAND  POEMS,  86 

THE  OLD  BOWERY,  87 

NOTES  To  LATE  ENGLISH  BOOKS,  93 

(Preface  to  Reader  in  British  Islands— Additional  Nste,  1887— Preface  to  English 
Edition  "Democratic  Vistas.") 

ABRAHAM  LINCOLN,  97 

NEW  ORLEANS  IN  1848— TRIP  UP  THE  MISSISSIPPI,  &c.,  100 

SMALL  MEMORANDA,  105 

(Attorney  General's  Office,  Washington,  Aug.  22,  1863—  Washington,  Sept.  8,  Q,  etc., 
iSbS—A  Glint  Inside  of  Abraham  Lincoln's  Cabinet  Appointments  :  one  item  of  many 
—Note  to  a  Friend— Written  impromptu  in  an  album— The  place  gratitude  fills  in 
a  fine  character.) 

LAST  OF  THE  WAR  CASES,  109 
ELIAS  HICKS,  NOTES  (SUCH  AS  THEY  ARE,)  119 
George  Fox  and  Shakspere,  136 


A  BACKWARD  GLANCE  O'ER 
TRAVEL'D  ROADS. 

PERHAPS  the  best  of  songs  heard,  or  of  any  and  all  true  love,  or 
life's  fairest  episodes,  or  sailors',  soldiers'  trying  scenes  on  land 
or  sea,  is  the  resume  of  them,  or  any  of  them,  long  afterwards, 
looking  at  the  actualities  away  back  past,  with  all  their  practical 
excitations  gone.  How  the  soul  loves  to  float  amid  such  reminis 
cences  ! 

So  here  I  sit  gossiping  in  the  early  candle-light  of  old  age — I 
and  my  book — casting  backward  glances  over  our  travel'd  road. 
After  completing,  as  it  were,  the  journey — (a  varied  jaunt  of 
years,  with  many  halts  and  gaps  of  intervals — or  some  lengthen'd 
ship-voyage,  wherein  more  than  once  the  last  hour  had  apparently 
arrived,  and  we  seem'd  certainly  going  down — yet  reaching  port 
in  a  sufficient  way  through  all  discomfitures  at  last) — After  com 
pleting  my  poems,  I  am  curious  to  review  them  in  the  light  of 
their  own  (at  the  time  unconscious,  or  mostly  unconscious)  inten 
tions,  with  certain  unfoldings  of  the  thirty  years  they  seek  to 
embody.  These  lines,  therefore,  will  probably  blend  the  weft 
of  first  purposes  and  speculations,  with  the  warp  of  that  expe 
rience  afterwards,  always  bringing  strange  developments. 

Result  of  seven  or  eight  stages  and  struggles  extending  through 
nearly  thirty  years,  (as  I  nigh  my  three-score-and-ten  I  live 
largely  on  memory,)  I  look  upon  "Leaves  of  Grass,"  now  fin- 
ish'd  to  the  end  of  its  opportunities  and  powers,  as  my  definitive 
carte  visite  to  the  coming  generations  of  the  New  World,*  if  I 
may  assume  to  say  so.  That  I  have  not  gain'd  the  acceptance  of 
my  own  time,  but  have  fallen  back  on  fond  dreams  of  the  future 
— anticipations — ("still  lives  the  song,  though  Regnar  dies") — 
That  from  a  worldly  and  business  point  of  view  "Leaves  of 
Grass"  has  been  worse  than  a  failure — that  public  criticism  on 
the  book  and  myself  as  author  of  it  yet  shows  mark'd  anger  and 
contempt  more  than  anything  else — ("I  find  a  solid  line  of  ene- 

*When  Champollion,  on  his  death-bed,  handed  to  the  printer  the  revised 
proof  of  his  "  Egyptian  Grammar,"  he  said  gayly,  "  Be  careful  of  this — it  is 
my  carte  de  visite  to  posterity." 


6  A   BACKWARD   GLANCE 

mies  to  you  everywhere," — letter  from  W.  S.  K.,  Boston,  May 
28,  1884) — And  that  solely  for  publishing  it  I  have  been  the 
object  of  two  or  three  pretty  serious  special  official  bufferings — is 
all  probably  no  more  than  I  ought  to  have  expected.  I  had  my 
choice  when  I  commenc'd.  I  bid  neither  for  soft  eulogies,  big 
money  returns,  nor  the  approbation  of  existing  schools  and  con 
ventions.  As  fulfill'd,  or  partially  fulfill'd,  the  best  comfort  of 
the  whole  business  (after  a  small  band  of  the  dearest  friends  and 
upholders  ever  vouchsafed  to  man  or  cause — doubtless  all  the  more 
faithful  and  uncompromising — this  little  phalanx  ! — for  being  so 
few)  is  that,  unstopp'd  and  unwarp'd  by  any  influence  outside  the 
soul  within  me,  I  have  had  my  say  entirely  my  own  way,  and  put 
it  unerringly  on  record — the  value  thereof  to  be  decided  by  time. 

In  calculating  that  decision,  William  O'Connor  and  Dr.  Bucke 
are  far  more  peremptory  than  I  am.  Behind  all  else  that  can  be 
said,  I  consider  "  Leaves  of  Grass  "  and  its  theory  experimental 
— as,  in  the  deepest  sense,  1  consider  our  American  republic 
itself  to  be,  with  its  theory.  (I  think  I  have  at  least  enough 
philosophy  not  to  be  too  absolutely  certain  of  any  thing,  or  any 
results.)  In  the  second  place,  the  volume  is  a  sortie — whether  to 
prove  triumphant,  and  conquer  its  field  of  aim  and  escape  and 
construction,  nothing  less  than  a  hundred  years  from  now  can 
fully  answer.  I  consider  the  point  that  I  have  positively  gain'd 
a  hearing,  to  far  more  than  make  up  for  any  and  all  other  lacks 
and  withholdings.  Essentially,  that  was  from  the  first,  and  has 
remain'd  throughout,  the  main  object.  Now  it  seems  to  be 
achiev'd,  I  am  certainly  contented  to  waive  any  otherwise 
momentous  drawbacks,  as  of  little  account.  Candidly  and  dis 
passionately  reviewing  all  my  intentions,  I  feel  that  they  were 
creditable — and  I  accept  the  result,  whatever  it  may  be. 

After  continued  personal  ambition  and  effort,  as  a  young  fel 
low,  to  enter  with  the  rest  into  competition  for  the  usual  rewards, 
business,  political,  literary,  &c. — to  take  part  in  the  great  m  lee, 
both  for  victory's  prize  itself  and  to  do  some  good — A.fter  years 
of  those  aims  and  pursuits,  I  found  myself  remaining  possess'd, 
at  the  age  of  thirty-one  to  thirty-three,  with  a  special  desire  and 
conviction.  Or  rather,  to  be  quite  exact,  a  desire  that  had  been 
flitting  through  my  previous  life,  or  hovering  on  the  flanks, 
mostly  indefinite  hitherto,  had  steadily  advanced  to  the  front, 
defined  itself,  and  finally  dominated  everything  else.  This  was 
a  feeling  or  ambition  to  articulate  and  faithfully  express  in  liter 
ary  or  poetic  form,  and  uncompromisingly,  my  own  physical, 
emotional,  moral,  intellectual,  and  aesthetic  Personality,  in  the 
midst  of,  and  tallying,  the  momentous  spirit  and  facts  of  its  im 
mediate  days,  and  of  current  America — and  to  exploit  that  Per- 


O'ER   TRAVEL' D   ROADS.  7 

•sonality,  identified  with  place  and  date,  in  a  far  more  candid  and 
comprehensive  sense  than  any  hitherto  poem  or  book. 

Perhaps  this  is  in  brief,  or  suggests,  all  I  have  sought  to  do. 
Given  the  Nineteenth  Century,  with  the  United  States,  and  what 
they  furnish  as  area  and  points  of  view,  "  Leaves  of  Grass  "  is,  or 
seeks  to  be,  simply  a  faithful  and  doubtless  self-will'd  record.  In 
the  midst  of  all,  it  gives  one  man's — the  author's — identity,  ar 
dors,  observations,  faiths,  and  thoughts,  color'd  hardly  at  all 
•with  any  decided  coloring  from  other  faiths  or  other  identities. 
Plenty  of  songs  had  been  sung — beautiful,  matchless  songs — ad 
justed  to  other  lands  than  these — another  spirit  and  stage  of  evo 
lution  ;  but  I  would  sing,  and  leave  out  or  put  in,  quite  solely 
with  reference  to  America  and  to-day.  Modern  science  and 
democracy  seem'd  to  be  throwing  out  their  challenge  to  poetry 
to  put  them  in  its  statements  in  contradistinction  to  the  songs 
and  myths  of  the  past.  As  I  see  it  now  (perhaps  too  late,)  I 
have  unwittingly  taken  up  that  challenge  and  made  an  attempt  at 
such  statements — which  I  certainly  would  not  assume  to  do  now, 
knowing  more  clearly  what  it  means. 

For  grounds  for  "Leaves  of  Grass,"  as  a  poem,  I  abandon'd 
the  conventional  themes,  which  do  not  appear  in  it :  none 
•of  the  stock  ornamentation,  or  choice  plots  of  love  or  war,  or 
high,  exceptional  personages  of  Old- World  song;  nothing,  as  I 
may  say,  for  beauty's  sake — no  legend,  or  myth,  or  romance,  nor 
euphemism,  nor  rhyme.  But  the  broadest  average  of  humanity 
and  its  identities  in  the  now  ripening  Nineteenth  Century,  and 
especially  in  each  of  their  countless  examples  and  practical  occu 
pations  in  the  United  States  to-day. 

One  main  contrast  of  the  ideas  behind  every  page  of  my  verses, 
•compared  with  establish'd  poems,  is  their  different  relative  atti 
tude  towards  God,  towards  the  objective  universe,  and  still  more 
(by  reflection,  confession,  assumption,  &c.)  the  quite  changed 
attitude  of  the  ego.  the  one  chanting  or  talking,  towards  himself 
and  towards  his  fellow-humanity.  It  is  certainly  time  for  Amer 
ica,  above  all,  to  begin  this  readjustment  in  the  scope  and  basic 
point  of  view  of  verse;  for  everything  else  has  changed.  As  I 
write,  I  see  in  an  article  on  Wordsworth,  in  one  of  the  current 
English  magazines,  the  lines,  "A  few  weeks  ago  an  eminent 
French  critic  said  that,  owing  to  the  special  tendency  to  science 
and  to  its  all-devouring  force,  poetry  would  cease  to  be  read  in 
fifty  years."  But  I  anticipate  the  very  contrary.  Only  a  firmer, 
vastly  broader,  new  area  begins  to  exist — nay,  is  already  form'd 
— to  which  the  poetic  genius  must  emigrate.  Whatever  may  have 
been  the  case  in  years  gone  by,  the  true  use  for  the  imaginative 
faculty  of  modern  times  is  to  give  ultimate  vivification  to  facts, 


8  A   BACKWARD    GLANCE 

to  science,  and  to  common  lives,  endowing  them  with  the  glows; 
and  glories  and  final  illustriousness  which  belong  to  every  real 
thing,  and  to  real  things  only.  Without  that  ultimate  vivifica- 
tion — which  the  poet  or  other  artist  alone  can  give — reality 
would  seem  incomplete,  and  science,  democracy,  and  life  itself, 
finally  in  vain. 

Few  appreciate  the  moral  revolutions,  our  age,  which  have 
been  profounder  far  than  the  material  or  inventive  or  war-pro 
duced  ones.  The  Nineteenth  Century,  now  well  towards  its 
close  (and  ripening  into  fruit  the  seeds  of  the  two  preceding  cen 
turies*) — the  uprisings  of  national  masses  and  shiftings  of  bound 
ary-lines — the  historical  and  other  prominent  facts  of  the  United 
States — the  war  of  attempted  Secession — the  stormy  rush  and 
haste  of  nebulous  forces — never  can  future  years  witness  more 
excitement  and  din  of  action — never  completer  change  of  army 
front  along  the  whole  line,  the  whole  civilized  world.  For  all 
these  new  and  evolutionary  facts,  meanings,  purposes,  new  poetic 
messages,  new  forms  and  expressions,  are  inevitable. 

My  Book  and  I — what  a  period  we  have  presumed  to  span  ! 
those  thirty  years  from  1850  to  '80 — and  America  in  them  ! 
Proud,  proud  indeed  may  we  be,  if  we  have  cull'd  enough  of 
that  period  in  its  own  spirit  to  worthily  waft  a  few  live  breaths 
of  it  to  the  future  ! 

Let  me  not  dare,  here  or  anywhere,  for  my  own  purposes,  or 
any  purposes,  to  attempt  the  definition  of  Poetry,  nor  answer  the 
question  what  it  is.  Like  Religion,  Love,  Nature,  while  those 
terms  are  indispensable,  and  we  all  give  a  sufficiently  accurate 
meaning  to  them,  in  my  opinion  no  definition  that  has  ever  been 
made  sufficiently  encloses  the  name  Poetry;  nor  can  any  rule  or 
convention  ever  so  absolutely  obtain  but  some  great  exception 
may  arise  and  disregard  and  overturn  it. 

Also  it  must  be  carefully  remember'd  that  first-class  literature 
does  not  shine  by  any  luminosity  of  its  own  ;  nor  do  its  poems. 
They  grow  of  circumstances,  and  are  evolutionary.  The  actual 
living  light  is  always  curiously  from  elsewhere — follows  unac 
countable  sources,  and  is  lunar  and  relative  at  the  best.  There 
are,  I  know,  certain  controling  themes  that  seem  endlessly  ap 
propriated  to  the  poets — as  war,  in  the  past — in  the  Bible,  relig 
ious  rapture  and  adoration — always  love,  beauty,  some  fine  plot, 

*  The  ferment  and  germination  even  of  the  United  States  to-day,  dating 
back  to,  and  in  my  opinion  mainly  founded  on,  the  Elizabethan  age  in  Eng 
lish  history,  the  age  of  Francis  Bacon  and  Shakspere.  Indeed,  when  we 
pursue  it,  what  growth  or  advent  is  there  that  does  not  date  back,  back,  until 
lost — perhaps  its  most  tantalizing  clues  lost — in  the  receded  horizons  of  the 
past? 


O'ER   TRAVELED  ROADS. 


9 


or  pensive  or  other  emotion.  But,  strange  as  it  may  sound  at 
first,  I  will  say  there  is  something  striking  far  deeper  and  tower 
ing  far  higher  than  those  themes  for  the  best  elements  of  modern 
song. 

Just  as  all  the  old  imaginative  works  rest,  after  their  kind,  on 
long  trains  of  presuppositions,  often  entirely  unmention'd  by 
themselves,  yet  supplying  the  most  important  bases  of  them,  and 
without  which  they  could  have  had  no  reason  for  being,  so 
"  Leaves  of  Grass,"  before  a  line  was  written,  presupposed  some 
thing  different  from  any  other,  and,  as  it  stands,  is  the  result  of 
such  presupposition.  I  should  say,  indeed,  it  were  useless  to  at 
tempt  reading  the  book  without  first  carefully  tallying  that  pre 
paratory  background  and  quality  in  the  mind.  Think  of  the 
United  States  to-day — the  facts  of  these  thirty-eight  or  forty 
empires  solder'd  in  one — sixty  or  seventy  millions  of  equals,  with 
their  lives,  their  passions,  their  future — these  incalculable,  mod 
ern,  American,  seething  multitudes  around  us,  of  which  we  are 
inseparable  parts  !  Think,  in  comparison,  of  the  petty  environ- 
age  and  limited  area  of  the  poets  of  past  or  present  Europe,  no- 
matter  how  great  their  genius.  Think  of  the  absence  and  igno 
rance,  in  all  cases  hitherto,  of  the  multitudinousness,  vitality, 
and  the  unprecedented  stimulants  of  to-day  and  here.  It  almost 
seems  as  if  a  poetry  with  cosmic  and  dynamic  features  of  magni 
tude  and  limitlessness  suitable  to  the  human  soul,  were  never 
possible  before.  It  is  certain  that  a  poetry  of  absolute  faith  and 
equality  for  the  use  of  the  democratic  masses  never  was. 

In  estimating  first-class  song,  a  sufficient  Nationality,  or,  on 
the  other  hand,  what  may  be  call'd  the  negative  and  lack  of  it, 
(as  in  Goethe's  case,  it  sometimes  seems  to  me,)  is  often,  if  not 
always,  the  first  element.  One  needs  only  a  little  penetration  to 
see,  at  more  or  less  removes,  the  material  facts  of  their  country 
and  radius,  with  the  coloring  of  the  moods  of  humanity  at  the 
time,  and  its  gloomy  or  hopeful  prospects,  behind  all  poets  and 
each  poet,  and  forming  their  birth-marks.  I  know  very  well 
that  my  "Leaves"  could  not  possibly  have  emerged  or  been 
fashion'd  or  completed,  from  any  other  era  than  the  latter  half 
of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  nor  any  other  land  than  democratic 
America,  and  from  the  absolute  triumph  of  the  National  Union 
arms. 

And  whether  my  friends  claim  it  for  me  or  not,  I  know  well 
enough,  too,  that  in  respect  to  pictorial  talent,  dramatic  situa 
tions,  and  especially  in  verbal  melody  and  all  the  conventional 
technique  of  poetry,  not  only  the  divine  works  that  to-day  stand 
ahead  in  the  world's  reading,  but  dozens  more,  transcend  (some 
of  them  immeasurably  transcend)  all  I  have  done,  or  could  do. 


10  A  BACKWARD  GLANCE 

But  it  seem'd  to  me,  as  the  objects  in  Nature,  the  themes  of 
gestheticism,  and  all  special  exploitations  of  the  mind  and  soul, 
involve  not  only  their  own  inherent  quality,  but  the  quality,  just 
as  inherent  and  important,  of  their  point  of  view,*  the  time  had 
come  to  reflect  all  themes  and  things,  old  and  new,  in  the  lights 
thrown  on  them  by  the  advent  of  America  and  democracy — to 
chant  those  themes  through  the  utterance  of  one,  not  only  the 
grateful  and  reverent  legatee  of  the  past,  but  the  born  child  of 
the  New  World — to  illustrate  all  through  the  genesis  and  ensem 
ble  of  to-day  ;  and  that  such  illustration  and  ensemble  are  the 
chief  demands  of  America's  prospective  imaginative  literature. 
Not  to  carry  out,  in  the  approved  style,  some  choice  plot  of 
fortune  or  misfortune,  or  fancy,  or  fine  thoughts,  or  incidents, 
•or  courtesies — all  of  which  has  been  done  overwhelmingly  and 
well,  probably  never  to  be  excell'd — but  that  while  in  such 
aesthetic  presentation  of  objects,  passions,  plots,  thoughts,  &c., 
our  lands  and  days  do  not  want,  and  probably  will  never  have, 
.anything  better  than  they  already  possess  from  the  bequests  of 
the  past,  it  still  remains  to  be  said  that  there  is  even  towards  all 
those  a  subjective  and  contemporary  point  of  view  appropriate 
to  ourselves  alone,  and  to  our  new  genius  and  environments, 
different  from  anything  hitherto  ;  and  that  such  conception  of 
current  or  gone-by  life  and  art  is  for  us  the  only  means  of  their 
assimilation  consistent  with  riie  Western  world. 

Indeed,  and  anyhow,  to  put  it  specifically,  has  not  the  time 
.arrived  when,  (if  it  must  be  plainly  said,  for  democratic  Amer 
ica's  sake,  if  for  no  other)  there  must  imperatively  come  a 
readjustment  of  the  whole  theory  and  nature  of  Poetry  ?  The 
question  is  important,  and  I  may  turn  the  argument  over  and 
repeat  it :  Does  not  the  best  thought  of  our  day  and  Republic 
conceive  of  a  birth  and  spirit  of  song  superior  to  anything  past 
or  present  ?  To  the  effectual  and  moral  consolidation  of  our 
lands  (already,  as  materially  establish'd,  the  greatest  factors  in 
known  history,  and  far,  far  greater  through  what  they  prelude 
.and  necessitate,  and  are  to  be  in  future) — to  conform  with  and 
build  on  the  concrete  realities  and  theories  of  the  universe  fur- 
nish'd  by  science,  and  henceforth  the  only'  irrefragable  basis 
for  anything,  verse  included — to  root  both  influences  in  the 
emotional  and  imaginative  action  of  the  modern  time,  and 
dominate  all  that  precedes  or  opposes  them — is  not  either  a 
radical  advance  and  step  forward,  or  a  new  verteber  of  the  best 
song  indispensable? 

*  According  to  Immanuel  Kant,  the  last  essential  reality,  giving  shape  and 
-significance  to  all  the  rest. 


O'ER   TRAVEL' D  ROADS.  ri 

The  New  World  receives  with  joy  the  poems  of  the  antique, 
with  European  feudalism's  rich  fund  of  epics,  plays,  ballads — 
seeks  not  in  the  last  to  deaden  or  displace  those  voices  from  our 
ear  and  area — holds  them  indeed  as  indispensable  studies,  influ 
ences,  records,  comparisons.  But  though  the  dawn-dazzle  of  the 
sun  of  literature  is  in  those  poems  for  'us  of  to-day — though 
perhaps  the  best  parts  of  current  character  in  nations,  social 
groups,  or  any  man's  or  woman's  individuality,  Old  World  or 
New,  are  from  them — and  though  if  I  were  ask'd  to  name  the 
most  precious  bequest  to  current  American  civilization  from  all 
the  hitherto  ages,  I  am  not  sure  but  I  would  name  those  old  and 
less  old  songs  ferried  hither  from  east  and  west — some  serious 
words  and  debits  remain  ;  some  acrid  considerations  demand  a 
hearing.  Of  the  great  poems  receiv'd  from  abroad  and  from  the 
ages,  and  to-day  enveloping  and  penetrating  America,  is  there 
one  that  is  consistent  with  these  United  States,  or  essentially 
applicable  to  them  as  they  are  and  are  to  be  ?  Is  there  one 
whose  underlying  basis  is  not  a  denial  and  insult  to  democracy? 
What  a  comment  it  forms,  anyhow,  on  this  era  of  literary 
fulfilment,  with  the  splendid  day-rise  of  science  and  resuscitation 
of  history,  that  our  chief  religious  and  poetical  works  are  not  our 
own,  nor  adapted  to  our  light,  but  have  been  furnish'd  by  far- 
back  ages  out  of  their  arriere  and  darkness,  or,  at  most,  twilight 
dimness  !  What  is  there  in  those  works  that  so  imperiously  and 
scornfully  dominates  all  our  advanced  civilization,  and  culture? 

Even  Shakspere,  who  so  suffuses  current  letters  and  art  (which 
indeed  have  in  most  degrees  grown  out  of  him,)  belongs  essen 
tially  to  the  buried  past.  Only  he  holds  the  proud  distinction 
for  certain  important  phases  of  that  past,  of  being  the  loftiest  of 
the  singers  life  has  yet  given  voice  to.  All,  however,  relate  to 
and  rest  upon  conditions,  standards,  politics,  sociologies,  ranges 
of  belief,  that  have  been  quite  eliminated  from  the  Eastern  hem 
isphere,  and  never  existed  at  all  in  the  Western.  As  authorita 
tive  types  of  song  they  belong  in  America  just  about  as  much  as 
the  persons  and  institutes  they  depict.  True,  it  may  be  said,  the 
emotional,  moral,  and  aesthetic  natures  of  humanity  have  not 
radically  changed — that  in  these  the  old  poems  apply  to  our  times 
and  all  times,  irrespective  of  date ;  and  that  they  are  of  incal 
culable  value  as  pictures  of  the  past.  I  willingly  make  those 
admissions,  and  to  their  fullest  extent ;  then  advance  the  points 
herewith  as  of  serious,  even  paramount  importance. 

I  have  indeed  put  on  record  elsewhere  my  reverence  and  eulogy 
for  those  never-to-be-excell'd  poetic  bequests,  and  their  indescrib 
able  preciousness  as  heirlooms  for  America.  Another  and  sepa 
rate  point  must  now  be  candidly  stated.  If  I  had  not  stood 


12  A  BACKWARD  GLANCE 

before  those  poems  with  uncover'd  head,  fully  aware  of  their 
colossal  grandeur  and  beauty  of  form  and  spirit,  I  could  not  have 
written  "Leaves  of  Grass."  My  verdict  and  conclusions  as 
illustrated  in  its  pages  are  arrived  at  through  the  temper  and  in 
culcation  of  the  old  works  as  much  as  through  anything  else — 
perhaps  more  than  through  anything  else.  As  America  fully  and 
fairly  construed  is  the  legitimate  result  and  evolutionary  outcome 
of  the  past,  so  I  would  dare  to  claim  for  my  verse.  Without 
stopping  to  qualify  the  averment,  the  Old  World  has  had  the 
poems  of  myths,  fictions,  feudalism,  conquest,  caste,  dynastic 
wars,  and  splendid  exceptional  characters  and  affairs,  which  have 
been  great ;  but  the  New  World  needs  the  poems  of  realities  and 
science  and  of  the  democratic  average  and  basic  equality,  which 
shall  be  greater.  In  the  centre  of  all,  and  object  of  all,  stands 
the  Human  Being,  towards  whose  heroic  and  spiritual  evolution 
poems  and  everything  directly  or  indirectly  tend,  Old  World  or 
New. 

Continuing  the  subject,  my  friends  have  more  than  once  sug 
gested — or  may  be  the  garrulity  of  advancing  age  is  possessing 
me — some  further  embryonic  facts  of  "Leaves  of  Grass,"  and 
especially  how  I  enter'd  upon  them.  Dr.  Bucke  has,  in  his  vol 
ume,  already  fully  and  fairly  described  the  preparation  of  my 
poetic  field,  with  the  particular  and  general  plowing,  planting, 
seeding,  and  occupation  of  the  ground,  till  everything  was  fer 
tilized,  rooted,  and  ready  to  start  its  own  way  for  good  or  bad. 
Not  till  after  all  this,  did  I  attempt  any  serious  acquaintance  with 
poetic  literature.  Along  in  my  sixteenth  year  I  had  become 
possessor  of  a  stout,  well-cramm'd  one  thousand  page  octavo 
volume  (I  have  it  yet,)  containing  Walter  Scott's  poetry  entire — 
an  inexhaustible  mine  and  treasury  of  poetic  forage  (especially 
the  endless  forests  and  jungles  of  notes) — has  been  so  to  me  for 
fifty  years,  and  remains  so  to  this  day.* 

Later,  at  intervals,  summers  and  falls,  I  used  to  go  off,  some 
times  for  a  week  at  a  stretch,  down  in  the  country,  or  to  Long 
Island's  seashores — there,  in  the  presence  of  outdoor  influences, 

*  Sir  Walter  Scott's  COMPLETE  POEMS  ;  especially  including  BORDER  MIN 
STRELSY  ;  then  Sir  Tristrem ;  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel ;  Ballads  from  the 
German  ;  Mansion ;  Lady  of  the  Lake ;  Vision  of  Don  Roderick  ;  Lord  of 
the  Isles  ;  Rokeby ;  Bridal  of  Triermain  ;  Field  of  Waterloo ;  Harold  the 
Dauntless;  all  the  Dramas;  various  Introductions,  endless  interesting  Notes, 
and  Essays  on  Poetry,  Romance,  &c. 

Lockhart's  1833  (or  '34)  edition  with  Scott's  latest  and  copious  revisions 
and  annotations.  (All  the  poems  were  thoroughly  read  by  me,  but  the  ballads 
of  the  Border  Minstrelsy  over  and  over  again.) 


O'ER  TRAVEL'D  ROADS,  13 

I  went  over  thoroughly  the  Old  and  New  Testaments,  and  ab- 
sorb'd  (probably  to  better  advantage  for  me  than  in  any  library 
or  indoor  room — it  makes  such  difference  where  you  read,)  Shak- 
spere,  Ossian,  the  best  translated  versions  I  could  get  of  Homer, 
Eschylus,  Sophocles,  the  old  German  Nibelungen,  the  ancient 
Hindoo  poems,  and  one  or  two  other  masterpieces,  Dante's 
among  them.  As  it  happen'd,  I  read  the  latter  mostly  in  an  old 
wood.  The  Iliad  (Buckley's  prose  version,)  I  read  first  thor 
oughly  on  the  peninsula  of  Orient,  northeast  end  of  Long  Island, 
in  a  shelter'd  hollow  of  rocks  and  sand,  with  the  sea  on  each  side. 
(I  have  wonder'd  since  why  I  was  not  overwhelm'd  by  those 
mighty  masters.  Likely  because  I  read  them,  as  described,  in 
the  full  presence  of  Nature,  under  the  sun,  with  the  far-spreading 
landscape  and  vistas,  or  the  sea  rolling  in.) 

Toward  the  last  I  had  among  much  else  look'd  over  Edgar 
Poe's  poems — of  which  I  was  not  an  admirer,  tho'  I  always 
saw  that  beyond  their  limited  range  of  melody  (like  perpetual 
chimes  of  music  bells,  ringing  from  lower  b  flat  up  to  g}  they 
were  melodious  expressions,  and  perhaps  never  excell'd  ones,  of 
certain  pronounc'd  phases  of  human  morbidity.  (The  Poetic 
area  is  very  spacious — has  room  for  all — has  so  many  mansions  !) 
But  I  was  repaid  in  Poe's  prose  by  the  idea  that  (at  any  rate  for 
our  occasions,  our  day)  there  can  be  no  such  thing  as  a  long 
poem.  The  same  thought  had  been  haunting  my  mind  before, 
but  Poe's  argument,  though  short,  work'd  the  sum  out  and  proved 
it  to  me. 

Another  point  had  an  early  settlement,  clearing  the  ground 
greatly.  I  saw,  from  the  time  my  enterprise  and  questionings 
positively  shaped  themselves  (how  best  can  I  express  my  own 
distinctive  era  and  surroundings,  America,  Democracy?)  that  the 
trunk  and  centre  whence  the  answer  was  to  radiate,  and  to  which 
all  should  return  from  straying  however  far  a  distance,  must  be 
an  identical  body  and  soul,  a  personality — which  personality, 
after  many  considerations  and  ponderings  I  deliberately  settled 
should  be  myself — indeed  could  not  be  any  other.  I  also  felt 
strongly  (whether  I  have  shown  it  or  not)  that  to  the  true  and 
full  estimate  of  the  Present  both  the  Past  and  the  Future  are  main 
considerations. 

These,  however,  and  much  more  might  have  gone  on  and  come 
to  naught  (almost  positively  would  have  come  to  naught,)  if  a 
sudden,  vast,  terrible,  direct  and  indirect  stimulus  for  new  and 
national  declamatory  expression  had  not  been  given  to  me.  It 
is  certain,  I  say,  that,  although  I  had  made  a  start  before,  only 
from  the  occurrence  of  the  Secession  War,  and  what  it  show'd 
me  as  by  flashes  of  lightning,  with  the  emotional  depths  it  sounded 


I4  A   BACKWARD  GLANCE 

and  arous'd  (of  course,  I  don't  mean  in  my  own  heart  only,  I 
saw  it  just  as  plainly  in  others,  in  millions) — that  only  from  the 
strong  flare  and  provocation  of  that  war's  sights  and  scenes  the 
final  reasons-for-being  of  an  autochthonic  and  passionate  song 
definitely  came  forth. 

I  went  down  to  the  war  fields  in  Virginia  (end  of  1862),  lived 
thenceforward  in  camp — saw  great  battles  and  the  days  and  nights 
afterward — partook  of  all  the  fluctuations,  gloom,  despair,  hopes 
again  arous'd,  courage  evoked — death  readily  risk'd — the  cause, 
too — along  and  filling  those  agonistic  and  lurid  following  years, 
i863-'64~'65 — the  real  parturition  years  (more  than  i776-'83) 
of  this  henceforth  homogeneous  Union.  Without  those  three  or 
four  years  and  the  experiences  they  gave,  "Leaves  of  Grass" 
would  not  now  be  existing. 

But  I  set  out  with  the  intention  also  of  indicating  or  hinting 
some  point-characteristics  which  I  since  see  (though  I  did  not 
then,  at  least  not  definitely)  were  bases  and  object-urgings  toward 
those  "  Leaves"  from  the  first.  The  word  I  myself  put  prima 
rily  for  the  description  of  them  as  they  stand  at  last,  is  the  word 
Suggestiveness.  I  round  and  finish  little,  if  anything ;  and  could 
not,  consistently  with  my  scheme.  The  reader  will  always  have 
his  or  her  part  to  do,  just  as  much  as  I  have  had  mine.  I  seek 
less  to  state  or  display  any  theme  or  thought,  and  more  to  bring 
you,  reader,  into  the  atmosphere  of  the  theme  or  thought — there 
to  pursue  your  own  flight.  Another  impetus-word  is  Comrade 
ship  as  for  all  lands,  and  in  a  more  commanding  and  acknowledg'd 
sense  than  hitherto.  Other  word-signs  would  be  Good  Cheer, 
Content,  and  Hope. 

The  chief  trait  of  any  given  poet  is  always  the  spirit  he  brings 
to  the  observation  of  Humanity  and  Nature — the  mood  out  of 
which  he  contemplates  his  subjects.  What  kind  of  temper  and 
what  amount  of  faith  report  these  things?  Up  to  how  recent  a 
date  is  the  song  carried  ?  What  the  equipment,  and  special  raci- 
ness  of  the  singer — what  his  tinge  of  coloring?  The  last  value 
of  artistic  expressers,  past  and  present — Greek  aesthetes,  Shak- 
spere — or  in  our  own  day  Tennyson,  Victor  Hugo,  Carlyle,  Em 
erson — is  certainly  involv'd  in  such  questions.  I  say  the  pro- 
foundest  service  that  poems  or  any  other  writings  can  do  for  their 
reader  is  not  merely  to  satisfy  the  intellect,  or  supply  something 
polish'd  and  interesting,  nor  even  to  depict  great  passions,  or 
persons  or  events,  but  to  fill  him. with  vigorous  and  clean  manli 
ness,  religiousness,  and  give  him  good  heart  as  a  radical  posses 
sion  and  habit.  The  educated  world  seems  to  have  been  growing 
more  and  more  ennuyed  for  ages,  leaving  to  our  time  the  inheri- 


O'ER   TRAVEL' D  ROADS.  15 

tance  of  it  all.  Fortunately  there  is  the  original  inexhaustible 
fund  of  buoyancy,  normally  resident  in  the  race,  forever  eligible 
to  be  appeal 'd  to  and  relied  on. 

As  for  native  American  individuality,  though  certain  to  come, 
and  on  a  large  scale,  the  distinctive  and  ideal  type  of  Western 
character  (as  consistent  with  the  operative  political  and  even 
money-making  features  of  United  States'  humanity  in  the  Nine 
teenth  Century  as  chosen  knights,  gentlemen  and  warriors  were 
the  ideals  of  the  centuries  of  European  feudalism)  it  has  not  yet 
appear'd.  I  have  allow'd  the  stress  of  my  poems  from  beginning 
to  end  to  bear  upon  American  individuality  and  assist  it — not 
only  because  that  is  a  great  lesson  in  Nature,  amid  all  her  gener 
alizing  laws,  but  as  counterpoise  to  the  leveling  tendencies  of 
Democracy — and  for  other  reasons.  Defiant  of  ostensible  literary 
and  other  conventions,  I  avowedly  chant  "the  great  pride  of 
man  in  himself,"  and  permit  it  to  be  more  or  less  a  motif  of 
nearly  all  my  verse.  I  think  this  pride  indispensable  to  an 
American.  I  think  it  not  inconsistent  with  obedience,  humility, 
deference,  and  self-questioning. 

Democracy  has  been  so  retarded  and  jeopardized  by  powerful 
personalities,  that  its  first  instincts  are  fain  to  clip,  conform, 
bring  in  stragglers,  and  reduce  everything  to  a  dead  level.  While 
the  ambitious  thought  of  my  song  is  to  help  the  forming  of  a  great 
aggregate  Nation,  it  is,  perhaps,  altogether  through  the  forming 
of  myriads  of  fully  develop'd  and  enclosing  individuals.  Wel 
come  as  are  equality's  and  fraternity's  doctrines  and  popular  edu 
cation,  a  certain  liability  accompanies  them  all,  as  we  see.  That 
primal  and  interior  something  in  man,  in  his  soul's  abysms,  col 
oring  all,  and,  by  exceptional  fruitions,  giving  the  last  majesty 
to  him — something  continually  touch'd  upon  and  attain'd  by  the 
old  poems  and  ballads  of  feudalism,  and  often  the  principal 
foundation  of  them — modern  science  and  democracy  appear  to 
be  endangering,  perhaps  eliminating.  But  that  forms  an  appear 
ance  only ;  the  reality  is  quite  different.  The  new  influences, 
upon  the  whole,  are  surely  preparing  the  way  for  grander  indivi 
dualities  than  ever.  To-day  and  here  personal  force  is  behind 
everything,  just  the  same.  The  times  and  depictions  from  the 
Iliad  to  Shaicspere  inclusive  can  happily  never  again  be  realized — 
but  the  elements  of  courageous  and  lofty  manhood  are  un 
changed. 

Without  yielding  an  inch  the  working-man  and  working- 
woman  were  to  be  in  my  pages  from  first  to  last.  The  ranges 
of  heroism  and  loftiness  with  which  Greek  and  feudal  poets  en- 
dow'd  their  god-like  or  lordly  born  characters — indeed  prouder 
and  better  based  and  with  fuller  ranges  than  those — I  was  to 


!$  A   BACKWARD  GLANCE 

endow  the  democratic  averages  of  America.  I  was  to  show  that 
we,  here  and  to-day,  are  eligible  to  the  grandest  and  the  best — • 
more  eligible  now  than  any  times  of  old  were.  I  will  also  want 
my  utterances  (I  said  to  myself  before  beginning)  to  be  in  spirit 
the  poems  of  the  morning.  (They  have  been  founded  and 
mainly  written  in  the  sunny  forenoon  and  early  midday  of  my 
life.)  I  will  want  them  to  be  the  poems  of  women  entirely  as 
much  as  men.  I  have  wish'd  to  put  the  complete  Union  of  the 
States  in  my  songs  without  any  preference  or  partiality  whatever. 
Henceforth,  if  they  live  and  are  read,  it  must  be  just  as  much 
South  as  North — just  as  much  along  the  Pacific  as  Atlantic — in 
the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  in  Canada,  up  in  Maine,  down  in 
Texas,  and  on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound. 

From  another  point  of  view  "Leaves  of  Grass"  is  avowedly 
the  song  of  Sex  and  Amativeness,  and  even  Animality — though 
meanings  that  do  not  usually  go  along  with  those  words  are  be 
hind  all,  and  will  duly  emerge;  and  all  are  sought  to  be  lifted 
into  a  different  light  and  atmosphere.  Of  this  feature,  inten 
tionally  palpable  in  a  few  lines,  I  shall  only  say  the  espousing 
principle  of  those  lines  so  gives  breath  of  life  to  my  whole  scheme 
that  the  bulk  of  the  pieces  might  as  well  have  been  left  unwritten 
were  those  lines  omitted.  Difficult  as  it  will  be,  it  has  become, 
in  my  opinion,  imperative  to  achieve  a  shifted  attitude  from  su 
perior  men  and  women  towards  the  thought  and  fact  of  sexuality, 
as  an  element  in  character,  personality,  the  emotions,  and  a 
theme  in  literature.  I  am  not  going  to  argue  the  question  by 
itself;  it  does  not  stand  by  itself.  The  vitality  of  it  is  altogether 
in  its  relations,  bearings,  significance — like  the  clef  of  a  sym 
phony.  At  last  analogy  the  lines  I  allude  to,  and  the  spirit  in 
which  they  are  spoken,  permeate  all  "  Leaves  of  Grass,"  and  the 
work  must  stand  or  fall  with  them,  as  the  human  body  and  soul 
•must  remain  as  an  entirety. 

Universal  as  are  certain  facts  and  symptoms  of  communities  or 
individuals  all  times,  there  is  nothing  so  rare  in  modern  conven 
tions  and  poetry  as  their  normal  recognizance.  Literature  is 
always  calling  in  the  doctor  for  consultation  and  confession,  and 
always  giving  evasions  and  swathing  suppressions  in  place  of  that 
"  heroic  nudity  "  *  on  which  only  a  genuine  diagnosis  of  serious 
cases  can  be  built.  And  in  respect  to  editions  of  "  Leaves  of 
Grass"  in  time  to  come  (if  there  should  be  such)  I  take  occasion 
now  to  confirm  those  lines  with  the  settled  convictions  and  delib 
erate  renewals  of  thirty  years,  and  to  hereby  prohibit,  as  far  as 
word  of  mine  can  do  so,  any  elision  of  them. 

*"  Nineteenth  Century,"  July,  1883. 


O'ER   TRAVEL' D  ROADS.  17 

Then  still  a  purpose  enclosing  all,  and  over  and  beneath  all. 
Ever  since  what  might  be  call'd  thought,  or  the  budding  of 
thought,  fairly  began  in  my  youthful  mind,  I  had  had  a  desire  to 
.attempt  some  worthy  record  of  that  entire  faith  and  acceptance 
("  to  justify  the  ways  of  God  to  man  "  is  Milton's  well-known 
and  ambitious  phrase)  which  is  the  foundation  of  moral  America. 
J  felt  it  all  as  positively  then  in  my  young  days  as  I  do  now  in 
my  old  ones ;  to  formulate  a  poem  whose  every  thought  or  fact 
should  directly  or  indirectly  be  or  connive  at  an  implicit  belief 
an  the  wisdom,  health,  mystery,  beauty  of  every  process,  every 
•concrete  object,  every  human  or  other  existence,  not  only  con 
sider' d  from  the  point  of  view  of  all,  but  of  each. 

While  I  can  not  understand  it  or  argue  it  out,  I  fully  believe 
in  a  clue  and  purpose  in  Nature,  entire  and  several ;  and  that 
invisible  spiritual  results,  just  as  real  and  definite  as  the  visible, 
eventuate  all  concrete  life  and  all  materialism,  through  Time. 
My  book  ought  to  emanate  buoyancy  and  gladness  legitimately 
enough,  for  it  was  grown  out  of  those  elements,  and  has  been  the 
comfort  of  my  life  since  it  was  originally  commenced. 

One  main  genesis-motive  of  the  "  Leaves"  was  my  conviction 
(just  as  strong  to-day  as  ever)  that  the  crowning  growth  of  the 
United  States  is  to  be  spiritual  and  heroic.  To  help  start  and 
favor  that  growth — or  even  to  call  attention  to  it,  or  the  need  of 
it — is  the  beginning,  middle  and  final  purpose  of  the  poems. 
(In  fact,  when  really  cipher'd  out  and  summ'd  to  the  last,  plow 
ing  up  in  earnest  the  interminable  average  fallows  of  humanity — 
not  "good  government"  merely,  in  the  common  sense — is  the 
justification  and  main  purpose  of  these  United  States.) 

Isolated  advantages  in  any  rank  or  grace  or  fortune — the  direct 
or  indirect  threads  of  all  the  poetry  of  the  past — are  in  my  opin 
ion  distasteful  to  the  republican  genius,  and  offer  no  foundation 
for  its  fitting  verse.  Establish'd  poems,  I  know,  have  the  very 
great  advantage  of  chanting  the  already  perform'd,  so  full  of 
glories,  reminiscences  dear  to  the  minds  of  men.  But  my  vol- 
nme  is  a  candidate  for  the  future.  "All  original  art,"  says 
Taine,  anyhow,  "is  self-regulated,  and  no  original  art  can  be 
regulated  from  without ;  it  carries  its  own  counterpoise,  and  does 
not  receive  it  from  elsewhere — lives  on  its  own  blood  " — a  solace 
to  my  frequent  bruises  and  sulky  vanity. 

As  the  present  is  perhaps  mainly  an  attempt  at  personal  state 
ment  or  illustration,  I  will  allow  myself  as  further  help  to  extract 
the  following  anecdote  from  a  book,  "Annals  of  Old  Painters," 
conn'd  by  me  in  youth.  Rubens,  the  Flemish  painter,  in  one 
of  his  wanderings  through  the  galleries  of  old  convents,  came 
.across  a  singular  work.  After  looking  at  it  thoughtfully  for  a 


X8         A  BACKWARD   GLANCE  O'ER   TRAVEL' D  ROADS. 

good  while,  and  listening  to  the  criticisms  of  his  suite  of  students,, 
he  said  to  the  latter,  in  answer  to  their  questions  (as  to  what 
school  the  work  implied  or  belong' d,)  "  I  do  not  believe  the  ar 
tist,  unknown  and  perhaps  no  longer  living,  who  has  given  the 
world  this  legacy,  ever  belong'd  to  any  school,  or  ever  painted 
anything  but  this  one  picture,  which  is  a  personal  affair — a  piece 
out  of  a  man's  life." 

"Leaves  of  Grass"  indeed  (I  cannot  too  often  reiterate)  has- 
mainly  been  the  outcropping  of  my  own  emotional  and  other  per 
sonal  nature — an  attempt,  from  first  to  last,  to  put  a  Person,  a 
human  being  (myself,  in  the  latter  half  of  the  Nineteenth  Cen 
tury,  in  America,)  freely,  fully  and  truly  on  record.  I  could  not 
find  any  similar  personal  record  in  current  literature  that  satisfied 
me.  But  it  is  not  on  "Leaves  of  Grass  "  distinctively  as  litera 
ture,  or  a  specimen  thereof,  that  I  feel  to  dwell,  or  advance 
claims.  No  one  will  get  at  my  verses  who  insists  upon  viewing  them 
as  a  literary  performance,  or  attempt  at  such  performance,  or  as 
aiming  mainly  toward  art  or  sestheticism. 

I  say  no  land  or  people  or  circumstances  ever  existed  so  need 
ing  a  race  of  singers  and  poems  differing  from  all  others,  and 
rigidly  their  own,  as  the  land  and  people  and  circumstances  of 
our  United  States  need  such  singers  and  poems  to-day,  and  for 
the  future.  Still  further,  as  long  as  the  States  continue  to  absorb 
and  be  dominated  by  the  poetry  of  the  Old  World,  and  remain 
unsupplied  with  autochthonous  song,  to  express,  vitalize  and  give 
color  to  and  define  their  material  and  political  success,  and  minis 
ter  to  them  distinctively,  so  long  will  they  stop  short  of  first-class 
Nationality  and  remain  defective. 

In  the  free  evening  of  my  day  I  give  to  you,  reader,  the  fore 
going  garrulous  talk,  thoughts,  reminiscences, 

As  idly  drifting  down  the  ebb, 

Such  ripples,  half-caught  voices,  echo  from  the  shore. 

Concluding  with  two  items  for  the  imaginative  genius  of  the 
West,  when  it  worthily  rises — First,  what  Herder  taught  to  the- 
young  Goethe,  that  really  great  poetry  is  always  (like  the 
Homeric  or  Biblical  canticles)  the  result  of  a  national  spirit, 
and  not  the  privilege  of  a  polish'd  and  select  few;  Second,  that 
the  strongest  and  sweetest  songs  yet  remain  to  be  sung. 


SANDS  AT  SEVENTY. 


MANNAHATTA. 

My  city's  fit  and  noble  name  resumed, 
Choice  aboriginal  name,  with  marvellous  beauty,  meaning, 
A  rocky  founded  island — shores  where  ever  gayly  dash  the  coming, 
going,  hurrying  sea  waves. 

PAUMANOK. 

Sea-beauty  !  stretch'd  and  basking  ! 

One  side  thy  inland  ocean  laving,  broad,  with  copious  commerce, 

steamers,  sails, 
And  one  the  Atlantic's  wind  caressing,  fierce  or  gentle — mighty 

hulls  dark-gliding  in  the  distance. 

Isle  of  sweet  brooks  of  drinking-water — healthy  air  and  soil ! 
Isle  of  the  salty  shore  and  breeze  and  brine  ! 

FROM  MONTAUK  POINT. 

I  stand  as  on  some  mighty  eagle's  beak, 

Eastward  the  sea  absorbing,  viewing,  (nothing  but  sea  and  sky,) 

The  tossing  waves,  the  foam,  the  ships  in  the  distance, 

The  wild  unrest,  the  snowy,  curling  caps — that   inbound  urge 

and  urge  of  waves, 
Seeking  the  shores  forever. 

TO  THOSE  WHO'VE  FAIL'D. 

To  those  who've  fail'd,  in  aspiration  vast, 

To  unnam'd  soldiers  fallen  in  front  on  the  lead, 

To  calm,  devoted  engineers — to  over-ardent  travelers — to  pilots 

on  their  ships, 
To  many  a  lofty  song  and  picture  without  recognition — I'd  rear 

a  laurel-cover'd  monument, 

High,  high  above  the  rest — To  all  cut  off  before  their  time, 
Possess'd  by  some  strange  spirit  of  fire, 
Quench'd  by  an  early  death. 

(19) 


20  SANDS  AT  SEVENTY. 

A  CAROL  CLOSING  SIXTY-NINE. 

A  carol  closing  sixty-nine — a  resume — a  repetition, 

My  lines  in  joy  and  hope  continuing  on  the  same, 

Of  ye,  O  God,  Life,  Nature,  Freedom,  Poetry ; 

Of  you,  my  Land — your  rivers,  prairies,  States — you,    mottled 

Flag  I  love, 
Your  aggregate  retain'd  entire — Of  north,  south,  east  and  west, 

your  items  all ; 

Of  me  myself — the  jocund  heart  yet  beating  in  my  breast, 
The  body  wreck'd,  old,  poor  and  paralyzed — the  strange  inertia 

falling  pall-like  round  me, 

The  burning  fires  down  in  my  sluggish  blood  not  yet  extinct, 
The  undiminish'd  faith — the  groups  of  loving  friends. 

THE  BRAVEST  SOLDIERS. 

Brave,  brave  were  the  soldiers  (high  named  to-day)  who  lived 

through  the  fight ; 
But  the  bravest  press'd  to  the  front  and  fell,  unnamed,  unknown. 

A  FONT  OF  TYPE. 

This  latent  mine — these  unlaunch'd  voices — passionate  powers, 
Wrath,  argument,  or  praise,  or  comic  leer,  or  prayer  devout, 
(Not  nonpareil,  brevier,  bourgeois,  long  primer  merely,) 
These  ocean  waves  arousable  to  fury  and  to  death, 
Or  sooth'd  to  ease  and  sheeny  sun  and  sleep, 
Within  the  pallid  slivers  slumbering. 

AS  I  SIT  WRITING  HERE. 

As  I  sit  writing  here,  sick  and  grown  old, 

Not  my  least  burden  is  that  dulness  of  the  years,  querilities, 

Ungracious  glooms,  aches,  lethargy,  constipation,  whimpering 

ennui, 
May  filter  in  my  daily  songs. 

MY  CANARY  BIRD. 

Did  we  count  great,  O  soul,  to  penetrate  the  themes  of  mighty 

books, 

Absorbing  deep  and  full  from  thoughts,  plays,  speculations  ? 
But  now  from  thee  to  me,  caged  bird,  to  feel  thy  joyous  warble, 
Filling  the  air,  the  lonesome  room,  the  long  forenoon, 
Is  it  not  just  as  great,  O  soul  ? 


SANDS  AT  SEVENTY.  21 

QUERIES  TO  MY  SEVENTIETH  YEAR. 

Approaching,  nearing,  curious, 

Thou  dim,  uncertain  spectre — bringest  thou  life  or  death? 

Strength,  weakness,  blindness,  more  paralysis  and  heavier? 

Or  placid  skies  and  sun  ?     Wilt  stir  the  waters  yet  ? 

Or  haply  cut  me  short  for  good  ?     Or  leave  me  here  as  now, 

Dull,  parrot-like  and  old,  with  crack'd  voice  harping,  screeching  ? 

THE  WALLABOUT  MARTYRS. 

[In  Brooklyn,  in  an  old  vault,  mark'd  by  no  special  recognition,  lie 
huddled  at  this  moment  the  undoubtedly  authentic  remains  of  the  stanchest  and 
earliest  revolutionary  patriots  from  the  British  prison  ships  and  prisons  of  the 
times  of  1776-83,  in  and  around  New  York,  and  from  all  over  Long  Island; 
originally  buried — many  thousands  of  them — in  trenches  in  the  Wallabout 
sands.] 

Greater  than  memory  of  Achilles  or  Ulysses, 

More,  more  by  far  to  thee  than  tomb  of  Alexander, 

Those  cart  loads  of  old  charnel  ashes,   scales  and  splints  of 

mouldy  bones, 

Once  living  men — once  resolute  courage,  aspiration,  strength, 
The  stepping  stones  to  thee  to-day  and  here,  America. 

THE  FIRST  DANDELION. 

Simple  and  fresh  and  fair  from  winter's  close  emerging, 

As  if  no  artifice  of  fashion,  business,  politics,  had  ever  been, 

Forth  from  its  sunny  nook  of  shelter'd  grass — innocent,  golden, 

calm  as  the  dawn, 
The  spring's  first  dandelion  shows  its  trustful  face. 

AMERICA. 

Centre  of  equal  daughters,  equal  sons, 

All,  all  alike  endear'd,  grown,  ungrown,  young  or  old, 

Strong,  ample,  fair,  enduring,  capable,  rich, 

Perennial  with  the  Earth,  with  Freedom,  Law  and  Love, 

A  grand,  sane,  towering,  seated  Mother, 

Chair'd  in  the  adamant  of  Time. 

MEMORIES. 

How  sweet  the  silent  backward  tracings  ! 

The  wanderings  as  in  dreams — the  meditation  of  old  times  re 
sumed — their  loves,  joys,  persons,  voyages. 


22  SANDS  AT  SEVENTY. 

TO-DAY  AND  THEE. 

The  appointed  winners  in  a  long-stretch'd  game ; 

The  course  of  Time  and  nations — Egypt,   India,  Greece  and 

Rome ; 

The  past  entire,  with  all  its  heroes,  histories,  arts,  experiments, 
Its  store  of  songs,  inventions,  voyages,  teachers,  books, 
Garner'd  for  now  and  thee — To  think  of  it ! 
The  heirdom  all  converged  in  thee  ! 

AFTER  THE  DAZZLE  OF  DAY. 

After  the  dazzle  of  day  is  gone, 

Only  the  dark,  dark  night  shows  to  my  eyes  the  stars ; 

After  the  clangor  of  organ  majestic,  or  chorus,  or  perfect  band, 

Silent,  athwart  my  soul,  moves  the  symphony  true. 

ABRAHAM  LINCOLN,  BORN  FEB.  12,  1809. 

To-day,   from  each  and   all,    a  breath  of  prayer — a   pulse   of 

thought, 
To  memory  of  Him — to  birth  of  Him. 

Publish'd  Feb.  12,  1888. 

OUT  OF  MAY'S  SHOWS   SELECTED. 

Apple  orchards,  the  trees  all  cover'd  with  blossoms ; 
Wheat  fields  carpeted  far  and  near  in  vital  emerald  green  ; 
The  eternal,  exhaustless  freshness  of  each  early  morning ; 
The  yellow,  golden,  transparent  haze  of  the  warm  afternoon  sun  ; 
The  aspiring  lilac  bushes  with  profuse  purple  or  white  flowers. 

HALCYON  DAYS. 

Not  from  successful  love  alone, 

Nor  wealth,  nor  honor'd  middle  age,  nor  victories  of  politics  or 

war  ; 

But  as  life  wanes,  and  all  the  turbulent  passions  calm, 
As  gorgeous,  vapory,  silent  hues  cover  the  evening  sky, 
As  softness,  fulness,  rest,  suffuse  the  frame,  like  freshier,  balmier 

air, 
As  the  days  take  on  a  mellower  light,  and  the  apple  at  last  hangs 

really  finish'd  and  indolent-ripe  on  the  tree, 
Then  for  the  teeming  quietest,  happiest  days  of  all ! 
The  brooding  and  blissful  halcyon  days  ! 


SANDS  AT  SEVENTY.  23 


FANCIES   AT   NAVESINK. 


THE    PILOT    IN    THE    MIST. 

Steaming  the  northern  rapids — (an  old  St.  Lawrence  reminis 
cence, 

A  sudden  memory-flash  comes  back,  I  know  not  why, 
Here  waiting  for  the  sunrise,  gazing  from  this  hill ;)  * 
Again  'tis  just  at  morning — a  heavy  haze  contends   with  day 
break, 
Again  the  trembling,  laboring  vessel  veers  me — I  press  through 

foam-dash'd  rocks  that  almost  touch  me, 
Again  I  mark  where  aft  the  small  thin  Indian  helmsman 
Looms  in  the  mist,  with  brow  elate  and  governing  hand. 

HAD    I    THE    CHOICE. 

Had  I  the  choice  to  tally  greatest  bards, 

To  limn  their  portraits,  stately,  beautiful,  and  emulate  at  will, 

Homer  with  all  his  wars  and  warriors — Hector,  Achilles,  Ajax, 

Or  Shakspere's  woe-entangled  Hamlet,  Lear,  Othello — Tenny 
son's  fair  ladies, 

Metre  or  wit  the  best,  or  choice  conceit  to  wield  in  perfect 
rhyme,  delight  of  singers; 

These,  these,  O  sea,  all  these  I'd  gladly  barter, 

Would  you  the  undulation  of  one  wave,  its  trick  to  me  transfer, 

•Or  breathe  one  breath  of  yours  upon  my  verse, 

And  leave  its  odor  there. 

YOU    TIDES    WITH    CEASELESS    SWELL. 

You  tides  with  ceaseless  swell  !  you  power  that  does  this  work ! 
You   unseen    force,    centripetal,    centrifugal,    through    space's 

spread, 

Rapport  of  sun,  moon,  earth,  and  all  the  constellations, 
What  are  the  messages  by  you   from  distant  stars  to  us  ?  what 

Sirius'  ?  what  Capella's? 
What   central    heart — and   you    the   pulse — vivifies    all  ?     what 

boundless  aggregate  of  all  ? 
What  subtle  indirection  and  significance  in  you?  what  clue  to 

all  in  you  ?  what  fluid,  vast  identity, 
Holding  the  universe  with  all  its  parts  as  one — as  sailing  in  a  ship? 

*  Navesink — a  sea-side  mountain,  lower  entrance  of  New  York  Bay. 


24  SANDS  AT  SEVENTY. 

LAST   OF    EBB,    AND    DAYLIGH1    WANING. 

Last  of  ebb,  and  daylight  waning, 

Scented  sea-cool  landward    making,  smells   of  sedge   and  salt 

incoming, 

With  many  a  half-caught  voice  sent  up  from  the  eddies, 
Many  a  muffled  confession — many  a  sob  and  whisper'd  word, 
As  of  speakers  far  or  hid. 

How  they  sweep  down  and  out !  how  they  mutter  ! 

Poets   unnamed — artists   greatest   of   any,    with   cherish'd   lost 

designs, 
Love's  unresponse — a  chorus  of  age's   complaints — hope's  last 

words, 
Some  suicide's  despairing  cry,  Away  to  the  boundless  waste,  and 

never  again  return. 

On  to  oblivion  then  ! 

On,  on,  and  do  your  part,  ye  burying,  ebbing  tide ! 

On  for  your  time,  ye  furious  debouche  ! 

AND   YET    NOT   YOU    ALONE. 

And  yet  not  you  alone,  twilight  and  burying  ebb, 

Nor  you,  ye  lost  designs  alone — nor  failures,  aspirations  ; 

I  know,  divine  deceitful  ones,  your  glamour's  seeming  ; 

Duly  by  you,   from  you,  the  tide  and    light   again — duly   the 

hinges  turning, 

Duly  the  needed  discord-parts  offsetting,  blending, 
Weaving  from  you,  from  Sleep,  Night,  Death  itself, 
The  rhythmus  of  Birth  eternal. 

PROUDLY   THE    FLOOD    COMES    IN. 

Proudly  the  flood  comes  in,  shouting,  foaming,  advancing, 

Long  it  holds  at  the  high,  with  bosom  broad  outswelling, 

All  throbs,  dilates — the  farms,  woods,  streets  of  cities — workmen 

at  work, 
Mainsails,  topsails,  jibs,  appear  in  the  offing — steamers'  pennants 

of  smoke — and  under  the  forenoon  sun, 
Freighted  with  human  lives,  gaily  the  outward  bound,  gaily  the 

inward  bound, 
Flaunting  from  many  a  spar  the  flag  I  love. 

BY    THAT    LONG   SCAN    OF    WAVES. 

By  that  long  scan  of  waves,  myself  call'd  back,  resumed  upon. 

myself, 
In  every  crest  some  undulating  light  or  shade — some  retrospect, 


SANDS  AT  SEVENTY.  25 

Joys,  travels,  studies,  silent  panoramas — scenes  ephemeral, 

The  long  past  war,  the  battles,  hospital  sights,  the  wounded  and 

the  dead, 
Myself  through  every  by-gone  phase — my  idle  youth — old  age  at 

hand, 

My  three-score  years  of  life  summ'd  up,  and  more,  and  past, 
By  any  grand  ideal  tried,  intentionless,  the  whole  a  nothing, 
And  haply  yet  some  drop  within  God's  scheme's  ensemble — some 

wave,  or  part  of  wave, 
Like  one  of  yours,  ye  multitudinous  ocean. 

THEN    LAST   OF    ALL. 

Then  last  of  all,  caught  from  these  shores,  this  hill, 

Of  you  O  tides,  the  mystic  human  meaning : 

Only  by  law  of  you,  your  swell  and  ebb,  enclosing  me  the  same. 

The  brain  that  shapes,  the  voice  that  chants  this  song. 

ELECTION   DAY,   NOVEMBER,   1884. 

If  I  should  need  to  name,  O  Western  World,  your  powerfulest 
scene  and  show, 

'Twould  not  be  you,  Niagara — nor  you,  ye  limitless  prairies — nor 
your  huge  rifts  of  canyons,  Colorado, 

Nor  you,  Yosemite — nor  Yellowstone,  with  all  its  spasmic  geyser- 
loops  ascending  to  the  skies,  appearing  and  disappearing, 

Nor  Oregon's  white  cones — nor  Huron's  belt  of  mighty  lakes — 
nor  Mississippi's  stream  : 

— This  seething  hemisphere's  humanity,  as  now,  I'd  name — the 
still  small  voice  vibrating — America's  choosing  day, 

(The  heart  of  it  not  in  the  chosen — the  act  itself  the  main,  the 
quadriennial  choosing,) 

The  stretch  of  North  and  South  arous'd — sea-board  and  inland 
— Texas  to  Maine — the  Prairie  States — Vermont,  Virginia, 
California, 

The  final  ballot-shower  from  East  to  West — the  paradox  and  con 
flict, 

The  countless  snow-flakes  falling — (a  swordless  conflict, 

Yet  more  than  all  Rome's  wars  of  old,  or  modern  Napoleon's:) 
the  peaceful  choice  of  all, 

Or  good  or  ill  humanity — welcoming  the  darker  odds,  the  dross : 

— Foams  and  ferments  the  wine?  it  serves  to  purify — while  the 
heart  pants,  life  glows  : 

These  stormy  gusts  and  winds  waft  precious  ships, 

Swell'd  Washington's,  Jefferson's,  Lincoln's  sails. 


^6  SANDS  AT  SEVENTH. 

WITH    HUSKY-HAUGHTY   LIPS,   O  SEA! 

With  husky-haughty  lips,  O  sea  ! 

Where  day  and  night  I  wend  thy  surf-beat  shore, 

Imaging  to  my  sense  thy  varied  strange  suggestions, 

(I  see  and  plainly  list  thy  talk  and  conference  here,) 

Thy  troops  of  white-maned  racers  racing  to  the  goal, 

Thy  ample,  smiling  face,  dash'd  with  the  sparkling  dimples  of  the 

sun, 

Thy  brooding  scowl  and  murk — thy  unloos'd  hurricanes, 
Thy  unsubduedness,  caprices,  wilfulness; 
Great  as  thou  art  above  the  rest,  thy  many  tears — a  lack  from  all 

eternity  in  thy  content, 
(Naught  but  the  greatest  struggles,  wrongs,  defeats,  could  make 

thee  greatest — no  less  could  make  thee,) 
Thy  lonely  state — something  thou  ever  seek'st  and  seek'st,  yet 

never  gain'st, 
Surely  some  right  withheld — some  voice,  in  huge  monotonous 

rage,  of  freedom-lover  pent, 
Some  vast  heart,  like  a  planet's,  chain'd  and  chafing  in  those 

breakers, 

By  lengthen'd  swell,  and  spasm,  and  panting  breath, 
And  rhythmic  rasping  of  thy  sands  and  waves, 
And  serpent  hiss,  and  savage  peals  of  laughter, 
And  undertones  of  distant  lion  roar, 
(Sounding,  appealing  to  the  sky's  deaf  ear — but  now,  rapport  for 

once, 

A  phantom  in  the  night  thy  confidant  for  once,) 
The  first  and  last  confession  of  the  globe, 
Outsurging,  muttering  from  thy  soul's  abysms, 
The  tale  of  cosmic  elemental  passion, 
Thou  tellest  to  a  kindred  soul. 


DEATH  OF  GENERAL  GRANT. 

As  one  by  one  withdraw  the  lofty  actors, 

From  that  great  play  on  history's  stage  eterne, 

That  lurid,  partial  act  of  war  and  peace — of  old  and  new  con 
tending, 

Fought  out  through  wrath,  fears,  dark  dismays,  and  many  a  long 
suspense ; 

All  past — and  since,  in  countless  graves  receding,  mellowing, 

Victor's  and  vanquish'd — Lincoln's  and  Lee's — now  thou  with 
them, 


SANDS  AT  SEVENTY.  27 

Man  of  the  mighty  days — and  equal  to  the  days ! 

Thou  from  the  prairies ! — tangled  and  many-vein'd  and  hard  has 

been  thy  part, 
To  admiration  has  it  been  enacted  ! 


RED  JACKET   (FROM   ALOFT.) 

[Impromptu  on  Buffalo  City's  monument  to,  and  re-burial  of  the  old  Iroquois 
orator,  October  9,  1884.] 

Upon  this  scene,  this  show, 

Yielded  to-day  by  fashion,  learning,  wealth, 

(Nor  in  caprice  alone — some  grains  of  deepest  meaning,) 

Haply,  aloft,  (who  knows?)  from  distant  sky-clouds'  blended 

shapes, 

As  some  old  tree,  or  rock  or  cliff,  thrill'd  with  its  soul, 
Product  of  Nature's  sun,  stars,  earth  direct — a  towering  human 

form, 
In  hunting-shirt  of  film,  arm'd  with  the  rifle,  a  half-ironical  smile 

curving  its  phantom  lips, 
Like  one  of  Ossian's  ghosts  looks  down. 


WASHINGTON'S   MONUMENT,   FEBRUARY,    1885. 

Ah,  not  this  marble,  dead  and  cold  : 

Far  from  its  base  and  shaft  expanding — the  round  zones  circling, 
comprehending, 

Thou,  Washington,  art  all  the  world's,  the  continents'  entire — 
not  yours  alone,  America, 

Europe's  as  well,  in  every  part,  castle  of  lord  or  laborer's  cot, 

Or  frozen  North,  or  sultry  South — the  African's — the  Arab's  in 
his  tent, 

Old  Asia's  there  with  venerable  smile,  seated  amid  her  ruins ; 

(Greets  the  antique  the  hero  new?  'tis  but  the  same — the  heir 
legitimate,  continued  ever, 

The  indomitable  heart  and  arm — proofs  of  the  never-broken 
line, 

Courage,  alertness,  patience,  faith,  the  same — e'en  in  defeat  de 
feated  not,  the  same:) 

Wherever  sails  a  ship,  or  house  is  built  on  land,  or  day  or  night, 

Through  teeming  cities'  streets,  indoors  or  out,  factories  or  farms, 

Now,  or  to  come,  or  past — where  patriot  wills  existed  or  exist, 

Wherever  Freedom,  pois'd  by  Toleration,  sway'd  by  Law, 

Stands  or  is  rising  thy  true  monument. 


28  SANDS  AT  SEVENTY. 

OF   THAT    BLITHE   THROAT   OF   THINE. 

[More  than  eighty-three  degrees  north — about  a  good  day's  steaming  dis 
tance  to  the  Pole  by  one  of  our  fast  oceaners  in  clear  water — Greely  the  ex 
plorer  heard  the  song  of  a  single  snow-bird  merrily  sounding  over  the  desola 
tion.] 

Of  that  blithe  throat  of  thine  from  arctic  bleak  and  blank, 

I'll  mind  the  lesson,  solitary  bird — let  me  too  welcome  chilling 

drifts, 
E'en  the  profoundest  chill,  as  now — a  torpid  pulse,  a  brain  un- 

nerv'd, 

Old  age  land-lock'd  within  its  winter  bay — (cold,  cold,  O  cold  !) 
These  snowy  hairs,  my  feeble  arm,  my  frozen  feet, 
For  them  thy  faith,  thy  rule  I  take,  and  grave  it  to  the  last ; 
Not  summer's  zones  alone — not  chants  of  youth,  or  south's  warm 

tides  alone, 
But  held  by  sluggish  floes,  pack'd  in  the  northern  ice,  the  cumulus, 

of  years, 
These  with  gay  heart  I  also  sing. 

BROADWAY. 

What  hurrying  human  tides,  or  day  or  night ! 

What  passions,  winnings,  losses,  ardors,  swim  thy  waters ! 

What  whirls  of  evil,  bliss  and  sorrow,  stem  thee  ! 

What  curious  questioning  glances — glints  of  love  ! 

Leer,  envy,  scorn,  contempt,  hope,  aspiration'! 

Thou  portal — thou  arena — thou  of  the  myriad  long-drawn  lines : 

and  groups ! 
(Could  but  thy  flagstones,  curbs,  facades,  tell  their  inimitable 

tales ; 

Thy  windows  rich,  and  huge  hotels — thy  side-walks  wide ;) 
Thou  of  the  endless  sliding,  mincing,  shuffling  feet ! 
Thou,  like  the  parti-colored  world  itself — like  infinite,  teeming, 

mocking  life ! 
Thou  visor' d,  vast,  unspeakable  show  and  lesson  ! 

TO  GET  THE  FINAL  LILT  OF  SONGS. 

To  get  the  final  lilt  of  songs, 

To  penetrate  the  inmost  lore  of  poets — to  know  the  mighty  ones,. 
Job,  Homer,  Eschylus,  Dante,  Shakspere,  Tennyson,  Emerson ; 
To  diagnose  the  shifting-delicate  tints  of   love  and  pride  and. 

doubt — to  truly  understand, 

To  encompass  these,  the  last  keen  faculty  and  entrance-price, 
Old  age,  and  what  it  brings  from  all  its  past  experiences. 


SANDS  AT  SEVENTY.  29 

OLD  SALT   KOSSABONE. 

Far  back,  related  on  my  mother's  side, 

Old  Salt  Kossabone,  I'll  tell  you  how  he  died : 

(Had  been  a  sailor  all  his  life — was  nearly  90 — lived  with  his 
married  grandchild,  Jenny ; 

House  on  a  hill,  with  view  of  bay  at  hand,  and  distant  cape,  and 
stretch  to  open  sea;) 

The  last  of  afternoons,  the  evening  hours,  for  many  a  year  his 
regular  custom, 

In  his  great  arm  chair  by  the  window  seated, 

(Sometimes,  indeed,  through  half  the  day,) 

Watching  the  coming,  going  of  the  vessels,  he  mutters  to  himself 
— And  now  the  close  of  all : 

One  struggling  outbound  brig,  one  day,  baffled  for  long — cross- 
tides  and  much  wrong  going, 

At  last  at  nightfall  strikes  the  breeze  aright,  her  whole  luck  veer 
ing, 

And  swiftly  bending  round  the  cape,  the  darkness  proudly  enter 
ing,  cleaving,  as  he  watches, 

"  She's  free — she's  on  her  destination  " — these  the  last  words — 
when  Jenny  came,  he  sat  there  dead, 

Dutch  Kossabone,  Old  Salt,  related  on  my  mother's  side,  far 
back. 

THE  DEAD  TENOR. 
As  down  the  stage  again, 

With  Spanish  hat  and  plumes,  and  gait  inimitable, 
Back  from  the  fading  lessons  of  the  past,  I'd  call,  I'd  tell  and 

own, 
How  much  from  thee !    the  revelation  of  the  singing  voice  from 

thee! 

(So  firm — so  liquid-soft — again  that  tremulous,  manly  timbre  ! 
The  perfect  singing  voice — deepest  of  all  to  me  the  lesson — trial 

and  test  of  all :) 
How  through  those  strains  distill'd — how  the  rapt  ears,  the  soul 

of  me,  absorbing 
Fernandas   heart,  Manrico1  s   passionate   call,  Ernani's,  sweet 

Gennaro 's, 

I  fold  thenceforth,  or  seek  to  fold,  within  my  chants  transmuting, 
Freedom's  and  Love's  and  Faith's  unloos'd  cantabile, 
(As  perfume's,  color's,  sunlight's  correlation  :) 
From  these,  for  these,  with  these,  a  hurried  line,  dead  tenor, 
A  wafted  autumn  leaf,  dropt  in  the  closing  grave,  the  shovel'd 

earth, 
To  memory  of  thee. 


•jo  SANDS  AT  SEVENTY. 

CONTINUITIES. 
[From  a  talk  I  had  lately  with  a  German  spiritualist.] 

Nothing  is  ever  really  lost,  or  can  be  lost, 

No  birth,  identity,  form — no  object  of  the  world, 

Nor  life,  nor  force,  nor  any  visible  thing ; 

Appearance  must  not  foil,  nor  shifted  sphere  confuse  thy  brain. 

Ample  are  time  and  space — ample  the  fields  of  Nature. 

The  body,  sluggish,  aged,  cold — the  embers  left  from  earlier 

fires, 

The  light  in  the  eye  grown  dim,  shall  duly  flame  again ; 
The  sun  now  low  in  the  west  rises  for  mornings  and  for  noons 

continual ; 

To  frozen  clods  ever  the  spring's  invisible  law  returns, 
With  grass  and  flowers  and  summer  fruits  and  corn. 

YONNONDIO. 

[The  sense  of  the  word  is  lament  for  the  aborigines.     It  is  an  Iroquois 
term;  and  has  been  used  for  a  personal  name.] 

A  song,  a  poem  of  itself — the  word  itself  a  dirge, 
Amid  the  wilds,  the  rocks,  the  storm  and  wintry  night, 
To  me  such  misty,  strange,  tableaux  the  syllables  calling  up ; 
Yonnondio — I  see,  far  in  the  west  or  north,  a  limitless  ravine, 

with  plains  and  mountains  dark, 

I  see  swarms  of  stalwart  chieftains,  medicine-men,  and  warriors, 
As  flitting  by  like  clouds  of  ghosts,  they  pass  and  are  gone  in  the 

twilight, 

(Race  of  the  woods,  the  landscapes  free,  and  the  falls  ! 
No  picture,  poem,  statement,  passing  them  to  the  future:) 
Yonnondio  !  Yonnondio  ! — unlimn'd  they  disappear ; 
To-day  gives  place,  and  fades — the  cities,  farms,  factories  fade ; 
A  muffled  sonorous  sound,  a  wailing  word  is  borne  through  the 

air  for  a  moment, 
Then  blank  and  gone  and  still,  and  utterly  lost. 

LIFE. 

Ever  the  undiscouraged,  resolute,  struggling  soul  of  man  ; 
(Have  former  armies  fail'd?  then  we  send   fresh  armies — and 

fresh  again ;) 

Ever  the  grappled  mystery  of  all  earth's  ages  old  or  new ; 
Ever  the  eager  eyes,  hurrahs,  the  welcome-clapping  hands,  the 

loud  applause ; 

Ever  the  soul  dissatisfied,  curious,  unconvinced  at  last; 
Struggling  to-day  the  same — battling  the  same. 


SANDS  AT  SEVENTY.  3! 

"GOING    SOMEWHERE." 

My  science-friend,  my  noblest  woman-friend, 

(Now  buried  in  an  English  grave — and  this  a  memory-leaf  for 

her  dear  sake,) 
Ended  our  talk — "The  sum,  concluding  all  we  know  of  old  or 

modern  learning,  intuitions  deep, 
"Of  all  Geologies — Histories — of  all  Astronomy — of  Evolution,. 

Metaphysics  all, 
"  Is,  that  we  all  are  onward,  onward,  speeding  slowly,  surely 

bettering, 
"  Life,  life  an  endless  march,  an  endless  army,  (no  halt,  but  it  is 

duly  over,) 

"  The  world,  the  race,  the  soul — in  space  and  time  the  universes,. 
"All  bound  as  is  befitting  each — all  surely  going  somewhere." 

From  the  1867  edition  L.  of  G. 

SMALL  THE  THEME  OF  MY  CHANT. 

Small  the  theme  of  my  Chant,  yet  the  greatest — namely,  One's- 
Self — a  simple,  separate  person.  That,  for  the  use  of  the 
New  World,  I  sing. 

Man's  physiology  complete,  from  top  to  toe,  I  sing.  Not  physi 
ognomy  alone,  nor  brain  alone,  is  worthy  for  the  Muse ; — I 
say  the  Form  complete  is  worthier  far.  The  Female  equally 
with  the  Male,  I  sing. 

Nor  cease  at  the  theme  of  One's-Self.  I  speak  the  word  of  the 
modern,  the  word  En-Masse. 

My  Days  I  sing,  and  the  Lands — with  interstice  I  knew  of  hap 
less  War. 

(O  friend,  whoe'er  you  are,  at  last  arriving  hitherto  commence,. 
I  feel  through  every  leaf  the  pressure  of  your  hand,  which  I 
return. 

And  thus  upon  our  journey,  footing  the  road,  and  more  than 
once,  and  link'd  together  let  us  go.) 

TRUE   CONQUERORS. 

Old  farmers,  travelers,  workmen    (no  matter  how  crippled  or 

bent,) 

Old  sailors,  out  of  many  a  perilous  voyage,  storm  and  wreck, 
Old  soldiers  from  campaigns,  with  all  their  wounds,  defeats  and 

scars ; 

Enough  that  they've  survived  at  all — long  life's  unflinching  ones  ! 
Forth  from  their  struggles,  trials,  fights,  to  have  emerged  at  all 

— in  that  alone, 
True  conquerors  o'er  all  the  rest. 


3  2  SANDS  AT  SEVENTH. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  TO   OLD  WORLD  CRITICS. 

Here  first  the  duties  of  to-day,  the  lessons  of  the  concrete, 
Wealth,  order,  travel,  shelter,  products,  plenty; 
As  of  the  building  of  some  varied,  vast,  perpetual  edifice, 
Whence  to  arise  inevitable  in  time,  the  towering  roofs,  the  lamps, 
The  solid-planted  spires  tall  shooting  to  the  stars. 

THE   CALMING  THOUGHT  OF  ALL. 

That  coursing  on,  whate'er  men's  speculations, 

Amid  the  changing  schools,  theologies,  philosophies, 

Amid  the  bawling  presentations  new  and  old, 

The  round  earth's  silent  vital  laws,  facts,  modes  continue. 

THANKS  IN   OLD  AGE. 

Thanks  in  old  age — thanks  ere  I  go, 

For  health,  the  midday  sun,  the  impalpable  air — for  life,  mere 
life, 

For  precious  ever-lingering  memories,  (of  you  my  mother  dear 
— you,  father — you,  brothers,  sisters,  friends,) 

For  all  my  days — not  those  of  peace  alone — the  days  of  war  the 
same, 

For  gentle  words,  caresses,  gifts  from  foreign  lands, 

For  shelter,  wine  and  meat — for  sweet  appreciation, 

(You  distant,  dim  unknown — or  young  or  old — countless,  un 
specified,  readers  belov'd, 

We  never  met,  and  ne'er  shall  meet — and  yet  our  souls  embrace, 
long,  close  and  long;) 

For  beings,  groups,  love,  deeds,  words,  books — for  colors,  forms, 

For  all  the  brave  strong  men — devoted,  hardy  men — who've  for 
ward  sprung  in  freedom's  help,  all  years,  all  lands, 

For  braver,  stronger,  more  devoted  men — (a  special  laurel  ere  I 
go,  to  life's  war's  chosen  ones, 

The  cannoneers  of  song  and  thought — the  great  artillerists — the 
foremost  leaders,  captains  of  the  soul :) 

As  soldier  from  an  ended  war  return'd — As  traveler  out  of 
myriads,  to  the  long  procession  retrospective, 

Thanks — joyful  thanks ! — a  soldier's,  traveler's  thanks. 

LIFE  AND  DEATH. 

The  two  old,  simple  problems  ever  intertwined, 
Close  home,  elusive,  present,  baffled,  grappled. 
By  each  successive  age  insoluble,  pass'd  on, 
To  ours  to-day — and  we  pass  on  the  same. 


SANDS  AT  SEVENTY, 


THE  VOICE   OF  THE    RAIN. 


33 


And  who  art  thou  ?  said  I  to  the  soft-falling  shower, 

Which,  strange  to  tell,  gave  me  an  answer,  as  here  translated: 

I  am  the  Poem  of  Earth,  said  the  voice  of  the  rain, 

Eternal  I  rise  impalpable  out  of  the  land  and  the  bottomless  sea, 

Upward  to  heaven,  whence,  vaguely  form'd,  altogether  changed, 

and  yet  the  same, 

I  descend  to  lave  the  drouths,  atomies,  dust-layers  of  the  globe, 
And  all  that  in  them  without  me  were  seeds  only,  latent,  unborn  ; 
And    forever,  by  day  and  night,  I  give   back   life    to   my  own 

origin,  and  make  pure  and  beautify  it ; 

(For  song,  issuing  from  its  birth-place,  after  fulfilment,  wander 
ing, 
Reck'd  or  unreck'd,  duly  with  love  returns.) 


SOON  SHALL  THE  WINTER'S  FOIL  BE  HERE. 

Soon  shall  the  winter's  foil  be  here; 

Soon  shall  these  icy  ligatures  unbind  and  melt — A  little  while, 

And  air,  soil,  wave,  suffused  shall  be  in  softness,  bloom  and 
growth — a  thousand  forms  shall  rise 

From  these  dead  clods  and  chills  as  from  low  burial  graves. 

Thine  eyes,  ears — all  thy  best  attributes — all  that  takes  cognizance 
of  natural  beauty, 

Shall  wake  and  fill.  Thou  shalt  perceive  the  simple  shows,  the 
delicate  miracles  of  earth, 

Dandelions,  clover,  the  emerald  grass,  the  early  scents  and  flow 
ers, 

The  arbutus  under  foot,  the  willow's  yellow-green,  the  blossom 
ing  plum  and  cherry; 

With  these  the  robin,  lark  and  thrush,  singing  their  songs — the 
flitting  bluebird  ; 

For  such  the  scenes  the  annual  play  brings  on. 

WHILE  NOT  THE  PAST  FORGETTING. 

While  not  the  past  forgetting, 

To-day,  at  least,  contention  sunk  entire — peace,  brotherhood  up 
risen  ; 

For  sign  reciprocal  our  Northern,  Southern  hands, 
Lay  on  the  graves  of  all  dead  soldiers,  North  or  South, 
(Nor  for  the  past  alone — for  meanings  to  the  future,) 
Wreaths  of  roses  and  branches  of  palm. 
Publish' d  May  30,  1888. 
3 


34 


SANDS  AT  SEVENTY. 

THE    DYING   VETERAN. 
[A  Long  Island  incident — early  part  of  the  present  century.] 


Amid  these  days  of  order,  ease,  prosperity, 
Amid  the  current  songs  of  beauty,  peace,  decorum, 
I  cast  a  reminiscence — (likely  'twill  offend  you, 
I  heard  it  in  my  boyhood  ;) — More  than  a  generation  since, 
A  queer  old  savage  man,  a  fighter  under  Washington  himself, 
(Large,  brave,  cleanly,  hot-blooded,  no  talker,   rather  spiritual 
istic, 
Had  fought  in  the  ranks — fought  well — had  been  all  through  the 

Revolutionary  war,) 
Lay  dying — sons,  daughters,  church-deacons,   lovingly  tending 

him, 

Sharping  their  sense,  their  ears,   towards  his  murmuring,  half- 
caught  words : 

"Let  me  return  again  to  my  war-days, 
To  the  sights  and  scenes — to  forming  the  line  of  battle, 
To  the  scouts  ahead  reconnoitering, 
To  the  cannons,  the  grim  artillery, 
To  the  galloping  aids,  carrying  orders, 
To  the  wounded,  the  fallen,  the  heat,  the  suspense, 
The  perfume  strong,  the  smoke,  the  deafening  noise; 
Away  with  your  life  of  peace  ! — your  joys  of  peace  ! 
Give  me  my  old  wild  battle-life  again  !  " 


STRONGER    LESSONS. 

Have  you  learn'd  lessons  only  of  those  who  admired  you,  and 
were  tender  with  you,  and  stood  aside  for  you? 

Have  you  not  learn'd  great  lessons  from  those  who  reject  you, 
and  brace  themselves  against  you?  or  who  treat  you  with 
contempt,  or  dispute  the  passage  with  you  ? 


A  PRAIRIE  SUNSET. 

Shot  gold,  maroon  and  yiolet,  dazzling  silver,  emerald,  fawn, 

The  earth's  whole  amplitude  and  Nature's  multiform  power  con- 
sign'd  for  once  to  colors; 

The  light,  the  general  air  possess'd  by  them — colors  till  now  un 
known, 

No  limit,  confine — not  the  Western  sky  alone — the  high  meri 
dian — North,  South,  all, 

Pure  luminous  color  fighting  the  silent  shadows  to  the  last. 


SANDS  AT  SEVENTH.  35 

TWENTY   YEARS. 

Down  on  the  ancient  wharf,  the  sand,  I  sit,  with  a  new-comer 

chatting  : 

He  shipp'd  as  green-hand  boy,  and  sail'd  away,  (took  some  sud 
den,  vehement  notion ;) 

Since,  twenty  years  and  more  have  circled  round  and  round, 
While  he  the  globe  was  circling  round  and  round, — and  now 

returns : 
How   changed   the   place — all   the   old   land-marks   gone — the 

parents  dead ; 
(Yes,  he  comes  back  to  lay  in  port  for  good — to  settle — has  a  well- 

fill'd  purse — no  spot  will  do  but  this  ;) 
The  little  boat  that  scull'd  him  from  the  sloop,  now  held  in 

leash  I  see, 
I  hear  the  slapping  waves,  the  restless  keel,  the  rocking  in  the 

sand, 
I  see  the  sailor  kit,  the  canvas  bag,  the  great  box  bound  with 

brass, 
I  scan  the  face  all  berry-brown  and  bearded — the  stout-strong 

frame, 

Dress'd  in  its  russet  suit  of  good  Scotch  cloth : 
(Then  what  the  told-out  story  of  those  twenty  years  ?  What  of 

the  future?) 

ORANGE   BUDS   BY   MAIL   FROM   FLORIDA. 

[Voltaire  closed  a  famous  argument  by  claiming  that  a  ship  of  war  and  the 
grand  opera  were  proofs  enough  of  civilization's  and  France's  progress,  in 
his  day.] 

A  lesser  proof  than  old  Voltaire's,  yet  greater, 

Proof    of    this   present    time,    and    thee,    thy   broad    expanse, 

America, 

To  my  plain  Northern  hut,  in  outside  clouds  and  snow, 
Brought  safely  for  a  thousand  miles  o'er  land  and  tide, 
Some  three  days  since  on  their  own  soil  live-sprouting, 
Now  here  their  sweetness  through  my  room  unfolding, 
A  bunch  of  orange  buds  by  mail  from  Florida. 

TWILIGHT. 

The  soft  voluptuous  opiate  shades, 

The  sun  just  gone,  the  eager  light  dispell'd — (I  too  will  soon  be 

gone,  dispell'd,) 
A  haze — nirwana — rest  and  night — oblivion. 


36  SANDS  AT  SEVENTY. 

YOU  LINGERING  SPARSE  LEAVES  OF  ME. 

You  lingering  sparse  leaves  of  me  on  winter-nearing  boughs, 

And  I  some  well-shorn  tree  of  field  or  orchard-row ; 

You  tokens  diminute  and  lorn — (not  now  the  flush  of  May,  or 

July  clover-bloom — no  grain  of  August  now ;) 
You  pallid  banner-staves — you   pennants    valueless — you   over- 

stay'd  of  time, 

Yet  my  soul-dearest  leaves  confirming  all  the  rest, 
The  faithfulest — hardiest — last. 


NOT  MEAGRE,  LATENT  BOUGHS  ALONE. 

Not  meagre,  latent  boughs  alone,   O  songs!  (scaly  and  bare, 

like  eagles'  talons,) 
But  haply  for  some  sunny  day  (who  knows  ?)  some  future  spring, 

some  summer — bursting  forth, 

To  verdant  leaves,  or  sheltering  shade — to  nourishing  fruit, 
Apples  and  grapes — the  stalwart  limbs  of  trees  emerging — the 

fresh,  free,  open  air, 
And  love  and  faith,  like  scented  roses  blooming. 


THE  DEAD   EMPEROR. 

To-day,  with  bending  head  and  eyes,  thou,  too,  Columbia, 
Less   for   the   mighty  crown   laid   low  in  sorrow — less  for  the 

Emperor, 
Thy  true  condolence  breathest,  sendest  out  o'er  many  a  salt  sea 

mile, 

Mourning  a  good  old  man — a  faithful  shepherd,  patriot. 
Publish'd  March  10,  1 888. 


AS   THE  GREEK'S  SIGNAL  FLAME. 
[For  Whittier's  eightieth  birthday,  December  17,  1887.] 

As  the  Greek's  signal  flame,  by  antique  records  told, 
Rose  from  the  hill-top,  like  applause  and  glory, 
Welcoming  in  fame  some  special  veteran,  hero, 
With  rosy  tinge  reddening  the  land  he'd  served, 
So  I  aloft  from  Mannahatta's  ship-fringed  shore, 
Lift  high  a  kindled  brand  for  thee,  Old  Poet. 


SANDS  AT  SEVENTY.  37 

THE   DISMANTLED   SHIP. 

In  some  unused  lagoon,  some  nameless  bay, 

On  sluggish,  lonesome  waters,  anchor'd  near  the  shore, 

An  old,  dismasted,  gray  and  batter'd  ship,  disabled,  done, 

After  free  voyages  to  all  the  seas  of  earth,  haul'd  up  at  last  and 

hawser 'd  tight, 
Lies  rusting,  mouldering. 

NOW   PRECEDENT   SONGS,   FAREWELL. 

Now  precedent  songs,  farewell — by  every  name  farewell, 
(Trains   of  a  staggering   line   in    many  a   strange   procession, 

waggons, 
From  ups  and  downs — with  intervals — from  elder  years,  mid-age, 

or  youth,) 

"  In  Cabin'd  Ships,"  or  "  Thee  Old  Cause"  or"  Poets  to  Come" 
Or  "  Paumanok,"  "  Song  of  Myself,"  "  Calamus,"  or  "Adam," 
Or  "Beat!  Beat!  Drums!"  or  "To  the  Leaven 'd  Soil  they 

Trod," 
Or  "  Captain  !  My  Captain  !  "  "  Kosmos,"  "  Quicksand  Years," 

or  "Thoughts," 
"Thou  Mother  with  thy  Equal  Brood,"  and  many,  many  more 

unspecified, 
From  fibre  heart  of  mine — from  throat  and  tongue — (My  life's 

hot  pulsing  blood, 
The  personal  urge  and  form  for  me — not  merely  paper,  automatic 

type  and  ink,) 
Each  song  of  mine — each  utterance  in  the  past — having  its  long, 

long  history, 

Of  life  or  death,  or  soldier's  wound,  of  country's  loss  or  safety, 
(O  heaven  !  what  flash  and  started  endless  train  of  all  !  com 
pared  indeed  to  that ! 
What  wretched  shred  e'en  at  the  best  of  all !) 

AN   EVENING   LULL. 

After  a  week  of  physical  anguish, 

Unrest    and  pain,  and  feverish  heat, 

Toward  the  ending  day  a  calm  and  lull  comes  on, 

Three  hours  of  peace  and  soothing  rest  of  brain.* 

*  The  two  songs  on  this  page  are  eked  out  during  an  afternoon,  June,  1888, 
in  my  seventieth  year,  at  a  critical  spell  of  illness.  Of  course  no  reader  and 
probably  no  human  being  at  any  time  will  ever  have  such  phases  of  emotional 
and  solemn  action  as  these  involve  to  me.  I  feel  in  them  an  end  and  close 
of  all. 


3g  SANDS  AT  SEVENTY. 

AFTER  THE  SUPPER  AND  TALK. 

After  the  supper  and  talk — after  the  day  is  done, 

As  a  friend  from  friends  his  final  withdrawal  prolonging, 

Good-bye  and  Good-bye  with  emotional  lips  repeating, 

(So  hard  for  his  hand  to  release  those  hands — no  more  will  they 

meet, 

No  more  for  communion  of  sorrow  and  joy,  of  old  and  young, 
A  far-stretching  journey  awaits  him,  to  return  no  more,) 
Shunning,  postponing  severance — seeking  to  ward  off  the  last 

word  ever  so  little, 

E'en  at  the  exit-door  turning — charges  superfluous  calling  back- 
e'en  as  he  descends  the  steps, 
Something  to  eke  out  a  minute  additional — shadows  of  nightfall 

deepening, 
Farewells,  messages  lessening — dimmer   the   forthgoer's  visage 

and  form, 

Soon  to  be  lost  for  aye  in  the  darkness — loth,  O  so  loth  to  de 
part  ! 
Garrulous  to  the  very  last. 


PAST,    PRESENT    AND    FUTURE. 

WELCOME  to  them  each  and  all !  They  do  good — the  deepest, 
widest,  most  needed  good — though  quite  certainly  not  in  the 
ways  attempted — which  have,  at  times,  something  irresistibly 
comic.  What  can  be  more  farcical,  for  instance,  than  the  sight 
of  a  worthy  gentleman  coming  three  or  four  thousand  miles 
through  wet  and  wind  to  speak  complacently  and  at  great  length 
on  matters  of  which  he  both  entirely  mistakes  or  knows  nothing 
— before  crowds  of  auditors  equally  complacent,  and  equally 
at  fault  ? 

Yet  welcome  and  thanks,  we  say,  to  those  visitors  we  have, 
and  have  had,  from  abroad  among  us — and  may  the  procession 
continue  !  We  have  had  Dickens  and  Thackeray,  P>oude,  Her 
bert  Spencer,  Oscar  Wilde,  Lord  Coleridge — soldiers,  savants, 
poets — and  now  Matthew  Arnold  and  Irving  the  actor.  Some 
have  come  to  make  money — some  for  a  "  good  time  " — some  to 
help  us  along  and  give  us  advice — and  some  undoubtedly  to  in 
vestigate,  bona  fide,  this  great  problem,  democratic  America, 
looming  upon  the  world  with  such  cumulative  power  through  a 
hundred  years,  now  with  the  evident  intention  (since  the  Seces 
sion  War)  to  stay,  and  take  a  leading  hand,  for  many  a  century 
to  come,  in  civilization's  and  humanity's  eternal  game.  But 
alas!  that  very  investigation — the  method  of  that  investigation 
— is  where  the  deficit  most  surely  and  helplessly  comes  in.  Let 
not  Lord  Coleridge  and  Mr.  Arnold  (to  say  nothing  of  the 
illustrious  actor)  imagine  that  when  they  have  met  and  survey'd 
the  etiquettical  gatherings  of  our  wealthy,  distinguish'd  and 
sure-to-be-put-forward-on-such-occasions  citizens  (New  York, 
Boston,  Philadelphia,  &c.,  have  certain  stereotyped  strings  of 
them,  continually  lined  and  paraded  like  the  lists  of  dishes  at  hotel 
tables — you  are  sure  to  get  the  same  over  and  over  again — it  is 
very  amusing) — and  the  bowing  and  introducing,  the  receptions 
at  the  swell  clubs,  the  eating  and  drinking  and  praising  and 
praising  back — and  the  next  day  riding  about  Central  Park,  or 
doing  the  "  Public  Institutions" — and  so  passing  through,  one 
after  another,  the  full-dress  coteries  of  the  Atlantic  cities,  all 

(39) 


40  OUR  EMINENT  VISITORS. 

grammatical  and  cultured  and  correct,  with  the  toned-down 
manners  of  the  gentlemen,  and  the  kid-gloves,  and  luncheons 
and  finger-glasses — Let  not  our  eminent  visitors,  we  say,  suppose 
that,  by  means  of  these  experiences,  they  have  "  seen  America," 
or  captur'd  any  distinctive  clew  or  purport  thereof.  Not  a  bit 
of  it.  Of  the  pulse-beats  that  lie  within  and  vitalize  this  Com 
monweal  to-day — of  the  hard-pan  purports  and  idiosyncrasies 
pursued  faithfully  and  triumphantly  by  its  bulk  of  men  North 
and  South,  generation  after  generation,  superficially  unconscious 
of  their  own  aims,  yet  none  the  less  pressing  onward  with  death 
less  intuition — those  coteries  do  not  furnish  the  faintest  scintilla. 
In  the  Old  World  the  best  flavor  and  significance  of  a  race  may 
possibly  need  to  be  look'd  for  in  its  "upper  classes,"  its  gen 
tries,  its  court,  its  etat  major.  In  the  United  States  the  rule  is 
revers'd.  Besides  (and  a  point,  this,  perhaps  deepest  of  all,) 
the  special  marks  of  our  grouping  and  design  are  not  going  to 
be  understood  in  a  hurry.  The  lesson  and  scanning  right  on  the 
ground  are  difficult ;  I  was  going  to  say  they  are  impossible  to 
foreigners — but  I  have  occasionally  found  the  clearest  apprecia 
tion  of  all,  coming  from  far-off  quarters.  Surely  nothing  could 
be  more  apt,  not  only  for  our  eminent  visitors  present  and  to 
come,  but  for  home  study,  than  the  following  editorial  criticism 
of  the  London  Times  on  Mr.  Froude's  visit  and  lectures  here  a 
few  years  ago,  and  the  culminating  dinner  given  at  Delmonico's, 
with  its  brilliant  array  of  guests : 

"We  read  the  list,"  says  the  Times,  "of  those  who  assembled  to  do  honor 
to  Mr.  Froude :  there  were  Mr.  Emerson,  Mr.  Beecher,  Mr.  Curtis,  Mr. 
Bryant ;  we  add  the  names  of  those  who  sent  letters  of  regret  that  they  could 
not  attend  in  person — Mr.  Longfellow,  Mr.  Whittier.  They  are  names  which 
are  well  known — almost  as  well  known  and  as  much  honor'd  in  England  as 
in  America;  and  yet  what  must  we  say  in  the  end?  The  American  people 
outside  this  assemblage  of  writers  is  something  vaster  and  greater  than  they, 
singly  or  together,  can  comprehend.  It  cannot  be  said  of  any  or  all  of  them 
that  they  can  speak  for  their  nation.  We  who  look  on  at  this  distance  are 
able  perhaps  on  that  account  to  see  the  more  clearly  that  there  are  qualities 
of  the  American  people  which  find  no  representation,  no  voice,  among  these 
their  spokesmen.  And  what  is  true  of  them  is  true  of  the  English  class  of 
whom  Mr.  Froude  may  be  said  to  be  the  ambassador.  Mr.  Froude  is  master 
of  a  charming  style.  He  has  the  gift  of  grace  and  the  gift  of  sympathy. 
Taking  any  single  character  as  the  subject  of  his  study,  he  may  succeed  after 
a  very  short  time  in  so  comprehending  its  workings  as  to  be  able  to  present  a 
living  figure  to  the  intelligence  and  memory  of  his  readers.  But  the  move 
ments  of  a  nation,  the  voiceless  purpose  of  a  people  which  cannot  put  its  own 
thoughts  into  words,  yet  acts  upon  them  in  each  successive  generation — these 
things  do  not  lie  within  his  grasp.  .  .  .  The  functions  of  literature  such  as 
he  represents  are  limited  in  their  action ;  the  influence  he  can  wield  is  artifi 
cial  and  restricted,  and,  while  he  and  his  hearers  please  and  are  pleas'd  with 
pleasant  periods,  his  great  mass  of  national  life  will  flow  around  them  un- 


OUR  EMINENT  VISITORS.  4r 

mov'd  in  its  tides  by  action  as  powerless  as  that  of  the  dwellers  by  the  shore 
to  direct  the  currents  of  the  ocean." 

A  thought,  here,  that  needs  to  be  echoed,  expanded,  per 
manently  treasur'd  by  our  literary  classes  and  educators.  (The 
gestation,  the  youth,  the  knitting  preparations,  are  now  over,  and 
it  is  full  time  for  definite  purpose,  result.)  How  few  think  of  it, 
though  it  is  the  impetus  and  background  of  our  whole  Nation 
ality  and  popular  life.  In  the  present  brief  memorandum  I  very 
likely  for  the  first  time  awake  "the  intelligent  reader"  to  the 
idea  and  inquiry  whether  there  isn't  such  a  thing  as  the  dis 
tinctive  genius  of  our  democratic  New  World,  universal,  imma 
nent,  bringing  to  a  head  the  best  experience  of  the  past — not 
specially  literary  or  intellectual — not  merely  "good,"  (in  the 
Sunday  School  and  Temperance  Society  sense,) — some  invisible 
spine  and  great  sympathetic  to  these  States,  resident  only  in  the 
average  people,  in  their  practical  life,  in  their  physiology,  in 
their  emotions,  in  their  nebulous  yet  fiery  patriotism,  in  the 
armies  (both  sides)  through  the  whole  Secession  War — an 
identity  and  character  which  indeed  so  far  "  finds  no  voice 
among  their  spokesmen." 

To  my  mind  America,  vast  and  fruitful  as  it  appears  to-day,  is- 
even  yet,  for  its  most  important  results,  entirely  in  the  tentative 
state  ;  its  very  formation-stir  and  whirling  trials  and  essays  more 
splendid  and  picturesque,  to  my  thinking,  than  the  accom- 
plish'd  growths  and  shows  of  other  lands,  through  European 
history,  or  Greece,  or  all  the  past.  Surely  a  New  World  litera 
ture,  worthy  the  name,  is  not  to  be,  if  it  ever  comes,  some 
fiction,  or  fancy,  or  bit  of  sentimentalism  or  polish'd  work 
merely  by  itself,  or  in  abstraction.  So  long  as  such  literature 
is  no  born  branch  and  offshoot  of  the  Nationality,  rooted  and. 
grown  from  its  roots,  and  fibred  with  its  fibre,  it  can  never 
answer  any  deep  call  or  perennial  need.  Perhaps  the  untaught 
Republic  is  wiser  than  its  teachers.  The  best  literature  is  always 
a  result  of  something  far  greater  than  itself — not  the  hero,  but 
the  portrait  of  the  hero.  Before  there  can  be  recorded  history 
or  poem  there  must  be  the  transaction.  Beyond  the  old  master 
pieces,  the  Iliad,  the  interminable  Hindu  epics,  the  Greek 
tragedies,  even  the  Bible  itself,  range  the  immense  facts  of  what 
must  have  preceded  them,  their  sine  qua  non — the  veritable 
poems  and  masterpieces,  of  which,  grand  as  they  are,  the  word- 
statements  are  but  shreds  and  cartoons. 

For  to-day  and  the  States,  I  think  the  vividest,  rapidest,  most 
stupendous  processes  ever  known,  ever  perform'd  by  man  or 
nation,  on  the  largest  scales  and  in  countless  varieties,  are  now 


42  OUR  EMINENT   VISITORS. 

and  here  presented.  Not  as  our  poets  and  preachers  are  always 
conventionally  putting  it — but  quite  different.  Some  colossal 
foundry,  the  flaming  of  the  fire,  the  melted  metal,  the  pounding 
trip-hammers,  the  surging  crowds  of  workmen  shifting  from  point 
to  point,  the  murky  shadows,  the  rolling  haze,  the  discord,  the 
crudeness,  the  deafening  din,  the  disorder,  the  dross  and  clouds 
of  dust,  the  waste  and  extravagance  of  material,  the  shafts  of 
darted  sunshine  through  the  vast  open  roof-scuttles  aloft — the 
mighty  castings,  many  of  them  not  yet  fitted,  perhaps  delay'd 
long,  yet  each  in  its  due  time,  with  definite  place  and  use  and 
meaning — Such,  more  like,  is  a  symbol  of  America. 

After  all  of  which,  returning  to  our  starting-point,  we  reiterate, 
and  in  the  whole  Land's  name,  a  welcome  to  our  eminent  guests. 
Visits  like  theirs,  and  hospitalities,  and  hand-shaking,  and  face 
meeting  face,  and  the  distant  brought  near — what  divine  solvents 
they  are  !  Travel,  reciprocity,  "  interviewing,"  intercommunion 
•of  lands — what  are  they  but  Democracy's  and  the  highest  Law's 
best  aids?  O  that  our  own  country — that  every  land  in  the 
world — could  annually,  continually,  receive  the  poets,  thinkers, 
scientists,  even  the  official  magnates,  of  other  lands,  as  honor'd 
guests.  O  that  the  United  States,  especially  the  West,  could 
have  had  a  good  long  visit  and  explorative  jaunt,  from  the 
noble  and  melancholy  Tourgueneff,  before  he  died — or  from 
Victor  Hugo — or  Thomas  Carlyle.  Castelar,  Tennyson,  any  of 
the  two  or  three  great  Parisian  essayists — were  they  and  we  to 
come  face  to  face,  how  is  it  possible  but  that  the  right  under 
standing  would  ensue  ? 


THE  BIBLE  AS  POETRY. 

I  SUPPOSE  one  cannot  at  this  day  say  anything  new,  from  a 
literary  point  of  view,  about  those  autochthonic  bequests  of 
Asia — the  Hebrew  Bible,  the  mighty  Hindu  epics,  and  a  hun 
dred  lesser  but  typical  works  ;  (not  now  definitely  including  the 
Iliad — though  that  work  was  certainly  of  Asiatic  genesis,  as 
Homer  himself  was — considerations  which  seem  curiously 
ignored.)  But  will  there  ever  be  a  time  or  place — ever  a 
student,  however  modern,  of  the  grand  art,  to  whom  those  com 
positions  will  not  afford  profounder  lessons  than  all  else  of  their 
kind  in  the  garnerage  of  the  past  ?  Could  there  be  any  more 
opportune  suggestion,  to  the  current  popular  writer  and  reader 
of  verse,  what  the  office  of  poet  was  in  primeval  times — and  is 
yet  capable  of  being,  anew,  adjusted  entirely  to  the  modern  ? 

All  the  poems  of  Orientalism,  with  the  Old  and  New  Testa 
ments  at  the  centre,  tend  to  deep  and  wide,  (I  don't  know  but 
the  deepest  and  widest,)  psychological  development — with  little, 
or  nothing  at  all,  of  the  mere  sesthetic,  the  principal  verse- 
requirement  of  our  day.  Very  late,  but  unerringly,  comes  to 
every  capable  student  the  perception  that  it  is  not  in  beauty,  it 
is  not  in  art,  it  is  not  even  in  science,  that  the  profoundest  laws 
of  the  case  have  their  eternal  sway  and  outcropping. 

In  his  discourse  on  "  Hebrew  Poets  "  De  Sola  Mendes  said  : 
"  The  fundamental  feature  of  Judaism,  of  the  Hebrew  nationality, 
was  religion  ;  its  poetry  was  naturally  religious.  Its  subjects, 
God  and  Providence,  the  covenants  with  Israel,  God  in  Nature, 
and  as  reveal'd,  God  the  Creator  and  Governor,  Nature  in  her 
majesty  and  beauty,  inspired  hymns  and  odes  to  Nature's  God. 
And  then  the  checker'd  history  of  the  nation  furnish'd  allusions, 
illustrations,  and  subjects  for  epic  display — the  glory  of  the 
sanctuary,  the  offerings,  the  splendid  ritual,  the  Holy  City,  and 
lov'd  Palestine  with  its  pleasant  valleys  and  wild  tracts."  Dr. 
Mendes  said  "  that  rhyming  was  not  a  characteristic  of  Hebrew 
poetry  at  all.  Metre  was  not  a  necessary  mark  of  poetry. 
Great  poets  discarded  it ;  the  early  Jewish  poets  knew  it  not." 

Compared  with  the  famed  epics  of  Greece,  and  lesser  ones 
since,  the  spinal  supports  of  the  Bible  are  simple  and  meagre. 
All  its  history,  biography,  narratives,  etc.,  are  as  beads,  strung 
on  and  indicating  the  eternal  thread  of  the  Deific  purpose  and 

(43) 


44 


THE  BIBLE  AS  POETRY. 


power.  Yet  with  only  deepest  faith  for  impetus,  and  such  Deific 
purpose  for  palpable  or  impalpable  theme,  it  often  transcends 
the  masterpieces  of  Hellas,  and  all  masterpieces.  The  metaphors 
daring  beyond  account,  the  lawless  soul,  extravagant  by  our 
standards,  the  glow  of  love  and  friendship,  the  fervent  kiss — 
nothing  in  argument  or  logic,  but  unsurpass'd  in  proverbs,  in 
religious  ecstacy,  in  suggestions  of  common  mortality  and  death, 
man's  great  equalizers — the  spirit  everything,  the  ceremonies 
and  forms  of  the  churches  nothing,  faith  limitless,  its  immense 
sensuousness  immensely  spiritual — an  incredible,  all-inclusive 
non-worldliness  and  dew-scented  illiteracy  (the  antipodes  of  our 
Nineteenth  Century  business  absorption  and  morbid  refinement) 
— no  hair-splitting  doubts,  no  sickly  sulking  and  sniffling,  no 
"  Hamlet,"  no  "Adonais,"  no  "  Thanatopsis,"  no  "  In  Memo- 
riam." 

The  culminated  proof  of  the  poetry  of  a  country  is  the  quality 
of  its  personnel,  which,  in  any  race,  can  never  be  really  superior 
without  superior  poems.  The  finest  blending  of  individuality 
with  universality  (in  my  opinion  nothing  out  of  the  galaxies  of 
the  "  Iliad,"  or  Shakspere's  heroes,  or  from  the  Tennysonian 
"  Idyls,"  so  lofty,  devoted  and  starlike,)  typified  in  the  songs 
of  those  old  Asiatic  lands.  Men  and  women  as  great  columnar 
trees.  Nowhere  else  the  abnegation  of  self  towering  in  such 
quaint  sublimity ;  nowhere  else  the  simplest  human  emotions 
conquering  the  gods  of  heaven,  and  fate  itself.  (The  episode, 
for  instance,  toward  the  close  of  the  "  Mahabharata  " — the  jour 
ney  of  the  wife  Savitri  with  the  god  of  death,  Yama, 

"One  terrible  to  see — blood-red  his  garb, 
His  body  huge  and  dark,  bloodshot  his  eyes, 
Which  flamed  like  suns  beneath  his  turban  cloth, 
Arm'd  was  he  with  a  noose," 

who  carries  off  the  soul  of  the  dead  husband,  the  wife  tenaciously 
following,  and — by  the  resistless  charm  of  perfect  poetic  recita 
tion ! — eventually  redeeming  her  captive  mate.) 

I  remember  how  enthusiastically  William  H.  Seward,  in  his 
last  days,  once  expatiated  on  these  themes,  from  his  travels  in 
Turkey,  Egypt,  and  Asia  Minor,  finding  the  oldest  Biblical 
narratives  exactly  illustrated  there  to-day  with  apparently  no 
break  or  change  along  three  thousand  years — the  veil'd  women, 
the  costumes,  the  gravity  and  simplicity,  all  the  manners  just  the 
same.  The  veteran  Trelawney  said  he  found  the  only  real 
nobleman  of  the  world  in  a  good  average  specimen  of  the  mid- 
aged  or  elderly  Oriental.  In  the  East  the  grand  figure,  always 
leading,  is  the  old  man,  majestic,  with  flowing  beard,  paternal, 


THE  BIBLE  AS  POETS  Y.  45 

•etc.  In  Europe  and  America,  it  is,  as  we  know,  the  young 
fellow — in  novels,  a  handsome  and  interesting  hero,  more  or 
less  juvenile — in  operas,  a  tenor  with  blooming  cheeks,  black 
mustache,  superficial  animation,  and  perhaps  good  lungs,  but  no 
more  depth  than  skim-milk.  But  reading  folks  probably  get 
their  information  of  those  Bible  areas  and  current  peoples,  as 
depicted  in  print  by  English  and  French  cads,  the  most  shallow, 
impudent,  supercilious  brood  on  earth. 

I  have  said  nothing  yet  of  the  cumulus  of  associations  (per 
fectly  legitimate  parts  of  its  influence,  and  finally  in  many  re 
spects  the  dominant  parts,)  of  the  Bible  as  a  poetic  entity,  and 
of  every  portion  of  it.  Not  the  old  edifice  only — the  congeries 
also  of  events  and  struggles  and  surroundings,  of  which  it  has 
been  the  scene  and  motive — even  the  horrors,  dreads,  deaths. 
How  many  ages  and  generations  have  brooded  and  wept  and 
agonized  over  this  book  !  What  untellable  joys  and  ecstasies — 
what  support  to  martyrs  at  the  stake — from  it.  (No  really  great 
song  can  ever  attain  full  purport  till  long  after  the  death  of  its 
singer — till  it  has  accrued  and  incorporated  the  many  passions, 
many  joys  and  sorrows,  it  has  itself  arous'd.)  To  what  myriads 
has  it  been  the  shore  and  rock  of  safety — the  refuge  from  driving 
tempest  and  wreck  !  Translated  in  all  languages,  how  it  has 
united  this  diverse  world  !  Of  civilized  lands  to-day,  whose  of 
our  retrospects  has  it  not  interwoven  and  link'd  and  permeated  ? 
Not  only  does  it  bring  us  what  is  clasp' d  within  its  covers  ;  nay, 
that  is  the  least  of  what  it  brings.  Of  its  thousands,  there  is  not 
a  verse,  not  a  word,  but  is  thick-studded  with  human  emotions, 
successions  of  fathers  and  sons,  mothers  and  daughters,  of  our 
own  antecedents,  inseparable  from  that  background  of  us,  on 
which,  phantasmal  as  it  is,  all  that  we  are  to-day  inevitably  de 
pends — our  ancestry,  our  past. 

Strange,  but  true,  that  the  principal  factor  in  cohering  the 
nations,  eras  and  paradoxes  of  the  globe,  by  giving  them  a  com 
mon  platform  of  two  or  three  great  ideas,  a  commonalty  of 
origin,  and  projecting  cosmic  brotherhood,  the  dream  of  all 
hope,  all  time — that  the  long  trains,  gestations,  attempts  and 
failures,  resulting  in  the  New  World,  and  in  modern  solidarity 
and  politics — are  to  be  identified  and  resolv'd  back  into  a  col 
lection  of  old  poetic  lore,  which,  more  than  any  one  thing  else, 
has  been  the  axis  of  civilization  and  history  through  thousands 
of  years — and  except  for  which  this  America  of  ours,  with  its 
polity  and  essentials,  could  not  now  be  existing. 

No  true  bard  will  ever  contravene  the  Bible.  If  the  time  ever 
comes  when  iconoclasm  does  its  extremes!  in  one  direction 
.against  the  Books  of  the  Bible  in  its  present  form,  the  collection 


46  THE  BIBLE  AS  POETRY. 

must  still  survive  in  another,  and  dominate  just  as  much  as 
hitherto,  or  more  than  hitherto,  through  its  divine  and  primal 
poetic  structure.  To  me,  that  is  the  living  and  definite  element- 
principle  of  the  work,  evolving  everything  else.  Then  the  con 
tinuity  ;  the  oldest  and  newest  Asiatic  utterance  and  character, 
and  all  between,  holding  together,  like  the  apparition  of  the 
sky,  and  coming  to  us  the  same.  Even  to  our  Nineteenth 
Century  here  are  the  fountain  heads  of  song. 


FATHER  TAYLOR   (AND 
ORATORY.) 

I  have  never  heard  but  one  essentially  perfect  orator— one  who 
satisfied  those  depths  of  the  emotional  nature  that  in  most  cases 
go  through  life  quite  untouch'd,  unfed — who  held  every  hearer 
by  spells  which  no  conventionalist,  high  or  low — nor  any  pride 
or  composure,  nor  resistance  of  intellect — could  stand  against 
for  ten  minutes. 

And  by  the  way,  is  it  not  strange,  of  this  first-class  genius  in 
the  rarest  and  most  profound  of  humanity's  arts,  that  it  will  be 
necessary,  (so  nearly  forgotten  and  rubb'd  out  is  his  name  by 
the  rushing  whirl  of  the  last  twenty-five  years,)  to  first  inform 
current  readers  that  he  was  an  orthodox  minister,  of  no  particular 
celebrity,  who  during  a  long  life  preach'd  especially  to  Yankee 
sailors  in  an  old  fourth-class  church  down  by  the  wharves  in 
Boston — had  practically  been  a  sea-faring  man  through  his  earlier 
years — and  died  April  6,  1871,  "just  as  the  tide  turn'd,  going 
out  with  the  ebb  as  an  old  salt  should  "  ?  His  name  is  now  com 
paratively  unknown,  outside  of  Boston — and  even  there,  (though 
Dickens,  Mr.  Jameson,  Dr.  Bartol  and  Bishop  Haven  have  com 
memorated  him,)  is  mostly  but  a  reminiscence. 

During  my  visits  to  "the  Hub,"  in  1859  and  '60  I  several 
times  saw  and  heard  Father  Taylor.  In  the  spring  or  autumn, 
quiet  Sunday  forenoons,  I  liked  to  go  down  early  to  the  quaint 
ship-cabin-looking  church  where  the  old  man  minister'd — to 
enter  and  leisurely  scan  the  building,  the  low  ceiling,  every  thing 
strongly  timber'd  (polish'd  and  rubb'd  apparently,)  the  dark 
rich  colors,  the  gallery,  all  in  half-light — and  smell  the  aroma 
of  old  wood — to  watch  the  auditors,  sailors,  mates,  "matlows," 
officers,  singly  or  in  groups,  as  they  came  in — their  physiogno- 
mifs,  forms,  dress,  gait,  as  they  walk'd  along  the  aisles, — their 
postures,  seating  themselves  in  the  rude,  roomy,  undoor'd, 
uncushion'd  pews — and  the  evident  effect  upon  them  of  the  place, 
occasion,  and  atmosphere. 

The  pulpit,  rising  ten   or  twelve  feet  high,  against  the  rear* 
wall,  was  back'd  by  a  significant  mural  painting,  in  oil — show 
ing  out  its  bold  lines  and  strong  hues  through  the  subdued  light 
of  the  building — of  a  stormy  sea,   the  waves  high-rolling,  and 

(47) 


48  FATHER   TAYLOR  (AND   ORATORY.) 

amid  them  an  old-style  ship,  all  bent  over,  driving  through  the 
gale,  and  in  great  peril — a  vivid  and  effectual  piece  of  limning, 
not  meant  for  the  criticism  of  artists  (though  I  think  it  had 
merit  even  from  that  standpoint,)  but  for  its  effect  upon  the 
congregation,  and  what  it  would  convey  to  them. 

Father  Taylor  was  a  moderate-sized  man,  indeed  almost  small, 
(reminded  me  of  old  Booth,  the  great  actor,  and  my  favorite  of 
those  and  preceding  days,)  well  advanced  in  years,  but  alert, 
"with  mild  blue  or  gray  eyes,  and  good  presence  and  voice. 
Soon  as  he  open'd  his  mouth  I  ceas'd  to  pay  any  attention  to 
•church  or  audience,  or  pictures  or  lights  and  shades  ;  a  far  more 
potent  charm  entirely  sway'd  me.  In  the  course  of  the  sermon, 
(there  was  no  sign  of  any  MS.,  or  reading  from  notes,)  some  of 
the  parts  would  be  in  the  highest  degree  majestic  and  picturesque. 
Colloquial  in  a  severe  sense,  it  often  lean'd  to  Biblical  and 
•oriental  forms.  Especially  were  all  allusions  to  ships  and  the  ocean 
and  sailors'  lives,  of  unrival'd  power  and  life-likeness.  Some 
times  there  were  passages  of  fine  language  and  composition,  even 
from  the  purist's  point  o£  view.  A  few  arguments,  and  of  the 
best,  but  always  brief  and  simple.  One  realized  what  grip  there 
might  have  been  in  such  words-of-mouth  talk  as  that  of  Socrates 
•and  Epictetus.  In  the  main,  I  should  say,  of  any  of  these  dis 
courses,  that  the  old  Demosthenean  rule  and  requirement  of 
"action,  action,  action,"  first  in  its  inward  and  then  (very 
moderate  and  restrain'd)  its  outward  sense,  was  the  quality  that 
had  leading  fulfilment. 

I  remember  I  felt  the  deepest  impression  from  the  old  man's 
prayers,  which  invariably  affected  me  to  tears.  Never,  on 
similar  or  any  other  occasions,  have  I  heard  such  impassion'd 
pleading — such  human-harassing  reproach  (like  Hamlet  to  his 
mother,  in  the  closet) — such  probing  to  the  very  depths  of  that 
latent  conscience  and  remorse  which  probably  lie  somewhere  in 
the  background  of  every  life,  every  soul.  For  when  Father 
Taylor  preach'd  or  pray'd,  the  rhetoric  and  art,  the  mere 
words,  (which  usually  play  such  a  big  part)  seem'd  altogether  to 
•disappear,  and  the  live  feeling  advanced  upon  you  and  seiz'd 
you  with  a  power  before  unknown.  Everybody  felt  this  marvel 
ous  and  awful  influence.  One  young  sailor,  a  Rhode  Islander, 
(who  came  every  Sunday,  and  I  got  acquainted  with,  and  talk'd 
to  once  or  twice  as  we  went  away,)  told  me,  "  that  must  be  the 
Holy  Ghost  we  read  of  in  the  Testament." 

I  should  be  at  a  loss  to  make  any  comparison  with  other 
preachers  or  public  speakers.  When  a  child  I  had  heard  Elias 
Hicks — and  Father  Taylor  (though  so  different  in  personal 
appearance,  for  Elias  was  of  tall  and  most  shapely  form,  with 


FATHER   TAYLOR  (AND  ORATORY.)  49 

black  eyes  that  blazed  at  times  like  meteors,)  always  reminded 
me  of  him.  Both  had  the  same  inner,  apparently  inexhaustible, 
fund  of  latent  volcanic  passion — the  same  tenderness,  blended 
with  a  curious  remorseless  firmness,  as  of  some  surgeon  operating 
on  a  belov'd  patient.  Hearing  such  men  sends  to  the  winds  all 
the  books,  and  formulas,  and  polish'd  speaking,  and  rules  of 
oratory. 

Talking  of  oratory,  why  is  it  that  the  unsophisticated  practices 
often  strike  deeper  than  the  train'd  ones?  Why  do  our  ex 
periences  perhaps  of  some  local  country  exhorter — or  often  in  the 
West  or  South  at  political  meetings — bring  the  most  definite  re 
sults?  In  my  time  I  have  heard  Webster,  Clay,  Edward 
Everett,  Phillips,  and  such  celebres ;  yet  I  recall  the  minor  but 
life-eloquence  of  men  like  John  P.  Hale,  Cassius  Clay,  and  one 
or  two  of  the  old  abolition  "fanatics"  ahead  of  all  those 
stereotyped  fames.  Is  not — I  sometimes  question — the  first,  last, 
and  most  important  quality  of  all,  in  training  for  a  "  finish'd 
speaker,"  generally  unsought,  unreck'd  of,  both  by  teacher  and 
pupil?  Though  maybe  it  cannot  be  taught,  anyhow.  At  any 
rate,  we  need  to  clearly  understand  the  distinction  between 
•oratory  and  elocution.  Under  the  latter  art,  including  some  of 
high  order,  there  is  indeed  no  scarcity  in  the  United  States, 
preachers,  lawyers,  actors,  lecturers,  &c.  With  all,  there  seem 
to  be  few  real  orators — almost  none. 

I  repeat,  and  would  dwell  upon  it  (more  as  suggestion  than 
mere  fact) — among  all  the  brilliant  lights  of  bar  or  stage  I  have 
heard  in  my  time  (for  years  in  New  York  and  other  cities  I 
haunted  the  courts  to  witness  notable  trials,  and  have  heard 
.all  the  famous  actors  and  actresses  that  have  been  in  America 
the  past  fifty  years)  though  I  recall  marvellous  effects  from  one 
or  other  of  them,  I  never  had  anything  in  the  way  of  vocal  ut 
terance  to  shake  me  through  and  through,  and  become  fix'd, 
with  its  accompaniments,  in  my  memory,  like  those  prayers  and 
sermons — like  Father  Taylor's  personal  electricity  and  the  whole 
scene  there — the  prone  ship  in  the  gale,  and  dashing  wave  and 
foam  for  background — in  the  little  old  sea-church  in  Boston,  those 
summer  Sundays  just  before  the  Secession  War  broke  out. 


THE  SPANISH   ELEMENT  IN 
OUR  NATIONALITY. 

[Our  friends  at  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  have  just  finish'd  their  long  drawn- 
out  anniversary  of  the  333cl  year  of  the  settlement  of  their  city  by  the  Spanish. 
The  good,  gray  Walt  Whitman  was  asked  to  write  them  a  poem  in  com 
memoration.  Instead  he  wrote  them  a  letter  as  follows: — Philadelphia  Press, 
August  5,  1883.] 

CAMDEN,  NEW  JERSEY,  July  20,  1883. 

To  Messrs.    Griffin,   Martinez,  Prince,  and  other  Gentlemen  at 
Santa  Fe  : 

DEAR  SIRS  : — Your  kind  invitation  to  visit  you  and  deliver  a 
poem  for  the  333d  Anniversary  of  founding  Santa  Fe  has 
reach 'd  me  so  late  that  I  have  to  decline,  with  sincere  regret. 
But  I  will  say  a  few  words  off  hand. 

We  Americans  have  yet  to  really  learn  our  own  antecedents, 
and  sort  them,  to  unify  them.  They  will  be  found  ampler  than 
has  been  supposed,  and  in  widely  different  sources.  Thus  far, 
impress'd  by  New  England  writers  and  schoolmasters,  we  tacitly 
abandon  ourselves  to  the  notion  that  our  United  States  have  been 
fashion'd  from  the  British  Islands  only,  and  essentially  form  a 
second  England  only — which  is  a  very  great  mistake.  Many 
leading  traits  for  our  future  national  personality,  and  some  of  the 
best  ones,  will  certainly  prove  to  have  originated  from  other  than 
British  stock.  As  it  is,  the  British  and  German,  valuable  as  they 
are  in  the  concrete,  already  threaten  excess.  Or  rather,  I  should 
say,  they  have  certainly  reach'd  that  excess.  To-day,  something 
outside  of  them,  and  to  counterbalance  them,  is  seriously  needed. 

The  seething  materialistic  and  business  vortices  of  the  United 
States,  in  their  present  devouring  relations,  controlling  and  be 
littling  everything  else,  are,  in  my  opinion,  but  a  vast  and  indis 
pensable  stage  in  the  new  world's  development,  and  are  certainly 
to  be  follow'd  by  something  entirely  different — at  least  by  im 
mense  modifications.  Character,  literature,  a  society  worthy 
the  name,  are  yet  to  be  establish'd,  through  a  nationality  of 
noblest  spiritual,  heroic  and  democratic  attributes — not  one  of 
which  at  present  definitely  exists — entirely  different  from  the 
past,  though  unerringly  founded  on  it,  and  to  justify  it. 

To  that  composite  American  identity  of  the  future,  Spanish 
(So) 


THE  SPANISH  ELEMENT  IN  OUR  NATIONALITY.        5I 

character  will  supply  some  of  the  most  needed  parts.  No  stock 
shows  a  grander  historic  retrospect — grander  in  religiousness  and 
loyalty,  or  for  patriotism,  courage,  decorum,  gravity  and  honor. 
(It  is  time  to  dismiss  utterly  the  illusion-compound,  half  raw- 
head-and-bloody-bones  and  half  Mysteries-of-Udolpho,  inherited 
from  the  English  writers  of  the  past  200  years.  It  is  time  to 
realize — for  it  is  certainly  true — that  there  will  not  be  found  any 
more  cruelty,  tyranny,  superstition,  &c.,  in  the  resume  of  past 
Spanish  history  than  in  the  corresponding  resume  of  Anglo- 
Norman  history.  Nay,  I  think  there  will  not  be  found  so  much.) 

Then  another  point,  relating  to  American  ethnology,  past  and 
to  come,  I  will  here  touch  upon  at  a  venture.  As  to  our  abori 
ginal  or  Indian  population — the  Aztec  in  the  South,  and  many  a 
tribe  in  the  North  and  West — I  know  it  seems  to  be  agreed  that 
they  must  gradually  dwindle  as  time  rolls  on,  and  in  a  few  gen 
erations  more  leave  only  a  reminiscence,  a  blank.  But  I  am  not 
at  all  clear  about  that.  As  America,  from  its  many  far-back 
sources  and  current  supplies,  develops,  adapts,  entwines,  faith 
fully  identifies  its  own — are  we  to  see  it  cheerfully  accepting  and 
using  all  the  contributions  of  foreign  lands  from  the  whole  out 
side  globe — and  then  rejecting  the  only  ones  distinctively  its  own 
— the  autochthonic  ones? 

As  to  the  Spanish  stock  of  our  Southwest,  it  is  certain  to  me 
that  we  do  not  begin  to  appreciate  the  splendor  and  sterling 
value  of  its  race  element.  Who  knows  but  that  element,  like 
the  course  of  some  subterranean  river,  dipping  invisibly  for  a 
hundred  or  two  years,  is  now  to  emerge  in  broadest  flow  and 
permanent  action  ? 

If  I  might  assume  to  do  so,  I  would  like  to  send  you  the  most 
cordial,  heartfelt  congratulations  of  your  American  fellow-coun 
trymen  here.  You  have  more  friends  in  the  Northern  and  Atlan 
tic  regions  than  you  suppose,  and  they  are  deeply  interested  in 
the  development  of  the  great  Southwestern  interior,  and  in  what 
your  festival  would  arouse  to  public  attention. 

Very  respectfully,  &c. ,  WALT  WHITMAN. 


WHAT     LURKS     BEHIND     SHAK- 
SPERE'S   HISTORICAL   PLAYS? 

We  all  know  how  much  mythus  there  is  in  the  Shakspere  question 
as  it  stands  to-day.  Beneath  a  few  foundations  of  proved  facts 
are  certainly  engulf  d  far  more  dim  and  elusive  ones,  of  deepest 
importance — tantalizing  and  half  suspected — suggesting  ex 
planations  that  one  dare  not  put  in  plain  statement.  But  com 
ing  at  once  to  the  point,  the  English  historical  plays  are  to  me 
not  only  the  most  eminent  as  dramatic  performances  (my  maturest 
judgment  confirming  the  impressions  of  my  early  years,  that  the 
distinctiveness  and  glory  of  the  Poet  reside  not  in  his  vaunted 
dramas  of  the  passions,  but  those  founded  on  the  contests  of 
English  dynasties,  and  the  French  wars,)  but  form,  as  we  get  it 
all,  the  chief  in  a  complexity  of  puzzles.  Conceiv'd  out  of  the 
fullest  heat  and  pulse  of  European  feudalism — personifying  in 
unparallel'd  ways  the  mediaeval  aristocracy,  its  towering  spirit 
of  ruthless  and  gigantic  caste,  with  its  own  peculiar  air  and  ar 
rogance  (no  mere  imitation) — only  one  of  the  "wolfish  earls" 
so  plenteous  in  the  plays  themselves,  or  some  born  descendant 
and  knower,  might  seem  to  be  the  true  author  of  those  amazing 
works — works  in  some  respects  greater  than  anything  else  in  re 
corded  literature. 

The  start  and  germ-stock  of  the  pieces  on  which  the  present 
speculation  is  founded  are  undoubtedly  (with,  at  the  outset,  no 
small  amount  of  bungling  work)  in  "  Henry  VI."  It  is  plain 
to  me  that  as  profound  and  forecasting  a  brain  and  pen  as  ever 
appear'd  in  literature,  after  floundering  somewhat  in  the  first 
part  of  that  trilogy — or  perhaps  draughting  it  more  or  less  ex 
perimentally  or  by  accident — afterward  developed  and  defined  his 
plan  in  the  Second  and  Third  Parts,  and  from  time  to  time, 
thenceforward,  systematically  enlarged  it  to  majestic  and  mature 
proportions  in  "Richard  II,"  "Richard  III,"  "King  John," 
"  Henry  IV,"  "  Henry  V,"  and  even  in  "  Macbeth,"  "  Corio- 
lanus  "  and  "Lear."  For  it  is  impossible  to  grasp  the  whole 
cluster  of  those  plays,  however  wide  the  intervals  and  different 
circumstances  of  their  composition,  without  thinking  of  them  as, 
in  a  free  sense,  the  result  of  an  essentially  controling  plan.  What 
was  that  plan  ?  Or,  rather,  what  was  veil'd  behind  it  ? — for  to 

(52) 


WHAT  LURKS  BEHIND  SHAKSPERE'S  PLAYS* 


53 


me  there  was  certainly  something  so  veil'd.  Even  the  episodes 
of  Cade,  Joan  of  Arc,  and  the  like  (which  sometimes  seem  to 
me  like  interpolations  allow'd,)  may  be  meant  to  foil  the  pos 
sible  sleuth,  and  throw  any  too  'cute  pursuer  off  the  scent.  In 
the  whole  matter  I  should  specially  dwell  on,  and  make  much  of, 
that  inexplicable  element  of  every  highest  poetic  nature  which 
causes  it  to  cover  up  and  involve  its  real  purpose  and  meanings 
in  folded  removes  and  far  recesses.  Of  this  trait — hiding  the 
nest  where  common  seekers  may  never  find  it — the  Shaksperean 
works  afford  the  most  numerous  and  mark'd  illustrations  known 
to  me.  I  would  even  call  that  trait  the  leading  one  through  the 
whole  of  those  works. 

All  the  foregoing  to  premise  a  brief  statement  of  how  and 
where  I  get  my  new  light  on  Shakspere.  Speaking  of  the 
special  English  plays,  my  friend  William  O'Connor  says: 

They  seem  simply  and  rudely  historical  in  their  motive,  as  aiming  to  give 
in  the  rough  a  tableau  of  warring  dynasties, — and  carry  to  me  a  lurking  sense 
of  being  in  aid  of  some  ulterior  design,  probably  well  enough  understood  in 

that  age,  which  perhaps  lime  and  criticism  will  reveal Their 

atmosphere  is  one  of  barbarous  and  tumultuous  gloom, — they  do  not  make  us 
love  the  times  they  limn,  ....  and  it  is  impossible  to  believe  that  the 
greatest  of  the  Elizabethan  men  could  have  sought  to  indoctrinate  the  age  with 
the  love  of  feudalism  which  his  own  drama  in  its  entirety,  if  the  view  taken 
of  it  herein  be  true,  certainly  and  subtly  saps  and  mines. 

Reading  the  just-specified  play  in  the  light  of  Mr.  O'Connor's 
suggestion,  I  defy  any  one  to  escape  such  new  and  deep  utter 
ance-meanings,  like  magic  ink,  warm'd  by  the  fire,  and  pre 
viously  invisible.  Will.it  not  indeed  be  strange  if  the  author  of.. 
"  Othello  "  and  "  Hamlet  "  is  destin'd  to  live  in  America,  in  a 
generation  or  two,  less  as  the  cunning  draughtsman  of  the  pas 
sions,  and  more  as  putting  on  record  the  first  full  expose — and 
by  far  the  most  vivid  one,  immeasurably  ahead  of  doctrinaires 
and  economists — of  the  political  theory  and  results,  or  the  reason- 
why  and  necessity  for  them  which  America  has  come  on  earth 
to  abnegate  and  replace  ? 

The  summary  of  my  suggestion  would  be,  therefore,  that  while 
the  more  the  rich  and  tangled  jungle  of  the  Shaksperean  area  is 
travers'd  and  studied,  and  the  more  baffled  and  mix'd,  as  so 
far  appears,  becomes  the  exploring  student  (who  at  last  surmises 
everything,  and  remains  certain  of  nothing,)  it  is  possible  a 
future  age  of  criticism,  diving  deeper,  mapping  the  land  and 
lines  freer,  completer  than  hitherto,  may  discover  in  the  plays 
named  the  scientific  (Baconian?)  inauguration  of  modern  Demo 
cracy — furnishing  realistic  and  first-class  artistic  portraitures  of 
the  mediaeval  world,  the  feudal  personalties,  institutes,  in  their 


54 


WHAT  LURKS  BEHIND  SHAKSPERE'S  PLAYS f 


morbid  accumulations,  deposits,  upon  politics  and  sociology, — - 
may  penetrate  to  that  hard-pan,  far  down  and  back  of  the  ostent 
of  to-day,  on  which  (and  on  which  only)  the  progressism  of  the 
last  two  centuries  has  built  this  Democracy  which  now  holds 
secure  lodgment  over  the  whole  civilized  world. 

Whether  such  was  the  unconscious,  or  (as  I  think  likely)  the 
more  or  less  conscious,  purpose  of  him  who  fashion'd  those  mar 
vellous  architectonics,  is  a  secondary  question. 


A  THOUGHT  ON   SHAK- 
SPERE. 

The  most  distinctive  poems — the  most  permanently  rooted  and 
-with  heartiest  reason  for  being — the  copious  cycle  of  Arthurian 
legends,  or  the  almost  equally  copious  Charlemagne  cycle,  or 
the  poems  of  the  Cid,  or  Scandinavian  Eddas,  or  Nibelungen, 
or  Chaucer,  or  Spenser,  or  bona  fide  Ossian,  or  Inferno — probably 
had  their  rise  in  the  great  historic  perturbations,  which  they 
came  in  to  sum  up  and  confirm,  indirectly  embodying  results  to 
date.  Then  however  precious  to  "culture,"  the  grandest  of 
those  poems,  it  may  be  said,  preserve  and  typify  results  offensive 
to  the  modern  spirit,  and  long  past  away.  To  state  it  briefly, 
and  taking  the  strongest  examples,  in  Homer  lives  the  ruthless 
military  prowess  of  Greece,  and  of  its  special  god-descended 
dynastic  nouses ;  in  Shakspere  the  dragon-rancors  and  stormy 
feudal  splendor  of  mediaeval  caste. 

Poetry,  largely  consider'd,  is  an  evolution,  sending  out  im 
proved  and  ever-expanded  types — in  one  sense,  the  past,  even 
the  best  of  it,  necessarily  giving  place,  and  dying  out.  For  our 
existing  world,  the  bases  on  which  all  the  grand  old  poems  were 
built  have  become  vacuums — and  even  those  of  many  compara 
tively  modern  ones  are  broken  and  half-gone.  For  us  to-day, 
not  their  own  intrinsic  value,  vast  as  that  is,  backs  and  main 
tains  those  poems — but  a  mountain-high  growth  of  associations, 
the  layers  of  successive  ages.  Everywhere — their  own  lands  in 
cluded — (is  there  not  something  terrible  in  the  tenacity  with 
which  the  one  book  out  of  millions  holds  its  grip  ?) — the  Homeric 
and  Virgilian  works,  the  interminable  ballad-romances  of  the 
middle  ages,  the  utterances  of  Dante,  Spenser,  and  others,  are 
upheld  by  their  cumulus-entrenchment  in  scholarship,  and  as 
precious,  always  welcome,  unspeakably  valuable  reminiscences. 

Even  the  one  who  at  present  reigns  unquestion'd — of  Shak 
spere — for  all  he  stands  for  so  much  in  modern  literature,  he 
stands  entirely  for  the  mighty  aesthetic  sceptres  of  the  past,  not 
for  the  spiritual  and  democratic,  the  sceptres  of  the  future.  The 
inward  and  outward  characteristics  of  Shakspere  are  his  vast  and 
rich  variety  of  persons  and  themes,  with  his  wondrous  delinea 
tion  of  each  and  all — not  only  limitless  funds  of  verbal  and 
pictorial  resource,  but  great  excess,  superfcetation — mannerism, 

(55) 


5 6  ^    THOUGHT  ON  SHAKSPERE. 

like  a  fine,  aristocratic  perfume,  holding  a  touch  of  musk 
(Euphues,  his  mark) — with  boundless  sumptuousness  and  adorn 
ment,  real  velvet  and  gems,  not  shoddy  nor  paste — but  a  good 
deal  of  bombast  and  fustian — (certainly  some  terrific  mouthing 
in  Shakspere!) 

Superb  and  inimitable  as  all  is,  it  is  mostly  an  objective  and 
physiological  kind  of  power  and  beauty  the  soul  finds  in  Shak 
spere — a  style  supremely  grand  of  the  sort,  but  in  my  opinion 
stopping  short  of  the  grandest  sort,  at  any  rate  for  fulfilling  and 
satisfying  modern  and  scientific  and  democratic  American  pur 
poses.  Think,  not  of  growths  as  forests  primeval,  or  Yellow 
stone  geysers,  or  Colorado  ravines,  but  of  costly  marble  palaces, 
and  palace  rooms,  and  the  noblest  fixings  and  furniture,  and 
noble  owners  and  occupants  to  correspond — think  of  carefully 
built  gardens  from  the  beautiful  but  sophisticated  gardening  art 
at  its  best,  with  walks  and  bowers  and  artificial  lakes,  and  appro 
priate  statue-groups  and  the  finest  cultivated  roses  and  lilies  and 
japonicas  in  plenty — and  you  have  the  tally  of  Shakspere.  The 
low  characters,  mechanics,  even  the  loyal  henchmen — all  in 
themselves  nothing — serve  as  capital  foils  to  the  aristocracy. 
The  comedies  (exquisite  as  they  certainly  are)  bringing  in  admir 
ably  portray 'd  common  characters,  have  the  unmistakable  hue 
of  plays,  portraits,  made  for  the  divertisement  only  of  the  elite 
of  the  castle,  and  from  its  point  of  view.  The  comedies  are 
altogether  non-acceptable  to  America  and  Democracy. 

But  to  the  deepest  soul,  it  seems  a  shame  to  pick  and  choose 
from  the  riches  Shakspere  has  left  us — to  criticise  his  infinitely 
royal,  multiform  quality — to  gauge,  with  optic  glasses,  the  dazzle 
of  his  sun-like  beams. 

The  best  poetic  utterance,  after  all,  can  merely  hint,  or  remind, 
often  very  indirectly,  or  at  distant  removes.  Aught  of  real 
perfection,  or  the  solution  of  any  deep  problem,  or  any  com 
pleted  statement  of  the  moral,  the  true,  the  beautiful,  eludes  the 
greatest,  deftest  poet — flies  away  like  an  always  uncaught  bird. 


ROBERT   BURNS   AS    POET 
AND    PERSON. 

WHAT  the  future  will  decide  about  Robert  Burns  and  his  works — 
what  place  will  be  assign 'd  them  on  that  great  roster  of  geniuses 
and  genius  which  can  only  be  finish'd  by  the  slow  but  sure  bal 
ancing  of  the  centuries  with  their  ample  average — I  of  course 
cannot  tell.  But  as  we  know  him,  from  his  recorded  utterances, 
and  after  nearly  one  century,  and  its  diligence  of  collections, 
songs,  letters,  anecdotes,  presenting  the  figure  of  the  canny 
Scotchman  in  a  fullness  and  detail  wonderfully  complete,  and  the 
lines  mainly  by  his  own  hand,  he  forms  to-day,  in  some  respects, 
the  most  interesting  personality  among  singers.  Then  there  are 
many  things  in  Burns's  poems  and  character  that  specially  endear 
him  to  America.  He  was  essentially  a  Republican — would  have 
been  at  home  in  the  Western  United  States,  and  probably  become 
eminent  there.  He  was  an  average  sample  of  the  good-natured,, 
warm-blooded,  proud-spirited,  amative,  alimentive,  convivial, 
young  and  early-middle-aged  man  of  the  decent-born  middle 
classes  everywhere  and  any  how.  Without  the  race  of  which  he 
is  a  distinct  specimen,  (and  perhaps  his  poems)  America  and  her 
powerful  Democracy  could  not  exist  to-day — could  not  project 
with  unparallel'd  historic  sway  into  the  future. 

Perhaps  the  peculiar  coloring  of  the  era  of  Burns  needs  always- 
first  to  be  consider'd.  It  included  the  times  of  the  '76-83  Rev 
olution  in  America,  of  the  French  Revolution,  and  an  unparallel'd 
chaos  development  in  Europe  and  elsewhere.  In  every  depart 
ment,  shining  and  strange  names,  like  stars,  some  rising,  some 
in  meridian, 'some  declining — Voltaire,  Franklin,  Washington, 
Kant,  Goethe,  Fulton,  Napoleon,  mark  the  era.  And  while  so 
much,  and  of  grandest  moment,  fit  for  the  trumpet  of  the  world's- 
fame,  was  being  transacted — that  little  tragi-comedy  of  R.  B.'s 
life  and  death  was  going  on  in  a  country  by-place  in  Scotland  ! 

Burns's  correspondence,  generally  collected  and  publish'd  since 
his  death,  gives  wonderful  glints  into  both  the  amiable  and  wealc 
(and  worse  than  weak)  parts  of  his  portraiture,  habits,  good  and 
bad  luck,  ambition  and  associations.  His  letters  to  Mrs.  Dunlop, 
Mrs.  McLehose,  (Clarinda,)  Mr.  Thompson,  Dr.  Moore,  Robert 
Muir,  Mr.  Cunningham,  Miss  Margaret  Chalmers,  Peter  Hill,. 

(57) 


58  ROBERT  BURNS  AS  POET  AND  PERSON. 

Richard  Brown,  Mrs.  Riddel,  Robert  Ainslie,  and  Robert  Gra 
ham,  afford  valuable  lights  and  shades  to  the  outline,  and  with 
numerous  others,  help  to  a  touch  here,  and  fill-in  there,  of  poet 
and  poems.  There  are  suspicions,  it  is  true,  of  "  the  Genteel 
Letter-Writer,"  with  scraps  and  words  from  "  the  Manual  of 
French  Quotations,"  and,  in  the  love-letters,  some  hollow  mouth- 
ings.  Yet  we  wouldn't  on  any  account  lack  the  letters.  A  full 
and  true  portrait  is  always  what  is  wanted  ;  veracity  at  every 
hazard.  Besides,  do  we  not  all  see  by  this  time  that  the  story  of 
Burns,  even  for  its  own  sake,  requires  the  record  of  the  whole 
and  several,  with  nothing  left  out?  Completely  and  every  point 
minutely  told  out  its  fullest,  explains  and  justifies  itself — (as  per 
haps  almost  any  life  does.)  He  is  very  close  to  the  earth.  He 
pick'd  up  his  best  words  and  tunes  directly  from  the  Scotch  home- 
singers,  but  tells  Thompson  they  would  not  please  his,  T's, 
"  learn'd  lugs,"  adding,  "I  call  them  simple — you  would  pro 
nounce  them  silly."  Yes,  indeed;  the  idiom  was  undoubtedly 
his  happiest  hit.  Yet  Dr.  Moore,  in  1789,  writes  to  Burns,  "If 
I  were  to  offer  an  opinion,  it  would  be  that  in  your  future  pro 
ductions  you  should  abandon  the  Scotch  stanza  and  dialect,  and 
adopt  the  measure  and  language  of  modern  English  poetry"  ! 

As  the  1 28th  birth-anniversary  of  the  poet  draws  on,  (January, 
1887,)  with  its  increasing  club-suppers,  vehement  celebrations, 
letters,  speeches,  and  so  on — (mostly,  as  William  O'Connor  says, 
from  people  who  would  not  have  noticed  R.  B.  at  all  during  his 
actual  life,  nor  kept  his  company,  or  read  his  verses,  on  any  ac 
count) — it  may  be  opportune  to  print  some  leisurely-jotted  notes 
I  find  in  my  budget.  I  take  my  observation  of  the  Scottish  bard 
by  considering  him  as  an  individual  amid  the  crowded  clusters, 
galaxies,  of  the  old  world — and  fairly  inquiring  and  suggesting 
what  out  of  these  myriads  he  too  may  be  to  the  Western  Republic. 
In  the  first  place  no  poet  on  record  so  fully  bequeaths  his  own 
personal  magnetism,*  nor  illustrates  more  pointedly  how  one's 


*  Probably  no  man  that  ever  lived — a  friend  has  made  the  statement — was 
so  fondly  loved,  both  by  men  and  women,  as  Robert  Burns.  The  reason  is 
not  hard  to  find  :  he  had  a  real  heart  of  flesh  and  blood  beating  in  his  bosom  ; 
you  could  almost  hear  it  throb.  "  Some  one  said,  that  if  you  had  shaken 
hands  with  him  his  hand  would  have  burnt  yours.  The  gods,  indeed,  made 
him  poetical,  but  Nature  had  a  hand  in  him  first.  His  heart  was  in  the  right 
place;  he  did  not  pile  up  cantos  of  poetic  diction;  he  pluck'd  the  mountain 
daisy  under  his  feet;  he  wrote  of  field-mouse  hurrying  from  its  ruin'd  dwell 
ing.  He  held  the  plough  or  the  pen  with  the  same  firm,  manly  grasp.  And 
he  was  loved.  The  simple  roll  of  the  women  who  gave  him  their  affection 
and  their  sympathy  would  make  a  long  manuscript;  and  most  of  these  were 
of  such  noble  worth  that,  as  Robert  Chambers  says,  '  their  character  may 
stand  as  a  testimony  in  favor  of  that  of  Burns.'  "  [As  I  understand,  the 


ROBERT  BURNS  AS  POET  AND  PERSON. 


59 


verses,  by  time  and  reading,  can  so  curiously  fuse  with  the  versi 
fier's  own  life  and  death,  and  give  final  light  and  shade  to  all. 

I  would  say  a  large  part  of  the  fascination  of  Burns's  homely, 
simple  dialect-melodies  is  due,  for  all  current  and  future  readers, 
to  the  poet's  personal  "errors,"  the  general  bleakness  of  his  lot, 
his  ingrain'd  pensiveness,  his  brief  dash  into  dazzling,  tantaliz 
ing,  evanescent  sunshine — finally  culminating  in  those  last  years 
of  his  life,  his  being  taboo'd  and  in  debt,  sick  and  sore,  yaw'd 
as  by  contending  gales,  deeply  dissatisfied  with  everything,  most 
of  all  with  himself — high-spirited  too — (no  man  ever  really 
higher-spirited  than  Robert  Burns.)  I  think  it  a  perfectly  legi 
timate  part  too.  At  any  rate  it  has  come  to  be  an  impalpable 
aroma  through  which  only  both  the  songs  and  their  singer  must 
henceforth  be  read  and  absorb'd.  Through  that  view-medium 
of  misfortune — of  a  noble  spirit  in  low  environments,  and  of  a 
squalid  and  premature  death — we  view  the  undoubted  facts, 
(giving,  as  we  read  them  now,  a  sad  kind  of  pungency,)  that 
Burns's  were,  before  all  else,  the  lyrics  of  illicit  loves  and  ca 
rousing  intoxication.  Perhaps  even  it  is  this  strange,  impalpable 
post  mortem  comment  and  influence  referr'd  to,  that  gives  them 
their  contrast,  attraction,  making  the  zest  of  their  author's  after 
fame.  If  he  had  lived  steady,  fat,  moral,  comfortable,  well-to- 
do  years,  on  his  own  grade,  (let  alone,  what  of  course  was  out 
of  the  question,  the  ease  and  velvet  and  rosewood  and  copious 
royalties  of  Tennyson  or  Victor  Hugo  or  Longfellow,)  and  died 
•well-ripen'd  and  respectable,  where  could  have  come  in  that  burst 
of  passionate  sobbing  and  remorse  which  well'd  forth  instantly 
and  generally  in  Scotland,  and  soon  follow'd  everywhere  among 
English-speaking  races,  on  the  announcement  of  his  death?  and 
which,  with  no  sign  of  stopping,  only  regulated  and  vein'd  with 
fitting  appreciation,  flows  deeply,  widely  yet? 

Dear  Rob  !  manly,  witty,  fond,  friendly,  full  of  weak  spots  as 
well  as  strong  ones — essential  type  of  so  many  thousands — perhaps 
the  average,  as  just  said,  of  the  decent-born  young  men  and  the 
early  mid-aged,  not  only  of  the  British  Isles,  but  America,  too, 
North  and  South,  just  the  same.  I  think,  indeed,  one  best  part 
of  Burns  is  the  unquestionable  proof  he  presents  of  the  perennial 
existence  among  the  laboring  classes,  especially  farmers,  of  the 
finest  latent  poetic  elements  in  their  blood.  (How  clear  it  is  to 
me  that  the  common  soil  has  always  been,  and  is  now,  thickly 
strewn  with  just  such  gems.)  He  is  well-called  the  Ploughman. 

foregoing  is  from  an  extremely  rare  book  published  by  M'Kie,  in  Kilmar- 
nock.  I  find  the  whole  beautiful  paragraph  in  a  capital  paper  on  Burns,  by 
Amelia  Barr.] 


60  ROBERT  BURNS  AS  POET  AND  PERSON. 

"  Holding  the  plough,"  said  his  brother  Gilbert,  "  was  the  favor 
ite  situation  with  Robert  for  poetic  compositions ;  and  some  of 
his  best  verses  were  produced  while  he  was  at  that  exercise."  "  I 
must  return  to  my  humble  station,  and  woo  my  rustic  muse  in  my 
wonted  way,  at  the  plough-tail."  1787,  to  the  Earl  of  Buchan. 
He  has  no  high  ideal  of  the  poet  or  the  poet's  office;  indeed 
quite  a  low  and  contracted  notion  of  both  : 

"  Fortune  !  if  thou'll  but  gie  me  still 
Hale  breeks,  a  scone,  and  whiskey  gill, 
An'  rowth  o'  rhyme  to  rave  at  will, 
Tak'  a'  the  rest." 


See  also  his  rhym'd  letters  to  Robert  Graham  invoking  patron 
age;  "  one  stronghold,"  Lord  Glencairn,  being  dead,  now  these 
appeals  to  "  Fintra,  my  other  stay,"  (with  in  one  letter  a  copious 
shower  of  vituperation  generally.)  In  his  collected  poems  there 
is  no  particular  unity,  nothing  that  can  be  called  a  leading  the 
ory,  no  unmistakable  spine  or  skeleton.  Perhaps,  indeed,  their 
very  desultoriness  is  the  charm  of  his  songs  :  "I  take  up  one  or 
another,"  he  says  in  a  letter  to  Thompson,  "just  as  the  bee  of 
the  moment  buzzes  in  my  bonnet-lug." 

Consonantly  with  the  customs  of  the  time — yet  markedly  in 
consistent  in  spirit  with  Burns's  own  case,  (and  not  a  little  pain 
ful  as  it  remains  on  record,  as  depicting  some  features  of  the  bard 
himself,)  the  relation  called  patronage  existed  between  the  nobil 
ity  and  gentry  on  one  side,  and  literary  people  on  the  other,  and 
gives  one  of  the  strongest  side-lights  to  the  general  coloring  of 
poems  and  poets.  It  crops  out  a  good  deal  in  Burns's  Letters, 
and  even  necessitated  a  certain  flunkeyism  on  occasions,  through 
life.  It  probably,  with  its  requirements,  (while  it  help'd  in 
money  and  countenance)  did  as  much  as  any  one  cause  in  making 
that  life  a  chafed  and  unhappy  one,  ended  by  a  premature  and 
miserable  death. 

Yes,  there  is  something  about  Burns  peculiarly  acceptable  to 
the  concrete,  human  points  of  view.  He  poetizes  work-a-day 
agricultural  labor  and  life,  (whose  spirit  and  sympathies,  as  well 
as  practicalities,  are  much  the  same  everywhere,)  and  treats  fresh, 
often  coarse,  natural  occurrences,  loves,  persons,  not  like  many 
new  and  some  old  poets  in  a  genteel  style  of  gilt  and  china,  or  at 
second  or  third  removes,  but  in  their  own  born  atmosphere, 
laughter,  sweat,  unction.  Perhaps  no  one  ever  sang  "  lads  and 
lasses" — that  universal  race,  mainly  the  same,  too,  all  ages,  all 
lands — down  on  ^their  own  plane,  as  he  has.  He  exhibits  no 
philosophy  worth  mentioning  ;  his  morality  is  hardly  more  than 


ROBERT  BURNS  AS  POET  AND  PERSON.  6 1 

parrot-talk — not.  bad  or  deficient,  buf  cheap,  shopworn,  the 
platitudes  of  old  aunts  and  uncles  to  the  youngsters  (be  good  boys 
and  keep  your  noses  clean.)  Only  when  he  gets  at  Poosie 
Nansie's,  celebrating  the  "barley  bree,"  or  among  tramps,  or 
democratic  bouts  and  drinking  generally, 

("Freedom  and  whiskey  gang  thegither,") 

we  have,  in  his  own  unmistakable  color  and  warmth,  those  inte 
riors  of  rake-helly  life  and  tavern  fun — the  cantabile  of  jolly  beg 
gars  in  highest  jinks — lights  and  groupings  of  rank  glee  and 
brawny  amorousness,  outvying  the  best  painted  pictures  of  the 
Dutch  school,  or  any  school. 

By  America  and  her  democracy  such  a  poet,  I  cannot  too  often 
repeat,  must  be  kept  in  loving  remembrance ;  but  it  is  best  that 
discriminations  be  made.  His  admirers  (as  at  those  anniversary 
suppers,  over  the  "hot  Scotch  ")  will  not  accept  for  their  favor 
ite  anything  less  than  the  highest  rank,  alongside  of  Homer, 
Shakspere,  etc.  Such,  in  candor,  are  not  the  true  friends  of  the 
Ayrshire  bard,  who  really  needs  a  different  place  quite  by  him 
self.  The  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey  express  courage,  craft,  full-grown 
heroism  in  situations  of  danger,  the  sense  of  command  and  leader 
ship,  emulation,  the  last  and  fullest  evolution  of  self-poise  as  in 
kings,  and  god-like  even  while  animal  appetites.  The  Shaks- 
perean  compositions,  on  vertebers  and  framework  of  the  primary 
passions,  portray  (essentially  the  same  as  Homer's,)  the  spirit  and 
letter  of  the  feudal  world,  the  Norman  lord,  ambitious  and  arro 
gant,  taller  and  nobler  than  common  men — with  much  underplay 
and  gusts  of  heat  and  cold,  volcanoes  and  stormy  seas.  Burns 
(and  some  will  say  to  his  credit)  attempts  none  of  these  themes. 
He  poetizes  the  humor,  riotous  blood,  sulks,  amorous  torments, 
fondness  for  the  tavern  and  for  cheap  objective  nature,  with  dis 
gust  at  the  grim  and  narrow  ecclesiasticism  of  his  time  and  land, 
of  a  young  farmer  on  a  bleak  and  hired  farm  in  Scotland,  through 
the  years  and  under  the  circumstances  of  the  British  politics  of 
that  time,  and  of  his  short  personal  career  as  author,  from  1783 
to  1796.  He  is  intuitive  and  affectionate,  and  just  emerged  or 
emerging  from  the  shackles  of  the  kirk,  from  poverty,  ignorance, 
and  from  his  own  rank  appetites — (out  of  which  latter,  however, 
he  never  extricated  himself.)  It  is  to  be  said  that  amid  not  a 
little  smoke  and  gas  in  his  poems,  there  is  in  almost  every  piece 
a  spark  of  fire,  and  now  and  then  the  real  afflatus.  He  has  been 
applauded  as  democratic,  and  with  some  warrant ;  while  Shak 
spere,  and  with  the  greatest  warrant,  has  been  called  monarchical 
or  aristocratic  (which  he  certainly  is.)  But  the  splendid  person- 


6 2  ROBERT  BURNS  AS  POET  AND  PERSON. 

alizations  of  Shakspere,  formulated  on  the  largest,  freest,  most 
heroic,  most  artistic  mould,  are  to  me  far  dearer  as  lessons,  and 
more  precious  even  as  models  for  Democracy,  than  the  humdrum 
samples  Burns  presents.  The  motives  of  some  of  his  effusions  are 
certainly  discreditable  personally — one  or  two  of  them  markedly 
so.  He  has,  moreover,  little  or  no  spirituality.  This  last  is  his 
mortal  flaw  and  defect,  tried  by  highest  standards.  The  ideal  he 
never  reach'd  (and  yet  I  think  he  leads  the  way  to  it.)  He  gives 
melodies,  and  now  and  then  the  simplest  and  sweetest  ones  ;  but 
harmonies,  complications,  oratorios  in  words,  never.  (I  do  not 
speak  this  in  any  deprecatory  sense.  Blessed  be  the  memory  of 
the  warm-hearted  Scotchman  for  what  he  has  left  us,  just  as  it  is!) 
He  likewise  did  not  know  himself,  in  more  ways  than  one. 
Though  so  really  free  and  independent,  he  prided  himself  in  his 
songs  on  being  a  reactionist  and  a  Jacobite — on  persistent  senti 
mental  adherency  to  the  cause  of  the  Stuarts — the  weakest,  thin 
nest,  most  faithless,  brainless  dynasty  that  ever  held  a  throne. 

Thus,  while  Burns  is  not  at  all  great  for  New  World  study,  in 
the  sense  that  Isaiah  and  Eschylus  and  the  book  of  Job  are  un 
questionably  great — is  not  to  be  mention'd  with  Shakspere — 
hardly  even  with  current  Tennyson  or  our  Emerson — lie  has  a 
nestling  niche  of  his  own,  all  fragrant,  fond,  and  quaint  and 
homely — a  lodge  built  near  but  outside  the  mighty  temple  of  the 
gods  of  song  and  art — those  universal  strivers,  through  their  works 
of  harmony  and  melody  and  power,  to  ever  show  or  intimate  man's 
crowning,  last,  victorious  fusion  in  himself  of  Real  and  Ideal. 
Precious,  too — fit  and  precious  beyond  all  singers,  high  or  low — 
will  Burns  ever  be  to  the  native  Scotch,  especially  to  the  working- 
classes  of  North  Britain  ;  so  intensely  one  of  them,  and  so  racy  of 
the  soil,  sights,  and  local  customs.  He  often  apostrophizes  Scot 
land,  and  is,  or  would  be,  enthusiastically  patriotic.  His  country 
has  lately  commemorated  him  in  a  statue.*  His  aim  is  declaredly 
to  be  '  a  Rustic  Bard.'  His  poems  were  all  written  in  youth  or 
young  manhood,  (he  was  little  more  than  a  young  man  when  he 

*  The  Dumfries  statue  of  Robert  Burns  was  successfully  unveil'd  April 
1 88 1  by  Lord  Roseberry,  the  occasion  having  been  made  national  in  its  char 
acter.  Before  the  ceremony,  a  large  procession  paraded  tht  streets  of  the 
town,  all  the  trades  and  societies  of  that  part  of  Scotland  being  represented,  at 
the  head  of  which  went  dairymen  and  ploughmen,  the  former  driving  their 
carts  and  being  accompanied  by  their  maids.  The  statue  is  of  Sicilian  marble. 
It  rests  on  a  pedestal  of  gray  stone  five  feet  high.  The  poet  is  represented  as 
sitting  easily  on  an  old  tree  root,  holding  in  his  left  hand  a  cluster  of  daisies. 
His  face  is  turn'd  toward  the  right  shoulder,  and  the  eyes  gaze  into  the  dis 
tance.  Near  by  lie  a  collie  dog,  a  broad  bonnet  half  covering  a  well-thumb'd 
song-book,  and  a  rustic  flageolet.  The  costume  is  taken  from  the  Nasmyth 
portrait,  which  has  been  follow'd  for  the  features  of  the  face. 


ROBERT  BURNS  AS  POET  AND  PERSON.  63- 

died.)  His  collected  works  in  giving  everything,  are  nearly  one 
half  first  drafts.  His  brightest  hit  is  his  use  of  the  Scotch  patois, 
so  full  of  terms  flavor' d  like  wild  fruits  or  berries.  Then  I  should 
make  an  allowance  to  Burns  which  cannot  be  made  for  any  other 
poet.  Curiously  even  the  frequent  crudeness,  haste,  deficiencies, 
(flatness  and  puerilities  by  no  means  absent)  prove  upon  the  whole 
not  out  of  keeping  in  any  comprehensive  collection  of  his  works, 
heroically  printed,  '  following  copy,'  every  piece,  every  line  ac 
cording  to  originals.  Other  poets  might  tremble  for  such  bold 
ness,  such  rawness.  In  '  this  odd-kind  chiel  '  such  points 
hardly  mar  the  rest.  Not  only  are  they  in  consonance  with  the 
underlying  spirit  of  the  pieces,  but  complete  the  full  abandon 
and  veracity  of  the  farm-fields  and  the  home-brew'd  flavor  of  the 
Scotch  vernacular.  (Is  there  not  often  something  in  the  very 
neglect,  unfinish,  careless  nudity,  slovenly  hiatus,  coming  from 
intrinsic  genius,  and  not  '  put  on,'  that  secretly  pleases  the  soul 
more  than  the  wrought  and  re-wrought  polish  of  the  most  per 
fect  verse?)  Mark  the  native  spice  and  untranslatable  twang  in 
the  very  names  of  his  songs — "O  for  ane  and  twenty,  Tarn," 
"John  Barleycorn,"  "Last  May  a  braw  Wooer,"  "  Rattlin 
roarin  Willie,"  "O  wert  thou  in  the  cauld,  cauld  blast,"  "Gude 
e'en  to  you,  Kimmer,"  "  Merry  hae  I  been  teething  a  Heckle," 
"  O  lay  thy  loof  in  mine,  lass,"  and  others. 

The  longer  and  more  elaborated  poems  of  Burns  are  just  such 
as  would  please  a  natural  but  homely  taste,  and  cute  but  average 
intellect,  and  are  inimitable  in  theirway.  The  "Twa  Dogs,"  (one 
of  the  best)  with  the  conversation  between  Cesar  and  Luath,  the 
"  Brigs  of  Ayr,"  "the  Cotter's  Saturday  Night,"  "  Tarn  O'Shan- 
ter  " — all  will  be  long  read  and  re-read  and  admired,  and  ever 
deserve  to  be.  With  nothing  profound  in  any  of  them,  what 
there  is  of  moral  and  plot  has  an  inimitably  fresh  and  racy  flavor. 
If  it  came  to  question,  Literature  could  well  afford  to  send  adrift 
many  a  pretensive  poem,  and  even  book  of  poems,  before  it  could 
spare  these  compositions. 

Never  indeed  was  there  truer  utterance  in  a  certain  range  of 
idiosyncracy  than  by  this  poet.  Hardly  a  piece  of  his,  large  or 
small,  but  has  "snap"  and  raciness.  He  puts  in  cantering  rhyme 
(often  doggerel)  much  cutting  irony  and  idiomatic  ear-cuffing  of 
the  kirk-deacons — drily  good-natured  addresses  to  his  cronies, 
(he  certainly  would  not  stop  us  if  he  were  here  this  moment, 
from  classing  that  "to  the  De'il"  among  them) — "toMailieand 
her  Lambs,"  "to  auld  Mare  Maggie,"  "to  a  Mouse," 

''  Wee,  sleekit,  cowrin,  tim'rous  beastie  :  " 
"to  a  Mountain  Daisy,"  "  to  a  Haggis,"  u  to  a  Louse,"  "to  the- 


64  ROBERT  BURNS  AS  POET  AND  PERSON. 

Toothache,"  etc. — and  occasionally  to  his  brother  bards  and  lady 
or  gentleman  patrons,  often  with  strokes  of  tenderest  sensibility, 
idiopathic  humor,  and  genuine  poetic  imagination — still  oftener 
with  shrewd,  original,  sheeny,  steel-flashes  of  wit,  home-spun 
sense,  or  lance-blade  puncturing.  Then,  strangely,  the  basis  of 
Burns's  character,  with  all  its  fun  and  manliness,  was  hypochon 
dria,  the  blues,  palpable  enough  in  "  Despondency,"  "Man  was 
made  to  Mourn,"  "  Address  to  Ruin,"  a  "Bard's  Epitaph,"  &c. 
From  such  deep-down  elements  sprout  up,  in  very  contrast  and 
paradox,  those  riant  utterances  of  which  a  superficial  reading  will 
not  detect  the  hidden  foundation.  Yet  nothing  is  clearer  to  me 
than  the  black  and  desperate  background  behind  those  pieces — as 
I  shall  now  specify  them.  I  find  his  most  characteristic,  Nature's 
masterly  touch  and  luxuriant  life-blood,  color  and  heat,  not  in 
^'Tam  O'Shanter,"  "the  Cotter's  Saturday  Night,"  "Scots who 
hae,"  "Highland  Mary,"  "the  Twa  Dogs,"  and  the  like,  but  in 
"the  Jolly  Beggars,"  "  Rigs  of  Barley,"  "Scotch  Drink,"  "the 
Epistle  to  John  Rankine,"  "Holy  Willie's  Prayer,"  and  in 
"Halloween,"  (to  say  nothing  of  a  certain  cluster,  known  still 
to  a  small  inner  circle  in  Scotland,  but,  for  good  reasons,  not 
published  anywhere.)  In  these  compositions,  especially  the  first, 
there  is  much  indelicacy  (some  editions  flatly  leave  it  out,)  but 
the  composer  reigns  alone,  with  handling  free  and  broad  and 
true,  and  is  an  artist.  You  may  see  and  feel  the  man  indirectly 
in  his  other  verses,  all  of  them,  with  more  or  less  life-likeness — 
but  these  I  have  named  last  call  out  pronouncedly  in  his  own 
voice, 

"  I,  Rob,  am  here." 

Finally,  in  any  summing-up  of  Burns,  though  so  much  is  to 
be  said  in  the  way  of  fault-finding,  drawing  black  marks,  and 
•doubtless  severe  literary  criticism — (in  the  present  outpouring  I 
have  '  kept  myself  in,'  rather  than  allow'd  any  free  flow) — after 
full  retrospect  of  his  works  and  life,  the  aforesaid  'odd-kind 
chiel  '  remains  to  my  heart  and  brain  as  almost  the  tenderest, 
manliest,  and  (even  if  contradictory)  dearest  flesh-and-blood 
figure  in  all  the  streams  and  clusters  of  by-gone  poets. 


A  WORD  ABOUT  TENNYSON. 

BEAUTIFUL  as  the  song  was,  the  original  '  Locksley  Hall '  of 
half  a  century  ago  was  essentially  morbid,  heart-broken,  finding 
fault  with  everything,  especially  the  fact  of  money's  being  made 
-(as  it  ever  must  be,  and  perhaps  should  be)  the  paramount  matter 
in  worldly  affairs ; 

Every  door  is  barr'd  v/ith  gold,  and  opens  but  to  golden  keys. 
First,  a  father,  having  fallen  in  battle,  his  child  (the  singer) 
Was  left  a  trampled  orphan,  and  a  selfish  uncle's  ward. 

Of  course  love  ensues.  The  woman  in  the  chant  or  monologue 
proves  a  false  one  ;  and  as  far  as  appears  the  ideal  of  woman,  in 
the  poet's  reflections,  is  a  false  one — at  any  rate  for  America. 
Woman  is  not  'the  lesser  man.'  (The  heart  is  not  the  brain.) 
The  best  of  the  piece  of  fifty  years  since  is  its  concluding  line  : 

For  the  mighty  wind  arises  roaring  seaward  and  I  go. 

Then  for  this  current  1886-7,  a  just-out  sequel,  which  (as  an 
apparently  authentic  summary  says)  '  reviews  the  life  of  mankind 
during  the  past  sixty  years,  and  comes  to  the  conclusion  that 
its  boasted  progress  is  of  doubtful  credit  to  the  world  in  general 
and  to  England  in  particular.  A  cynical  vein  of  denunciation 
of  democratic  opinions  and  aspirations  runs  throughout  the 
poem  in  mark'd  contrast  with  the  spirit  of  the  poet's  youth.' 
Among  the  most  striking  lines  of  this  sequel  are  the  following  : 

Envy  wears  the  mask  of  love,  and,  laughing  sober  fact  to  scorn, 
•Cries  to  weakest  as  to  strongest,  '  Ye  are  equals,  equal  born,' 
Equal-born  !     Oh  yes,  if  yonder  hill  be  level  with  the  flat. 
Charm  us,  orator,  till  the  lion  look  no  larger  than  the  cat : 
Till  the  cat,  through  that  mirage  of  overheated  language,  loom 
Larger  than  the  lion  Demo — end  in  working  its  own  doom. 
Tumble  Nature  heel  o'er  head,  and,  yelling  with  the  yelling  street, 
Set  the  feet  above  the  brain,  and  swear  the  brain  is  in  the  feet. 
Bring  the  old  dark  ages  back,  without  the  faith,  without  the  hope 
.Beneath   the  Slate,  the  Church,  the  Throne,  and  roll  their  ruins  down  the 
slope. 

5  (65) 


66  A    WORD  ABOUT  TENNYSON. 

I  should  say  that  all  this  is  a  legitimate  consequence  of  the  tone- 
and  convictions  of  the  earlier  standards  and   points  of  view. 
Then  some  reflections,  down  to  the  hard-pan   of  this  sort   of 
thing. 

The  course  of  progressive  politics  (democracy)  is  so  certain 
and  resistless,  not  only  in  America  but  in  Europe,  that  we  can 
well  afford  the  warning  calls,  threats,  checks,  neutralizings,  in 
imaginative  literature,  or  any  department,  of  such  deep-sounding 
and  high-soaring  voices  as  Carlyle's  and  Tennyson's.  Nay,  the 
blindness,  excesses,  of  the  prevalent  tendency — the  dangers  of 
the  urgent  trends  of  our  times — in  my  opinion,  need  such  voices 
almost  more  than  any.  I  should,  too,  call  it  a  signal  instance 
of  democratic  humanity's  luck  that  it  has  such  enemies  to  con 
tend  with — so  candid,  so  fervid,  so  heroic.  But  why  do  I  say 
enemies?  Upon  the  whole  is  not  Tennyson — and  was  not  Car- 
lyle  (like  an  honest  and  stern  physician) — the  true  friend  of  our 
age? 

Let  me  assume  to  pass  verdict,  or  perhaps  momentary  judg 
ment,  for  the  United  States  on  this  poet — a  remov'd  and  dis 
tant  position  giving  some  advantages  over  a  nigh  one.  What  is- 
Tennyson's  service  to  his  race,  times,  and  especially  to  Amer 
ica?  First,  I  should  say — or  at  least  not  forget — his  personal 
character.  He  is  not  to  be  mention'd  as  a  rugged,  evolutionary, 
aboriginal  force — but  (and  a  great  lesson  is  in  it)  he  has  been 
consistent  throughout  with  the  native,  healthy,  patriotic  spinal 
element  and  promptings  of  himself.  His  moral  line  is  local  and 
conventional,  but  it  is  vital  and  genuine.  He  reflects  the  upper- 
crust  of  his  time,  its  pale  cast  of  thought — even  its  ennui.  Then 
the  simile  of  my  friend  John  Burroughs  is  entirely  true,  '  his 
glove  is  a  glove  of  silk,  but  the  hand  is  a  hand  of  iron.'  He 
shows  how  one  can  be  a  royal  laureate,  quite  elegant  and  '  aris 
tocratic,'  and  a  little  queer  and  affected,  and  at  the  same  time 
perfectly  manly  and  natural.  As  to  his  non-democracy,  it  fits 
him  well,  and  I  like  him  the  better  for  it.  I  guess  we  all  like  to- 
have  (I  am  sure  I  do)  some  one  who  presents  those  sides  of  a 
thought,  or  possibility,  different  from  our  own — different  and 
yet  with  a  sort  of  home-likeness — a  tartness  and  contradiction 
offsetting  the  theory  as  we  view  it,  and  construed  from  tastes 
and  proclivities  not  at  all  his  own. 

To  me,  Tennyson  shows  more  than  any  poet  I  know  (perhaps 
has  been  a  warning  to  me)  how  much  there  is  in  finest  verbal 
ism.  There  is  such  a  latent  charm  in  mere  words,  cunning  col- 
locutions,  and  in  the  voice  ringing  them,  which  he  has  caught 
and  brought  out,  beyond  all  others — as  in  the  line, 
And  hollow,  hollow,  hollow,  all  delight, 


A    WORD  ABOUT   TENNYSON.  67 

in  'The  Passing  of  Arthur,'  and  evidenced  in  'The  Lady  of 
Shalott,'  '  The  Deserted  House,'  and  many  other  pieces. 
Among  the  best  (I  often  linger  over  them  again  and  again)  are 
'Lucretius,'  '  The  Lotos  Eaters,'  and  'The  Northern  Farmer.' 
His  mannerism  is  great,  but  it  is  a  noble  and  welcome  man 
nerism.  His  very  best  work,  to  me,  is  contain'd  in  the  books 
of  '  The  Idyls  of  the  King,'  and  all  that  has  grown  out  of  them. 
Though  indeed  we  could  spare  nothing  of  Tennyson,  however 
small  or  however  peculiar — not  '  Break,  Break,'  nor  '  Flower  in 
the  Crannied  Wall,'  nor  the  old,  eternally-told  passion  of  '  Ed 
ward  Gray  :  ' 

Love  may  come  and  love  may  go, 
And  fly  like  a  bird  from  tree  to  tree. 

But  I  will  love  no  more,  no  more 
Till  Ellen  Adair  come  back  to  me. 

Yes,  Alfred  Tennyson's  is  a  superb  character,  and  will  help 
give  illustriousness,  through  the  long  roll  of  time,  to  our  Nine 
teenth  Century.  In  its  bunch  of  orbic  names,  shining  like  a 
constellation  of  stars,  his  will  be  one  of  the  brightest.  His  very 
faults,  doubts,  swervings,  doublings  upon  himself,  have  been 
typical  of  our  age.  We  are  like  the  voyagers  of  a  ship,  casting 
off  for  new  seas,  distant  shores.  We  would  still  dwell  in  the  old 
suffocating  and  dead  haunts,  remembering  and  magnifying  their 
pleasant  experiences  only,  and  more  than  once  impell'd  to  jump 
ashore  before  it  is  too  late,  and  stay  where  our  fathers  stay'd, 
and  live  as  they  lived. 

May-be  I  am  non-literary  and  non-decorous  (let  me  at  least 
be  human,  and  pay  part  of  my  debt)  in  this  word  about  Tenny 
son.  I  want  him  to  realize  that  here  is  a  great  and  ardent  Na 
tion  that  absorbs  his  songs,  and  has  a  respect  and  affection  for 
him  personally,  as  almost  for  no  other  foreigner.  I  want  this 
word  to  go  to  the  old  man  at  Farringford  as  conveying  no  more 
than  the  simple  truth  ;  and  that  truth  (a  little  Christmas  gift) 
no  slight  one  either.  I  have  written  impromptu,  and  shall  let  it 
all  go  at  that.  The  readers  of  more  than  fifty  millions  of  people 
in  the  New  World  not  only  owe  to  him  some  of  their  most 
agreeable  and  harmless  and  healthy  hours,  but  he  has  enler'd 
into  the  formative  influences  of  character  here,-  not  only  in  the 
Atlantic  cities,  but  inland  and  far  West,  out  in  Missouri,  in 
Kansas,  and  away  in  Oregon,  in  farmer's  house  and  miner's 
cabin. 

Best  thanks,  anyhow,  to  Alfred  Tennyson — thanks  and  appre 
ciation  in  America's  name. 


SLANG  IN  AMERICA. 

VIEW'D  freely,  the  English  language  is  the  accretion  and 
growth  of  every  dialect,  race,  and  range  of  time,  and  is  both  the 
free  and  compacted  composition  of  all.  From  this  point  of 
view,  it  stands  for  Language  in  the  largest  sense,  and  is  really 
the  greatest  of  studies.  It  involves  so  much ;  is  indeed  a  sort 
of  universal  absorber,  combiner,  and  conqueror.  The  scope  of 
its  etymologies  is  the  scope  not  only  of  man  and  civilization,  but 
the  history  of  Nature  in  all  departments,  and  of  the  organic 
Universe,  brought  up  to  date ;  for  all  are  comprehended  in 
words,  and  their  backgrounds.  This  is  when  words  become  vi- 
taliz'd,  and  stand  for  things,  as  they  unerringly  and  soon  come 
to  do,  in  the  mind  that  enters  on  their  study  with  fitting  spirit, 
grasp,  and  appreciation. 

Slang,  profoundly  consider'd,  is  the  lawless  germinal  element, 
below  all  words  and  sentences,  and  behind  all  poetry,  and  proves 
a  certain  perennial  rankness  and  protestantism  in  speech!  As 
the  United  States  inherit  by  far  their  most  precious  possession — 
the  language  they  talk  and  write — from  the  Old  World,  under 
and  out  of  its  feudal  institutes,  I  will  allow  myself  to  borrow  a 
simile  even  of  those  forms  farthest  removed  from  American  De 
mocracy.  Considering  Language  then  as  some  mighty  potentate, 
into  the  majestic  audience-hall  of  the  monarch  ever  enters  a  per 
sonage  like  one  of  Shakspere's  clowns,  and  takes  position  there, 
and  plays  a  part  even  in  the  stateliest  ceremonies.  Such  is  Slang, 
or  indirection,  an  attempt  of  common  humanity  to  escape  from 
bald  literalism,  and  express  itself  inimitably,  which  in  highest 
walks  produces  poets  and  poems,  and  doubtless  in  pre-historic 
times  gave  the  start  to,  and  perfected,  the  whole  immense  tan 
gle  of  the  old  mythologies.  For,  curious  as  it  may  appear,  it  is 
strictly  the  same  impulse-source,  the  same  thing.  Slang,  too,  is 
the  wholesome  fermentation  or  eructation  of  those  processes 
eternally  active  in  language,  by  which  froth  and  specks  are 
thrown  up,  mostly  to  pass  away ;  though  occasionally  to  settle 
and  permanently  chrystallize. 

To  make  it  plainer,  it  is  certain  thai  many  of  the  oldest  and 

solidest  words  we  use,  were  originally  generated  from  the  daring 

and  license  of  slang.    In  the  processes  of  word-formation,  myriads 

die,  but  here  and  there  the  attempt  attracts  superior  meanings, 

(68) 


SLANG  IN  AMERICA.  69 

becomes  valuable  and  indispensable,  and  lives  forever.  Thus  the 
term  right  means  literally  only  straight.  Wrong  primarily  meant 
twisted,  distorted.  Integrity  meant  oneness.  Spirit  meant 
breath,  or  flame.  A  supercilious  person  was  one  who  rais'd  his 
eyebrows.  To  insult  was  to  leap  against.  If  you  influenc* d  a  man, 
you  but  flow'd  into  him.  The  Hebrew  word  which  is  translated 
prophesy  meant  to  bubble  up  and  pour  forth  as  a  fountain.  The 
enthusiast  bubbles  up  with  the  Spirit  of  God  within  him,  and  it 
pours  forth  from  him  like  a  fountain.  The  word  prophecy  is 
misunderstood.  Many  suppose  that  it  is  limited  to  mere  pre 
diction  ;  that  is  but  the  lesser  portion  of  prophecy.  The  greater 
work  is  to  reveal  God.  Every  true  religious  enthusiast  is  a 
prophet. 

Language,  be  it  remember'd,  is  not  an  abstract  construction  of 
the  learn'd,  or  of  dictionary-makers,  but  is  something  arising  out 
of  the  work,  needs,  ties,  joys,  affections,  tastes,  of  long  genera 
tions  of  humanity,  and  has  its  bases  broad  and  low,  close  to  the 
ground.  Its  final  decisions  are  made  by  the  masses,  people  nearest 
the  concrete,  having  most  to  do  with  actual  land  and  sea.  It  im- 
permeates  all,  the  Past  as  well  as  the  Present,  and  is  the  grandest 
triumph  of  the  human  intellect.  "Those  mighty  works  of  art," 
says  Addington  Symonds,  "which  we  call  languages,  in  the  con 
struction  of  which  whole  peoples  unconsciously  co-operated,  the 
forms  of  which  were  determin'd  not  by  individual  genius,  but  by 
the  instincts  of  successive  generations,  acting  to  one  end,  inherent 
in  the  nature  of  the  race — Those  poems  of  pure  thought  and 
fancy,  cadenced  not  in  words,  but  in  living  imagery,  fountain- 
heads  of  inspiration,  mirrors  of  the  mind  of  nascent  nations, 
which  we  call  Mythologies — these  surely  are  more  marvellous  in 
their  infantine  spontaneity  than  any  more  mature  production 
of  the  races  which  evolv'd  them.  Yet  we  are  utterly  ignorant 
of  their  embryology  ;  the  true  science  of  Origins  is  yet  in  its 
cradle." 

Daring  as  it  is  to  say  so,  in  the  growth  of  Language  it  is  cer 
tain  that  the  retrospect  of  slang  from  the  start  would  be  the  re 
calling  from  their  nebulous  conditions  of  all  that  is  poetical  in  the 
stores  of  human  utterance.  Moreover,  the  honest  delving,  as  of 
late  years,  by  the  German  and  British  workers  in  comparative 
philology,  has  pierc'd  and  dispers'd  many  of  the  falsest  bubbles 
of  centuries ;  and  will  disperse  many  more.  It  was  long  re 
corded  that  in  Scandinavian  mythology  the  heroes  in  the  Norse 
Paradise  drank  out  of  the  skulls  of  their  slain  enemies.  Later  in 
vestigation  proves  the  word  taken  for  skulls  to  mean  horns  of  beasts 
slain  in  the  hunt.  And  what  reader  had  not  been  exercis'd  over 
the  traces  of  that  feudal  custom,  by  which  seigneurs  warm'd 


>j0  SLANG  IN  AMERICA. 

their  feet  in  the  bowels  of  serfs,  the  abdomen  being  open'd  for 
the  purpose  ?  It  now  is  made  to  appear  that  the  serf  was  only 
required  to  submit  his  unharm'd  abdomen  as  a  foot  cushion  while 
his  lord  supp'd,  and  was  required  to  chafe  the  legs  of  the  seigneur 
with  his  hands. 

It  is  curiously  in  embryons  and  childhood,  and  among  the 
illiterate,  we  always  find  the  groundwork  and  start,  of  this  great 
science,  and  its  noblest  products.  What  a  relief  most  people 
have  in  speaking  of  a  man  not  by  his  true  and  formal  name,  with 
a  "  Mister"  to  it,  but  by  some  odd  or  homely  appellative.  The 
propensity  to  approach  a  meaning  not  directly  and  squarely,  but 
by  circuitous  styles  of  expression,  seems  indeed  a  born  quality  of 
the  common  people  everywhere,  evidenced  by  nick-names,  and  the 
inveterate  determination  of  the  masses  to  bestow  sub-titles,  some 
times  ridiculous,  sometimes  very  apt.  Always  among  the  soldiers 
during  the  Secession  War,  one  heard  of  "Little  Mac"  (Gen. 
McClellan),  or  of  "  Uncle  Billy  "  (Gen.  Sherman.)  "  The  old 
man  "  was,  of  course,  very  common.  Among  the  rank  and  file, 
both  armies,  it  was  very  general  to  speak  of  the  different  States 
they  came  from  by  their  slang  names.  Those  from  Maine  were 
call'd  Foxes;  New  Hampshire,  Granite  Boys;  Massachusetts, 
Bay  Staters ;  Vermont,  Green  Mountain  Boys ;  Rhode  Island, 
Gun  Flints;  Connecticut,  Wooden  Nutmegs;  New  York,  Knic 
kerbockers  ;  New  Jersey,  Clam  Catchers ;  Pennsylvania,  Logher 
Heads  ;  Delaware,  Muskrats  ;  Maryland,  Claw  Thumpers  ;  Vir 
ginia,  Beagles;  North  Carolina,  Tar  Boilers;  South  Carolina, 
Weasels  ;  Georgia,  Buzzards  ;  Louisiana,  Creoles  ;  Alabama,  Liz- 
zards ;  Kentucky,  Corn  Crackers;  Ohio,  Buckeyes;  Michigan, 
Wolverines;  Indiana,  Hoosiers;  Illinois,  Suckers;  Missouri, 
Pukes;  Mississippi,  Tad  Poles;  Florida,  Fly  up  the  Creeks; 
Wisconsin,  Badgers;  Iowa,  Hawkeyes;  Oregon,  Hard  Cases.  In 
deed  I  am  not  sure  but  slang  names  have  more  than  once  made 
Presidents.  "Old  Hickory,"  (Gen.  Jackson)  is  one  case  in 
point.  "  Tippecanoe,  and  Tyler  too,"  another. 

I  find  the  same  rule  in  the  people's  conversations  everywhere. 
I  heard  this  among  the  men  of  the  city  horse-cars,  where  the  con 
ductor  is  often  call'd  a  "  snatcher  "  (i.  e.  because  his  characteris 
tic  duty  is  to  constantly  pull  or  snatch  the  bell-strap,  to  stop  or  go 
on.)  Two  young  fellows  are  having  a  friendly  talk,  amid 
which,  says  ist  conductor,  "  What  did  you  do  before  you  was  a 
snatcher?"  Answer  of  2d  conductor,  "Nail'd."  (Translation 
of  answer:  "I  work'd  as  carpenter.")  What  is  a  "  boom  "?  says 
one  editor  to  another.  "  Esteem 'd  contemporary,"  says  the  other, 
"a  boom  is  a  bulge."  ""Barefoot  whiskey"  is  the  Tennessee  name 
for  the  undiluted  stimulant.  In  the  slang  of  the  New  York  com- 


SLANG  IN  AMERICA.  ?I 

nnon  restaurant  waiters  a  plate  of  ham  and  beans  is  known  as 
'"stars  and  stripes,"  codfish  balls  as  "sleeve-buttons,"  and  hash 
as  "  mystery." 

The  Western  States  of  the  Union  are,  however,  as  may  be  sup 
posed,  the  special  areas  of  slang,  not  only  in  conversation,  but  in 
names  of  localities,  towns,  rivers,  etc.  A  late  Oregon  traveller 
says : 

"  On  your  way  to  Olympia  by  rail,  you  cross  a  river  called  the  Shookum- 
Chuck  ;  your  train  stops  at  places  named  Newaukum,  Tumwater,  and  Toutle  ; 
and  if  you  seek  further  you  will  hear  of  whole  counties  labell'd  Wahkiakum, 
or  Snohomish,  or  Kitsar,  or  Klikatat;  and  Cowlitz,  Hookium,  and  Nenolelops 
greet  and  offend  you.  They  complain  in  Olympia  that  Washington  Territory 
gets  but  little  immigration  ;  but  what  wonder?  What  man,  having  the  whole 
American  continent  to  choose  from,  would  willingly  dale  his  letters  from  the 
county  of  Snohomish  or  bring  up  his  children  in  the  city  of  Nenolelops  ?  The 
village  of  Tumwater  is,  as  I  am  ready  to  bear  witness,  very  pretty  indeed  ;  but 
surely  an  emigrant  would  think  twice  before  he  establish'd  himself  either  there 
or  at  Toutle.  Seattle  is  sufficiently  barbarous ;  Stelicoom  is  no  better ;  and  I 
suspect  that  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  terminus  has  been  fixed  at  Tacoma 
because  it  is  one  of  the  few  places  on  Puget  Sound  whose  name  does  not  in 
spire  horror." 

Then  a  Nevada  paper  chronicles  the  departure  of  a  mining 
party  from  Reno:  "The  toughest  set  of  roosters  that  ever  shook 
the  dust  off  any  town  left  Reno  yesterday  for  the  new  mining  dis 
trict  of  Cornucopia.  They  came  here  from  Virginia.  Among 
the  crowd  were  four  New  York  cock-fighters,  two  Chicago  mur 
derers,  three  Baltimore  bruisers,  one  Philadelphia  prize-fighter, 
four  San  Francisco  hoodlums, 'three  Virginia  beats,  two  Union 
Pacific  roughs,  and  two  check  guerrillas."  Among  the  far-west 
newspapers,  have  been,  or  are,  The  Fairplay  (Colorado)  Flume, 
The  Solid  Muldoon,  of  Ouray,  The  Tombstone  Epitaph,  of 
Nevada,  The  Jimplecute,  of  Texas,  and  The  Bazoo,  of  Missouri. 
Shirttail  Bend,  Whiskey  Flat,  Puppytown,  Wild  Yankee  Ranch, 
Squaw  Flat,  Rawhide  Ranch,  Loafer's  Ravine,  Squitch  Gulch, 
Toenail  Lake,  are  a  few  of  the  names  of  places  in  Butte  county, 
Cal. 

Perhaps  indeed  no  place  or  term  gives  more  luxuriant  illustra 
tions  of  the  fermentation  processes  I  have  mention'd,  and  their 
froth  and  specks,  than  those  Mississippi  and  Pacific  coast  regions, 
.at  the  present  day.  Hasty  and  grotesque  as  are  some  of  the 
names,  others  are  of  an  appropriateness  and  originality  unsur 
passable.  This  applies  to  the  Indian  words,  which  are,  often 
perfect.  Oklahoma  is  proposed  in  Congress  for  the  name  of  one 
of  our  new  Territories.  Hog-eye,  Lick-skillet,  Rake-pocket  and 
Steal-easy  are  the  names  of  some  Texan  towns.  Miss  Bremer 
found  among  the  aborigines  the  following  names :  Men' s,  Horn- 


72  SLANG  IN  AMERICA. 

point;  Round-Wind;  Stand-and-look-out;  The-Cloud-that-goes- 
aside;  Iron-toe;  Seek-the-sun  ;  Iron-flash;  Red-bottle;  White- 
spindle  ;  Black-dog  ;  Two-feathers-of-honor  ;  Gray-grass  ;  Bushy- 
tail  ;  Thunder-face  ;  Go-on-the-burning-sod  ;  Spirits-of-the-dead. 
Women" 's,  Keep-the-fire  ;  Spiritual-woman  ;  Second-daughter-of- 
the-house  ;  Blue-bird. 

Certainly  philologists  have  not  given  enough  attention  to  this 
element  and  its  results,  which,  I  repeat,  can  probably  be  found 
working  every  where  to-day,  amid  modern  conditions,  with  as 
much  life  and  activity  as  in  far-back  Greece  or  India,  under  pre 
historic  ones.  Then  the  wit — the  rich  flashes  of  humor  and 
genius  and  poetry — darting  out  often  from  a  gang  of  laborers, 
railroad-men,  miners,  drivers  or  boatmen  !  How  often  have  I 
hover'd  at  the  edge  of  a  crowd  of  them,  to  hear  their  repartees 
and  impromptus  !  You  get  more  real  fun  from  half  an  hour 
with  them  than  from  the  books  of  all  "  the  American  humorists." 

The  science  of  language  has  large  and  close  analogies  in  geo 
logical  science,  with  its  ceaseless  evolution,  its  fossils,  and  its 
numberless  submerged  layers  and  hidden  strata,  the  infinite  go- 
before  of  the  present.  Or,  perhaps  Language  is  more  like  some 
vast  living  body,  or  perennial  body  of  bodies.  And  slang  not 
only  brings  the  first  feeders  of  it,  but  is  afterward  the  start  of 
fancy,  imagination  and  humor,  breathing  into  its  nostrils  the 
breath  of  life. 


AN  INDIAN  BUREAU  REMIN 
ISCENCE. 

AFTER  the  close  of  the  Secession  War  in  1865,  I  work'd  sev 
eral  months  (until  Mr.  Harlan  turn'd  me  out  for  having  written 
"Leaves  of  Grass")  in  the  Interior  Department  at  Washington, 
in  the  Indian  Bureau.  Along  this  time  there  came  to  see  their 
Great  Father  an  unusual  number  of  aboriginal  visitors,  delegations 
for  treaties,  settlement  of  lands,  &c. — some  young  or  middle- 
aged,  but  mainly  old  men,  from  the  West,  North,  and  occasion 
ally  from  the  South — parties  of  from  five  to  twenty  each — the 
most  wonderful  proofs  of  what  Nature  can  produce,  (the  survival 
of  the  fittest,  no  doubt — all  the  frailer  samples  dropt,  sorted  out 
by  death) — as  if  to  show  how  the  earth  and  woods,  the  attrition 
of  storms  and  elements,  and  the  exigencies  of  life  at  first  hand, 
can  train  and  fashion  men,  indeed  chiefs,  in  heroic  massiveness, 
imperturbability,  muscle,  and  that  last  and  highest  beauty  con 
sisting  of  strength — the  full  exploitation  and  fruitage  of  a  human 
identity,  not  from  the  culmination-points  of  "  culture"  and  arti 
ficial  civilization,  but  tallying  our  race,  as  it  were,  with  giant, 
vital,  gnarl'd,  enduring  trees,  or  monoliths  of  separate  hardiest 
rocks,  and  humanity  holding  its  own  with  the  best  of  the  said 
trees  or  rocks,  and  outdoing  them. 

There  were  Omahas,  Poncas,  Winnebagoes,  Cheyennes,  Na- 
vahos,  Apaches,  and  many  others.  Let  me  give  a  running  ac 
count  of  what  I  see  and  hear  through  one  of  these  conference 
collections  at  the  Indian  Bureau,  going  back  to  the  present  tense. 
Every  head  and  face  is  impressive,  even  artistic  ;  Nature  redeems, 
herself  out  of  her  crudest  recesses.  Most  have  red  paint  on  their 
cheeks,  however,  or  some  other  paint.  ("  Little  Hill  "  makes  the 
opening  speech,  which  the  interpreter  translates  by  scraps.) 
Many  wear  head  tires  of  gaudy-color'd  braid,  wound  around 
thickly — some  with  circlets  of  eagles'  feathers.  Necklaces  of 
bears'  claws  are  plenty  around  their  necks.  Most  of  the  chiefs 
are  wrapt  in  large  blankets  of  the  brightest  scarlet.  Two  or  three 
have  blue,  and  I  see  one  black.  (A  wise  man  call'd  "the 
Flesh"  now  makes  a  short  speech,  apparently  asking  something. 
Indian  Commissioner  Dole  answers  him,  and  the  interpreter 
translates  in  scraps  again.)  All  the  principal  chiefs  have  toma- 

(73) 


•74  -AN  INDIAN  BUREAU  REMINISCENCE. 

hawks  or  hatchets,  some  of  them  very  richly  ornamented  and 
costly.  Plaid  shirts  are  to  be  observ'd — none  too  clean.  Now 
a  tall  fellow,  "Hole-in-the-Day,"  is  speaking.  He  has  a  copious 
head-dress  composed  of  feathers  and  narrow  ribbon,  under  which 
appears  a  countenance  painted  all  over  a  bilious  yellow.  Let  us 
note  this  young  chief.  For  all  his  paint,  "  Hole-in-the-Day"  is 
a  handsome  Indian,  mild  and  calm,  dress'd  in  drab  buckskin  leg 
gings,  dark  gray  surtout,  and  a  soft  black  hat.  His  costume  will 
bear  full  observation,  and  even  fashion  would  accept  him.  His 
apparel  is  worn  loose  and  scant  enough  to  show  his  superb 
physique,  especially  in  neck,  chest,  and  legs.  ("The  Apollo 
Belvidere  !"  was  the  involuntary  exclamation  of  a  famous  Euro 
pean  artist  when  he  first  saw  a  full-grown  young  Choctaw.) 

One  of  the  red  visitors — a  wild,  lean-looking  Indian,  the  one 
in  the  black  woolen  wrapper — has  an  empty  buffalo  head,  with 
the  horns  on,  for  his  personal  surmounting.  I  see  a  markedly 
Bourbonish  countenance  among  the  chiefs — (it  is  not  very  un 
common  among  them,  I  am  told.)  Most  of  them  avoided  rest 
ing  on  chairs  during  the  hour  of  their  "talk"  in  the  Commis 
sioner's  office  ;  they  would  sit  around  on  the  floor,  leaning  against 
something,  or  stand  up  by  the  walls,  partially  wrapt  in  their 
blankets.  Though  some  of  the  young  fellows  were,  as  I  have  said, 
magnificent  and  beautiful  animals,  I  think  the  palm  of  unique 
picturesqueness,  in  body,  limb,  physiognomy,  etc.,  was  borne  by 
the  old  or  elderly  chiefs,  and  the  wise  men. 

My  here-alluded-to  experience  in  the  Indian  Bureau  produced 
one  very  definite  conviction,  as  follows :  There  is  something 
about  these  aboriginal  Americans,  in  their  highest  characteristic 
representations,  essential  traits,  and  the  ensemble  of  their  physique 
and  physiognomy — something  very  remote,  very  lofty,  arousing 
comparisons  with  our  own  civilized  ideals — something  that  our 
literature,  portrait  painting,  etc.,  have  never  caught,  and  that  will 
almost  certainly  never  be  transmitted  to  the  future,  even  as  a  re 
miniscence.  No  biographer,  no  historian,  no  artist,  has  grasp'd 
it — perhaps  could  not  grasp  it.  It  is  so  different,  so  far  outside 
our  standards  of  eminent  humanity.  Their  feathers,  paint — even 
the  empty  buffalo  skull — did  not,  to  say  the  least,  seem  any  more 
ludicrous  to  me  than  many  of  the  fashions  I  have  seen  in  civilized 
society.  I  should  not  apply  the  word  savage  (at  any  rate,  in  the 
usual  sense)  as  a  leading  word  in  the  description  of  those  great 
aboriginal  specimens,  of  whom  I  certainly  saw  many  of  the  best. 
There  were  moments,  as  I  look'd  at  them  or  studied  them,  when 
our  own  exemplification  of  personality,  dignity,  heroic  presenta 
tion  anyhow  (as  in  the  conventions  of  society,  or  even  in  the  ac 
cepted  poems  and  plays,)  seem'd  sickly,  puny,  inferior. 


AN  INDIAN  BUREAU  REMINISCENCE. 


75 


The  interpreters,  agents  of  the  Indian  Department,  or  other 
whites  accompanying  the  bands,  in  positions  of  responsibility, 
were  always  interesting  to  me ;  I  had  many  talks  with  them. 
Occasionally  I  would  go  to  the  hotels  where  the  bands  were  quar- 
ter'd,  and  spend  an  hour  or  two  informally.  Of  course  we  could 
not  have  much  conversation — though  (through  the  interpreters) 
more  of  this  than  might  be  supposed — sometimes  quite  animated 
and  significant.  I  had  the  good  luck  to  be  invariably  receiv'd 
and  treated  by  all  of  them  in  their  most  cordial  manner. 


[Letter  to  W.  W.  from  an  artist,  B.  H.,  who  has  been  much  among  the 
American  Indians:] 

"I  have  just  receiv'd  your  little  paper  on  the  Indian  delega 
tions.  In  the  fourth  paragraph  you  say  that  there  is  something 
about  the  essential  traits  of  our  aborigines  which  '  will  almost 
certainly  never  be  transmitted  to  the  future.'  If  I  am  so  for 
tunate  as  to  regain  my  health  I  hope  to  weaken  the  force  of  that 
statement,  at  least  in  so  far  as  my  talent  and  training  will  per 
mit.  I  intend  to  spend  some  years  among  them,  and  shall  en 
deavor  to  perpetuate  on  canvas  some  of  the  finer  types,  both  men 
and  women,  and  some  of  the  characteristic  features  of  their  life. 
It  will  certainly  be  well  worth  the  while.  My  artistic  enthusiasm 
was  never  so  thoroughly  stirr'd  up  as  by  the  Indians.  They  cer 
tainly  have  more  of  beauty,  dignity  and  nobility  mingled  with 
their  own  wild  individuality,  than  any  of  the  other  indigenous 
types  of  man.  Neither  black  nor  Afghan,  Arab  nor  Malay  (and 
I  know  them  all  pretty  well)  can  hold  a  candle  to  the  Indian. 
All  of  the  other  aboriginal  types  seem  to  be  more  or  less  dis 
torted  from  the  model  of  perfect  human  form — as  we  know  it — 
the  blacks,  thin-hipped,  with  bulbous  limbs,  not  well  mark'd  ; 
the  Arabs  large-jointed,  &c.  But  I  have  seen  many  a  young  In 
dian  as  perfect  in  form  and  feature  as  a  Greek  statue — very  dif 
ferent  from  a  Greek  statue,  of  course,  but  as  satisfying  to  the 
artistic  perceptions  and  demand. 

"And  the  worst,  or  perhaps  the  best  of  it  all  is  that  it  will  re 
quire  an  artist — and  a  good  one — to  record  the  real  facts  and 
impressions.  Ten  thousand  photographs  would  not  have  the 
value  of  one  really  finely  felt  painting.  Color  is  all-important. 
No  one  but  an  artist  knows  how  much.  An  Indian  is  only  half 
an  Indian  without  the  blue-black  hair  and  the  brilliant  eyes  shin 
ing  out  of  the  wonderful  dusky  ochre  and  rose  complexion." 


SOME  DIARY  NOTES  AT 
RANDOM. 

NEGRO  SLAVES  IN  NEW  YORK. — I  can  myself  almost  remember 
negro  slaves  in  New  York  State,  as  my  grandfather  and  great 
grandfather  (at  West  Hills,  Suffolk  County,  New  York)  own'd  a 
number.  The  hard  labor  of  the  farm  was  mostly  done  by  them, 
and  on  the  floor  of  the  big  kitchen,  toward  sundown,  would  be 
squatting  a  circle  of  twelve  or  fourteen  "pickaninnies,"  eating 
their  supper  of  pudding  (Indian  corn  mush)  and  milk.  A  friend 
of  my  grandfather,  named  Wortman,  of  Oyster  Bay,  died  in 
1 8 10,  leaving  ten  slaves.  Jeanette  Treadwell,  the  last  of  them, 
died  suddenly  in  Flushing  last  Summer  (1884,)  at  the  age  of 
ninety-four  years.  I  remember  "old  Mose,"  one  of  the  liberated 
West  Hills  slaves,  well.  He  was  very  genial,  correct,  manly, 
and  cute,  and  a  great  friend  of  my  childhood. 

CANADA  NIGHTS. — Late  in  August. — Three  wondrous  nights. 
Effects  of  moon,  clouds,  stars,  and  night-sheen,  never  surpass'd. 
I  am  out  every  night,  enjoying  all.  The  sunset  begins  it.  (I 
have  said  already  how  long  evening  lingers  here.)  The  moon, 
an  hour  high  just  after  eight,  is  past  her  half,  and  looks  somehow 
more  •  like  a  human  face  up  there  than  ever  before.  As  it  grows 
later,  we  have  such  gorgeous  and  broad  cloud-effects,  with  Luna's 
tawny  halos,  silver  edgings — great  fleeces,  depths  of  blue-black  in 
patches,  and  occasionally  long,  low  bars  hanging  silently  a  while, 
and  then  gray  bulging  masses  rolling  along  stately,  sometimes  in 
long  procession.  The  moon  travels  in  Scorpion  to-night,  and 
dims  all  the  stars  of  that  constellation  except  fiery  Antares,  who 
keeps  on  shining  just  to  the  big  one's  side. 

COUNTRY  DAYS  AND  NIGHTS. — Sept.  30,  '82,  4.30  A.  M. — I  am 
down  in  Camden  County,  New  Jersey,  at  the  farm-house  of  the 
Staffords — have  been  looking  a  long  while  at  the  comet — have  in 
my  time  seen  longer-tail'd  ones,  but  never  one  so  pronounc'd  in 
cometary  character,  and  so  spectral-fierce — so  like  some  great, 
pale,  living  monster  of  the  air  or  sea.  The  atmosphere  and  sky, 
an  hour  or  so  before  sunrise,  so  cool,  still,  translucent,  give  the 
(76) 


SOME  DIARY  NOTES  AT  RANDOM. 


77 


whole  apparition  to  great  advantage.  It  is  low  in  the  east.  The 
head  shows  about  as  big  as  an  ordinary  good-sized  saucer — is  a 
perfectly  round  and  defined  disk — the  tail  some  sixty  or  seventy 
feet — not  a  stripe,  but  quite  broad,  and  gradually  expanding. 
Impress'd  with  the  silent,  inexplicably  emotional  sight,  I  linger 
and  look  till  all  begins  to  weaken  in  the  break  of  day. 

October  2. — The  third  day  of  mellow,  delicious,  sunshiny 
weather.  I  am  writing  this  in  the  recesses  of  the  old  woods,  my 
seat  on  a  big  pine  log,  my  back  against  a  tree.  Am  down  here 
a  few  days  for  a  change,  to  bask  in  the  Autumn  sun,  to  idle  lus 
ciously  and  simply,  and  to  eat  hearty  meals,  especially  my  break 
fast.  Warm  mid-days — the  other  hours  of  the  twenty-four  de 
lightfully  fresh  and  mild — cool  evenings,  and  early  mornings 
perfect.  The  scent  of  the  woods,  and  the  peculiar  aroma  of  a 
great  yet  unreap'd  maize-field  near  by — the  white  butterflies  in 
every  direction  by  day — the  golden-rod,  the  wild  asters,  and 
sunflowers — the  song  of  the  katydid  all  night. 

Every  day  in  Cooper's  Woods,  enjoying  simple  existence  and 
the  passing  hours — taking  short  walks — exercising  arms  and  chest 
with  the  saplings,  or  my  voice  with  army  songs  or  recitations. 
A  perfect  week  for  weather ;  seven  continuous  days  bright  and 
dry  and  cool  and  sunny.  The  nights  splendid,  with  full  moon — 
about  10  the  grandest  of  star-shows  up  in  the  east  and  south, 
Jupiter,  Saturn,  Capella,  Aldebaran,  and  great  Orion.  Am  feel 
ing  pretty  well — am  outdoors  most  of  the  time,  absorbing  the 
days  and  nights  all  I  can. 

CENTRAL  PARK  NOTES. — American  Society  from  a  Park  Police 
man' s  Point  of  View. — Am  in  New  York  City,  upper  part — visit 
Central  Park  almost  every  day  (and  have  for  the  last  three  weeks) 
off  and  on,  taking  observations  or  short  rambles,  and  sometimes 
riding  around.  I  talk  quite  a  good  deal  with  one  of  the  Park 
policemen,  C.  C.,  up  toward  the  Ninetieth  street  entrance.  One 
day  in  particular  I  got  him  a-going,  and  it  proved  deeply  inter 
esting  to  me.  Our  talk  floated  into  sociology  and  politics.  I 
was  curious  to  find  how  these  things  appear'd  on  their  surfaces  to 
my  friend,  for  he  plainly  possess'd  sharp  wits  and  good  nature, 
and  had  been  seeing,  for  years,  broad  streaks  of  humanity  some 
what  out  of  my  latitude.  I  found  that  as  he  took  such  appear 
ances  the  inward  caste-spirit  of  European  "  aristocracy  "  pervaded 
rich  America,  with  cynicism  and  artificiality  at  the  fore.  Of  the 
bulk  of  official  persons,  Executives,  Congressmen,  Legislators, 
Aldermen,  Department  heads,  etc.,  etc.,  or  the  candidates  for 
those  positions,  nineteen  in  twenty,  in  the  policeman's  judgment, 
were  just  players  in  a  game.  Liberty,  Equality,  Union,  and  all 


78  SOME  DIARY  NOTES  AT  RANDOM. 

the  grand  words  of  the  Republic,  were,  in  their  mouths,  but  lures,, 
decoys,  chisel'd  likenesses  of  dead  wood,  to  catch  the  masses. 
Of  fine  afternoons,  along  the  broad  tracks  of  the  Park,  for  many 
years,  had  swept  by  my  friend,  as  he  stood  on  guard,  the  carri 
ages,  etc.,  of  American  Gentility,  not  by  dozens  and  scores,  but 
by  hundreds  and  thousands.  Lucky  brokers,  capitalists,  contrac 
tors,  grocery-men,  successful  political  strikers,  rich  butchers,  dry 
goods'  folk,  &c.  And  on  a  large  proportion  of  these  vehicles, 
on  panels  or  horse-trappings,  were  conspicuously  borne  heraldic 
family  crests.  (Can  this  really  be  true?)  In  wish  and  willing 
ness  (and  if  that  were  so,  what  matter  about  the  reality?)  titles 
of  nobility,  with  a  court  and  spheres  fit  for  the  capitalists,  the 
highly  educated,  and  the  carriage-riding  classes — to  fence  them 
off  from  "the  common  people" — were  the  heart's  desire  of  the 
"good  society"  of  our  great  cities — aye,  of  North  and  South. 

So  much  for  my  police  friend's  speculations — which  rather  took 
me  aback — and  which  I  have  thought  I  would  just  print  as  he  gave 
them  (as  a  doctor  records  symptoms.) 

PLATE  GLASS  NOTES. — St.  Louis,  Missouri,  November,  '79. — 
What  do  you  think  I  find  manufactur'd  out  here — and  of  a  kind 
the  clearest  and  largest,  best,  and  the  most  finish'd  and  luxurious 
in  the  world — and  with  ample  demand  for  it  too?  Plate  glass  ! 
One  would  suppose  that  was  the  last  dainty  outcome  of  an  old, 
almost  effete-growing  civilization  ;  and  yet  here  it  is,  a  few  miles 
from  St.  Louis,  on  a  charming  little  river,  in  the  wilds  of  the 
West,  near  the  Mississippi.  I  went  down  that  way  to-day  by  the 
Iron  Mountain  Railroad — was  switch'd  off  on  a  side-track  four 
miles  through  woods  and  ravines,  to  Swash  Creek,  so-call'd,  and 
there  found  Crystal  City,  and  immense  Glass  Works,  built  (and 
evidently  built  to  stay)  right  in  the  pleasant  rolling  forest.  Spent 
most  of  the  day,  and  examin'd  the  inexhaustible  and  peculiar  sand 
the  glass  is  made  of — the  original  whity-gray  stuff  in  the  banks — 
saw  the  melting  in  the  pots  (a  wondrous  process,  a  real  poem) — 
saw  the  delicate  preparation  the  clay  material  undergoes  for  these 
great  pots  (it  has  to  be  kneaded  finally  by  human  feet,  no  ma 
chinery  answering,  and  I  watch'd  the  picturesque  bare-legged 
Africans  treading  it) — saw  the  molten  stuff  (a  great  mass  of  a 
glowing  pale  yellow  color)  taken  out  of  the  furnaces  (I  shall  never 
forget  that  Pot,  shape,  color,  concomitants,  more  beautiful  than 
any  antique  statue,)  pass'd  into  the  adjoining  casting-room,  lifted 
by  powerful  machinery,  pour'd  out  on  its  bed  (all  glowing,  a 
newer,  vaster  study  for  colorists,  indescribable,  a  pale  red-tinged 
yellow,  of  tarry  consistence,  all  lambent,)  roll'd  by  a  heavy  roller 
into  rough  plate  glass,  I  should  say  ten  feet  by  fourteen,  then  ra- 


SOME  DIARY  NOTES  AT  RANDOM.  79, 

pidly  shov'd  into  the  annealing  oven,  which  stood  ready  for  it. 
The  polishing  and  grinding  rooms  afterward — the  great  glass  slabs, 
hundreds  of  them,  on  their  flat  beds,  and  the  see-saw  music  of 
the  steam  machinery  constantly  at  work  polishing  them — the 
myriads  of  human  figures  (the  works  employ'd  400  men)  moving 
about,  with  swart  arms  and  necks,  and  no  superfluous  clothing — 
the  vast,  rude  halls,  with  immense  play  of  shifting  shade,  and 
slow-moving  currents  of  smoke  and  steam,  and  shafts  of  light, 
sometimes  sun,  striking  in  from  above  with  effects  that  would 
have  fill'd  Michel  Angelo  with  rapture. 

Coming  back  to  St.  Louis  this  evening,  at  sundown,  and  for 
over  an  hour  afterward,  we  follow'd  the  Mississippi,  close  by  its 
western  bank,  giving  me  an  ampler  view  of  the  river,  and  with 
effects  a  little  different  from  any  yet.  In  the  eastern  sky  hung 
the  planet  Mars,  just  up,  and  of  a  very  clear  and  vivid  yellow. 
It  was  a  soothing  and  pensive  hour — the  spread  of  the  river  off 
there  in  the  half-light — the  glints  of  the  down-bound  steamboats 
plodding  along — and  that  yellow  orb  (apparently  twice  as  large 
and  significant  as  usual)  above  the  Illinois  shore.  (All  along, 
these  nights,  nothing  can  exceed  the  calm,  fierce,  golden,  glisten 
ing  domination  of  Mars  over  all  the  stars  in  the  sky.) 

As  we  came  nearer  St.  Louis,  the  night  having  well  set  in,  I 
saw  some  (to  me)  novel  effects  in  the  zinc  smelting  establishments, 
the  tall  chimneys  belching  flames  at  the  top,  while  inside  through 
the  openings  at  the  facades  of  the  great  tanks  burst  forth  (in 
regular  position)  hundreds  of  fierce  tufts  of  a  peculiar  blue  (or 
green)  flame,  of  a  purity  and  intensity,  like  electric  lights — illu 
minating  not  only  the  great  buildings  themselves,  but  far  and  near 
outside,  like  hues  of  the  aurora  borealis,  only  more  vivid.  (So- 
that — remembering  the  Pot  from  the  crystal  furnace — my  jaunt 
seem'd  to  give  me  new  revelations  in  the  color  line.) 


SOME  WAR  MEMORANDA. 

JOTTED    DOWN    AT    THE    TIME. 

I  FIND  this  incident  in  my  notes  (I  suppose  from  "chinning" 
iin  hospital  with  some  sick  or  wounded  soldier  who  knew  of  it) : 

When  Kilpatrick  and  his  forces  were  cut  off  at  Brandy  Station 
(last  of  September,  '63,  or  thereabouts,)  and  the  bands  struck  up 
•"  Yankee  Doodle,"  there  were  not  cannon  enough  in  the  Southern 
•Confederacy  to  keep  him  and  them  "in."  It  was  when  Meade 
fell  back.  K.  had  his  large  cavalry  division  (perhaps  5000  men,) 
but  the  rebs,  in  superior  force,  had  surrounded  them.  Things 
ilook'd  exceedingly  desperate.  K.  had  two  fine  bands,  and  order'd 
them  up  immediately;  they  join'd  and  play'd  "Yankee  Doodle" 
•with  a  will !  It  went  through  the  men  like  lightning — but  to  in 
spire,  not  to  unnerve.  Every  man  seem'd  a  giant.  They  charged 
like  a  cyclone,  and  cut  their  way  out.  Their  loss  was  but  20.  It 
•was  about  two  in  the  afternoon. 

WASHINGTON   STREET   SCENES. 

April  7,  1864. — WALKING  DOWN  PENNSYLVANIA  AVENUE.— 
"Warmish  forenoon,  after  the  storm  of  the  past  few  days.  I  see, 
passing  up,  in  the  broad  space  between  the  curbs,  a  big  squad  of 
a  couple  of  hundred  conscripts,  surrounded  by  a  strong  cordon 
of  arm'd  guards,  and  others  interspers'd  between  the  ranks.  The 
government  has  learn'd  caution  from  its  experiences ;  there  are 
many  hundreds  of  "  bounty  jumpers,"  and  already,  as  I  am  told, 
eighty  thousand  deserters  !  Next  (also  passing  up  the  Avenue,)  a 
cavalry  company,  young,  but  evidently  well  drill'd  and  service- 
harden 'd  men.  Mark  the  upright  posture  in  their  saddles,  the 
bronz'd  and  bearded  young  faces,  the  easy  swaying  to  the  motions 
of  the  horses,  and  the  carbines  by  their  right  knees;  handsome 
and  reckless,  some  eighty  of  them,  riding  with  rapid  gait,  clatter 
ing  along.  Then  the  tinkling  bells  of  passing  cars,  the  many 
shops  (some  with  large  show-windows,  some  with  swords,  straps 
for  the  shoulders  of  different  ranks,  hat-cords  with  acorns,  or  other 
insignia,)  the  military  patrol  marching  along,  with  the  orderly 
or  second-lieutenant  stopping  different  ones  to  examine  passes — 
the  forms,  the  faces,  all  sorts  crowded  together,  the  worn  and  pale, 
the  pleas'd,  some  on  their  way  to  the  railroad  depot  going  home, 
(80) 


SOME    WAR  MEMORANDA.  8l 

the  cripples,  the  darkeys,  the  long  trains  of  government  wagons, 
or  the  sad  strings  of  ambulances  conveying  wounded — the  many 
officers'  horses  tied  in  front  of  the  drinking  or  oyster  saloons,  or 
held  by  black  men  or  boys,  or  orderlies. 

THE    195'fH    PENNSYLVANIA. 

Tuesday,  Aug.  i,  1865. — About  3  o'clock  this  afternoon  (sun 
broiling  hot)  in  Fifteenth  street,  by  the  Treasury  building,  a  large 
.and  handsome  regiment,  ip5th  Pennsylvania,  were  marching 
by — as  it  happen'd,  receiv'd  orders  just  here  to  halt  and  break 
ranks,  so  that  they  might  rest  themselves  awhile.  I  thought  I 
never  saw  a  finer  set  of  men — so  hardy,  candid,  bright  American 
looks,  all  weather-beaten,  and  with  warm  clothes.  Every  man 
was  home-born.  My  heart  was  much  drawn  toward  them.  They 
seem'd  very  tired,  red,  and  streaming  with  sw;eat.  it  is  a  one- 
year  regiment,  mostly  from  Lancaster  County,  Pa.  ;  have  been  in 
.Shenandoah  Valley.  On  halting,  the  men  unhitch'd  their  knap 
sacks,  and  sat  down  to  rest  themselves.  Some  lay  flat  on  the 
pavement  or  under  trees.  The  fine  physical  appearance  of  the 
whole  body  was  remarkable.  Great,  very  great,  must  be  the  State 
where  such  young  farmers  and  mechanics  are  the  practical  aver- 
.age.  I  went  around  for  half  an  hour  and  talk'd  with  several  of 
them,  sometimes  squatting  down  with  the  groups. 

LEFT-HAND    WRITING    BY    SOLDIERS. 

April  30,  1866. — Here  is  a  single  significant  fact,  from  which 
one  may  judge  of  the  character  of  the  American  soldiers  in  this 
just  concluded  war  :  A  gentleman  in  New  York  City,  a  while 
since,  took  it  into  his  head  to  collect  specimens  of  writing  from 
soldiers  who  had  lost  their  right  hands  in  battle,  and  afterwards 
learn 'd  to  use  the  left.  He  gave  public  notice  of  his  desire,  and 
offer' d  prizes  for  the  best  of  these  specimens.  Pretty  soon  they 
began  to  come  in,  and  by  the  time  specified  for  awarding  the 
prizes  three  hundred  samples  of  such  left-hand  writing  by  maim'd 
soldiers  had  arrived. 

I  have  just  been  looking  over  some  of  this  writing.  A  great 
many  of  the  specimens  are  written  in  a  beautiful  manner.  All 
.are  good.  The  writing  in  nearly  all  cases  slants  backward  instead 
of  forward.  One  piece  of  writing,  from  a  soldier  who  had  lost 
both  arms,  was  made  by  holding  the  pen  in  his  mouth. 

CENTRAL    VIRGINIA    IN    '64. 

Culpeper,  where  I  am  stopping,  looks  like  a  place  of  two  or 
.three   thousand    inhabitants.     Must    be   one  of  the  pleasantest 
6 


82  SOME   WAR  MEMORANDA. 

towns  in  Virginia.  Even  now,  dilapidated  fences,  all  broken- 
down,  windows  out,  it  has  the  remains  of  much  beauty.  I  am 
standing  on  an  eminence  overlooking  the  town,  though  within 
its  limits.  To  the  west  the  long  Blue  Mountain  range  is  very 
plain,  looks  quite  near,  though  from  30  to  50  miles  distant,  with 
some  gray  splashes  of  snow  yet  visible.  The  show  is  varied  and 
fascinating.  I  see  a  great  eagle  up  there  in  the  air  sailing  with 
pois'd  wings,  quite  low.  Squads  of  red  legged  soldiers  are  drill 
ing ;  I  suppose  some  of  the  new  men  of  the  Brooklyn  i4th  ;  they 
march  off  presently  with  muskets  on  their  shoulders.  In  another 
place,  just  below  me,  are  some  soldiers  squaring  off  logs  to  build 
a  shanty — chopping  away,  and  the  noise  of  the  axes  sounding 
sharp.  I  hear  the  bellowing,  unmusical  screech  of  the  mule.  1 
mark  the  thin  blue  smoke  rising  from  camp  fires.  Just  below  me 
is  a  collection  of  hospital  tents,  with  a  yellow  flag  elevated  on  a 
stick,  and  moving  languidly  in  the  breeze.  Two  discharged  men- 
(I  know  them  both)  are  just  leaving.  One  is  so  weak  he  can- 
hardly  walk ;  the  other  is  stronger,  and  carries  his  comrade's 
musket.  They  move  slowly  along  the  muddy  road  toward  the 
depot.  The  scenery  is  full  of  breadth,  and  spread  on  the  most 
generous  scale  (everywhere  in  Virginia  this  thought  fill'd  me.) 
The  sights,  the  scenes,  the  groups,  have  been  varied  and  pictur 
esque  here  beyond  description,  and  remain  so. 

I  heard  the  men  return  in  force  the  other  night — heard  the 
shouting,  and  got  up  and  went  out  to  hear  what  was  the  matter. 
That  night  scene  of  so  many  hundred  tramping  steadily  by, 
through  the  mud  (some  big  flaring  torches  of  pine  knots,)  I  shall 
never  forget.  I  like  to  go  to  the  paymaster's  tent,  and  watch  the 
men  getting  paid  off.  Some  have  furloughs,  and  start  at  once  for 
home,  sometimes  amid  great  chaffing  and  blarneying.  There  is 
every  day  the  sound  of  the  wood-chopping  axe,  and  the  plentiful 
sight  of  negroes,  crows,  and  mud.  I  note  large  droves  and  pens 
of  cattle.  The  teamsters  have  camps  of  their  own,  and  I  go  often 
among  them.  The  officers  occasionally  invite  me  to  dinner  or 
supper  at  headquarters.  The  fare  is  plain,  but  you  get  something 
good  to  drink,  and  plenty  of  it.  Gen.  Meade  is  absent ;  Sedg- 
wick  is  in  command. 

PAYING   THE    1ST   U.    S.    C.    T. 

One  of  my  war  time  reminiscences  comprises  the  quiet  side 
scene  of  a  visit  I  made  to  the  First  Regiment  U.  S.  Color'd  Troops, 
at  their  encampment,  and  on  the  occasion  of  their  first  paying 
off,  July  ii,  1863.  Though  there  is  now  no  difference  of  opinion 
worth  mentioning,  there  was  a  powerful  opposition  to  enlisting 
blacks  during  the  earlier  years  of  the  secession  war.  Even  then, 


SOME  WAR  MEMORANDA.  83 

however,  they  had  their  champions.  ''That  the  color'd  race," 
said  a  good  authority,  "  is  capable  of  military  training  and  effi 
ciency,  is  demonstrated  by  the  testimony  of  numberless  witnesses, 
and  by  the  eagerness  display 'd  in  the  raising,  organizing,  and 
drilling  of  African  troops.  Few  white  regiments  make  a  better 
appearance  on  parade  than  the  First  and  Second  Louisiana  Native 
Guards.  The  same  remark  is  true  of  other  color'd  regiments. 
At  Milliken's  Bend,  at  Vicksburg,  at  Port  Hudson,  on  Morris 
Island,  and  wherever  tested,  they  have  exhibited  determin'd 
bravery,  and  compell'd  the  plaudits  alike  of  the  thoughtful  and 
thoughtless  soldiery.  During  the  siege  of  Port  Hudson  the  ques 
tion  was  often  ask'd  those  who  beheld  their  resolute  charges,  how 
the  '  niggers'  behav'd  under  fire ;  and  without  exception  the  an 
swer  was  complimentary  to  them.  'O,  tip-top!'  'first-rate!' 
'  bully  !  '  were  the  usual  replies."  But  I  did  not  start  out  to  argue 
the  case — only  to  give  my  reminiscence  literally,  as  jotted  on  the 
spot  at  the  time. 

I  write  this  on  Mason's  (otherwise  Analostan)  Island,  under 
the  fine  shade  trees  of  an  old  white  stucco  house,  with  big  rooms ; 
the  white  stucco  house,  originally  a  fine  country  seat  (tradition 
says  the  famous  Virginia  Mason,  author  of  the  Fugitive  Slave 
Law,  was  born  here.)  I  reach'd  the  spot  from  my  Washington 
quarters  by  ambulance  up  Pennsylvania  avenue,  through  George 
town,  across  the  Aqueduct  bridge,  and  around  through  a  cut  and 
winding  road,  with  rocks  and  many  bad  gullies  not  lacking. 
After  reaching  the  island,  we  get  presently  in  the  midst  of  the 
camp  of  the  ist  Regiment  U.  S.  C.  T.  The  tents  look  clean 
and  good  ;  indeed,  altogether,  in  locality  especially,  the  pleasant- 
est  camp  I  have  yet  seen.  The  spot  is  umbrageous,  high  and  dry, 
with  distant  sounds  of  the  city,  and  the  puffing  steamers  of  the 
Potomac,  up  to  Georgetown  and  back  again.  Birds  are  singing 
in  the  trees,  the  warmth  is  endurable  here  in  this  moist  shade, 
with  the  fragrance  and  freshness.  A  hundred  rods  across  is 
Georgetown.  The  river  between  is  swell'd  and  muddy  from  the 
late  rains  up  country.  So  quiet  here,  yet  full  of  vitality, 
all  around  in  the  far  distance  glimpses,  as  I  sweep  my  eye,  of 
hills,  verdure-clad,  and  with  plenteous  trees ;  right  where  I  sit, 
locust,  sassafras,  spice,  and  many  other  trees,  a  few  with  huge 
parasitic  vines ;  just  at  hand  the  banks  sloping  to  the  river,  wild 
with  beautiful,  free  vegetation,  superb  weeds,  better,  in  their 
natural  growth  and  forms,  than  the  best  garden.  Lots  of 
luxuriant  grape  vines  and  trumpet  flowers;  the  river  flowing  far 
down  in  the  distance. 

Now  the  paying  is  to  begin.  The  Major  (paymaster)  with  his 
clerk  seat  themselves  at  a  table — the  rolls  are  before  them — the 


84  SOME   WAR  MEMORANDA. 

money  box  is  open'd — there  are  packages  of  five,  ten,  twenty-five 
cent  pieces.  Here  comes  the  first  Company  (B),  some  82  men, 
all  blacks.  Certes,  we  cannot  find  fault  with  the  appearance  of 
this  crowd — negroes  though  they  be.  They  are  manly  enough, 
bright  enough,  look  as  if  they  had  the  soldier-stuff  in  them,  look 
hardy,  patient,  many  of  them  real  handsome  young  fellows. 
The  paying,  I  say,  has  begun.  The  men  are  march'd  up  in  close 
proximity.  The  clerk  calls  off  name  after  name,  and  each  walks 
up,  receives  his  money,  and  passes  along  out  of  the  way.  It  is  a 
real  study,  both  to  see  them  come  close,  and  to  see  them  pass 
away,  stand  counting  their  cash — (nearly  all  of  this  company  get 
ten  dollars  and  three  cents  each.)  The  clerk  calls  George 
Washington.  That  distinguish'd  personage  steps  from  the  ranks, 
in  the  shape  of  a  very  black  man,  good  sized  and  shaped, 
and  aged  about  30,  with  a  military  moustache ;  he  takes  his 
"ten  three,"  and  goes  off  evidently  well  pleaS'd.  (There 
are  about  a  dozen  Washingtons  in  the  company.  Let  us  hope 
they  will  do  honor  to  the  name.)  At  the  table,  how  quickly  the 
Major  handles  the  bills,  counts  without  trouble,  everything  going 
on  smoothly  and  quickly.  The  regiment  numbers  to-day  about 
1,000  men  (including  20  officers,  the  only  whites.) 

Now  another  company.  These  get  $5.36  each.  The  men 
look  well.  They,  too,  have  great  names ;  besides  the  Washing- 
tons  aforesaid,  John  Quincy  Adams,  Daniel  Webster,  Calhoun, 
James  Madison,  Alfred  Tennyson,  John  Brown,  Benj.  G.  Tucker, 
Horace  Greeley,  etc.  The  men  step  off  aside,  count  their  money 
with  a  pleas'd,  half-puzzled  look.  Occasionally,  but  not  often, 
there  are  some  thoroughly  African  physiognomies,  very  black  in 
color,  large,  protruding  lips,  low  forehead,  etc.  But  I  have  to 
say  that  I  do  not  see  one  utterly  revolting  face. 

Then  another  company,  each  man  of  this  getting  $10.03  a^so- 
The  pay  proceeds  very  rapidly  (the  calculation,  roll-signing,  etc., 
having  been  arranged  before  hand.)  Then  some  trouble.  One 
company,  by  the  rigid  rules  of  official  computation,  gets  only  23 
cents  each  man.  The  company  (K)  is  indignant,  and  after  two 
or  three  are  paid,  the  refusal  to  take  the  paltry  sum  is  universal, 
and  the  company  marches  off  to  quarters  unpaid. 

Another  company  (I)  gets  only  70  cents.  The  sullen,  lowering, 
disappointed  look  is  general.  Half  refuse  it  in  this  case.  Com 
pany  G,  in  full  dress,  with  brass  scales  on  shoulders,  look'd,  per 
haps,  as  well  as  any  of  the  companies — the  men  had  an  unusually 
alert  look. 

These,  then,  are  the  black  troops, — or  the  beginning  of  them. 
Well,  no  one  can  see  them,  even  under  these  circumstances — 
their  military  career  in  its  novitiate — without  feeling  well  pleas'd 
with  them. 


SOME   WAR  MEMORANDA.  85 

As  we  enter'd  the  island,  we  saw  scores  at  a  little  distance, 
bathing,  washing  their  clothes,  etc.  The  officers,  as  far  as  looks 
go,  have  a  fine  appearance,  have  good  faces,  and  the  air  military. 
Altogether  it  is  a  significant  show,  and  brings  up  some  "aboli 
tion  "  thoughts.  The  scene,  the  porch  of  an  Old  Virginia 
slave-owner's  house,  the  Potomac  rippling  near,  the  Capitol  just 
down  three  or  four  miles  there,  seen  through  the  pleasant  blue 
haze  of  this  July  day. 

After  a  couple  of  hours  I  get  tired,  and  go  off  for  a  ramble. 
I  write  these  concluding  lines  on  a  rock,  under  the  shade  of  a 
tree  on  the  banks  of  the  island.  It  is  solitary  here,  the  birds 
singing,  the  sluggish  muddy-yellow  waters  pouring  down  from 
the  late  rains  of  the  upper  Potomac ;  the  green  heights  on  the 
south  side  of  the  river  before  me.  The  single  cannon  from 
a  neighboring  fort  has  just  been  fired,  to  signal  high  noon.  I 
have  walk'd  all  around  Analostan,  enjoying  its  luxuriant  wildness, 
and  stopt  in  this  solitary  spot.  A  water  snake  wriggles  down  the 
bank,  disturb'd,  into  the  water.  The  bank  near  by  is  fringed 
with  a  dense  growth  of  shrubbery,  vines,  etc. 


FIVE  THOUSAND   POEMS. 

THERE  have  been  collected  in  a  cluster  nearly  five  thousand  big 
and  little  American  poems — all  that  diligent  and  long-continued 
research  could  lay  hands  on  !  The  author  of  '  Old  Grimes  is 
Dead '  commenced  it,  more  than  fifty  years  ago  ;  then  the  cluster 
was  pass'd  on  and  accumulated  by  C.  F.  Harris ;  then  further 
pass'd  on  and  added  to  by  the  late  Senator  Anthony,  from  whom 
the  whole  collection  has  been  bequeath'd  to  Brown  University. 
A  catalogue  (such  as  it  is)  has  been  made  and  publish'd  of  these 
five  thousand  poems — and  is  probably  the  most  curious  and  sug 
gestive  part  of  the  whole  affair.  At  any  rate  it  has  led  me  to 
some  abstract  reflection  like  the  following. 

I  should  like,  for  myself,  to  put  on  record  my  devout  acknowl 
edgment  not  only  of  the  great  masterpieces  of  the  past,  but  of  the 
benefit  of  all  poets,  past  and  present,  and  of  all  poetic  utterance 
— in  its  entirety  the  dominant  moral  factor  of  humanity's  pro 
gress.  In  view  of  that  progress,  and  of  evolution,  the  religious 
and  aesthetic  elements,  the  distinctive  and  most  important  of  any, 
seem  to  me  more  indebted  to  poetry  than  to  all  other  means  and 
influences  combined.  In  a  very  profound  sense  religion  is  the 
poetry  of  humanity.  Then  the  points  of  union  and  rapport  among 
all  the  poems  and  poets  of  the  world,  however  wide  their  separa 
tions  of  time  and  place  and  theme,  are  much  more  numerous  and 
weighty  than  the  points  of  contrast.  Without  relation  as  they 
may  seem  at  first  sight,  the  whole  earth's  poets  and  poetry — en 
masse — the  Oriental,  the  Greek,  and  what  there  is  of  Roman — 
the  oldest  myths — the  interminable  ballad-romances  of  the  Mid 
dle  Ages — the  hymns  and  psalms  of  worship — the  epics,  plays, 
swarms  of  lyrics  of  the  British  Islands,  or  the  Teutonic  old  or 
new — or  modern  French — or  what  there  is  in  America,  Bryant's, 
for  instance,  or  Whittier's  or  Longfellow's — the  verse  of  all 
tongues  and  ages,  all  forms,  all  subjects,  from  primitive  times  to 
our  own  day  inclusive — really  combine  in  one  aggregate  and 
electric  globe  or  universe,  with  all  its  numberless  parts  and  radia 
tions  held  together  by  a  common  centre  or  verteber.  To  repeat 
it,  all  poetry  thus  has  (to  the  point  of  view  comprehensive  enough) 
more  features  of  resemblance  than  difference,  and  becomes  essen 
tially,  like  the  planetary  globe  itself,  compact  and  orbic  and  whole. 
Nature  seems  to  sow  countless  seeds — makes  incessant  crude  at 
tempts — thankful  to  get  now  and  then,  even  at  rare  and  long 
intervals,  something  approximately  good. 
(86) 


THE  OLD   BOWERY. 

A  Reminiscence  of  New  York  Plays  and  Acting  Fifty  Years  Ago. 

IN  an  article  not  long  since,  "  Mrs.  Siddons  as  Lady  Macbeth," 
in  "The  Nineteenth  Century,"  after  describing  the  bitter  regret- 
fulness  to  mankind  from  the  loss  of  those  first-class  poems,  tem 
ples,  pictures,  gone  and  vanish'd  from  any  record  of  men,  the 
writer  (Fleeming  Jenkin)  continues  : 

If  this  be  our  feeling  as  to  the  more  durable  works  of  art,  what  shall  we 
•say  of  those  triumphs  which,  by  their  very  nature,  last  no  longer  than  the 
action  which  creates  them — the  triumphs  of  the  orator,  the  singer  or  the  actor? 
There  is  an  anodyne  in  the  words,  "  must  be  so,"  "  inevitable,"  and  there  is 
even  some  absurdity  in  longing  for  the  impossible.  This  anodyne  and  our 
sense  of  humor  temper  the  unhappiness  we  feel  when,  after  hearing  some  great 
performance,  we  leave  the  theatre  and  think,  "  Well,  this  great  thing  has  been, 
and  all  that  is  now  left  of  it  is  the  feeble  print  upon  my  brain,  the  little  thrill 
which  memory  will  send  along  my  nerves,  mine  and  my  neighbors,  as  we 
Jive  longer  the  print  and  thrill  must  be  feebler,  and  when  we  pass  away  the 
impress  of  the  great  artist  will  vanish  from  the  world."  The  regret  that  a 
great  art  should  in  its  nature  be  transitory,  explains  the  lively  interest  which 
many  feel  in  reading  anecdotes  or  descriptions  of  a  great  actor. 

All  this  is  emphatically  my  own  feeling  and  reminiscence  about 
the  best  dramatic  and  lyric  artists  I  have  seen  in  bygone  days — 
for  instance,  Marietta  Alboni,  the  elder  Booth,  Forrest,  the  tenor 
Bettini,  the  baritone  Badiali,  "  old  man  Clarke" — (I  could  write 
a  whole  paper  on  the  latter's  peerless  rendering  of  the  Ghost  in 
•"  Hamlet"  at  the  Park,  when  I  was  a  young  fellow) — an  actor 
named  Ranger,  who  appear'd  in  America  forty  years  ago  in  genre 
characters;  Henry  Placide,  and  many  others.  But  I  will  make  a 
few  memoranda  at  least  of  the  best  one  I  knew. 

For  the  elderly  New  Yorker  of  to-day,  perhaps,  nothing  were 
more  likely  to  start  up  memories  of  his  early  manhood  than  the 
mention  of  the  Bowery  and  the  elder  Booth.  At  the  date  given, 
the  more  stylish  and  select  theatre  (prices,  50  cents  pit,  $i  boxes) 
was  "  The  Park,"  a  large  and  well-appointed  house  on  Park  Row, 
opposite  the  present  Post-office.  English  opera  and  the  old 
comedies  were  often  given  in  capital  style ;  the  principal  foreign 
stars  appear'd  here,  with  Italian  opera  at  wide  intervals.  The 
Park  held  a  large  part  in  my  boyhood's  and  young  manhood's 

(87) 


88  THE  OLD  BOWERY. 

life.  Here  I  heard  the  English  actor,  Anderson,  in  "  Charles  de 
Moor,"  and  in  the  fine  part  of  "Gisippus. M  Here  I  heard 
Fanny  Kemble,  Charlotte  Cushman,  the  Seguins,  Daddy  Rice, 
Hackett  as  Falstaff,  Nimrod  Wildfire,  Rip  Van  Winkle,  and  in 
his  Yankee  characters.  (See  pages  19,  20,  Specimen  JDays.) 
It  was  here  (some  years  later  than  the  date  in  the  headline)  I  also 
heard  Marie  many  times,  and  at  his  best.  In  such  parts  as  Gen- 
naro,  in  "  Lucrezia  Borgia,"  he  was  inimitable — the  sweetest  of 
voices,  a  pure  tenor,  of  considerable  compass  and  respectable 
power.  His  wife,  Grisi,  was  with  him,  no  longer  first-class  or 
young — a  fine  Norma,  though,  to  the  last. 

Perhaps  my  dearest  amusement  reminiscences  are  those  musical 
ones.  I  doubt  if  ever  the  senses  and  emotions  of  the  future  will 
be  thrill'd  as  were  the  auditors  of  a  generation  ago  by  the  deep 
passion  of  Alboni's  contralto  (at  the  Broadway  Theatre,  south 
side,  near  Pearl  street) — or  by  the  trumpet  notes  of  Badiali's 
baritone,  or  Bettini's  pensive  and  incomparable  tenor  in  Fernando 
in  "Favorita,"  or  Marini'sbass  in  "  Faliero,"  among  the  Havana 
troupe,  Castle  Garden. 

But  getting  back  more  specifically  to  the  date  and  theme  I 
started  from — the  heavy  tragedy  business  prevail'd  more  decidedly 
at  the  Bowery  Theatre,  where  Booth  and  Forrest  were  frequently 
to  be  heard.  Though  Booth pere,  then  in  his  prime,  ranging  in 
age  from  40  to  44  years  (he  was  born  in  1796,)  was  the  loyal  child 
and  continuer  of  the  traditions  of  orthodox  English  play-acting, 
he  stood  out  "  himself  alone"  in  many  respects  beyond  any  of  his 
kind  on  record,  and  with  effects  and  ways  that  broke  through  all 
rules  and  all  traditions.  He  has  been  well  describ'd  as  an  actor 
"  whose  instant  and  tremendous  concentration  of  passion  in  his 
delineations  overwhelm'd  his  audience,  and  wrought  into  it  such 
enthusiasm  that  it  partook  of  the  fever  of  inspiration  surging 
through  his  own  veins."  He  seems  to  have  been  of  beautiful 
private  character,  very  honorable,  affectionate,  good-natured,  no 
arrogance,  glad  to  give  the  other  actors  the  best  chances.  He 
knew  all  stage  points  thoroughly,  and  curiously  ignored  the  mere 
dignities.  I  once  talk'd  with  a  man  who  had  seen  him  do  the 
Second  Actor  in  the  mock  play  to  Charles  Kean's  Hamlet  in  Bal 
timore.  He  was  a  marvellous  linguist.  He  play'd  Shylock  once 
in  London,  giving  the  dialogue  in  Hebrew,  and  in  New  Orleans 
Oreste  (Racine's  "  Andromaque")  in  French.  One  trait  of  his 
habits,  I  have  heard,  was  strict  vegetarianism.  He  was  excep 
tionally  kind  to  the  brute  creation.  Every  once  in  a  while  he 
would  make  a  break  for  solitude  or  wild  freedom,  sometimes  for 
a  few  hours,  sometimes  for  days.  (He  illustrated  Plato's  rule  that 
to  the  forming  an  artist  of  the  very  highest  rank  a  dash  of  in- 


THE  OLD  BOWERY.  89 

sanity  or  what  the  world  calls  insanity  is  indispensable.)  He  was 
a  small-sized  man — yet  sharp  observers  noticed  that  however 
crowded  the  stage  might  be  in  certain  scenes,  Booth  never  seem'd 
overtopt  or  hidden.  He  was  singularly  spontaneous  and  fluc 
tuating  ;  in  the  same  part  each  rendering  differ'd  from  any  and 
all  others.  He  had  no  stereotyped  positions  and  made  no  arbi 
trary  requirements  on  his  fellow-performers. 

As  is  well  known  to  old  play-goers,  Booth's  most  effective  part 
was  Richard  III.  Either  that,  or  lago,  or  Shylock,  or  Pescara  in 
"  The  Apostate,"  was  sure  to  draw  a  crowded  house.  (Remem 
ber  heavy  pieces  were  much  more  in  demand  those  days  than 
now.)  He  was  also  unapproachably  grand  in  Sir  Giles  Over 
reach,  in  "A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,"  and  the  principal 
character  in  "The  Iron  Chest." 

In  any  portraiture  of  Booth,  those  years,  the  Bowery  Theatre, 
with  its  leading  lights,  and  the  lessee  and  manager,  Thomas 
Hamblin,  cannot  be  left  out.  It  was  at  the  Bowery  I  first  saw 
Edwin  Forrest  (the  play  was  John  Howard  Payne's  "  Brutus,  or 
the  Fall  of  Tarquin,"  and  it  affected  me  for  weeks;  or  rather  I 
might  say  permanently  filter'd  into  my  whole  nature,)  then  in 
the  zenith  of  his  fame  and  ability.  Sometimes  (perhaps  a  vete 
ran's  benefit  night,)  the  Bowery  would  group  together  five  or  six 
of  the  first-class  actors  of  those  days — Booth,  Forrest,  Cooper, 
Hamblin,  and  John  R.  Scott,  for  instance.  At  that  time  and 
here  George  Jones  ("  Count  Joannes")  was  a  young,  handsome 
actor,  and  quite  a  favorite.  I  remember  seeing  him  in  the  title 
role  in  "Julius  Caesar,"  and  a  capital  performance  it  was. 

To  return  specially  to  the  manager.  Thomas  Hamblin  made 
a  first-rate  foil  to  Booth,  and  was  frequently  cast  with  him.  He 
had  a  large,  shapely,  imposing  presence,  and  dark  and  flashing 
eyes.  I  remember  well  his  rendering  of  the  main  role  in  Matu- 
rin's  "  Bertram,  or  the  Castle  of  St.  Aldobrand."  But  I  thought 
Tom  Hamblin's  best  acting  was  in  the  comparatively  minor  part 
of  Faulconbridge  in  "  King  John" — he  himself  evidently  revell'd 
in  the  part,  and  took  away  the  house's  applause  from  young  Kean 
(the  King)  and  Ellen  Tree  (Constance,)  and  everybody  else  on 
the  stage — some  time  afterward  at  the  Park.  Some  of  the  Bow 
ery  actresses  were  remarkably  good.  I  remember  Mrs.  Pritchard 
in  "Tour  de  Nesle,"  and  Mrs.  McClure  in  "Fatal  Curiosity," 
and  as  Millwood  in  "George  Barnwell."  (I  wonder  what  old 
fellow  reading  these  lines  will  recall  the  fine  comedietta  of  "  The 
Youth  That  Never  Saw  a  Woman,"  and  the  jolly  acting  in  it  of 
Mrs.  Herring  and  old  Gates.) 

The  Bowery,  now  and  then,  was  the  place,  too,  for  spectacular 
pieces,  such  as  "The  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,"  "The  Lion- 


90  THE  OLD  BOWERY. 

Doom'd"  and  the  yet  undying  "Mazeppa."  At  one  time 
"Jonathan  Bradford,  or  the  Murder  at  the  Roadside  Inn,"  had 
a  long  and  crowded  run ;  John  Sefton  and  his  brother  William 
acted  in  it.  I  remember  well  the  Frenchwoman  Celeste,  a 
splendid  pantomimist,  and  her  emotional  "Wept  of  the  Wish- 
ton-Wish."  But  certainly  the  main  "reason  for  being"  of  the 
Bowery  Theatre  those  years  was  to  furnish  the  public  with  For 
rest's  and  Booth's  performances — the  latter  having  a  popularity 
and  circles  of  enthusiastic  admirers  and  critics  fully  equal  to  the 
former — though  people  were  divided  as  always.  For  some  reason 
or  other,  neither  Forrest  nor  Booth  would  accept  engagements 
at  the  more  fashionable  theatre,  the  Park.  And  it  is  a  curious 
reminiscence,  but  a  true  one,  that  both  these  great  actors  and 
their  performances  were  taboo'd  by  "polite  society"  in  New 
York  and  Boston  at  the  time — probably  as  being  too  robustuous. 
But  no  such  scruples  affected  the  Bowery. 

Recalling  from  that  period  the  occasion  of  either  Forrest  or 
Booth,  any  good  night  at  the  old  Bowery,  pack'd  from  ceiling 
to  pit  with  its  audience  mainly  of  alert,  well  dress'd,  full- 
blooded  young  and  middle-aged  men,  the  best  average  of 
American-born  mechanics — the  emotional  nature  of  the  whole 
mass  arous'd  by  the  power  and  magnetism  of  as  mighty  mimes 
as  ever  trod  the  stage — the  whole  crowded  auditorium,  and  what . 
seeth'd  in  it,  and  flush'd  from  its  faces  and  eyes,  to  me  as  much 
a  part  of  the  show  as  any — bursting  forth  in  one  of  those  long- 
kept-up  tempests  of  hand-clapping  peculiar  to  the  Bowery — no 
dainty  kid-glove  business,  but  electric  force  and  muscle  from 
perhaps  2000  full-sinew'd  men — (the  inimitable  and  chromatic 
tempest  of  one  of  those  ovations  to  Edwin  Forrest,  welcoming 
him  back  after  an  absence,  comes  up  to  me  this  moment) — Such 
sounds  and  scenes  as  here  resumed  will  surely  afford  to  many  old 
New  Yorkers  some  fruitful  recollections. 

I  can  yet  remember  (for  I  always  scann'd  an  audience  as 
rigidly  as  a  play)  the  faces  of  the  leading  authors,  poets,  editors, 
of  those  times — Fenimore  Cooper,  Bryant,  Paulding,  Irving, 
Charles  King,  Watson  Webb,  N.  P.  Willis,  Hoffman,  Halleck, 
Mumford,  Morris,  Leggett,  L.  G.  Clarke,  R.  A.  Locke  and 
others,  occasionally  peering  from  the  first  tier  boxes ;  and  even 
the  great  National  Eminences,  Presidents  Adams,  Jackson,  Van 
Buren  and  Tyler,  all  made  short  visits  there  on  their  Eastern 
tours. 

Awhile  after  1840  the  character  of  the  Bowery  as  hitherto 
described  completely  changed.  Cheap  prices  and  vulgar  pro 
grammes  came  in.  People  who  of  after  years  saw  the  pande 
monium  of  the  pit  and  the  doings  on  the  boards  must  not  gauge 


THE  OLD  BOWERY. 


91 


by  them  the  times  and  characters  I  am  describing.  Not  but 
what  there  was  more  or  less  rankness  in  the  crowd  even  then. 
For  types  of  sectional  New  York  those  days — the  streets  East  of 
the  Bowery,  that  intersect  Division,  Grand,  and  up  to  Third 
Avenue — types  that  never  found  their  Dickens,  or  Hogarth,  or 
Balzac,  and  have  pass'd  away  unportraitured — the  young  ship 
builders,  cartmen,  butchers,  firemen  (the  old-time  "soap-lock" 
or  exaggerated  "  Mose  "  or  "  Sikesey,"  of  Chanfrau's  plays,)  they, 
too,  were  always  to  be  seen  in  these  audiences,  racy  of  the  East 
River  and  the  Dry  Dock.  Slang,  wit,  occasional  shirt  sleeves, 
and  a  picturesque  freedom  of  looks  and  manners,  with  a  rude 
good-nature  and  restless  movement,  were  generally  noticeable. 
Yet  there  never  were  audiences  that  paid  a  good  actor  or  an 
interesting  play  the  compliment  of  more  sustain'd  attention  or 
quicker  rapport.  Then  at  times  came  the  exceptionally  decorous 
and  intellectual  congregations  I  have  hinted  at ;  for  the  Bowery 
really  furnish' d  plays  and  players  you  could  get  nowhere  else. 
Notably,  Booth  always  drew  the  best  hearers;  and  to  a  specimen 
of  his  acting  I  will  now  attend  in  some  detail. 

I  happen' d  to  see  what  has  been  reckon 'd  by  experts  one  of  the 
most  marvelous  pieces  of  histrionism  ever  known.  It  must  have 
been  about  1834  or  '35.  A  favorite  comedian  and  actress  at  the 
Bowery,  Thomas  Flynn  and  his  wife,  were  to  have  a  joint  benefit, 
and,  securing  Booth  for  Richard,  advertised  the  fact  many  days 
before-hand.  The  house  fill'd  early  from  top  to  bottom.  There 
was  some  uneasiness  behind  the  scenes,  for  the  afternoon  arrived, 
and  Booth  had  not  come  from  down  in  Maryland,  where  he  lived. 
However,  a  few  minutes  before  ringing-up  time  he  made  his  ap 
pearance  in  lively  condition. 

After  a  one-act  farce  over,  as  contrast  and  prelude,  the  cur 
tain  rising  for  the  tragedy,  I  can,  from  my  good  seat  in  the  pit, 
pretty  well  front,  see  again  Booth's  quiet  entrance  from  the  side, 
as,  with  head  bent,  he  slowly  and  in  silence,  (amid  the  tempest 
of  boisterous  hand-clapping,)  walks  down  the  stage  to  the  foot 
lights  with  that  peculiar  and  abstracted  gesture,  musingly  kicking 
his  sword,  which  he  holds  off  from  him  by  its  sash.  Though  fifty 
years  have  pass'd  since  then,  I  can  hear  the  clank,  and  feel  the 
perfect  following  hush  of  perhaps  three  thousand  people  waiting. 
(I  never  saw  an  actor  who  could  make  more  of  the  said  hush  or 
wait,  and  hold  the  audience  in  an  indescribable,  half-delicious, 
half-irritating  suspense.)  And  so  throughout  the  entire  play,  all 
parts,  voice,  atmosphere,  magnetism,  from 

"  Now  is  the  winter  of  our  discontent," 
to  the  closing  death  fight  with  Richmond,  were  of  the  finest  and 


92 


THE  OLD  BOWERY. 


grandest.  The  latter  character  was  play'd  by  a  stalwart  young 
fellow  named  Ingersoll.  Indeed,  all  the  renderings  were  won 
derfully  good.  But  the  great  spell  cast  upon  the  mass  of  hearers 
came  from  Booth.  Especially  was  the  dream  scene  very  impres 
sive.  A  shudder  went  through  every  nervous  system  in  the 
audience ;  it  certainly  did  through  mine. 

Without  question  Booth  was  royal  heir  and  legitimate  repre 
sentative  of  the  Garrick-Kemble-Siddons  dramatic  traditions ; 
but  he  vitalized  and  gave  an  unnamable  race  to  those  traditions 
with  his  own  electric  personal  idiosyncrasy.  (As  in  all  art- 
utterance  it  was  the  subtle  and  powerful  something  special  to  the 
individual  \\\a.i  really  conquer'd.) 

To  me,  too,  Booth  stands  for  much  else  besides  theatricals.  I 
consider  that  my  seeing  the  man  those  years  gl imps' d  for  me,  be 
yond  all  else,  that  inner  spirit  and  form — the  unquestionable 
charm  and  vivacity,  but  intrinsic  sophistication  and  artificiality — 
crystallizing  rapidly  upon  the  English  stage  and  literature  at  and 
after  Shakspere's  time,  and  coming  on  accumulatively  through 
the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries  to  the  beginning,  fifty 
or  forty  years  ago,  of  those  disintegrating,  decomposing  processes 
now  authoritatively  going  on.  Yes;  although  Booth  must  be 
class'd  in  that  antique,  almost  extinct  school,  inflated,  stagy, 
rendering  Shakspere  (perhaps  inevitably,  appropriately)  from  the 
growth  of  arbitrary  and  often  cockney  conventions,  his  genius 
was  to  me  one  of  the  grandest  revelations  of  my  life,  a  lesson  of 
artistic  expression.  The  words  fire,  energy,  abandon,  found  in 
him  unprecedented  meanings.  I  never  heard  a  speaker  or  actor 
who  could  give  such  a  sting  to  hauteur  or  the  taunt.  I  never 
heard  from  any  other  the  charm  of  unswervingly  perfect  vocali 
zation  without  trenching  at  all  on  mere  melody,  the  province  of 
music. 

So  much  for  a  Thespian  temple  of  New  York  fifty  years  since, 
where  "  sceptred  tragedy  went  trailing  by  "  under  the  gaze  of  the 
Dry  Dock  youth,  and  both  players  and  auditors  were  of  a  char 
acter  and  like  we  shall  never  see  again.  And  so  much  for  the 
grandest  histrion  of  modern  times,  as  near  as  I  can  deliberately 
judge  (and  the  phrenologists  put  my  "caution"  at  7) — 
grander,  I  believe,  than  Kean  in  the  expression  of  electric  pas 
sion,  the  prime  eligibility  of  the  tragic  artist.  For  though  those 
brilliant  years  had  many  fine  and  even  magnificent  actors,  un 
doubtedly  at  Booth's  death  (in  1852)  went  the  last  and  by  far  the 
noblest  Roman  of  them  all. 


NOTES  TO  LATE  ENGLISH 
BOOKS. 

"SPECIMEN  DAYS  IN  AMERICA,"  LONDON  EDITION, 
JUNE,  1887.  PREFACE  TO  THE  READER  IN  THE 
BRITISH  ISLANDS. 


IF  you  will  only  take  the  following  pages,  as  you  do  some  long 
anti  gossippy  letter  written  for  you  by  a  relative  or  friend  travel 
ing  through  distant  scenes  and  incidents,  and  jotting  them  down 
lazily  and  informally,  but  ever  veraciously  (with  occasional  diver 
sions  of  critical  thought  about  somebody  or  something,)  it  might 
remove  all  formal  or  literary  impediments  at  once,  and  bring  you 
and  me  close  together  in  the  spirit  in  which  the  jottings  were  col 
lated  to  be  read.  You  have  had,  and  have,  plenty  of  public 
events  and  facts  and  general  statistics  of  America ; — in  the  fol 
lowing  book  is  a  common  individual  New  World  private  life,  its 
birth  and  growth,  its  struggles  for  a  living,  its  goings  and  com 
ings  and  observations  (or  representative  portions  of  them)  amid 
the  United  States  of  America  the  last  thirty  or  forty  years,  with 
their  varied  war  and  peace,  their  local  coloring,  the  unavoidable 
egotism,  and  the  lights  and  shades  and  sights  and  joys  and  pains 
and  sympathies  common  to  humanity.  Further  introductory 
light  may  be  found  in  the  paragraph,  "  A  Happy  Hour's  Com 
mand,"  and  the  bottom  note  belonging  to  it,  at  the  beginning 
of  the  book.  I  have  said  in  the  text  that  if  I  were  required  to 
give  good  reason-for-being  of  "  Specimen  Days,"  I  should  be 
unable  to  do  so.  Let  me  fondly  hope  that  it  has  at  least  the 
reason  and  excuse  of  such  off-hand  gossippy  letter  as  just  alluded 
to,  portraying  American  life-sights  and  incidents  as  they  actually 
occurred — their  presentation,  making  additions  as  far  as  it  goes, 
to  the  simple  experience  and  association  of  your  soul,  from  a 
comrade  soul ;  —and  that  also,  in  the  volume,  as  below  any  page 

(93) 


94 


NOTES  TO  LATE  ENGLISH  BOOKS. 


of  mine,   anywhere,    ever   remains,   for   seen    or   unseen  basis- 
phrase,     GOOD-WILL     BETWEEN     THE     COMMON     PEOPLE     OF     ALL 

NATIONS. 

ADDITIONAL     NOTE,     1887,    TO    ENGLISH    EDITION 
"SPECIMEN  DAYS." 

As  I  write  these  lines  I  still  continue  living  in  Camden, 
New  Jersey,  America.  Coming  this  way  from  Washington 
City,  on  my  road  to  the  sea-shore  (and  a  temporary  rest, 
as  I  supposed)  in  the  early  summer  of  1873,  I  broke  down 
disabled,  and  have  dwelt  here,  as  my  central  residence,  all  the 
time  since — almost  14  years.  In  the  preceding  pages  I  have 
described  how,  during  those  years,  I  partially  recuperated 
(in  1876)  from  my  worst  paralysis  by  going  down  to  Timber 
Creek,  living  close  to  Nature,  and  domiciling  with  my  dear 
friends,  George  and  Susan  Stafford.  From  1877  or  '8  to  '83  or 
'4  I  was  well  enough  to  travel  around,  considerably — journey'd 
westward  to  Kansas,  leisurely  exploring  the  Prairies,  and  on  to 
Denver  and  the  Rocky  Mountains;  another  time  north  to 
Canada,  where  I  spent  most  of  the  summer  with  my  friend  Dr. 
Bucke,  and  jaunted  along  the  great  lakes,  and  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  Saguenay  rivers  ;  another  time  to  Boston,  to  properly  print 
the  final  edition  of  my  poems  (I  was  there  over  two  months,  and 
had  a  "good  time.")  I  have  so  brought  out  the  completed 
"  Leaves  of  Grass  "  during  this  period  ;  also  "  Specimen  Days," 
of  which  the  foregoing  is  a  transcript ;  collected  and  re-edited 
the  "Democratic  Vistas"  cluster  (see  companion  volume  to 
the  present) — commemorated  Abraham  Lincoln's  death,  on  the 
successive  anniversaries  of  its  occurrence,  by  delivering  my 
lecture  on  it  ten  or  twelve  times  ;  and  "put  in,"  through  many 
a  month  and  season,  the  aimless  and  resultless  ways  of  most 
human  lives. 

Thus  the  last  14  years  have  pass'd.  At  present  (end-days  of 
March,  1887 — I  am  nigh  entering  my  6gth  year)  I  find  myself 
continuing  on  here,  quite  dilapidated  and  even  wreck'd  bodily 
from  the  paralysis,  &c. — but  in  good  heart  (to  use  a  Long  Island 
country  phrase,)  and  with  about  the  same  mentality  as  ever. 
The  worst  of  it  is,  I  have  been  growing  feebler  quite  rapidly  for 
a  year,  and  now  can't  walk  around — hardly  from  one  room 
to  the  next.  I  am  forced  to  stay  in-doors  and  in  my  big  chair 
nearly  all  the  time.  We  have  had  a  sharp,  dreary  winter  too, 
and  it  has  pinch'd  me.  I  am  alone  most  of  the  time ;  every 
week,  indeed  almost  every  day,  write  some — reminiscences, 
essays,  sketches,  for  the  magazines ;  and  read,  or  rather  I  should 


NOTES  TO  LATE  ENGLISH  BOOKS. 


95 


say  dawdle  over  books  and  papers  a  good  deal — spend  half  the 
day  at  that. 

Nor  can  I  finish  this  note  without  putting  on  record — wafting 
over  sea  from  hence — my  deepest  thanks  to  certain  friends 
and  helpers  (I  would  specify  them  all  and  each  by  name, 
but  imperative  reasons,  outside  of  my  own  wishes,  forbid,) 
in  the  British  Islands,  as  well  as  in  America.  Dear,  even  in  the 
abstract,  is  such  flattering  unction  always  no  doubt  to  the  soul  ! 
Nigher  still,  if  possible,  I  myself  have  been,  and  am  to-day 
indebted  to  such  help  for  my  very  sustenance,  clothing,  shelter, 
and  continuity.  And  I  would  not  go  to  the  grave  without 
briefly,  but  plainly,  as  I  here  do,  acknowledging — may  I  not  say 
even  glorying  in  it  ? 

PREFACE  TO  "DEMOCRATIC  VISTAS"  WITH  OTHER 
PAPERS.— ENGLISH  EDITION. 

MAINLY  I  think  I  should  base  the  request  to  weigh  the  follow 
ing  pages  on  the  assumption  that  they  present,  however  indirectly, 
some  views  of  the  West  and  Modern,  or  of  a  distinctly  western 
and  modern  (American)  tendency,  about  certain  matters. 

Then,  too,  the  pages  include  (by  attempting  to  illustrate  it,)  a 
theory  herein  immediately  mentioned.  For  another  and  different 
point  of  the  issue,  the  Enlightenment,  Democracy  and  Fair-show 
of  the  bulk,  the  common  people  of  America  (from  sources  rep 
resenting  not  only  the  British  Islands,  but  all  the  world,)  means, 
at  least,  eligibility  to  Enlightenment,  Democracy  and  Fair-show 
for  the  bulk,  the  common  people  of  all  civilized  nations. 

That  positively  "  the  dry  land  has  appeared,"  at  any  rate,  is  an 
important  fact.  . 

America  is  really  the  great  test  or  trial  case  for  all  the  problems 
and  promises  and  speculations  of  humanity,  and  of  the  past  and 
present. 

I  say,  too,  we*  are  not  to  look  so  much  to  changes,  ameliora 
tions,  and  adaptations  in  Politics  as  to  those  of  Literature  and 
(thence)  domestic  Sociology.  I  have  accordingly  in  the  follow 
ing  melange  introduced  many  themes  besides  political  ones. 

Several  of  the  pieces  are  ostensibly  in  explanation  of  my  own 
writings  ;  but  in  that  very  process  they  best  include  and  set  forth 
their  side  of  principles  and  generalities  pressing  vehemently  for 
consideration  our  age. 

Upon  the  whole,  it  is  on  the  atmosphere  they  are  born  in,  and, 

*  We  who,  in  many  departments,  ways,  make  the  building  up  of  the  masses, 
by  building  up  grand  individuals,  our  shibboleth :  and  in  brief  that  is  the 
marrow  of  this  book. 


,96  NOTES  TO  LATE  ENGLISH  BOOKS. 

(I  hope)  give  out,  more  than  any  specific  piece  or  trait,  I  would 
care  to  rest. 

I  think  Literature — a  new,  superb,  democratic  literature — is  to 
be  the  medicine  and  lever,  and  (with  Art)  the  chief  influence  in 
modern  civilization.  I  have  myself  not  so  much  made  a  dead 
set  at  this  theory,  or  attempted  to  present  it  directly,  as  admitted 
it  to  color  and  sometimes  dominate  what  I  had  to  say.  In  both 
Europe  and  America  we  have  serried  phalanxes  who  promulge 
and  defend  the  political  claims :  I  go  for  an  equal  force  to 
gjphold  the  other. 

WALT  WHITMAN. 
•CAMDEN,  NEW  JERSEY, 
April,  1888. 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 

GLAD  am  I  to  give — were  anything  better  lacking — even  the 
most  brief  and  shorn  testimony  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  Every 
thing  I  heard  about  him  authentically,  and  every  time  I  saw  him 
(and  it  was  my  fortune  through  1862  to  '65  to  see,  or  pass  a  word 
with,  or  watch  him,  personally,  perhaps  twenty  or  thirty  times,) 
added  to  and  anneal' d  my  respect  and  love  at  the  moment.  And 
as  I  dwell  on  what  I  myself  heard  or  saw  of  the  mighty  Westerner, 
and  blend  it  with  the  history  and  literature  of  my  age,  and  of 
what  I  can  get  of  all  ages,  and  conclude  it  with  his  death,  it  seems 
like  some  tragic  play,  superior  to  all  else  I  know — vaster  and 
fierier  and  more  convulsionary,  for  this  America  of  ours,  than 
Eschylus  or  Shakspere  ever  drew  for  Athens  or  for  England. 
And  then  the  Moral  permeating,  underlying  all  !  the  Lesson  that 
none  so  remote — none  so  illiterate — no  age,  no  class — but  may 
directly  or  indirectly  read  ! 

Abraham  Lincoln's  was  really  one  of  those  characters,  the  best 
of  which  is  the  result  of  long  trains  of  cause  and  effect — needing 
a  certain  spaciousness  of  time,  and  perhaps  even  remoteness,  to 
properly  enclose  them — having  unequal'd  influence  on  the  shap 
ing  of  this  Republic  (and  therefore  the  world)  as  to-day,  and 
then  far  more  important  in  the  future.  Thus  the  time  has  by  no 
means  yet  come  for  a  thorough  measurement  of  him.  Neverthe 
less,  we  who  live  in  his  era — who  have  seen  him,  and  heard  him, 
face  to  face,  and  are  in  the  midst  of,  or  just  parting  from,  the 
strong  and  strange  events  which  he  and  we  have  had  to  do  with — 
can  in  some  respects  bear  valuable,  perhaps  indispensable  testi 
mony  concerning  him. 

I  should  first  like  to  give  a  very  fair  and  characteristic  likeness 
of  Lincoln,  as  I  saw  him  and  watch'd  him  one  afternoon  in  Wash 
ington,  for  nearly  half  an  hour,  not  long  before  his  death.  It 
was  as  he  stood  on  the  balcony  of  the  National  Hotel,  Pennsyl 
vania  Avenue,  making  a  short  speech  to  the  crowd  in  front,  on 
the  occasion  either  of  a  set  of  new  colors  presented  to  a  famous 
Illinois  regiment,  or  of  the  daring  capture,  by  the  Western  men, 
of  some  flags  from  "the  enemy,"  (which  latter  phrase,  by  the 
by,  was  not  used  by  him  at  all  in  his  remarks.)  How  the  picture 
happen 'd  to  be  made  I  do  not  know,  but  I  bought  it  a  few  days 
7  (97) 


gS  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 

afterward  in  Washington,  and  it  was  endors'd  by  every  one  to- 
whom  I  show'd  it.  Though  hundreds  of  portraits  have  been 
made,  by  painters  and  photographers,  (many  to  pass  on,  by  copies,. 
to  future  times,)  I  have  never  seen  one  yet  that  in  my  opinion 
deserv'd  to  be  called  a  perfectly  good  likeness ;  nor  do  I  believe 
there  is  really  such  a  one  in  existence.  May  I  not  say  too,  that, 
as  there  is  no  entirely  competent  and  emblematic  likeness  of 
Abraham  Lincoln  in  picture  or  statue,  there  is  not — perhaps  can 
not  be — any  fully  appropriate  literary  statement  or  summing-up 
of  him  yet  in  existence  ? 

The  best  way  to  estimate  the  value  of  Lincoln  is  to  think  what 
the  condition  of  America  would  be  to-day,  if  he  had  never  lived 
— never  been  President.  His  nomination  and  first  election  were 
mainly  accidents,  experiments.  Severely  view'd,  one  cannot 
think  very  much  of  American  Political  Parties,  from  the  begin 
ning,  after  the  Revolutionary  War,  down  to  the  present  time. 
Doubtless,  while  they  have  had  their  uses — have  been  and  are 
"the  grass  on  which  the  cow  feeds" — and  indispensable  econ 
omies  of  growth — it  is  undeniable  that  under  flippant  names  they 
have  merely  identified  temporary  passions,  or  freaks,  or  some 
times  prejudice,  ignorance,  or  hatred.  The  only  thing  like  a 
great  and  worthy  idea  vitalizing  a  party,  and  making  it  heroic, 
was  the  enthusiasm  in  "64  for  re-electing  Abraham  Lincoln,  and 
the  reason  behind  that  enthusiasm. 

How  does  this  man  compare  with  the  acknovvledg'd  "  Father 
of  his  country?"  Washington  was  model'd  on  the  best  Saxon, 
and  Franklin — of  the  age  of  the  Stuarts  (rooted  in  the  Elizabethan 
period) — was  essentially  a  noble  Englishman,  and  just  the  kind 
needed  for  the  occasions  and  the  times  of  i776-'83.  Lincoln, 
underneath  his  practicality,  was  far  less  European,  was  quite 
thoroughly  Western,  original,  essentially  non-conventional,  and 
had  a  certain  sort  of  out-door  or  prairie  stamp.  One  of  the  best 
of  the  late  commentators  on  Shakspere,  (Professor  Dowden,) 
makes  the  height  and  aggregate  of  his  quality  as  a  poet  to  be, 
that  he  thoroughly  blended  the  ideal  with  the  practical  or  real 
istic.  If  this  be  so,  I  should  say  that  what  Shakspere  did  in 
poetic  expression,  Abraham  Lincoln  essentially  did  in  his  per 
sonal  and  official  life.  I  should  say  the  invisible  foundations  and 
vertebra  of  his  character,  more  than  any  man's  in  history,  were 
mystical,  abstract,  moral  and  spiritual — while  upon  all  of  them 
was  built,  and  out  of  all  of  them  radiated,  under  the  control  of 
the  average  of  circumstances,  what  the  vulgar  call  horse-sense, 
and  a  life  often  bent  by  temporary  but  most  urgent  materialistic 
and  political  reasons. 

He  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  indomitable  firmness  (even 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 


99 


obstinacy)  on  rare  occasions,  involving  great  points ;  but  he  was 
generally  very  easy,  flexible,  tolerant, -almost  slouchy,  respecting 
minor  matters.  I  note  that  even  those  reports  and  anecdotes 
intended  to  level  him  down,  all  leave  the  tinge  of  a  favorable 
impression  of  him.  As  to  his  religious  nature,  it  seems  to  me  to 
have  certainly  been  of  the  amplest,  deepest-rooted,  loftiest  kind. 
Already  a  new  generation  begins  to  tread  the  stage,  since  the 
persons  and  events  of  the  Secession  War.  I  have  more  than  once 
fancied  to  myself  the  time  when  the  present  century  has  closed, 
and  a  new  one  open'd,  and  the  men  and  deeds  of  that  contest 
have  become  somewhat  vague  and  mythical — fancied  perhaps  in 
some  great  Western  city,  or  group  collected  together,  or  public 
festival,  where  the  days  of  old,  of  1863  and  '4  and  '5  are  dis 
cuss' d — some  ancient  soldier  sitting  in  the  background  as  the 
talk  goes  on,  and  betraying  himself  by  his  emotion  and  moist 
eyes — like  the  journeying  Ithacan  at  the  banquet  of  King  Alci- 
noiis,  when  the  bard  sings  the  contending  warriors  and  their 
battles  on  the  plains  of  Troy  : 

"  So  from  the  sluices  of  Ulysses'  eyes 
Fast  fell  the  tears,  and  sighs  succeeded  sighs." 

I  have  fancied,  I  say,  some  such  venerable  relic  of  this  time 
of  ours,  preserv'd  to  the  next  or  still  the  next  generation  of 
America.  I  have  fancied,  on  such  occasion,  the  young  men 
gathering  around  ;  the  awe,  the  eager  questions  :  "  What !  have 
you  seen  Abraham  Lincoln — and  heard  him  speak — and  touch'd 
his  hand?  Have  you,  with  your  own  eyes,  look'd  on  Grant,  and 
Lee,  and  Sherman?" 

Dear  to  Democracy,  to  the  very  last !  And  among  the  para 
doxes  generated  by  America,  not  the  least  curious  was  that  spec 
tacle  of  all  the  kings  and  queens  and  emperors  of  the  earth, 
many  from  remote  distances,  sending  tributes  of  condolence  and 
sorrow  in  memory  of  one  rais'd  through  the  commonest  average 
of  life — a  rail-splitter  and  flat-boatman  ! 

Consider'd  from  contemporary  points  of  view — who  knows 
what  the  future  may  decide  ? — and  from  the  points  of  view  of 
current  Democracy  and  The  Union,  (the  only  thing  like  passion 
or  infatuation  in  the  man  was  the  passion  for  the  Union  of 
These  States,)  Abraham  Lincoln  seems  to  me  the  grandest  figure 
yet,  on  all  the  crowded  canvas  of  the  Nineteenth  Century. 


[From  the  Ne-M  Orleans  Picayune,  Jan.  25,  1887.] 

NEW  ORLEANS  IN  1848. 

WALT  WHITMAN   GOSSIPS   OF  His  SOJOURN  HERE  YEARS  AGO 
AS  A  NEWSPAPER  WRITER.      NOTES  OF   His  TRIP   UP  THE 

MISSISSIPPI   AND    TO    NEW   YORK. 

AMONG  the  letters  brought  this  morning  (Camden,  New  Jer 
sey,  Jan.  15,  1887,)  by  my  faithful  post-office  carrier,  J.  G.,  is 
one  as  follows : 

"NEW  ORLEANS,  Jan.  n,  '87. — We  have  been  informed  that  when  you 
were  younger  and  less  famous  than  now,  you  were  in  New  Orleans  and  per 
haps  have  helped  on  the  Picayune.  If  you  have  any  remembrance  of  the 
Picayune's  young  days,  or  of  journalism  in  New  Orleans  of  that  era,  and 
would  put  it  in  writing  (verse  or  prose)  for  the  Picayune's  fiftieth  year  edi 
tion,  Jan.  25,  we  shall  be  pleased,"  etc. 

In  response  to  which :  I  went  down  to  New  Orleans  early  in 
1848  to  work  on  a  daily  newspaper,  but  it  was  not  the  Picayune, 
though  I  saw  quite  a  good  deal  of  the  editors  of  that  paper,  and 
knew  its  personnel  and  ways.  But  let  me  indulge  my  pen  in 
some  gossipy  recollections  of  that  time  and  place,  with  extracts 
from  my  journal  up  the  Mississippi  and  across  the  great  lakes  to 
the  Hudson. 

Probably  the  influence  most  deeply  pervading  everything  at 
that  time  through  the  United  States,  both  in  physical  facts  and 
in  sentiment,  was  the  Mexican  War,  then  just  ended.  Following 
a  brilliant  campaign  (in  which  our  troops  had  march'd  to  the 
capital  city,  Mexico,  and  taken  full  possession,)  we  were  return 
ing  after  our  victory.  From  the  situation  of  the  country,  the 
city  of  New  Orleans  had  been  our  channel  and  entrepot  for 
everything,  going  and  returning.  It  had  the  best  news  and  war 
correspondents;  it  had  the  most  to  say,  through  its  leading 
papers,  the  Picayune  and  Delta  especially,  and  its  voice  was 
readiest  listen' d  to ;  from  it  "  Chapparal  "  had  gone  out,  and  his 
army  and  battle  letters  were  copied  everywhere,  not  only  in  the 
United  States,  but  in  Europe.  Then  the  social  cast  and  results ; 
no  one  who  has  never  seen  the  society  of  a  city  under  similar 
circumstances  can  understand  what  a  strange  vivacity  and  rattle 

(100) 


NEW  ORLEANS  IN  1848.  IOt 

were  given  throughout  by  such  a  situation.  I  remember  the 
crowds  of  soldiers,  the  gay  young  officers,  going  or  coming, 
the  receipt  of  important  news,  the  many  discussions,  the  return 
ing  wounded,  and  so  on. 

I  remember  very  well  seeing  Gen.  Taylor  with  his  staff  and 
other  officers  at  the  St.  Charles  Theatre  one  evening  (after  talk 
ing  with  them  during  the  day.)  There  was  a  short  play  on  the 
stage,  but  the  principal  performance  was  of  Dr.  Colyer's  troupe 
of  "Model  Artists,"  then  in  the  full  tide  of  their  popularity. 
They  gave  many  fine  -groups  and  solo  shows.  The  house  was 
crowded  with  uniforms  and  shoulder-straps.  Gen.  T.  himself, 
if  I  remember  right,  was  almost  the  only  officer  in  civilian 
clothes;  he  was  a  jovial,  old,  rather  stout,  plain  man,  with  a 
wrinkled  and  dark-yellow  face,  and,  in  ways  and  manners, 
show'd  the  least  of  conventional  ceremony  or  etiquette  I  ever 
saw;  he  laugh'd  unrestrainedly  at  everything  comical.  (He  had 
a  great  personal  resemblance  to  Fenimore  Cooper,  the  novelist, 
of  New  York.)  I  remember  Gen.  Pillow  and  quite  a  cluster  of 
other  militaires  also  present. 

One  of  my  choice  amusements  during  my  stay  in  New  Orleans 
was  going  down  to  the  old  French  Market,  especially  of  a  Sunday 
morning.  The  show  was  a  varied  and  curious  one ;  among  the 
rest,  the  Indian  and  negro  hucksters  with  their  wares.  For  there 
were  always  fine  specimens  of  Indians,  both  men  and  women, 
young  and  old.  I  remember  I  nearly  always  on  these  occasions 
got  a  large  cup  of  delicious  coffee  with  a  biscuit,  for  my  break 
fast,  from  the  immense  shining  copper  kettle  of  a  great  Creole 
mulatto  woman  (I  believe  she  weigh'd  230  pounds.)  I  never 
have  had  such  coffee  since.  About  nice  drinks,  anyhow,  my  re 
collection  of  the  "cobblers"  (with  strawberries  and  snow  on  top 
of  the  large  tumblers,)  and  also  the  exquisite  wines,  and  the  per 
fect  and  mild  French  brandy,  help  the  regretful  reminiscence  of 
my  New  Orleans  experiences  of  those  days.  And  what  splendid 
and  roomy  and  leisurely  bar-rooms  !  particularly  the  grand  ones 
of  the  St.  Charles  and  St.  Louis.  Bargains,  auctions,  appoint 
ments,  business  conferences,  &c.,  were  generally  held  in  the 
spaces  or  recesses  of  these  bar-rooms. 

I  used  to  wander  a  midday  hour  or  two  now  and  then  for  amuse 
ment  on  the  crowded  and  bustling  levees,  on  the  banks  of  the 
river.  The  diagonally  wedg'd-in  boats,  the  stevedores,  the  piles 
of  cotton  and  other  merchandise,  the  carts,  mules,  negroes,  etc., 
afforded  never-ending  studies  and  sights  to  me.  I  made  acquaint 
ances  among  the  captains,  boatmen,  or  other  characters,  and  often 
had  long  talks  with  them — sometimes  finding  a  real  rough  dia 
mond  among  my  chance  encounters.  Sundays  I  sometimes  went 


102  NEW  ORLEANS  IN  1848. 

forenoons  to  the  old  Catholic  Cathedral  in  the  French  quarter. 
I  used  to  walk  a  good  deal  in  this  arrondissement ;  and  I  have 
deeply  regretted  since  that  I  did  not  cultivate,  while  I  had  such 
a. good  opportunity,  the  chance  of  better  knowledge  of  French 
and  Spanish  Creole  New  Orleans  people.  (I  have  an  idea  that 
there  is  much  and  of  importance  about  the  Latin  race  contribu 
tions  to  American  nationality  in  the  South  and  Southwest  that 
will  never  be  put  with  sympathetic  understanding  and  tact  on 
record.) 

Let  me  say,  for  better  detail,  that  through  several  months 
(1848)  I  work  d  on  a  new  daily  paper,  The  Crescent ;  my  situa 
tion  rather  a  pleasant  one.  My  young  brother,  Jeff,  was  with 
me ;  and  he  not  only  grew  very  homesick,  but  the  climate  of  the 
place,  and  especially  the  water,  seriously  disagreed  with  him. 
From  this  and  other  reasons  (although  I  was  quite  happily  fix'd) 
I  made  no  very  long  stay  in  the  South.  In  due  time  we  took 
passage  northward  for  St.  Louis  in  the  "Pride  of  the  West" 
steamer,  which  left  her  wharf  just  at  dusk.  My  brother  was  un 
well,  and  lay  in  his  berth  from  the  moment  we  left  till  the  next 
morning ;  he  seem'd  to  me  to  be  in  a  fever,  and  I  felt  alarm'd. 
However,  the  next  morning  he  was  all  right  again,  much  to  my 
relief. 

Our  voyage  up  the  Mississippi  was  after  the  same  sort  as  the 
voyage,  some  months  before,  down  it.  The  shores  of  this  great 
river  are  very  monotonous  and  dull — one  continuous  and  rank 
flat,  with  the  exception  of  a  meagre  stretch  of  bluff,  about  the 
neighborhood  of  Natchez,  Memphis,  etc.  Fortunately  we  had 
good  weather,  and  not  a  great  crowd  of  passengers,  though  the 
berths  were  all  full.  Tlie  "  Pride"  jogg'd  along  pretty  well,  and 
put  us  into  St.  Louis  about  noon  Saturday.  After  looking  around 
a  little  I  secured  passage  on  the  steamer  "  Prairie  Bird,"  (to  leave 
late  in  the  afternoon,)  bound  up  the  Illinois  River  to  La  Salle, 
where  we  were  to  take  canal  for  Chicago.  During  the  day  I 
rambled  with  my  brother  over  a  large  portion  of  the  town, 
search'd  after  a  refectory,  and,  after  much  trouble,  succeeded  in 
getting  some  dinner. 

Our  "  Prairie  Bird  "  started  out  at  dark,  and  a  couple  of  hours 
after  there  was  quite  a  rain  and  blow,  which  made  them  haul  in 
along  shore  and  tie  fast.  We  made  but  thirty  miles  the  whole 
night.  The  boat  was  excessively  crowded  with  passengers,  and 
had  withal  so  much  freight  that  we  could  hardly  turn  around.  I 
slept  on  the  floor,  and  the  night  was  uncomfortable  enough.  The 
Illinois  River  is  spotted  with  little  villages  with  big  names,  Mar 
seilles,  Naples,  etc.  ;  its  banks  are  low,  and  the  vegetation  ex 
cessively  rank.  Peoria,  some  distance  up,  is  a  pleasant  town  ;  I 


NEW  ORLEANS  IN  1848. 


103 


went  over  the  place;  the  country  back  is  all  rich  land,  for  sale 
cheap.  Three  or  four  miles  from  P.,  land  of  the  first  quality  can 
be  bought  for  $3  or  $4  an  acre.  (I  am  transcribing  from  my  notes 
written  at  the  time.) 

Arriving  at  La  Salle  Tuesday  morning,  we  went  on  board  a 
canal-boat,  had  a  detention  by  sticking  on  a  mud  bar,  and  then 
jogg'd  along  at  a  slow  trot,  some  seventy  of  us,  on  a  moderate- 
sized  boat.  (If  the  weather  hadn't  been  rather  cool,  particularly 
at  night,  it  would  have  been  insufferable.)  Illinois  is  the  most 
splendid  agricultural  country  I  ever  saw ;  the  land  is  of  surpass 
ing  richness;  the  place  par  excellence  for  farmers.  We  stopt 
.at  various  points  along  the  canal,  some  of  them  pretty  villages. 

It  was  10  o'clock  A.  M.  when  we  got  in  Chicago,  too  late  for 
the  steamer;  so  we  went  to  an  excellent  public  house,  the 
"American  Temperance,"  and  I  spent  the  time  that  day  and  till 
next  morning,  looking  around  Chicago. 

At  9  the  next  forenoon  we  started  on  the  "  Griffith  "  (on  board 
of  which  I  am  now  inditing  these  memoranda,)  up  the  blue  waters 
of  Lake  Michigan.  I  was  delighted  with  the  appearance  of  the 
towns  along  Wisconsin.  At  Milwaukee  I  went  on  shore,  and 
walk'd  around  the  place.  They  say  the  country  back  is  beautiful 
and  rich.  (It  seems  to  me  that  if  we  should  ever  remove  from 
Long  Island,  Wisconsin  would  be  the  proper  place  to  come  to.) 
The  towns  have  a  remarkable  appearance  of  good  living,  without 
any  penury  or  want.  The  country  is  so  good  naturally,  and  labor 
is  in  such  demand. 

About  5  o'clock  one  afternoon  I  heard  the  cry  of  "a  woman 
overboard."  It  proved  to  be  a  crazy  lady,  who  had  become  so 
from  the  loss  of  her  son  a  couple  of  weeks  before.  The  small 
boat  put  off,  and  succeeded  in  picking  her  up,  though  she  had 
been  in  the  water  15  minutes.  She  was  dead.  Her  husband  was 
on  board.  They  went  off  at  the  next  stopping  place.  While 
she  lay  in  the  water  she  probably  recover'd  her  reason,  as  she 
toss'd  up  her  arms  and  lifted  her  face  toward  the  boat. 

Sunday  Morning,  June  n. — We  pass'd  down  Lake  Huron 
yesterday  and  last  night,  and  between  4  and  5  o'clock  this 
morning  we  ran  on  the  "flats,"  and  have  been  vainly  trying, 
with  the  aid  of  a  steam  tug  and  a  lumbering  lighter,  to  get  clear 
again.  The  day  is  beautiful  and  the  water  clear  and  calm. 
Night  before  last  we  stopt  at  Mackinaw,  (the  island  and  town,) 
and  I  went  up  on  the  old  fort,  one  of  the  oldest  stations  in  the 
Northwest.  We  expect  to  get  to  Buffalo  by  to-morrow.  The 
tug  has  fasten'd  lines  to  us,  but  some  have  been  snapt  and  the 
others  have  no  effect.  We  seem  to  be  firmly  imbedded  in  the 
sand.  (With  the  exception  of  a  larger  boat  and  better  accom- 


IO4 


NEW  ORLEANS  IN  1848. 


modations,  it  amounts  to  about  the  same  thing  as  a  becalmment 
I  underwent  on  the  Montauk  voyage,  East  Long  Island,  last 
summer.)  Later. — We  are  off  again — expect  to  reach  Detroit 
before  dinner. 

We  did  not  stop  at  Detroit.  We  are  now  on  Lake  Erie,  jog 
ging  along  at  a  good  round  pace.  A  couple  of  hours  since  we 
were  on  the  river  above.  Detroit  seem'd  to  me  a  pretty  place 
and  thrifty.  I  especially  liked  the  looks  of  the  Canadian  shore 
opposite  and  of  the  little  village  of  Windsor,  and,  indeed,  all 
along  the  banks  of  the  river.  From  the  shrubbery  and  the  neat 
appearance  of  some  of  the  cottages,  I  think  it  must  have  been 
settled  by  the  French.  While  I  now  write  we  can  see  a  little 
distance  ahead  the  scene  of  the  battle  between  Perry's  fleet  and 
the  British  during  the  last  war  with  England.  The  lake  looks  to 
me  a  fine  sheet  of  water.  We  are  having  a  beautiful  day. 

June  12. — We  stopt  last  evening  at  Cleveland,  and  though  it 
was  dark,  I  took  the  opportunity  of  rambling  about  the  place; 
went  up  in  the  heart  of  the  city  and  back  to  what  appear'd  to  be 
the  court-house.  The  streets  are  unusually  wide,  and  the  build 
ings  appear  to  be  substantial  and  comfortable.  We  went  down 
through  Main  Street  and  found,  some  distance  along,  several 
squares  of  ground  very  prettily  planted  with  trees  and  looking 
attractive  enough.  Return'd  to  the  boat  by  way  of  the  light 
house  on  the  hill. 

This  morning  we  are  making  for  Buffalo,  being,  I  imagine,  a 
little  more  than  half  across  Lake  Erie.  The  water  is  rougher 
than  on  Michigan  or  Huron.  (On  St.  Clair  it  was  smooth  as 
glass.)  The  day  is  bright  and  dry,  with  a  stiff  head  wind. 

We  arriv'd  in  Buffalo  on  Monday  evening ;  spent  that  night 
and  a  portion  of  next  day  going  round  the  city  exploring.  Then 
got  in  the  cars  and  went  to  Niagara;  went  under  the  falls — saw 
the  whirlpool  and  all  the  other  sights. 

Tuesday  night  started  for  Albany;  travel'd  all  night.  From 
the  time  daylight  afforded  us  a  view  of  the  country  all  seem'd 
very  rich  and  well  cultivated.  Every  few  miles  were  large  towns 
or  villages. 

Wednesday  late  we  arriv'd  at  Albany.  Spent  the  evening  in 
exploring.  There  was  a  political  meeting  (Hunker)  at  the  capi- 
tol,  but  I  pass'd  it  by.  Next  morning  I  started  down  the  Hud 
son  in  the  "Alida;"  arriv'd  safely  in  New  York  that  evening. 


SMALL  MEMORANDA. 

Thousands  lost — here  one  or  (wo  preserved. 

ATTORNEY  GENERAL'S  OFFICE,  Washington,  Aug.  22,  1865. — 
As  I  write  this,  about  noon,  the  suite  of  rooms  here  is  fill'd  with 
southerners,  standing  in  squads,  or  streaming  in  and  out,  some 
talking  with  the  Pardon  Clerk,  some  waiting  to  see  the  Attorney 
General,  others  discussing  in  low  tones  among  themselves.  All 
are  mainly  anxious  about  their  pardons.  The  famous  i3th  ex 
ception  of  the  President's  Amnesty  Proclamation  of , 

makes  it  necessary  that  every  secessionist,  whose  property  is 
worth  $20,000  or  over,  shall  get  a  special  pardon,  before  he  can 
transact  any  legal  purchase,  sale,  &c.  So  hundreds  and  thousands 
of  such  property  owners  have  either  sent  up  here,  for  the  last  two 
months,  or  have  been,  or  are  now  coming  personally  here,  to  get 
their  pardons.  They  are  from  Virginia,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mis 
sissippi,  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  every  southern  State. 
Some  of  their  written  petitions  are  very  abject.  Secession 
officers  of  the  rank  of  Brigadier  General,  or  higher,  also  need 
these  special  pardons.  They  also  come  here.  I  see  streams  of 
the  $20,000  men,  (and  some  women,)  every  day.  I  talk  now 
and  then  with  them,  and  learn  much  that  is  interesting  and  sig 
nificant.  All  the  southern  women  that  come  (some  splendid 
specimens,  mothers,  &c.)  are  dress'd  in  deep  black. 

Immense  numbers  (several  thousands)  of  these  pardons  have 
been  pass'd  upon  favorably ;  the  Pardon  Warrants  (like  great 
deeds)  have  been  issued  from  the  State  Department,  on  the 
requisition  of  this  office.  But  for  some  reason  or  other,  they 
nearly  all  yet  lie  awaiting  the  President's  signature.  He  seems 
to  be  in  no  hurry  about  it,  but  lets  them  wait. 

The  crowds  that  come  here  make  a  curious  study  for  me.  I 
get  along,  very  sociably,  with  any  of  them — as  I  let  them  do  all 
the  talking ;  only  now  and  then  I  have  a  long  confab,  or  ask  a 
suggestive  question  or  two. 

If  the  thing  continues  as  at  present,  the  property  and  wealth 
of  the  Southern  States  is  going  to  legally  rest,  for  the  future,  on 


I06  SMALL  MEMORANDA. 

these  pardons.  Every  single  one  is  made  out  with  the  condition 
that  the  grantee  shall  respect  the  abolition  of  slavery,  and  never 
make  an  attempt  to  restore  it. 

Washington,  Sept.  8,  9,  £rc.,  1865. — The  arrivals,  swarms, 
&c.,  of  the  $20,000  men  seeking  pardons,  still  continue  with  in- 
creas'd  numbers  and  pertinacity.  I  yesterday  (I  am  a  clerk  in 
the  U.  S.  Attorney  General's  office  here)  made  out  a  long  list 
from  Alabama,  nearly  200,  recommended  for  pardon  by  the  Pro 
visional  Governor.  This  list,  in  the  shape  of  a  requisition  from 
the  Attorney  General,  goes  to  the  State  Department.  There  the 
Pardon  Warrants  are  made  out,  brought  back  here,  and  then  sent 
to  the  President,  where  they  await  his  signature.  He  is  signing 
them  very  freely  of  late. 

The  President,  indeed,  as  at  present  appears,  has  fix'd  his 
mind  on  a  very  generous  and  forgiving  course  toward  the  re- 
turn'd  secessionists.  He  will  not  countenance  at  all  the  demand 
of  the  extreme  Philo-African  element  of  the  North,  to  make  the 
right  of  negro  voting  at  elections  a  condition  and  sine  qua  non 
of  the  reconstruction  of  the  United  States  south,  and  of  their 
resumption  of  co-equality  in  the  Union. 

A  glint  inside  of  Abraham  Lincoln1  s  Cabinet  appointments. 
One  item  of  many. — While  it  was  hanging  in  suspense  who 
should  be  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  (to  take  the  place 
of  Caleb  Smith,)  the  choice  was  very  close  between  Mr.  Harlan 
and  Col.  Jesse  K.  Dubois,  of  Illinois.  The  latter  had  many 
friends.  He  was  competent,  he  was  honest,  and  he  was  a  man. 
Mr.  Harlan,  in  the  race,  finally  gain'd  the  Methodist  interest, 
and  got  himself  to  be  consider'd  as  identified  with  it ;  and  his 
appointment  was  apparently  ask'd  for  by  that  powerful  body. 
Bishop  Simpson,  of  Philadelphia,  came  on  and  spoke  for  the 
selection.  The  President  was  much  perplex'd.  The  reasons 
for  appointing  Col.  Dubois  were  very  strong,  almost  insuper 
able — yet  the  argument  for  Mr.  Harlan,  under  the  adroit  posi 
tion  he  had  plac'd  himself,  was  heavy.  Those  who  press'd  him 
adduc'd  the  magnitude  of  the  Methodists  as  a  body,  their  loyalty, 
more  general  and  genuine  than  any  other  sect — that  they  repre 
sented  the  West,  and  had  a  right  to  be  heard — that  all  or  nearly 
all  the  other  great  denominations  had  their  representatives  in  the 
heads  of  the  government — that  they  as  a  body  and  the  great 
sectarian  power  of  the  West,  formally  ask'd  Mr.  Harlan's  ap 
pointment — that  he  was  of  them,  having  been  a  Methodist 
minister — that  it  would  not  do  to  offend  them,  but  was  highly 
necessary  to  propitiate  them. 


SMALL  MEMORANDA.  107 

Mr.  Lincoln  thought  deeply  over  the  whole  matter.  He  was 
In  more  than  usual  tribulation  on  the  subject.  Let  it  be  enough 
to  say  that  though  Mr.  Harlan  finally  receiv'd  the  Secretaryship, 
Col.  Dubois  came  as  near  being  appointed  as  a  man  could,  and 
not  be.  The  decision  was  finally  made  one  night  about  10 
o'clock.  Bishop  Simpson  and  other  clergymen  and  leading  per 
sons  in  Mr.  Harlan's  behalf,  had  been  talking  long  and  vehe 
mently  with  the  President.  A  member  of  Congress  who  was 
pressing  Col.  Dubois's  claims,  was  in  waiting.  The  President 
had  told  the  Bishop  that  he  would  make  a  decision  that  evening, 
and  that  he  thought  it  unnecessary  to  be  press'd  any  more  on  the 
subject.  That  night  he  call'd  in  the  M.  C.  above  alluded  to,  and 
said  to  him :  "  Tell  Uncle  Jesse  that  I  want  to  give  him  this  ap 
pointment,  and  yet  I  cannot.  I  will  do  almost  anything  else  in 
the  world  for  him  I  am  able.  I  have  thought  the  matter  all  over, 
and  under  the  circumstances  think  the  Methodists  too  good  and 
too  great  a  body  to  be  slighted.  They  have  stood  by  the  govern- 
ment,  and  help'd  us  their  very  best.  I  have  had  no  better  friends ; 
and  as  the  case  stands,  I  have  decided  to  appoint  Mr.  Harlan." 


NOTE   TO   A   FRIEND. 

[Written  on  the  fly-leaf  of  a  copy  of  "Specimen  Days,"  sent  to  Pete/ 
Doyle,  at  Washington,  June,  1883.] 

Pete,  do  you  remember — (of  course  you  do — I  do  well) — thos^ 
great  long  jovial  walks  we  had  at  times  for  years,  (1866-' 72)  out 
of  Washington  City — often  moonlight  nights — 'way  to  "  Good 
Hope"; — or,  Sundays,  up  and  down  the  Potomac  shores,  one 
side  or  the  other,  sometimes  ten  miles  at  a  stretch?  Or  when 
you  work'd  on  the  horse-cars,  and  I  waited  for  you,  coming 
home  late  together — or  resting  and  chatting  at  the  Market,  cor 
ner  7th  Street  and  the  Avenue,  and  eating  those  nice  musk  or 
watermelons?  Or  during  my  tedious  sickness  and  first  paralysis 
('73)  how  you  used  to  come  to  my  solitary  garret-room  and  make 
up  my  bed,  and  enliven  me,  and  chat  for  an  hour  or  so — or  per 
haps  go  out  and  get  the  medicines  Dr.  Drinkard  had  order'd  for 

me — before  you  went  on  duty? Give  my  love  to  dear  Mrs. 

and  Mr.  Nash,  and  tell  them  I  have   not  forgotten  them,  and 
never  will.  W.  W. 

WRITTEN   IMPROMPTU   IN   AN   ALBUM. 

GERMANTOWN,  PHILA.,  Dec.  26,  '83. 
In  memory  of  these  merry  Christmas  days  and  nights — to  my 


10g  SMALL   MEMORANDA. 

friends  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Williams,  Churchie,  May,  Gurney,  and 
little  Aubrey A  heavy  snow-storm  blocking  up  every 
thing,  and  keeping  us  in.  But  souls,  hearts,  thoughts,  unloos'd. 
And  so — one  and  all,  little  and  big — hav'n't  we  had  a  good 
time?  W.  W. 


From  (he  Philadelphia  Press,  Nov.  27,  1884,  (Thanksgiving  number.) 
THE  PLACE  GRATITUDE  FILLS  IN  A  FINE   CHARACTER. 

Scene. — A  large  family  supper  party,  a  night  or  two  ago,  with 
voices  and  laughter  of  the  young,  mellow  faces  of  the  old,  and  a 
by-and-by  pause  in  the  general  jovially.  "  Now,  Mr.  Whitman," 
spoke  up  one  of  the  girls,  "  what  have  you  to  say  about  Thanks 
giving?  Won't  you  give  us  a  sermon  in  advance,  to  sober  us 
down?"  The  sage  nodded  smilingly,  look'd  a  moment  at  the 
blaze  of  the  great  wood  fire,  ran  his  forefinger  right  and  left 
through  the  heavy  white  moustache  that  might  have  otherwise 
impeded  his  voice,  and  began  :  "  Thanksgiving  goes  probably  far 
deeper  than  you  folks  suppose.  I  am  not  sure  but  it  is  the  source 
of  the  highest  poetry — as  in  parts  of  the  Bible.  Ruskin,  indeed, 
makes  the  central  source  of  all  great  art  to  be  praise  (gratitude) 
to  the  Almighty  for  life,  and  the  universe  with  its  objects  and 
play  of  action. 

"We  Americans  devote  an  official  day  to  it  every  year;  yet  I 
sometimes  fear  the  real  article  is  almost  dead  or  dying  in  our  self- 
sufficient,  independent  Republic.  Gratitude,  anyhow,  has  never 
been  made  half  enough  of  by  the  moralists ;  it  is  indispensable 
to  a  complete  character,  man's  or  woman's — the  disposition  to  be 
appreciative,  thankful.  That  is  the  main  matter,  the  element, 
inclination — what  geologists  call  the  trend.  Of  my  own  life  and 
writings  I  estimate  the  giving  thanks  part,  with  what  it  infers,  as 
essentially  the  best  item.  I  should  say  the  quality  of  gratitude 
rounds  the  whole  emotional  nature ;  I  should  say  love  and  faith 
would  quite  lack  vitality  without  it.  There  are  people — shall  I 
call  them  even  religious  people,  as  things  go  ? — who  have  no  such, 
trend  to  their  disposition." 


LAST  OF  THE  WAR  CASES 

Memorandized  at  the  time,  Washington,  1865-66. 

[Op  reminiscences  of  the  Secession  War,  after  the  rest  is  said, 
I  have  thought  it  remains  to  give  a  few  special  words — in  some 
respects  at  the  time  the  typical  words  of  all,  and  most  definite — 
of  the  samples  of  the  kill'd  and  wounded  in  action,  and  of  sol 
diers  who  linger'd  afterward,  from  these  wounds,  or  were  laid  up 
by  obstinate  disease  or  prostration.  The  general  statistics  have 
been  printed  already,  but  can  bear  to  be  briefly  stated  again. 
There  were  over  3,000,000  men  (for  all  periods  of  enlistment, 
large  and  small)  furnish'd  to  the  Union  army  during  the  war, 
New  York  State  furnishing  over  500,000,  which  was  the  greatest 
number  of  any  one  Stale.  The  losses  by  disease,  wounds,  kill'd 
in  action,  accidents,  &c. ,  were  altogether  about  600,000,  or  ap 
proximating  to  that  number.  Over  4,000,000  cases  were  treated 
in  the  main  and  adjudicatory  army  hospitals.  The  number  sounds 
strange,  but  it  is  true  More  than  two-thirds  of  the  deaths  were 
from  prostration  or  disease.  To-day  there  lie  buried  over  300,000 
soldiers  in  the  various  National  army  Cemeteries,  more  than  half 
of  them  (and  that  is  really  the  most  significant  and  eloquent  be 
quest  of  the  War)  mark'd  "  unknown."  In  full  mortuary  statis 
tics  of  the  war,  the  greatest  deficiency  arises  from  our  not  having 
the  rolls,  even  as  far  as  they  were  kept,  of  most  of  the  Southern 
military  prisons — a  gap  which  probably  both  adds  to,  and  helps 
conceal,  the  indescribable  horrors  of  those  places  ;  it  is,  however, 
(restricting  one  vivid  point  only)  certain  that  over  30,000  Union 
soldiers  died,  largely  of  actual  starvation,  in  them.  And  now, 
leaving  all  figures  and  their  "sum  totals,"  I  feel  sure  a  few  gen 
uine  memoranda  of  such  things — some  cases  jotted  down  "64, 
'65,  and  '66 — made  at  the  time  and  on  the  spot,  with  all  the  as 
sociations  of  those  scenes  and  places  brought  back,  will  not  only 
go  directest  to  the  right  spot,  but  give  a  clearer  and  more  actual 
sight  of  that  period,  than  anything  else.  Before  I  give  the  last 
cases  I  begin  with  verbatim  extracts  from  letters  home  to  my 
mother  in  Brooklyn,  the  second  year 'of  the  war. — W.  \V.] 

Washington,    Oct.    13,   1863.  —There   has  been  a  new  lot  of 

(109) 


HO  LAST  OF  THE    WAR   CASES. 

wounded  and  sick  arriving  for  the  last  three  days.  The  first  and 
second  days,  long  strings  of  ambulances  with  the  sick.  Yester 
day  the  worst,  many  with  bad  and  bloody  wounds,  inevitably 
long  neglected.  I  thought  I  was  cooler  and  more  used  to  it,  but 
the  sight  of  some  cases  brought  tears  into  my  eyes.  I  had  the 
luck  yesterday,  however,  to  do  lots  of  good.  Had  provided 
many  nourishing  articles  for  the  men  for  another  quarter,  but, 
fortunately,  had  my  stores  where  I  could  use  them  at  once  for 
these  new-comers,  as  they  arrived,  faint,  hungry,  fagg'd  out  from 
their  journey,  with  soil'd  clothes,  and  all  bloody.  I  distributed 
these  articles,  gave  partly  to  the  nurses  I  knew,  or  to  those  in 
charge.  As  many  as  possible  I  fed  myself.  Then  I  found  a  lot 
of  oyster  soup  handy,  and  bought  it  all  at  once. 

It  is  the  most  pitiful  sight,  this,  when  the  men  are  first  brought 
in,  from  some  camp  hospital  broke  up,  or  a  part  of  the  army 
moving.  These  who  arrived  yesterday  are  cavalry  men.  Our 
troops  had  fought  like  devils,  but  got  the  worst  of  it.  They  were 
Kilpatrick's  cavalry ;  were  in  the  rear,  part  of  Meade's  retreat, 
and  the  reb  cavalry,  knowing  the  ground  and  taking  a  favorable 
opportunity,  dash'd  in  between,  cut  them  off,  and  shell'd  them 
terribly.  But  Kilpatrick  turn'd  and  brought  them  out  mostly. 
It  was  last  Sunday.  (One  of  the  most  terrible  sights  and  tasks  is 
of  such  receptions.) 

Oct.  27,  1863. — If  any  of  the  soldiers  I  know  (or  their  parents 
or  folks)  should  call  upon  you — as  they  are  often  anxious  to  have 
my  address  in  Brooklyn — you  just  use  them  as  you  know  how, 
and  if  you  happen  to  have  pot-luck,  and  feel  to  ask  them  to  take 
a  bite,  don't  be  afraid  to  do  so,  I  have  a  friend,  Thomas  Neat, 
2d  N.  Y.  Cavalry,  wounded  in  leg,  now  home  in  Jamaica,  on 
furlough  ;  he  will  probably  call.  Then  possibly  a  Mr.  Haskell, 
or  some  of  his  folks,  from  western  New  York  :  he  had  a  son  died 
here,  and  I  was  with  the  boy  a  good  deal.  The  old  man  and  his 
wife  have  written  me  and  ask'd  me  my  Brooklyn  address ;  he  said 
he  had  children  in  New  York,  and  was  occasionally  down  there. 
(When  I  come  home  I  will  show  you  some  of  the  letters  I  get 
from  mothers,  sisters,  fathers,  &c.  They  will  make  you  cry.) 

How  the  time  passes  away  !  To  think  it  is  over  a  year  since  I 
left  home  suddenly — and  have  mostly  been  down  in  front  since. 
The  year  has  vanish'd  swiftly,  and  oh,  what  scenes  I  have  wit- 
ness'd  during  that  time  !  And  the  war  is  not  settled  yet ;  and 
one  does  not  see  anything  certain,  or  even  promising,  of  a  settle 
ment.  But  I  do  not  lose  the  solid  feeling,  in  myself,  that  the 
Union  triumph  is  assured,  whether  it  be  sooner  or  whether  it  be 
later,  or  whatever  roundabout  way  we  may  be  led  there ;  and  I 
find  I  don't  change  that  conviction  from  any  reverses  we  meet, 


LAST  OF  THE   WAR  CASES.  nr 

nor  delays,  nor  blunders.  One  realizes  here  in  Washington  the 
great  labors,  even  the  negative  ones,  of  Lincoln  ;  that  it  is  a  big 
thing  to  have  just  kept  the  United  States  from  being  thrown  down 
and  having  its  throat  cut.  I  have  not  waver'd  or  had  any  doubt 
of  the  issue,  since  Gettysburg. 

8//J  September,  '63. — Here,  now,  is  a  specimen  army  hospital 
case :  Lorenzo  Strong,  Co.  A,  Qth  United  States  Cavalry,  shot 
by  a  shell  last  Sunday ;  right  leg  amputated  on  the  field.  Sent 
up  here  Monday  night,  i4th.  Seem'd  to  be  doing  pretty  well 
till  Wednesday  noon,  i6th,  when  he  took  a  turn  for  the  worse, 
and  a  strangely  rapid  and  fatal  termination  ensued.  Though  I 
had  much  to  do,  I  staid  and  saw  all.  It  was  a  death-picture 
characteristic  of  these  soldiers'  hospitals — the  perfect  specimen 
of  physique,  one  of  the  most  magnificent  I  ever  saw — the  con 
vulsive  spasms  and  working  of  muscles,  mouth,  and  throat. 
There  are  two  good  women  nurses,  one  on  each  side.  The 
doctor  comes  in  and  gives  him  a  little  chloroform.  One  of  the 
nurses  constantly  fans 'him,  for  it  is  fearfully  hot.  He  asks  to  be 
rais'd  up,  and  they  put  him  in  a  half-sitting  posture.  He  call'd 
for  "Mark"  repeatedly,  half-deliriously,  all  day.  Life  ebbs, 
runs  now  with  the  speed  of  a  mill  race ;  his  splendid  neck,  as  it 
lays  all  open,  works  still,  slightly ;  his  eyes  turn  back.  A  relig 
ious  person  coming  in  offers  a  prayer,  in  subdued  tones,  bent  at 
the  foot  of  the  bed  ;  and  in  the  space  of  the  aisle,  a  crowd,  in 
cluding  two  or  three  doctors,  several  students,  and  many  soldiers, 
has  silently  gather'd.  It  is  very  still  and  warm,  as  the  struggle 
goes  on,  and  dwindles,  a  little  more,  and  a  little  more — and  then 
welcome  oblivion,  painlessness,  death.  A  pause,  the  crowd  drops 
away,  a  white  bandage  is  bound  around  and  under  the  jaw,  the 
propping  pillows  are  removed,  the  limpsy  head  falls  down,  the 
arms  are  softly  placed  by  the  side,  all  composed,  all  still, — and 
the  broad  white  sheet  is  thrown  over  everything. 

April  10,  1864. — Unusual  agitation  all  around  concentrated 
here.  Exciting  times  in  Congress.  The  Copperheads  are  get 
ting  furious,  and  want  to  recognize  the  Southern  Confederacy. 

"This  is  a  pretty  time  to  talk  of  recognizing  such ,"  said 

a  Pennsylvania  officer  in  hospital  to  me  to-day,  "  after  what  has 
transpired  the  last  three  years."  After  first  Fredericksburg  I 
felt  discouraged  myself,  and  doubted  whether  our  rulers  could 
cairy  on  the  war.  But  that  had  pass'd  away.  The  war  must 
be  carried  on.  I  would  willingly  go  in  the  ranks  myself  if  I 
thought  it  would  profit  more  than  as  at  present,  and  I  don't 
know  sometimes  but  I  shall,  as  it  is.  Then  there  is  certainly  a 
strange,  deep,  fervid  feeling  form'd  or  arous'd  in  the  land,  hard 
to  describe  or  name ;  it  is  not  a  majority  feeling,  but  it  will 


II2  LAST  OF  THE    WAR   CASES. 

make  itself  felt.  M.,  you  don't  know  what  a  nature  a  fellow 
gets,  not  only  after  being  a  soldier  a  while,  but  after  living  in  the 
sights  and  influences  of  the  camps,  the  wounded,  &c. — a  nature 
he  never  experienced  before.  The  stars  and  stripes,  the  tune  of 
Yankee  Doodle,  and  similar  things,  produce  such  an  effect  on  a 
fellow  as  never  before.  I  have  seen  them  bring  tears  on  some 
men's  cheeks,  and  others  turn  pale  with  emotion.  I  have  a 
little  flag  (it  belong'd  to  one  of  our  cavalry  regiments,)  pre 
sented  to  me  by  one  of  the  wounded  ;  it  was  taken  by  the  secesh 
in  a  fight,  and  rescued  by  our  men  in  a  bloody  skirmish  follow 
ing.  It  cost  three  men's  lives'to  get  back  that  four-by-three  flag 
— to  tear  it  from  the  breast  of  a  dead  rebel — for  the  name  of 
getting  their  little  "  rag"  back  again.  The  man  that  secured  it 
was  very  badly  wounded,  and  they  let  him  keep  it.  I  was  with 
him  a  good  deal ;  he  wanted  to  give  me  some  keepsake,  he  said, 
— he  didn't  expect  to  live, — so  he  gave  me  that  flag.  The  best 
of  it  all  is,  dear  M.,  there  isn't  a  regiment,  cavalry  or  infantry, 
that  wouldn't  do  the  like,  on  the  like  occasion. 

April  12. — I  will  finish  my  letter  this  morning ;  it  is  a  beauti 
ful  day.  I  was  up  in  Congress  very  late  last  night.  The  House 
had  a  very  excited  night  session  about  expelling  the  men  that 
proposed  recognizing  the  Southern  Confederacy.  You  ought  to 
hear  (as  I  do)  the  soldiers  talk;  they  are  excited  to  madness. 
We  shall  probably  have  hot  times  here,  not  in  the  military  fields 
alone.  The  body  of  the  army  is  true  and  firm  as  the  North 
Star. 

May  6,  '64. — M.,  the  poor  soldier  with  diarrhoea,  is  still  living, 
but,  oh,  what  a  looking  object !  Death  would  be  a  relief  to  him 
— he  cannot  last  many  hours.  Cunningham,  the  Ohio  soldier, 
with  leg  amputated  at  thigh,  has  pick'd  up  beyond  expectation  ; 
now  looks  indeed  like  getting  well.  (He  died  a  few  weeks 
afterward.)  The  hospitals  are  very  full.  I  am  very  well  indeed. 
Hot  here  to-day. 

May  23,  '64. — Sometimes  I  think  that  should  it  come  when  it 
must,  to  fall  in  battle,  one's  anguish  over  a  son  or  brother  kill'd 
might  be  temper'd  with  much  to  take  the  edge  off.  Lingering 
and  extreme  suffering  from  wounds  or  sickness  seem  to  me  far 
worse  than  death  in  battle.  I  can  honestly  say  the  latter  has  no 
terrors  for  me,  as  far  as  I  myself  am  concern" d.  Then  I  should 
say,  too,  about  death  in  war,  that  our  feelings  and  imaginations 
make  a  thousand  times  too  much  of  the  whole  matter.  Of  the 
many  I  have  seen  die,  or  known  of,  the  past  year,  I  have  not 
seen  or  known  one  who  met  death  with  terror.  In  most  cases  I 
should  say  it  was  a  welcome  relief  and  release. 

Yesterday  I  spent  a  good  part  of  the  afternoon  with  a  young 


LAST  OF  THE    WAR   CASES.  n3 

soldier  of  seventeen,  Charles  Cutter,  of  Lawrence  City,  Massa 
chusetts,  ist  Massachusetts  Heavy  Artillery,  Battery  M.  He  was 
brought  to  one  of  the  hospitals  mortally  wounded  in  abdomen. 
Well,  I  thought  to  myself,  as  I  sat  looking  at  him,  it  ougnt  to  be 
'a  relief  to  his  folks  if  they  could  see  how  little  he  really  suffer'd. 
He  lay  very  placid,  in  a  half  lethargy,  with  his  eyes  closed.  As 
it  was  extremely  hot,  and  I  sat  a  good  while  silently  fanning  him, 
.and  wiping  the  sweat,  at  length  he  open'd  his  eyes  quite  wide 
and  clear,  and  look'd  inquiringly  around.  I  said,  "What  is  it, 
my  boy?  Do  you  want  anything?"  He  answer'd  quietly, 
•with  a  good-natured  smile,  "  Oh,  nothing;  I  was  only  looking 
around  to  see  who  was  with  me."  His  mind  was  somewhat 
wandering,  yet  he  lay  in  an  evident  peacefulness  that  sanity  and 
health  might  have  envied.  I  had  to  leave  for  other  engage 
ments.  He  died,  I  heard  afterward,  without  any  special  agita 
tion,  in  the  course  of  the  night. 

Washington,  May  26,  '63. — M.,  I  think  something  of  com 
mencing  a  series  of  lectures,  readings,  talks,  &c.,  through  the 
cities  of  the  North,  to  supply  myself  with  funds  for  hospital 
ministrations.  I  do  not  like  to  be  so  beholden  to  others;  I 
need  a  pretty  free  supply  of  money,  and  the  work  grows  upon 
me,  and  fascinate?  me.  It  is  the  most  magnetic  as  well  as  ter 
rible  sight :  the  lots  of  poor  wounded  and  helpless  men  depend 
ing  so  much,  in  one  ward  or  another,  upon  my  soothing  or 
talking  to  them,  or  rousing  them  up  a  little,  or  perhaps  petting, 
or  feeding  them  their  dinner  or  supper  (here  is  a  patient,  for  in 
stance,  wounded  in  both  arms,)  or  giving  some  trifle  for  a  novelty 
or  change — anything,  however  trivial,  to  break  the  monotony  of 
those  hospital  hours. 

It  is  curious:  when  I  am  present  at  the  most  appalling  scenes, 
deaths,  operations,  sickening  wounds  (perhaps  full  of  maggots,) 
I  keep  cool  and  do  not  give  out  or  budge,  although  my  sympa 
thies  are  very  much  excited;  but  often,  hours  afterward,  per 
haps  when  I  am  home,  or  out  walking  alone,  I  feel  sick,  and 
actually  tremble,  when  I  recall  the  case  again  before  me. 

Sunday  afternoon,  opening  of  1865. — Pass'd  this  afternoon 
among  a  collection  of  unusually  bad  cases,  wounded  and  sick 
Secession  soldiers,  left  upon  our  hands.  I  spent  the  previous 
Sunday  afternoon  there  also.  At  that  time  two  were  dying. 
Two  others  have  died  during  the  week.  Several  of  them  are 
partly  deranged.  I  went  around  among  them  elaborately. 
Poor  boys,  they  all  needed  to  be  cheer'd  up.  As  I  sat  down  by 
any  particular  one,  the  eyes  of  all  the  rest  in  the  neighboring 
cots  would  fix  upon  me,  and  remain  steadily  riveted  as  long  as  I 
sat  within  their  sight.  Nobody  seem'd  to  wish  anything  special 
8 


I14  LAST  OF  THE  WAR  CASES. 

to  eat  or  drink.  The  main  thing  ask'd  for  was  postage  stamps, 
and  paper  for  writing.  I  distributed  all  the  stamps  I  had.  To 
bacco  was  wanted  by  some. 

One  call'd  me  over  to  him  arid  ask'd  me  in  a  low  tone  what 
denomination  I  belong'd  to.  He  said  he  was  a  Catholic — 
wish'd  to  find  some  one  of  the  same  faith — wanted  some  good 
reading.  I  gave  him  something  to  read,  and  sat  down  by  him  a 
few  minutes.  Moved  around  with  a  word  for  each.  They  were 
hardly  any  of  them  personally  attractive  cases,  and  no  visitors 
come  here.  Of  course  they  were  all  destitute  of  money.  I 
gave  small  sums  to  two  or  three,  apparently  the  most  needy. 
The  meft  are  from  quite  all  the  Southern  States,  Georgia,  Missis 
sippi,  Louisiana,  &c. 

Wrote  several  letters.  One  for  a  young  fellow  named  Thomas 
J.  Byrd,  with  a  bad  wound  and  diarrhoea.  Was  from  Russell 
county,  Alabama ;  been  out  four  years.  Wrote  to  his  mother ; 
had  neither  heard  from  her  nor  written  to  her  in  nine  months. 
Was  taken  prisoner  last  Christmas,  in  Tennessee ;  sent  to  Nash 
ville,  then  to  Camp  Chase,  Ohio,  and  kept  there  a  long  time  ; 
all  the  while  not  money  enough  to  get  paper  and  postage  stamps. 
Was  paroled,  but  on  his  way  home  the  wound  took  gangrene ; 
had  diarrhoea  also;  had  evidently  been  very  low.  Demeanor 
cool,  and  patient.  A  dark-skinn'd,  quaint  young  fellow,  with 
strong  Southern  idiom  ;  no  education. 

Another  letter  for  John  W.  Morgan,  aged  18,  from  Shellot, 
Brunswick  county,  North  Carolina ;  been  out  nine  months ;  gun 
shot  wound  in  right  leg,  above  knee;  also  diarrhoea;  wound 
getting  along  well;  quite  a  gentle,  affectionate  boy;  wish'd  me 
to  put  in  the  letter  for  his  mother  to  kiss  his  little  brother  and 
sister  for  him.  [I  put  strong  envelopes  on  these,  and  two  or 
three  other  letters,  directed  them  plainly  and  fully,  and  dropt 
them  in  the  Washington  post-office  the  next  morning  myself.] 

The  large  ward  1  am  in  is  used  for  Secession  soldiers  exclu 
sively.  One  man,  about  forty  years  of  age,  emaciated  with 
diarrhoea,  I  was  attracted  to,  as  he  lay  with  his  eyes  turn'd  up, 
looking  like  death.  His  weakness  was  so  extreme  that  it  took  a 
minute  or  so,  every  time,  for  him  to  talk  with  anything  like  con 
secutive  meaning ;  yet  he  was  evidently  a  man  of  good  intelli 
gence  and  education.  As  I  said  anything,  he  would  lie  a  mo 
ment  perfectly  still,  then,  with  closed  eyes,  answer  in  a  low,  very 
slow  voice,  quite  correct  and  sensible,  but  in  a  way  and  tone 
that  wrung  my  heart.  He  had  a  mother,  wife,  and  child  living 
(or  probably  living)  in  his  home  in  Mississippi.  It  was  long, 
long  since  he  had  seen  them.  Had  he  caus'd  a  letter  to  be  sent 
them  since  he  got  here  in  Washington  ?  No  answer.  I  repeated 


LAST  OF  THE  WAR  CASES.  115 

the  question,  very  slowly  and  soothingly.  He  could  not  tell 
whether  he  had  or  not — things  of  late  seein'd  to  him  like  a 
dream.  After  waiting  a  moment,  I  said  :  "Well,  I  am  going  to 
walk  down  the  ward  a  moment,  and  when  I  come  back  you  can 
tell  me.  If  you  have  not  written,  I  will  sit  down  and  write." 
A  few  minutes  after  I  return 'd  ;  he  said  he  remember 'd  now  that 
some  one  had  written  for  him  two  or  three  days  before.  The 
presence  of  this  man  impress'd  me  profoundly.  The  flesh  was  all 
sunken  on  face  and  arms  j  the  eyes  low  in  their  sockets  and 
glassy,  and  with  purple  rings  around  them.  Two  or  three  great 
tears  silently  flow'd  out  from  the  eyes,  and  roll'd  down  his  tem 
ples  (he  was  doubtless  unused  to  be  spoken  to  as  I  was  speaking 
to  him.)  Sickness,  imprisonment,  exhaustion,  &c.,  had  con- 
quer'd  the  body,  yet  the  mind  held  mastery  still,  and  call'd  even 
wandering  remembrance  back. 

There  are  some  fifty  Southern  soldiers  here ;  all  sad,  sad  cases. 
There  is  a  good  deal  of  scurvy.  I  distributed  some  paper,  en 
velopes,  and  postage  stamps,  and  wrote  addresses  full  and  plain 
on  many  of  the  envelopes. 

I  return'd  again  Tuesday,  August  i,  and  moved  around  in  the 
same  manner  a  couple  of  hours. 

September  22,  '65. — Afternoon  and  evening  at  Douglas  Hos- 
]lital  to  see  a  friend  belonging  to  2d  New  York  Artillery  (Hiram 
W.  Frazee,  Serg't,)  down  with  an  obstinate  compound  fracture 
of  left  leg  receiv'd  in  one  of  the  last  battles  near  Petersburg. 
After  sitting  a  while  with  him,  went  through  several  neighboring 
wards.  In  one  of  them  found  an  old  acquaintance  transferr'd 
here  lately,  a  rebel  prisoner,  in  a  dying  condition.  Poor  fellow, 
the  look  was  already  on  his  face.  He  gazed  long  at  me.  I 
ask'd  him  if  he  knew  me.  After  a  moment  he  utter'd  something, 
but  inarticulately.  I  have  seen  him  off  and  on  for  the  last  five 
months.  He  has  suffer'd  very  much;  a  bad  wound  in  left  leg, 
severely  fractured,  several  operations,  cuttings,  extractions  of 
bone,  splinters,  &c.  I  remember  he  seem'd  to  me,  as  I  used  to 
talk  with  him,  a  fair  specimen  of  the  main  strata  of  the  South 
erners,  those  without  property  or  education,  but  still  with  the 
stamp  which  comes  from  freedom  and  equality.  I  liked  him ; 
Jonathan  Wallace,  of  Hurd  Co.,  Georgia,  age  30  (wife,  Susan 
F.  Wallace,  Houston,  Hurd  Co.,  Georgia.)  [If  any  good  soul 
of  that  county  should  see  this,  I  hope  he  will  send  her  this 
word.]  Had  a  family ;  had  not  heard  from  them  since  taken 
prisoner,  now  six  months.  I  had  written  for  him,  and  done  tri 
fles  for  him,  before  he  came  here.  He  made  no  outward  show, 
was  mild  in  his  talk  and  behavior,  but  I  knew  he  worried  much 
inwardly.  But  now  all  would  be  over  very  soon.  I  half  sat  upon 


n6  LAST  OF  THE    WAR   CASES. 

the  little  stand  near  the  head  of  the  bed.  Wallace  was  somewhat 
restless.  I  placed  my  hand  lightly  on  his  forehead  and  face,  just 
sliding  it  over  the  surface.  In  a  moment  or  so  he  fell  into  a 
calm,  regular-breathing  lethargy  or  sleep,  and  remain'd  so  while 
I  sat  there.  It  was  dark,  and  the  lights  were  lit.  I  hardly  know 
why  (death  seem'd  hovering  near,)  but  I  stay'd  nearly  an  hour. 
A  Sister  of  Charity,  dress'd  in  black,  with  a  broad  white  linen 
bandage  around  her  head  and  under  her  chin,  and  a  black  crape 
over  all  and  flowing  down  from  her  head  in  long  wide  pieces, 
came  to  him,  and  moved  around  the  bed.  She  bow'd  low  and 
solemn  to  me.  For  some  time  she  moved  around  there  noiseless 
as  a  ghost,  doing  little  things  for  the  dying  man. 

December,  '65. — The  only  remaining  hospital  is  now  "  Hare- 
wood,"  out  in  the  woods,  northwest  of  the  city.  I  have  been 
visiting  there  regularly  every  Sunday,  during  these  two  months. 

January  24,  '66. — Went  out  to  Harewood  early  to-day,  and 
remain'd  all  day. 

'  Sunday,  February  4, 1866. — Harewood  Hospital  again.  Walk'd 
out  this  afternoon  (bright,  dry,  ground  frozen  hard)  through  the 
woods.  Ward  6  is  fill'd  with  blacks,  some  with  wounds,  some 
ill,  two  or  three  with  limbs  frozen.  The  boys  made  quite  a  pict 
ure  sitting  round  the  stove.  Hardly  any  can  read  or  write.  I 
write  for  three  or  four,  direct  envelopes,  give  some  tobacco,  &(* 

Joseph  Winder,  a  likely  boy,  aged  twenty-three,  belongs  to 
loth  Color'd  Infantry  (now  in  Texas;)  is  from  Eastville,  Vir 
ginia.  Was  a  slave ;  belong'd  to  Lafayette  Homeston.  The 
master  was  quite  willing  he  should  leave.  Join'd  the  army  two 
years  ago ;  has  been  in  one  or  two  battles.  Was  sent  to  hospital 
with  rheumatism.  Has  since  been  employ'd  as  cook.  His  par 
ents  at  Eastville;  he  gets  letters  from  them,  and  has  letters  writ 
ten  to  them  by  a  friend.  Many  black  boys  left  that  part  of  Vir 
ginia  and  join'd  the  army;  the  loth,  in  fact,  was  made  up  of 
Virginia  blacks  from  thereabouts.  As  soon  asdischarged  is  going 
back  to  Eastville  to  his  parents  and  home,  and  intends  to  stay 
there. 

Thomas  King,  formerly  ad  District  Color'd  Regiment,  dis 
charged  soldier,  Company  E,  lay  in  a  dying  condition;  his  dis 
ease  was  consumption.  A  Catholic  priest  was  administering 
extreme  unction  to  him.  (I  have  seen  this  kind  of  sight  several 
times  in  the  hospitals;  it  is  very  impressive.) 

Har'ewood,  April  29,  1866.  Sunday  afternoon. — Poor  Joseph 
Swiers,  Company  H,  155111  Pennsylvania,  a  mere  lad  (only 
eighteen  years  of  age ;)  his  folks  living  in  Reedsburgh,  Pennsyl 
vania.  I  have  known  him  now  for  nearly  a  year,  transferr'd 
from  hospital  to  hospital.  He  was  badly  wounded  in  the  thigh 
at  Hatcher's  Run,  February  6,  '65. 


LAST  OF  THE   WAR   CASES.  ny 

James  E.  Ragan,  Atlanta,  Georgia;  2d  United  States  In 
fantry.  Union  folks.  Brother  impress'd,  deserted,  died;  now 
no  folks,  left  alone  in  the  world,  is  in  a  singularly  nervous  state; 
came  in  hospital  with  intermittent  fever. 

Walk  slowly  around  the  ward,  observing,  and  to  see  if  I  can 
do  anything.  Two  or  three  are  lying  very  low  with  consump 
tion,  cannot  recover  ;  some  with  old  wounds  ;  one  with  both  feet 
frozen  off,  so  that  on  one  only  the  heel  remains.  The  supper  is 
being  given  out:  the  liquid  call'd  tea,  a  thick  slice  of  bread, 
and  some  stew'd  apples. 

That  was  about  the  last  I  saw  of  the  regular  array  hospitals. 


nS 


PORTRAIT  IX  OLD  AGE. 


HERE  is  a  portrait  of  E.  H.  from  life,  by  Henry  Inman,  in 
New  York,  about  1827  or  '28.  The  painting  was  finely  copper- 
plated  in  1830,  and  the  present  is  a  fac  simile.  Looks  as  I  saw 
him  in  the  following  narrative. 

The  time  was  signalized  by  the  separation  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  so  greatly  talked  of — and  continuing  yet — but  so  little 
really  explain'd.  (All  I  give  of  this  separation  is  in  a  Note 
following.) 


BORN MARCH    19,    1748. 

DIED FEBRUARY    2O,    188O. 


NOTES  (such  as  they  are)  founded  on 

ELIAS  HICKS. 

Prefatory  Note. — As  myself  a  little  boy  hearing  so  much  of  E.  H.,  at  that 
time,  long  ago,  in  Suffolk  and  Queens  and  Kings  Counties — and  more  than 
once  personally  seeing  the  old  man — and  my  dear,  dear  father  and  mother 
faithful  listeners  to  him  at  the  meetings — I  remember  how  I  dream'd  to  write 
perhaps  a  piece  about  E.  H.  and  his  look  and  discourses,  however  long  after 
ward — for  my  parents'  sake — and  the  dear  Friends  too  !  And  the  following  is 
what  has  at  last  but  all  come  out  of  it — the  feeling  and  intention  never  for 
gotten  yet ! 

There  is  a  sort  of  nature  of  persons  I  have  compared  to  little  rills  of  water, 
fresh,  from  perennial  springs — (and  the  comparison  is  indeed  an  appropriate 
one) — persons  not  so  very  plenty,  yet  some  few  certainly  of  them  running  over 
the  surface  and  area  of  humanity,  all  times,  all  lands.  It  is  a  specimen  of  this 
class  I  would  now  present.  I  would  sum  up  in  E.  H.,  and  make  his  case 
stand  for  the  class,  the  sort,  in  all  ages,  all  lands,  sparse,  not  numerous,  yet 
enough  to  irrigate  the  soil — enough  to  prove  the  inherent  moral  stock  and  irre 
pressible  devotional  aspirations  growing  indigenously  of  themselves,  always 
advancing,  and  never  utterly  gone  under  or  lost. 

Always  E.  H.  gives  the  service  of  pointing  to  the  fountain  of  all  naked  the» 
ology,  all  religion,  all  worship,  all  the  truth  to  which  you  are  possibly  eligible 
— namely  in  yourself  and  your  inherent  relations.  Others  talk  of  Bibles, 
saints,  churches,  exhortations,  vicarious  atonements — the  canons  outside  of 
yourself  and  apart  from  man — E.  H.  to  the  religion  inside  of  man's  very  own 
nature.  This  he  incessantly  labors  to  kindle,  nourish,  educate,  bring  forward 
and  strengthen.  He  is  the  most  democratic  of  the  religionists — the  prophets. 

I  have  no  doubt  that  both  the  curious  fate  and  death  of  his  four  sons,  and 
the  facts  (and  dwelling  on  them)  of  George  Fox's  strange  early  life,  and  per 
manent  "  conversion,"  had  much  to  do  with  the  peculiar  and  sombre  ministry 
and  style  of  E.  H.  from  the  first,  and  confirmed  him  all  through.  One  must 
not  be  dominated  by  the  man's  almost  absurd  saturation  in  cut  and  dried  biblical 
phraseology,  and  in  ways,  talk,  and  standard,  regardful  mainly  of  the  one  need 
he  dwelt  on,  above  all  the  rest.  This  main  need  he  drove  home  to  the  soul ; 
the  canting  and  sermonizing  soon  exhale  away  to  any  auditor  that  realizes 
what  E.  H.  is  for  and  after.  The  present  paper,  (a  broken  memorandum  of 
his  formation,  his  earlier  life,)  is  the  cross-notch  that  rude  wanderers  make  in 
the  woods,  to  remind  them  afterward  of  some  matter  of  first-rate  importance 
and  full  investigation.  (Remember  too,  that  E.  H.  was  a  thorough  believer  in 
the  Hebrew  Scriptures,  in  his  way.) 

The  following  are  really  but  disjointed  fragments  recall'd  to  serve  and  eke 
out  here  the  lank  printed  pages  of  what  I  commenc'd  unwittingly  two  months 
ago.  Now,  as  I  am  well  in  for  it,  comes  an  old  attack,  the  sixth  or  seventh 
recurrence,  of  my  war-paralysis,  dulling  me  from  putting  the  notes  in  shape, 
.and  threatening  any  further  action,  head  or  body. 

—  W.    W.,   Camden,  N.  J '.,   July,  1888. 


I20  ELI  AS  HICKS. 

To  BEGIN  with,  my  theme  is  comparatively  featureless.  The 
great  historian  has  pass'd  by  the  life  of  Elias  Hicks  quite  with 
out  glance  or  touch.  Yet  a  man  might  commence  and  overhaul 
it  as  furnishing  one  of  the  amplest  historic  and  biography's  back 
grounds.  While  the  foremost  actors  and  events  from  175010 
1830  both  in  Europe  and  America  were  crowding  each  other  on 
the  world's  stage — While  so  many  kings,  queens,  soldiers,  phil- 
osophs,  musicians,  voyagers,  litterateurs,  enter  one  side,  cross  the 
boards,  and  disappear — amid  loudest  reverberating  names — Fred 
erick  the  Great,  Swedenborg,  Junius,  Voltaire,  Rousseau,  Lin- 
neus,  Herschel — curiously  contemporary  with  the  long  life  of 
Goethe — through  the  occupancy  of  the  British  throne  by  George 
the  Third — amid  stupendous  visible  political  and  social  revolu 
tions,  and  far  more  stupendous  invisible  moral  ones — while  the 
many  quarto  volumes  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Francaise  are  being 
published  at  fits  and  intervals,  by  Diderot,  in  Paris — while  Haydn 
and  Beethoven  and  Mozart  and  Weber  are  working  out  their  har 
monic  compositions — while  Mrs.  Siddons  and  Talma  and  Kean 
are  acting — while  Mungo  Park  explores  Africa,  and  Capt.  Cook 
circumnavigates  the  globe — through  all  the  fortunes  of  the  Amer 
ican  Revolution,  the  beginning,  continuation  and  end,  the  bat 
tle  of  Brooklyn,  the  surrender  at  Saratoga,  the  final  peace  of 
'83 — through  the  lurid  tempest  of  the  French  Revolution,  the 
execution  of  the  king  and  queen,  and  the  Reign  of  Terror — 
through  the  whole  of  the  meteor-career  of  Napoleon — through 
all  Washington's,  Adams's,  Jefferson's,  Madison's,  and  Monroe's 
Presidentiads — amid  so  many  flashing  lists  of  names,  (indeed 
there  seems  hardly,  in  any  department,  any  end  to  them,  Old 
World  or  New,)  Franklin,  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Mirabeau,  Fox, 
Nelson,  Paul  Jones,  Kant,  Fichte,  and  Hegel,  Fulton,  Walter 
Scott,  Byron,  Mesmer,  Champollion — Amid  pictures  that  dart 
upon  me  even  as  I  speak,  and  glow  and  mix  and  coruscate  and 
fade  like  aurora  boreales — Louis  the  i6th  threaten'd  by  the  mob, 
the  trial  of  Warren  Hastings,  the  death-bed  of  Robert  Burns, 
Wellington  at  Waterloo,  Decatur  capturing  the  Macedonian,  or 
the  sea-fight  between  the  Chesapeake  and  the  Shannon — During 
all  these  whiles,  I  say,  and  though  on  a  far  different  grade,  run 
ning  parallel  and  contemporary  with  all — a  curious  quiet  yet  busy 
life  centred  in  a  little  country  village  on  Long  Island,  and  within 
sound  on  still  nights  of  the  mystic  surf-beat  of  the  sea.  About 
this  life,  this  Personality — neither  soldier,  nor  scientist,  nor 
litterateur — I  propose  to  occupy  a  few  minutes  in  fragmentary 
talk,  to  give  some  few  melanges,  disconnected  impressions,  statis 
tics,  resultant  groups,  pictures,  thoughts  of  him,  or  radiating 
from  him. 


ELI  AS  HICKS.  121 

Elias  Hicks  was  born  March  19,  1748,  in  Hempstead  township, 
Queens  county,  Long  Island,  New  York  State,  near  a  village 
bearing  the  old  Scripture  name  of  Jericho,  (a  mile  or  so  north 
and  east  of  the  present  Hicksville,  on  the  L.  I.  Railroad.)  His 
father  and  mother  were  Friends,  of  that  class  working  with  their 
own  hands,  and  mark'd  by  neither  riches  nor  actual  poverty. 
Elias  as  a  child  and  youth  had  small  education  from  letters,  but 
largely  learn 'd  from  Nature's  schooling.  He  grew  up  even  in 
his  ladhood  a  thorough  gunner  and  fisherman.  The  farm  of  his 
parents  lay  on  the  south  or  sea-shore  side  of  Long  Island,  (they 
had  early  removed  from  Jericho,)  one  of  the  best  regions  in  the 
world  for  wild  fowl  and  for  fishing.  Elias  became  a  good  horse 
man,  too,  and  knew  the  animal  well,  riding  races;  also  a  singer, 
fond  of  "vain  songs,"  as  he  afterwards  calls  them;  a  dancer, 
too,  at  the  country  balls.  When  a  boy  of  13  he  had  gone  to  live 
with  an  elder  brother;  and  when  about  17  he  changed  again  and 
went  as  apprentice  to  the  carpenter's  trade.  The  time  of  all  this 
was  before  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  the  locality  30  to  40  miles 
from  New  York  city.  My  great-grandfather,  Whitman,  was  often 
with  Elias  at  these  periods,  and  at  merry-makings  and  sleigh- 
rides  in  winter  over  "  the  plains." 

How  well  I  remember  the  region — the  flat  plains  of  the  middle 
of  Long  Island,  as  then,  with  their  prairie-like  vistas  and  grassy 
patches  in  every  direction,  and  the  '  kill-calf  and  herds  of  cattle 
and  sheep.  Then  the  South  Bay  and  shores  and  the  salt  meadows, 
and  the  sedgy  smell,  and  numberless  little  bayous  and  hummock- 
islands  in  the  waters,  the  habitat  of  every  sort  offish  and  aquatic 
fowl  of  North  America.  And  the  bay  men  —a strong,  wild,  pecu 
liar  race — now  extinct,  or  rather  entirely  changed.  And  the 
beach  outside  the  sandy  bars,  sometimes  many  miles  at  a  stretch, 
with  their  old  history  of  wrecks  and  storms — the  weird,  white- 
gray  beach — not  without  its  tales  of  pathos — tales,  too,  of  grandest 
heroes  and  heroisms. 

In  such  scenes  and  elements  and  influences — in  the  midst  of 
Nature  and  along  the  shores  of  the  sea — Elias  Hicks  was  fash- 
ion'd  through  boyhood  and  early  manhood,  to  maturity.  But  a 
moral  and  mental  and  emotional  change  was  imminent.  Along 
at  this  time  he  says  : 

My  apprenticeship  being  now  expir'd,  I  gradually  withdrew  from  the  com 
pany  of  my  former  associates,  became  more  acquainted  with  Friends,  and  was 
more  frequent  in  my  attendance  of  meetings;  and  although  this  was  in  some 
degree  profitable  to  me,  yet  I  made  but  slow  progress  in  my  religious  improve 
ment  The  occupation  of  part  of  my  time  in  fishing  and  fowling  had  fre 
quently  tended  to  preserve  me  from  falling  into  hurtful  associations;  but 
through  the  rising  intimations  and  reproofs  of  divine  grace  in  my  heart,  I  now 


122  EL  I  AS  HICKS. 

began  to  feel  that  the  manner  in  which  I  sometimes  amus'd  myself  with  my 
gun  was  not  without  sin  ;  for  although  I  mostly  preferr'd  going  alone,  and 
while  waiting  in  stillness  for  the  coming  of  the  fowl,  my  mind  was  at  times  so 
taken  up  in  divine  meditations,  that  the  opportunities  were  seasons  of  instruc 
tion  and  comfort  to  me ;  yet,  on  other  occasions,  when  accompanied  by  some 
of  my  acquaintances,  and  when  no  fowls  appear'd  which  would  be  useful  to 
us  after  being  obtain'd,  we  sometimes,  from  wantonness  or  for  mere  diversion, 
would  destroy  the  small  birds  which  could  be  of  no  service  to  us.  This  cruel 
procedure  affects  my  heart  while  penning  these  lines. 

In  his  23d  year  Elias  was  married,  by  the  Friends'  ceremony, 
to  Jemima  Seaman.  His  wife  was  an  only  child  ;  the  parents 
were  well  off  for  common  people,  and  at  their  request  the  son- 
in-law  mov'd  home  with  them  and  carried  on  the  farm — which 
at  their  decease  became  his  own,  and  he  liv'd  there  all  his  re 
maining  life.  Of  this  matrimonial  part  of  his  career,  (it  con 
tinued,  and  with  unusual  happiness,  for  58  years,)  he  says,  giving 
the  account  of  his  marriage: 

On  this  important  occasion,  we  felt  the  clear  and  consoling  evidence  of 
divine  truth,  and  it  remain'd  with  us  as  a  seal  upon  our  spirits,  strengthening 
us  mutually  to  bear,  with  becoming  fortitude,  the  vicissitudes  and  trials  which 
fell  to  our  lot,  and  of  which  we  had  a  large  share  in  passing  through  this 
probationary  state.  My  wife,  although  not  of  a  very  strong  constitution,  liv'd 
to  be  the  mother  of  eleven  children,  four  sons  and  seven  daughters.  Our 
second  daughter,  a  very  lovely,  promising  child,  died  when  young,  with  the 
small-pox,  and  the  youngest  was  not  living  at  its  birth.  The  rest  all  arriv'd 
to  years  of  discretion,  and  afforded  us  considerable  comfort,  as  they  prov'd  to 
be  in  a  good  degree  dutiful  children.  All  our  sons,  however,  were  of  weak 
constitutions,  and  were  not  able  to  take  care  of  themselves,  being  so  enfeebl'd 
as  not  to  be  able  to  walk  after  the  ninth  or  tenth  year  of  their  age.  The  two 
eldest  died  in  the  fifteenth  year  of  their  age,  the  third  in  his  seventeenth  year, 
and  the  youngest  was  nearly  nineteen  when  he  died.  But,  although  thus 
helpless,  the  innocency  of  their  lives,  and  the  resi.;n'd  cheerfulness  of  their 
dispositions  to  their  allotments,  made  the  labor  and  toil  of  taking  care  of 
them  agreeable  and  pleasant;  and  I  trust  we  were  preserv'd  from  murmuring 
or  repining,  believing  the  dispensation  to  be  in  wisdom,  and  according  to  the 
will  am!  gracious  disposing  of  an  all-wise  providence,  for  purposes  best  known 
to  himself.  And  when  I  have  observ'd  the  great  anxiety  and  affliction  which 
many  p.irents  have  with  undutiful  children  who  are  favor'd  with  health,  espe 
cially  their  sons,  I  could  perceive  very  few  whose  troubles  and  exercises,  on 
that  account,  did  not  far  exceed.ours.  The  weakness  and  bodily  infirmity  of 
our  sons  tended  to  keep  them  much  out  of  the  way  of  the  troubles  and  tempta 
tions  of  the  world;  and  we  believ'd  that  in  their  death  they  were  happy,  and 
admitted  into  the  realms  of  peace  and  joy:  a  reflection,  the  most  comfortable 
and  joyous  that  parents  can  have  in  regard  to  their  tender  offspring. 

Of  a  serious  and  reflective  turn,  by  nature,  and  from  his  read 
ing  and  surroundings,  Elias  had  more  than  once  markedly  devo 
tional  inward  intimations.  These  feelings  increas'd  in  frequency 
.and  strength,  until  soon  the  following : 


EL  I  AS  HICKS. 


123 


About  the  twenty-sixth  year  of  my  age  I  was  again  brought,  by  the  opera 
tive  influence  of  divine  grace,  under  deep  concern  of  mind  ;  and  was  led, 
through  adorable  mercy,  to  see,  that  although  I  had  ceas'd  from  many  sins 
and  vanities  of  my  youth,  yet  there  were  many  remaining  that  I  was  still 
guilty  of,  which  were  not  yet  aton'd  for,  and  for  which  I  now  felt  the  judg 
ments  of  God  to  rest  upon  me.  This  caus'd  me  to  cry  earnestly  to  the  Most 
High  for  pardon  and  redemption,  and  he  graciously  condescended  to  hear  my 
cry,  and  to  open  a  way  before  me,  wherein  I  must  walk,  in  order  to  experi 
ence  reconciliation  with  him;  and  as  I  abode  in  watchfulness  and  deep 
humiliation  before  him,  light  broke  forth  out  of  obscurity,  and  my  darkness 
became  as  the  noon-day.  I  began  to  have  openings  leading  to  the  ministry, 
which  brought  me  under  close  exercise  and  deep  travail  of  spirit ;  for  although 
I  had  for  some  time  spoken  on  subjects  of  business  in  monthly  and  prepara 
tive  meetings,  yet  the  prospect  of  opening  my  mouth  in  public  meetings  was  a 
close  trial ;  but  I  endeavor'd  to  keep  my  mind  quiet  and  resign'd  to  the 
heavenly  call,  if  it  should  be  made  clear  to  me  to  be  my  duty.  Nevertheless, 
as  I  was,  soon  after,  sitting  in  a  meeting,  in  much  weightiness  of  spirit,  a 
secret,  though  clear,  intimation  accompanied  me  to  speak  a  few  words,  which 
were  then  given  to  me  to  utter,  yet  fear  so  prevail'd,  that  I  did  not  yield  to 
the  intimation.  For  this  omission,  I  felt  close  rebuke,  and  judgment  seem'd, 
for  some  time,  to  cover  my  mind ;  but  as  I  humbl'd  myself  under  the  Lord's 
mighty  hand,  he  again  lifted  up  the  light  of  his  countenance  upon  me,  and 
enabl'd  me  to  renew  covenant  with  him,  that  if  he  would  pass  by  this  my 
offence,  I  would,  in  future,  be  faithful,  if  he  should  again  require  such  a  ser 
vice  of  me. 

The  Revolutionary  War  following,  tried  the  sect  of  Friends 
more  than  any.  The  difficulty  was  to  steer  between  their  con 
victions  as  patriots,  and  their  pledges  of  non-warring  peace. 
Here  is  the  way  they  solv'd  the  problem: 

A  war,  with  all  its  cruel  and  destructive  effects,  having  raged  for  several 
years  between  the  British  Colonies  in  North  America  and  the  mother  country, 
Friends,  as  well  as  others,  were  expos'd  to  many  severe  trials  and  sufferings ; 
yet,  in  the  colony  of  New  York,  Friends,  who  stood  faithful  to  their  princi 
ples,  and  did  not  meddle  in  the  controversy,  had,  after  a  short  period  at  first, 
considerable  favor  allow'd  them.  The  yearly  meeting  was  held  steadily,  dur 
ing  the  war,  on  Long  Island,  where  the  king's  party  had  the  rule;  yet  Friends 
from  the  Main,  where  the  American  army  ruled,  had  free  passage  through 
both  armies  to  attend  it,  and  any  other  meetings  they  were  desirous  of  attend 
ing,  except  in  a  few  instances.  This  was  a  favor  which  the  parties  would  not 
grant  to  their  best  friends,  who  were  of  a  warlike  disposition ;  which  shows 
what  great  advantages  would  redound  to  mankind,  were  they  all  of  this 
pacific  spirit.  I  pass'd  myself  through  the  lines  of  both  armies  six  times  during 
the  war,  without  molestation,  both  parties  generally  receiving  me  with  open 
ness  and  civility;  and  although  I  had  to  pass  over  a  tract  of  country,  between 
the  two  armies,  sometimes  more  than  thirty  miles  in  extent,  and  which  was 
much  frequented  by  robbers,  a  set,  in  general,  of  cruel,  unprincipled  banditti, 
issuing  out  from  both  parties,  yet,  excepting  once,  I  met  with  no  interruption 
even  from  them.  But  although  Friends  in  general  experienc'd  many  favors 
and  deliverances,  yet  those  scenes  of  war  and  confusion  occasion'd  many 
trials  and  provings  in  various  ways  to  the  faithful.  One  circumstance  I  am 


124  EL  I  AS  HICKS. 

willing  to  mention,  as  it  caus'd  me  considerable  exercise  and  concern.  There 
was  a  large  cellar  under  the  new  meeting-house  belonging  to  Friends  in  New 
York,  which  was  generally  let  as  a  store.  When  the  king's  troops  enter'd  the 
city,  they  took  possession  of  it  for  the  purpose  of  depositing  their  warlike 
stores;  and  ascertaining  what  Friends  had  the  care  of  letting  it,  their  com 
missary  came  forward  and  ofTer'd  to  pay  the  rent ;  and  those  Friends,  for 
want  of  due  consideration,  accepted  it.  This  caus'd  great  uneasiness  to  the 
concern'd  part  of  the  Society,  who  apprehended  it  not  consistent  with  our 
peaceable  principles  to  receive  payment  for  the  depositing  of  military  stores 
in  our  houses.  The  subject  was  brought  before  the  yearly  meeting  in  1779, 
and  engag'd  its  careful  attention;  but  those  Friends,  who  had  been  active  in 
the  reception  of  the  money,  and  some  few  others,  were  not  willing  to  ac 
knowledge  their  proceedings  to  be  inconsistent,  nor  to  return  the  money  to 
those  from  whom  it  was  receiv'd ;  and  in  order  to  justify  themselves  therein, 
they  referr'd  to  the  conduct  of  Friends  in  Philadelphia  in  similar  cases.  Mat 
ters  thus  appearing  very  difficult  and  embarrassing,  it  was  unitedly  concluded 
to  refer  the  final  determination  thereof  to  the  yearly  meeting  of  Pennsylvania; 
and  several  Friends  were  appointed  to  attend  that  meeting  in  relation  thereto, 
among  whom  I  was  one  of  the  number.  We  accordingly  set  out  on  the  gth 
day  of  the  gth  month,  1779,  and  I  was  accompanied  from  home  by  my  be 
loved  friend  John  Willis,  who  was  likewise  on  the  appointment.  We  took  a 
solemn  leave  of  our  families,  they  feeling  much  anxiety  at  parting  with  us, 
on  account  of  the  dangers  we  were  expos'd  to,  having  to  pass  not  only  the 
lines  ot  the  two  armies,  but  the  deserted  and  almost  uninhabited  country  that 
lay  between  them,  in  many  places  the  grass  being  grown  up  in  the  streets,  and 
many  houses  desolate  and  empty.  Believing  it,  hoxyever,  my  duty  to  proceed 
in  the  service,  my  mind  was  so  settled  and  trust-lix'd  in  the  divine  arm  of 
power,  that  faith  seem'd  to  banish  all  fear,  and  cheerfulness  and  quiet  resigna 
tion  were,  I  believe,  my  constant  companions  during  the  journey.  We  got 
permission,  with  but  little  difficulty,  to  pass  the  outguards  of  the  king's  army 
at  Kingsbridge,  and  proceeded  to  Westchester.  We  afterwards  attended 
meetings  at  Harrison's  Purchase,  and  Oblong,  having  the  concurrence  of  our 
monthly  meeting  to  take  some  meetings  in  our  way,  a  concern  leading  thereto 
having  for  some  time  previously  attended  my  mind.  We  pass'd  from  thence 
to  Nine  Partners,  and  attended  their  monthly  meeting,  and  then  turn'd  our 
faces  towards  Philadelphia,  being  join'd  by  several  others  of  the  Committee. 
We  attended  New  Marlborough,  Hardwick,  and  Kingswood  meetings  on  our 
journey,  and  arriv'd  at  Philadelphia  on  the  /th  day  of  the  week,  and  25th  of 
9th  month,  on  which  day  we  attended  the  yearly  meeting  of  Ministers  and 
Elders,  which  began  at  the  eleventh  hour.  I  also  attended  all  the  sittings  of 
the  yearly  meeting  until  the  4th  day  of  the  next  week,  and  was  then  so  indis- 
pos'd  with  a  fever,  which  had  been  increasing  on  me  for  several  days,  that  1 
was  not  able  to  attend  after  that  time.  I  was  therefore  not  present  when  the 
subject  was  discuss'd,  which  came  from  our  yearly  meeting;  but  I  was  in- 
form'd  by  my  companion,  that  it  was  a  very  solemn  opportunity,  and  the  mat 
ter  was  resulted  in  advising  that  the  money  should  be  return'd  into  the  office 
fron.  whence  it  was  receiv'd,  accompanied  with  our  reasons  for  so  doing  :  and 
this  was  accordingly  done  by  the  direction  of  our  yearly  meeting  the  next 
year. 

Then,  season  after  season,  when  peace  and  Independence 
reign'd,  year  following  year,  this  remains  to  be  (1791)  a  speci 
men  of  his  personal  labors : 


ELI  AS  HICKS.  125 

I  was  from  home  on  this;  journey  four  months  and  eleven  days ;  rode  about 
one  thousand  five  hundred  miles,  and  attended  forty-nine  particular  meetings 
among  Friends,  three  quarterly  meetings,  six  monthly  meetings,  and  forty 
meetings  among  other  people. 

And  again  another  experience: 

In  the  forepart  of  this  meeting,  my  mind  was  reduc'd  into  such  a  state  of 
great  weakness  and  depression,  that  my  faith  was  almost  ready  to  fail,  which 
produc'd  great  searchings  of  heart,  so  that  I  was  led  to  call  in  question  all 
that  I  had  ever  before  experienc'd.  In  this  state  of  doubting,  I  was  ready  to 
wish  myself  at  home,  from  an  apprehension  that  I  should  only  expose  myself 
to  reproach,  and  wound  the  cause  I  was  embark'd  in  ;  for  the  heavens  seem'd 
like  brass,  and  the  earth  as  iron  ;  such  coldness  and  hardness,  I  thought,  could 
scarcely  have  ever  been  experienc'd  before  by  any  creature,  so  great  was  the 
depth  of  my  baptism  at  this  time ;  nevertheless,  as  I  endeavor'd  to  quiet  my 
mind,  in  this  conflicting  dispensation,  and  be  resign'd  to  my  allotment,  how 
ever  distressing,  towards  the  latter  part  of  the  meeting  a  ray  of  light  broke 
through  the  surrounding  darkness,  in  which  the  Shepherd  of  Israel  was 
pleas'd  to  arise,  and  by  the  light  of  his  glorious  countenance,  to  scatter  those 
clouds  of  opposition.  Then  ability  was  receiv'd,  and  utterance  given,  to 
speak  of  his  marvellous  works  in  the  redemption  of  souls,  and  to  open  the 
way  of  life  and  salvation,  and  the  mysteries  of  his  glorious  kingdom,  which 
are  hid  from  the  wise  and  prudent  of  this  world,  and  reveal'd  only  unto  those 
who  are  reduc'd  into  the  state  of  little  children  and  babes  in  Christ. 

And  concluding  another  jaunt  in  1794: 

I  was  from  home  in  this  journey  about  five  months,  and  travell'd  by  land 
and  water  about  two  thousand  two  hundred  and  eighty-three  miles;  having 
visited  all  the  meetings  of  Friends  in  the  New  England  states,  and  many 
meetings  amongst  those  of  other  professions ;  and  also  visited  many  meetings, 
among  Friends  and  others,  in  the  upper  part  of  our  own  yearly  meeting ;  and 
found  real  peace  in  my  labors. 

Another  'tramp'  in  1798: 

I  was  absent  from  home  in  this  journey  about  five  months  and  two  weeks, 
and  rode  about  sixteen  hundred  miles,  and  attended  about  one  hundred  and 
forty-three  meetings. 

Here  are  some  memoranda  of  1813,  near  home: 

First  day.  Our  meeting  this  day  pass'd  in  silent  labor.  The  cloud  rested 
on  the  tabernacle ;  and,  although  it  was  a  day  of  much  rain  outwardly,  yet 
very  little  of  the  dew  of  Hermon  appear'd  to  distil  among  us.  Nevertheless, 
a  comfortable  calm  was  witness'd  towards  the  close,  which  we  must  render 
to  the  account  of  unmerited  mercy  and  love. 

Second  day.  Most  of  this  day  was  occupied  in  a  visit  to  a  sick  friend,  who 
appear'd  comforted  therewith.  Spent  part  of  the  evening  in  reading  part  of 
Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Romans. 


I26  ELIAS  HICKS. 

Third  day.  I  was  busied  most  of  this  day  in  my  common  vocations. 
Spent  the  evening  principally  in  reading  Paul.  Found  considerable  satisfac 
tion  in  his  first  epistle  to  the  Corinthians ;  in  which  he  shows  the  danger  of 
some  in  setting  too  high  a  value  on  those  who  were  instrumental  in  bringing 
them  to  the  knowledge  of  the  truth,  without  looking  through  and  beyond  the 
instrument,  to  the  great  first  cause  and  Author  of  every  blessing,  to  whom  all 
the  praise  and  honor  are  due. 

Fifth  day,  1st  of  4th  month.  At  our  meeting  to-day  found  it,  as  usual,  a 
very  close  steady  exercise  to  keep  the  mind  center'd  where  it  ought  to  be. 
What  a  multitude  of  intruding  thoughts  imperceptibly,  as  it  were,  steal  into 
the  mind,  and  turn  it  from  its  proper  object,  whenever  it  relaxes  its  vigilance 
in  watching  against  them.  Felt  a  little  strength,  just  at  the  close,  to  remind 
Friends  of  the  necessity  of  a  steady  perseverance,  by  a  recapitulation  of  the 
parable  of  the  unjust  judge,  showing  how  men  ought  always  to  pray,  and  not 
to  faint. 

Sixth  day.  Nothing  material  occurr'd,  but  a  fear  lest  the  cares  of  the 
world  should  engross  too  much  of  my  time. 

Seventh  day.  Had  an  agreeable  visit  from  two  ancient  friends,  whom  I 
have  long  lov'd.  The  rest  of  the  day  I  employ'd  in  manual  labor,  mostly  in 
gardening. 

But  we  find  if  we  attend  to  records  and  details,  we  shall  lay 
out  an  endless  task.  We  can  briefly  say,  summarily,  that  his 
whole  life  was  a  long  religious  missionary  life  of  method,  practi 
cality,  sincerity,  earnestness,  and  pure  piety — as  near  to  his  time 
here,  as  one  in  Judea,  far  back — or  in  any  life,  any  age. 
The  reader  who  feels  interested  must  get — with  all  its  dryness  and 
mere  dates,  absence  of  emotionality  or  literary  quality,  and 
whatever  abstract  attraction  (with  even  a  suspicion  of  cant,  snif 
fling,)  the  "Journal  of  the  Life  and  Religious  Labours  of  Elias 
Hicks,  written  by  himself,"  at  some  Quaker  book-store.  (It  is 
from  this  headquarters  I  have  extracted  the  preceding  quota 
tions.)  During  E.  H.'s  matured  life,  continued  from  fifty  to 
sixty  years — while  working  steadily,  earning  his  living  and  pay 
ing  his  way  without  intermission — he  makes,  as  previously  memo- 
randised,  several  hundred  preaching  visits,  not  only  through  Long 
Island,  but  some  of  them  away  into  the  Middle  or  Southern 
States,  or  north  into  Canada,  or  the  then  far  West — extending 
to  thousands  of  miles,  or  filling  several  weeks  and  sometimes 
months.  These  religious  journeys — scrupulously  accepting  in 
payment  only  his  transportation  from  place  to  place,  with  his 
own  food  and  shelter,  and  never  receiving  a  dollar  of  money  for 
"salary"  or  preaching — Elias,  through  good  bodily  health  and 
strength,  continues  till  quite  the  age  of  eighty.  It  was  thus  at 
one  of  his  latest  jaunts  in  Brooklyn  city  I  saw  and  heard  him. 
This  sight  and  hearing  shall  now  be  described. 

Elias  Hicks  was  at  this  period  in  the  latter  part  (November  or 
December)  of  1829.  It  was  the  last  tour  of  the  many  missions 


ELI  AS  HICKS. 


127 


of  the  old  man's  life.  He  was  in  the  8ist  year  of  his  age,  and  a 
few  months  before  he  had  lost  by  death  a  beloved  wife  with  whom 
he  had  lived  in  unalloyed  affection  and  esteem  for  58  years.  (But 
a  few  months  after  this  meeting  Elias  was  paralyzed  and  died.) 
Though  it  is  sixty  years  ago  since — and  I  a  little  boy  at  the  time 
in  Brooklyn,  New  York — I  can  remember  my  father  coming  home 
toward  sunset  from  his  day's  work  as  carpenter,  and  saying  briefly, 
as  he  throws  down  his  armful  of  kindling-blocks  with  a  bounce 
on  the  kitchen  floor,  "  Come,  mother,  Elias  preaches  to-night." 
Then  my  mother,  hastening  the  supper  and  the  table-cleaning 
afterward,  gets  a  neighboring  young  woman,  a  friend  of  the 
family,  to  step  in  and  keep  house  for  an  hour  or  so — puts  the  two 
little  ones  to  bed — and  as  I  had  been  behaving  well  that  day,  as 
a  special  reward  I  was  allovv'd  to  go  also. 

We  start  for  the  meeting.  Though,  as  I  said,  the  stretch  of 
more  than  half  a  century  has  pass'd  over  me  since  then,  with  its 
war  and  peace,  and  all  its  joys  and  sins  and  deaths  (and  what  a 
half  century  !  how  it  comes  up  sometimes  for  an  instant,  like  the 
lightning  flash  in  a  storm  at  night!)  I  can  recall  that  meeting 
yet.  It  is  a  strange  place  for  religious  devotions.  Elias  preaches 
anywhere — no  respect  to  buildings — private  or  public  houses, 
school-rooms,  barns,  even  theatres — anything  that  will  accom 
modate.  This  time  it  is  in  a  handsome  ball-room,  on  Brooklyn 
Heights,  overlooking  New  York,  and  in  full  sight  of  that  great 
city,  and  its  North  and  East  Rivers  fiil'd  with  ships — is  (to  spe 
cify  more  particularly)  the  second  story  of  "  Morrison's  Hotel," 
used  for  the  most  genteel  concerts,  balls,  and  assemblies — a  large, 
cheerful,  gay-color'd  room,  with  glass  chandeliers  bearing 
myriads  of  sparkling  pendants,  plenty  of  settees  and  chairs,  and 
a  sort  of  velvet  divan  running  all  round  the  side-walls.  Before 
long  the  divan  and  all  the  settees  and  chairs  are  fiil'd  ;  many 
fashionables  out  of  curiosity;  all  the  principal  dignitaries  of  the 
town,  Gen.  Jeremiah  Johnson,  Judge  Furman,  George  Hall,  Mr. 
Willoughby,  Mr.  Pierrepont,  N.  B.  Morse,  Cyrus  P.  Smith,  and 
F.  C.  Tucker.  Many  young  folks  too ;  some  richly  dress'd 
women  ;  I  remember  I  noticed  with  one  party  of  ladies  a  group 
of  uniform'd  officers,  either  from  the  U.  S.  Navy  Yard,  or  some 
ship  in  the  stream,  or  some  adjacent  fort.  On  a  slightly  elevated 
platform  at  the  head  of  the  room,  facing  the  audience,  sit  a  dozen 
or  more  Friends,  most  of  them  elderly,  grim,  and  with  their 
broad-brimm'd  hats  on  their  heads.  Three  or  four  women,  too, 
in  their  characteristic  Quaker  costumes  and  bonnets.  All  still  as 
the  grave. 

At  length  after  a  pause  and  stillness  becoming  almost  painful, 
Elias  rises  and  stands  for  a  moment  or  two  without  a  word.  A 


!  28  ELIAS  HICKS. 

tall,  straight  figure,  neither  stout  nor  very  thin,  dress'd  in  drab 
cloth,  clean-shaved  face,  forehead  of  great  expanse,  and  large  and 
clear  black  eyes,*  long  or  middling-long  white  hair;  he  was  at 
this  time  between  80  and  81  years  of  age,  his  head  still  wearing 
the  broad-brim.  A  moment  looking  around  the  audience  with 
those  piercing  eyes,  amid  the  perfect  stillness.  (I  can  almost  see 
him  and  the  whole  scene  now.)  Then  the  words  come  from  his 
lips,  very  emphatically  and  slowly  pronounc'd,  in  a  resonant, 
grave,  melodious  voice,  What  is  the  chief  end  of  man?  I  was 
told  in  my  early  youth,  //  was  to  glorify  Goo",  and  seek  and  enjoy 
him  forever. 

I  cannot  follow  the  discourse.  It  presently  becomes  very  fer 
vid,  and  in  the  midst  of  its  fervor  he  takes  the  broad-brim  hat 
from  his  head,  and  almost  dashing  it  down  with  violence  on  the 
seat  behind,  continues  with  uninterrupted  earnestness.  But,  I 
say,  I  cannot  repeat,  hardly  suggest  his  sermon.  Though  the 
differences  and  disputes  of  the  formal  division  of  the  Society  of 
Friends  were  even  then  under  way,  he  did  not  allude  to  them  at 
all.  A  pleading,  tender,  nearly  agonizing  conviction,  and  mag 
netic  stream  of  natural  eloquence,  before  which  all  minds  and 
natures,  all  emotions,  high  or  low,  gentle  or  simple,  yielded  en 
tirely  without  exception,  was  its  cause,  method,  and  effect. 
Many,  very  many  were  in  tears.  Years  afterward  in  Boston,  I 
heard  Father  Taylor,  the  sailor's  preacher,  and  found  in  his 
passionate  unstudied  oratory  the  resemblance  to  Elias  Hicks's — 
not  argumentative  or  intellectual,  but  so  penetrating — so  different 
from  anything  in  the  books — (different  as  the  fresh  air  of  a  May 
morning  or  sea-shore  breeze  from  the  atmosphere  of  a  perfumer's 
shop.)  While  he  goes  on  he  falls  into  the  nasality  and  sing-song 
tone  sometimes  heard  in  such  meetings ;  but  in  a  moment  or  two 
more,  as  if  recollecting  himself,  he  breaks  off,  stops,  and  resumes 
in  a  natural  tone.  This  occurs  three  or  four  times  during  the 
talk  of  the  evening,  till  all  concludes. 

Now  and  then,  at  the  many  scores  and  hundreds — even  thou 
sands — of  his  discourses — as  at  this  one — he  was  very  mystical 
and  radical,f  and  had  much  to  say  of  "  the  light  within."  Very 

*  In  Walter  Scott's  reminiscences  he  speaks  of  Burns  as  having  the  most 
eloquent,  glowing,  flashing,  illuminated  dark-orbed  eyes  he  ever  beheld  in 
a  human  face ;  and  I  think  Elias  Hicks's  must  have  been  like  them. 

f  The  true  Christian  religion,  (such  was  the  teaching  of  Elias  Hicks,)  con 
sists  neither  in  rites  or  Bibles  or  sermons  or  Sundays — but  in  noiseless  secret 
ecstasy  and  unremitted  aspiration,  in  purity,  in  a  good  practical  life,  in  charity 
to  the  poor  and  toleration  to  all.  He  said,  "A  man  may  keep  the  Sabbath, 
m>y  belong  to  a  church  and  attend  all  the  observances,  have  regular  family 
prayer,  keep  a  well-bound  copy  of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  in  a  conspicuous 


ELI  AS  HICKS. 


129 


likely  this  same  inner  light,  (so  dwelt  upon  by  newer  men,  as  by 
Fox  and  Barclay  at  the  beginning,  and  all  Friends  and  deep 
thinkers  since  and  now,)  is  perhaps  only  another  name  for  the 
religious  conscience.  In  my  opinion  they  have  all  diagnos'd, 
like  superior  doctors,  the  real  inmost  disease  of  our  times,  prob 
ably  any  times.  Amid  the  huge  inflammation  call'd  society,  and 
that  other  inflammation  call'd  politics,  what  is  there  to-day  of 
moral  power  and  ethic  sanity  as •  antiseptic  to  them  and  all? 
Though  I  think  the  essential  elements  of  the  moral  nature  exist 
latent  in  the  good  average  people  of  the  United  States  of  to 
day,  and  sometimes  break  out  strongly,  it  is  certain  that  any 
mark'd  or  dominating  National  Morality  (if  I  may  use  the 
phrase)  has  not  only  not  yet  been  develop'd,  but  that — at  any 
rate  when  the  point  of  view  is  turn'd  on  business,  politics,  com 
petition,  practical  life,  and  in  character  and  manners  in  our  New 
World — there  seems  to  be  a  hideous  depletion,  almost  absence, 
of  such  moral  nature.  Elias  taught  throughout,  as  George  Fox 
began  it,  or  rather  reiterated  and  verified  it,  the  Platonic  doc 
trine  that  the  ideals  of  character,  of  justice,  of  religious  action, 
whenever  the  highest  is  at  stake,  are  to  be  conform'd  to  no  out 
side  doctrine  of  creeds,  Bibles,  legislative  enactments,  conven 
tionalities,  or  even  decorums,  but  are  to  follow  the  inward 
Deity-planted  law  of  the  emotional  soul.  In  this  only  the  true 
Quaker,  or  Friend,  has  faith;  and  it  is  from  rigidly,  perhaps 
strainingly  carrying  it  out.  that  both  the  Old  and  New  England 
records  of  Quakerdom  show  some  unseemly  and  insane  acts. 

In  one  of  the  lives  of  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  is  a  list  of  les 
sons  or  instructions,  ("seal'd  orders"  the  biographer  calls  them,) 
prepar'd  by  the  sage  himself  for  his  own  guidance.  Here  is  one: 


Go  forth  with  thy  message  among  thy  fellow-creatures ;  teach  them  that 
they  must  trust  themselves  as  guided  by  that  inner  light  which  dwells  with  the 
pure  in  heart,  to  whom  it  was  promis'd  of  old  that  they  shall  see  God. 

How  thoroughly  it  fits  the  life  and  theory  of  Elias  Hicks. 
Then  in  Omar  Khayyam: 


place  in  his  house,  and  yet  not  be  a  truly  religious  person  at  all."  E.  believ'd 
little  in  a  church  as  organiz'd — even  his  own — with  houses,  ministers,  or  with 
salaries,  creeds,  Sundays,  saints,  Bibles,  holy  festivals,  &c.  But  he  believ'd 
always  in  the  universal  church,  in  the  soul  of  man,  invisibly  rapt,  ever- waiting, 
ever  responding  to  universal  truths. — He  was  fond  of  pithy  proverbs.  He  said, 
"  It  matters  not  where  you  live,  but  how  you  live."  He  said  once  to  my 
father,  "  They  talk  of  the  devil — I  tell  thee,  Walter,  there  is  no  worse  devil 
than  man." 


1 30  ELI  AS  HICKS. 

I  sent  my  soul  through  the  Invisible, 
Some  letter  of  that  after-life  to  spell, 

And  by-and-hy  my  soul  returivd  to  me, 

And  answer'd,  "  I  myself  am  Heaven  and  Hell." 


Indeed,  of  this  important  element  of  the  theory  and  practice 
of  Quakerism,  the  difficult-to-describe  "  Light  within  "  or  "  In 
ward  Law,  by  which  all  must' be  either  justified  or  condemn'd," 
I  will  not  undertake  where  so  many  have  fail'd — the  task  of 
making  the  statement  of  it  for  the  average  comprehension. 
We  will  give,  partly  for  the  matter  and  partly  as  specimen  of 
his  speaking  and  writing  style,  what  Elias  Hicks  himself  says  in 
allusion  to  it — one  or  two  of  very  many  passages.  Most  of  his 
discourses,  like  those  of  Epictetus  and  the  ancient  peripatetics, 
have  left  no  record  remaining — they  were  extempore,  and  those 
were  not  the  times  of  reporters.  Of  one,  however,  deliver'd  in 
Chester,  Pa.,  toward  the  latter  part  of  his  career,  there  is  a  care 
ful  transcript ;  and  from  it  (even  if  presenting  you  a  sheaf  of 
hidden  wheat  that  may  need  to  be  pick'd  and  thrash'd  out 
several  times  before  you  get  the  grain,)  we  give  the  following 
extract : 

"  I  don't  want  to  express  a  great  many  woras  ;  but  I  want  you 
to  be  call'd  home  to  the  substance.  For  the  Scriptures,  and  all 
the  books  in  the  world,  can  do  no  more  ;  Jesus  could  do  no  more 
than  to  recommend  to  this  Comforter,  which  was  the  light  in  him. 
'God  is  light,  and  in  him  is  no  darkness  at  all;  and  if  we  walk 
in  the  light,  as  he  is  in  the  light,  we  have  fellowship  one  with 
another.'  Because  the  light  is  one  in  all,  and  therefore  it  binds 
us  together  in  the  bonds  of  love ;  for  it  is  not  only  light,  but 
love — that  love  which  casts  out  all  fear.  So  that  they  who  dwell 
in  God  dwell  in  love,  and  they  are  constrain'd  to  walk  in  it ; 
and  if  they  'walk  in  it,  they  have  fellowship  one  with  another, 
and  the  blood  of  Jesus  Christ  his  Son  cleanseth  us  from  all  sin.' 

"  But  what  blood,  my  friends?  Did  Jesus  Christ,  the  Saviour, 
ever  have  any  material  blood  ?  Not  a  drop  of  it,  my  friends — 
not  a  drop  of  it.  That  blood  which  cleanseth  from  the  life  of 
all  sin,  was  the  life  of  the  soul  of  Jesus.  The  soul  of  man  has 
no  material  blood;  but  as  the  outward  material  blood,  created 
from  the  dust  of  the  earth,  is  the  life  of  these  bodies  of  flesh,  so 
with  respect  to  the  soul,  the  immortal  and  invisible  spirit,  its 
blood  is  that  life  which  God  breath'd  into  it. 

"As  we  read,  in  the  beginning,  that  'God  form'd  man  of  the 
dust  of  the  ground,  and  breath'd  into  him  the  breath  of  life, 
and  man  became  a  living  soul.'  He  breath'd  into  that  soul,  and 
it  became  alive  to  God." 


ELI  AS  HICKS.  i3I 

Then,  from  one  of  his  many  letters,  for  he  seems  to  have  de 
lighted  in  correspondence  : 

'•  Some  may  query,  What  is  the  cross  of  Christ  ?  To  these  I 
answer,  It  is  the  perfect  law  of  God,  written  on  the  tablet  of  the 
heart,  and  in  the  heart  of  every  rational  creature,  in  such  indeli 
ble  characters  that  all  the  power  of  mortals  cannot  erase  nor 
obliterate  it.  Neither  is  there  any  power  or  means  given  or  dis- 
pens'd  to  the  children  of  men,  but  this  inward  law  and  light,  by 
which  the  true  and  saving  knowledge  of  God  can  be  obtain'd. 
And  by  this  inward  law  and  light,  all  will  be  either  justified  or 
condemn'd,  and  all  made  to  know  God  for  themselves,  and  be 
left  without  excuse,  agreeably  to  the  prophecy  of  Jeremiah,  and 
the  corroborating  testimony  of  Jesus  in  his  last  counsel  and  com 
mand  to  his  disciples,  not  to  depart  from  Jerusalem  till  they 
should  receive  power  from  on  high ;  assuring  them  that  they 
should  receive  power,  when  they  had  receiv'd  the  pouring  forth 
of  the  spirit  upon  them,  which  would  qualify  them  to  bear  wit 
ness  of  him  in  Judea,  Jerusalem,  Samaria,  and  to  the  uttermost 
parts  of  the  earth  ;  which  was  verified  in  a  marvellous  manner  on 
the  day  of  Pentecost,  when  thousands  were  converted  to  the 
Christian  faith  in  one  day. 

"  By  which  it  is  evident  that  nothing  but  this  inward  light  and 
law,  as  it  is  heeded  and  obey'd,  ever  did,  or  ever  can,  make  a 
true  and  real  Christian  and  child  of  God.  And  until  the  pro 
fessors  of  Christianity  agree  to  lay  aside  all  their  non-essentials 
in  religion,  and  rally  to  this  unchangeable  foundation  and  stand 
ard  of  truth,  wars  and  fightings,  confusion  and  error,  will  pre 
vail,  and  the  angelic  song  cannot  be  heard  in  our  land — that  of 
'  glory  to  God  in  the  highest,  and  on  earth  peace  and  good  will 
to  men." 

ilBut  when  all  nations  are  made  willing  to  make  this  inward 
law  and  light  the  rule  and  standard  of  all  their  faith  and  works, 
then  we  shall  be  brought  to  know  and  believe  alike,  that  there  is 
but  one  Lord,  one  faith,  and  but  one  baptism ;  one  God  and 
Father,  that  is  above  all,  through  all,  and  in  all. 

"And  then  will  all  those  glorious  and  consoling  prophecies 
recorded  in  the  scriptures  of  truth  be  fulfill'd — 'He,'  the  Lord, 
'shall  judge  among  the  nations,  and  shall  rebuke  many  people; 
and  they  shall  beat  their  swords  into  ploughshares,  and  their 
spears  into  pruning-hooks ;  nation  shall  not  lift  up  the  sword 
against  nation,  neither  shall  they  learn  war  any  more.  The 
wolf  also  shall  dwell  with  the  lamb ;  and  the  cow  and  the  bear 
shall  feed  ;  and  the  lion  shall  eat  straw  like  the  ox ;  and  the 
sucking  child  shall  play  on  the  hole  of  the  asp,  and  the  wean'd 
child  put  his  hand  on  the  cockatrice's  den.  They  shall  not  hurt 


I32  EL  I  AS  HICKS. 

nor  destroy  in  all  my  holy  mountain ;  for  the  eaith,'  that  is  our 
earthly  tabernacle,  '  shall  be  full  of  the  knowledge  of  the  Lord, 
as  the  waters  cover  the  sea. '  ' 

The  exposition  in  the  last  sentence,  that  the  terms  of  the  texts 
are  not  to  be  taken  in  their  literal  meaning,  but  in  their  spiritual 
one,  and  allude  to  a  certain  wondrous  exaltation  of  the  body, 
through  religious  influences,  is  significant,  and  is  but  one  of  a 
great  number  of  instances  of  much  that  is  obscure,  to  "the 
world's  people,"  in  the  preaching?  of  this  remarkable  man. 

Then  a  word  about  his  physical  oratory,  connected  with  the 
preceding.  If  there  is,  as  doubtless  there  is,  an  unnameable 
something  behind  oratory,  a  fund  within  or  atmosphere  without, 
deeper  than  art,  deeper  even  than  proof,  that  unnameable  consti 
tutional  something  Elias  Hicks  emanated  from  his  very  heart  to 
the  hearts  of  his  audience,  or  carried  with  him,  or  probed  into, 
and  shook  and  arous'd  in  them — a  sympathetic  germ,  probably 
rapport,  lurking  in  every  human  eligibility,  which  no  book,  no 
rule,  no  statement  has  given  or  can  give  inherent  knowledge, 
intuition — not  even  the  best  speech,  or  best  put  forth,  but 
launch'd  out  only  by  powerful  human  magnetism  : 

Unheard  by  sharpest  ear — unform'd  in  clearest  eye,  or  cunningest  mind, 

Nor  lore,  nor  fame,  nor  happiness,  nor  wealth, 

And  yet  the  pulse  of  every  heart  and  life  throughout  the  world,  incessantly, 

Which  you  and  I,  and  all,  pursuing  ever,  ever  miss; 

Open,  but  still  a  secret — the  real  of  the  real — an  illusion; 

Costless,  vouchsafed  to  each,  yet  never  man  the  owner; 

Which  poets  vainly  seek  to  put  in  rhyme — historians  in  prose ; 

Which  sculptor  never  chisel'd  yet,  nor  painter  painted ; 

Which  vocalist  never  sung,  nor  orator  nor  actor  ever  utter'd. 

That  remorse,  too,  for  a  mere  worldly  life — that  aspiration 
towards  the  ideal,  which,  however  overlaid,  lies  folded  latent, 
hidden,  in  perhaps  every  character.  More  definitely,  as  near  as 
I  remember  (aided  by  my  dear  mother  long  afterward,)  Elias 
Hicks's  discourse  there  in  the  1J  ooklyn  ball-room,  was  one  of 
his  old  never-remitted  appeals  to  that  moral  mystical  portion  of 
human  nature,  the  inner  light.  But  it  is  mainly  for  the  scene  it 
self,  and  fL\\a&'s  personnel,  that  I  recall  the  incident. 

Soon  afterward  the  old  man  died : 

On  first  day  morning,  the  I4th  of  2d  month  (February,  1830,)  he  was  en 
gaged  in  his  room,  writing  to  a  friend,  until  a  little  after  ten  o'clock,  when  .he 
return'd  to  that  occupied  by  the  family,  apparently  just  attack'd  by  a  paralytic 
affection,  which  nearly  deprived  him  of  the  use  of  his  light  side,  and  of  the 
power  of  speech.  Being  assisted  to  a  chair  near  the  fire,  he  manifested  by 
signs,  that  the  letter  which  he  had  just  finish'd,  and  which  had  been  dropp'd 


EL  I  AS  HICKS. 


'33 


by  the  way,  should  be  taken  care  of;  and  on  its  being  brought  to  him,  ap- 
pear'd  satisfied,  an-i  manifested  a  desire  that  all  should  sit  down  and  be  stilJ, 
seemingly  sensible  that  his  labours  were  brought  to  a  close,  and  only  desirous 
of  quietly  waiting  the  final  change.  The  solemn  composure  at  this  time 
manifest  in  his  countenance,  was  very  impressive,  indicating  that  he  was  sen 
sible  the  time  of  his  departure  was  at  hand,  and  that  the  prospect  of  death 
brought  no  terrors  with  it.  During  his  last  illness,  his  mental  faculties  were 
occasionally  obscured,  yet  he  was  at  times  enabled  to  give  satisfactory  evi 
dence  to  those  around  him,  that  all  was  well,  and  that  he  felt  nothing  in  hi» 
way. 

His  funeral  took  place  on  fourth  day,  the  3d  of  3d  month.  It  was  attended 
by  a  large  concourse  of  Friends  and  others,  and  a  solid  meeting  was  held  on 
the  occasion ;  after  which,  his  remains  were  interr'd  in  Friends'  burial-ground 
at  this  place  (Jericho,  Queens  County,  New  York.) 

I  have  thought  (even  presented  so  incompletely,  with  such  fear 
ful  hiatuses,  and  in  my  own  feebleness  and  waning  life)  one  might 
well  memorize  this  life  of  Elias  Hicks.  Though  not  eminent  in 
literature  or  politics  or  inventions  or  business,  it  is  a  token  of 
not  a  few,  and  is  significant.  Such  men  do  not  cope  with 
statesmen  or  soldiers — but  I  have  thought  they  deserve  to  be  re 
corded  and  kept  up  as  a  sample — that  this  one  specially  does.  I 
have  already  compared  it  to  a  little  flowing  liquid  rill  of  Nature's 
life,  maintaining  freshness.  As  if,  indeed,  under  the  smoke  of 
battles,  the  blare  of  trumpets,  and  the  madness  of  contending 
hosts — the  screams  of  passion,  the  groans  of  the  suffering,  the 
parching  of  struggles  of  money  and  politics,  and  all  hell's  heat 
and  noise  and  competition  above  and  around — should  come  melt 
ing  down  from  the  mountains  from  sources  of  unpolluted  snows, 
far  up  there  in  God's  hidden,  untrodden  recesses,  and  so  rippling 
along  among  us  low  in  the  ground,  at  men's  very  feet,  a  curious 
little  brook  of  clear  and  cool,  and  ever-healthy,  ever-living 
water. 

Note. — The  Separation. — The  division  vulgarly  call'd  between 
Orthodox  and  Hicksites  in  the  Society  of  Friends  took  place  in 
1827,  '8  and  '9.  Probably  it  had  been  preparing  some  time. 
One  who  was  present  has  since  described  to  me  the  climax,  at  a 
meeting  of  Friends  in  Philadelphia  crowded  by  a  great  attend 
ance  of  both  sexes,  with  Elias  as  principal  speaker.  In  the 
course  of  his  utterance  or  argument  he  made  use  of  these  words  : 
"The  blood  of  Christ — the  blood  of  Christ — why,  my  friends, 
the  actual  blood  of  Christ  in  itself  was  no  more  effectual  than 
the  blood  of  bulls  and  goats — not  a  bit  more — not  a  bit."  At 
these  words,  after  a  momentary  hush,  commenced  a  great  tu 
mult.  Hundreds  rose  to  their  feet.  .  .  .  Canes  were  thump'd 
upon  the  floor.  From  all  parts  of  the  house  angry  mutterings. 


I34  ELI  AS  HICKS. 

Some  left  the  place,  but  more  remain'd,  with  exclamations, 
flush'd  faces  and  eyes.  This  was  the  definite  utterance,  the  overt 
act,  which  led  to  the  separation.  Families  diverged — even  hus 
bands  and  wives,  parents  and  children,  were  separated. 

Of  course  what  Elias  promulg'd  spread  a  great  commotion 
among  the  Friends.  Sometimes  when  he  presented  himself  to 
speak  in  the  meeting,  there  would  be  opposition — this  led  to 
angry  words,  gestures,  unseemly  noises,  recriminations.  Elias, 
at  such  times,  was  deeply  affected — the  tears  roll'd  in  streams 
down  his  cheeks — he  silently  waited  the  close  of  the  dispute. 
"  Let  the  Friend  speak;  let  the  Friend  speak!"  he  would  say 
when  his  supporters  in  the  meeting  tried  to  bluff  off  some  violent 
orthodox  person  objecting  to  the  new  doctrinaire.  But  he  never 
recanted. 

A  reviewer  of  the  old  dispute  and  separation  made  the  follow 
ing  comments  on  them  in  a  paper  ten  years  ago :  "It  was  in 
America,  where  there  had  been  no  persecution  worth  mentioning 
since  Mary  Dyer  was  hang'd  on  Boston  Common,  that  about  fifty 
years  ago  differences  arose,  singularly  enough  upon  doctrinal 
points  of  the  divinity  of  Christ  and  the  nature*  of  the  atonement. 
Whoever  would  know  how  bitter  was  the  controversy,  and  how 
much  of  human  infirmity  was  found  to  be  still  lurking  under 
broad-brim  hats  and  drab  coats,  must  seek  for  the  information  in 
the  Lives  of  Elias  Hicks  and  of  Thomas  Shillitoe,  the  latter  an 
English  Friend,  who  visited  us  at  this  unfortunate  time,  and  who 
exercised  his  gifts  as  a  peacemaker  with  but  little  success.  The 
meetings,  according  to  his  testimony,  were  sometimes  turn'd  into 
mobs.  The  disruption  was  wide,  and  seems  to  have  been  final. 
Six  of  the  ten  yearly  meetings  were  divided  ;  and  since  that  time 
various  sub-divisions  have  come,  four  or  five  in  number.  There 
has  never,  however,  been  anything  like  a  repetition  of  the  excite 
ment  of  the  Hicksite  controversy  j  and  Friends  of  all  kinds  at 
present  appear  to  have  settled  down  into  a  solid,  steady,  comfort 
able  state,  and  to  be  working  in  their  own  way  without  troubling 
other  Friends  whose  ways  are  different.'' 

Note. — Old  persons,  who  heard  this  man  in  his  day,  and  who 
glean'd  impressions  from  what  they  saw  of  him,  (judg'd  from 
their  own  points  of  view,)  have,  in  their  conversation  with  me, 
dwelt  on  another  point.  They  think  Elias  Hicks  had  a  large 
element  of  personal  ambition,  the  pride  of  leadership,  of  estab 
lishing  perhaps  a  sect  that  should  reflect  his  own  name,- and  to 
which  he  should  give  especial  form  and  character.  Very  likely. 
Such  indeed  seems  the  means,  all  through  progress  and  civiliza 
tion,  by  which  strong  men  and  strong  convictions  achieve  any- 


ELIAS  HICKS. 


135 


thing  definite.  But  the  basic  foundation  of  Elias  was  undoubt 
edly  genuine  religious  fervor.  He  was  like  an  old  Hebrew 
prophet.  He  had  the  spirit  of  one,  and  in  his  later  years  look'd 
like  one.  What  Carlyle  says  of  John  Knox  will  apply  to  him : 

"  He  is  an  instance  to  us  how  a  man,  by  sincerity  itself,  becomes  heroic; 
it  is  the  grand  gift  he  has.  We  find  in  him  a  good,  honest,  intellectual  talent, 
no  transcendent  one ; — a  narrow,  inconsiderable  man,  as  compared  with 
Luther;  but  in  heartfelt  instinctive  adherence  to  truth,  in  sincerity  as  we  say, 
he  has  no  superior;  nay,  one  might  ask,  What  equal  he  has?  The  heart  of 
him  is  of  the  true  Prophet  cast.  '  He  lies  there,'  said  the  Earl  of  Morton  at 
Knox's  grave,  '  who  never  fear'd  the  face  of  man.'  He  resembles,  more  than 
any  of  the  moderns,  an  old  Hebrew  Prophet.  The  same  inflexibility,  intol 
erance,  rigid,  narrow-looking  adherence  to  God's  truth." 

A  Note  yet.  The  United  States  to-day. — While  under  all  pre 
vious  conditions  (even  convictions)  of  society,  Oriental,  Feudal, 
Ecclesiastical,  and  in  all  past  (or  present)  Despotisms,  through 
the  entire  past,  there  existed,  and  exists  yet,  in  ally  and  fusion 
with  them,  and  frequently  forming  the  main  part  of  them,  cer 
tain  churches,  institutes,  priesthoods,  fervid  beliefs,  &c.,  prac 
tically  promoting  religious  and  moral  action  to  the  fullest  degrees 
of  which  humanity  there  under  circumstances  was  capable,  and 
often  conserving  all  there  was  of  justice,  art,  literature,  and  good 
manners — it  is  clear  I  say,  that,  under  the  Democratic  Institutes 
of  the  United  States,  now  and  henceforth,  there 'are  no  equally 
genuine  fountains  of  fervid  beliefs,  adapted  to  produce  similar 
moral  and  religious  results,  according  to  our  circumstances.  I 
consider  that  the  churches,  sects,  pulpits,  of  the  present  day,  in 
the  United  States,  exist  not  by  any  solid  convictions',  but  by  a 
sort  of  tacit,  supercilious,  scornful  sufferance.  Few  speak  openly 
— none  officially — against  them.  But  the  ostent  continuously 
imposing,  who  is  not  aware  that  any  such  living  fountains  of 
belief  in  them  are  now  utterly  ceas'd  and  departed  from  the 
minds  of  men  ? 

A  Lingering  Note. — In  the  making  of  a  full  man,  all  the  other 
consciences,  (the  emotional,  courageous,  intellectual,  esthetic, 
&c.,)  are  to  be  crown 'd  and  effused  by  the  religious  conscience. 
In  the  higher  structure  of  a  human  self,  or  of  community,  the 
Moral,  the  Religious,  the  Spiritual,  is  strictly  analogous  to  the 
subtle  vitalization  and  antiseptic  play  call'd  Health  in  the  phy 
siologic  structure.  To  person  or  State,  the  main  verteber  (or 
rather  the  verteber)  is  Morality.  That  is  indeed  the  only  real 
vitalization  of  character,  and  of  all  the  supersensual,  even  heroic 
and  artistic  portions  of  man  or  nationality.  It  is  to  run  through 


136  ELI  AS  HICKS. 

and  knit  the  superior  parts,  and  keep  man  or  State  vital  and  up 
right,  as  health  keeps  the  body  straight  and  blooming.  Of 
course  a  really  grand  and  strong  and  beautiful  character  is  prob 
ably  to  be  slowly  grown,  and  adjusted  strictly  with  reference  to 
itself,  its  own  personal  and  social  sphere — with  (paradox  though 
it  maybe)  the  clear  understanding  that  the  conventional  theories 
of  life,  worldly  ambition,  wealth,  office,  fame,  -&c.,  are  essen 
tially  but  glittering  mayas,  delusions. 

Doubtless  the  greatest  scientists  and  theologians  will  some 
times  find  themselves  saying,  It  isn't  only  those  who  know 
most,  who  contribute  most  to  God's  glory.  Doubtless  these 
very  scientists  at  times  stand  with  bared  heads  before  the  hum 
blest  lives  and  personalities.  For  there  is  something  greater  (is 
there  not  ?)  than  all  the  science  and  poems  of  the  world — above 
all  else,  like  the  stars  shining. eternal — above  Shakspere's  plays, 
or  Concord  philosophy,  or  art  of  Angelo  or  Raphael — something 
that  shines  elusive,  like  beams  of  Hesperus  at  evening — high 
above  all  the  vaunted  wealth  a«d  pride — prov'd  by  its  practical 
outcropping  in  life,  each  case  after  its  own  concomitants — the 
intuitive  blending  of  divine  love  and  faith  in  a  human  emotional 
character — blending  for  all,  for  the  unlearn'd,  the  common,  and 
the  poor. 

I  don't  know  in  what  book  I  once  read,  (possibly  the  remark 
has  been  made  in  books,  all  ages,)  that  no  life  ever  lived,  even 
the  most  uneventful,  but,  probed  to  its  centre,  would  be  found 
in  itself  as  subtle  a  drama  as  any  that  poets  have  ever  sung",  or 
playwrights  fabled.  Often,  too,  in  size  and  weight,  that  life 
suppos'd  obscure.  For  it  isn't  only  the  palpable  stars;  astrono 
mers  say  there  are  dark,  or  almost  dark,  unnotic'd  orbs  and  suns, 
(like  the  dusky  companion  of  Sirius,  seven  times  as  large  as  our 
own  sun,)  rolling  through  space,  real  and  potent  as  any — perhaps 
the  most  real  and  potent.  Yet  none  recks  of  them.  In  the 
bright  lexicon  we  give  the  spreading  heavens,  they  have  not 
even  names.  Amid  ceaseless  sophistications  all  times,  the  soul 
would  seem  to  glance  yearningly  around  for  such  contrasts — such 
cool,  still  offsets. 

GEORGE   FOX   (AND   SHAKSPERE.) 

WHILE  we  are  about  it,  we  must  almost  inevitably  go  back  to 
the  origin  of  the  Society  of  which  Elias  Hicks  has  so  far  prov'd 
to  be  the  most  mark'd  individual  result.  We  must  revert  to  the 
latter  part  of  the  i6th,  and  all,  or  nearly  all  of  that  17th  cen 
tury,  crowded  with  so  many  important  historical  events,  changes, 
and  personages.  Throughout  Europe,  and  especially  in  what  we 


ELIAS  HICKS. 


'37 


call  our  Mother  Country,  men  were  unusually  arous'd — (some 
would  say  demented.)  It  was  a  special  age  of  the  insanity  of 
witch-trials  and  witch-hangings.  In  one  year  60  were  hung  for 
witchcraft  in  one  English  county  alone.  It  was  peculiarly  an 
age  of  military-religious  conflict.  Protestantism  and  Catholicism 
were  wrestling  like  giants  for  the  mastery,  straining  every  nerve. 
Only  to  think  of  it — that  age  !  its  events,  persons — Shakspere 
just  dead,  (his  folios  publish'd,  complete) — Charles  ist,  the 
shadowy  spirit  and  the  solid  block  !  To  sum  up  all,  it  was  the 
age  of  Cromwell! 

As  indispensable  foreground,  indeed,  for  Elias  Hicks,  and 
perhaps  sine  qua  non  to  an  estimate  of  the  kind  of  man,  we 
must  briefly  transport  ourselves  back  to  the  England  of  that 
period.  As  I  say,  it  is  the  time  of  tremendous  moral  and  po 
litical  agitation  ;  ideas  of  conflicting  forms,  governments,  theolo 
gies,  seethe  and  dash  like  ocean  storms,  and  ebb  and  flow  like 
mighty  tides.  It  was,  or  had  been,  the  time  of  the  long  feud 
between  the  Parliament  and  the  Crown.  In  the  midst  of  the 
sprouts,  began  George  Fox— born  eight  years  after  the  death  of 
Shakspere.  He  was  the  son  of  a  weaver,  himself  a  shoemaker, 
and  was  "converted"  before  the  age  of  20.  But  O  the  suffer 
ings,  mental  and  physical,  through  which  those  years  of  the 
strange  youth  pass'd  !  He  claim'd  to  be  sent  by  God  to  fulfil  a 
mission.  "I  come,"  he  said,  "to  direct  people  to  the  spirit 
that  gave  forth  the  Scriptures."  The  range  of  his  thought,  even 
then,  cover'd  almost  every  important  subject  of  after  times,  anti- 
slavery,  women's  rights,  &c.  Though  in  a  low  sphere,  and 
among  the  masses,  he  forms  a  mark'd  feature  in  the  age. 

And  how,  indeed,  beyond  all  any,  that  stormy  and  perturb'd 
age  !  The  foundations  of  the  old,  the  superstitious,  the  conven 
tionally  poetic,  the  credulous,  all  breaking — the  light  of  the 
new,  and  of  science  and  democracy,  definitely  beginning — a 
mad,  fierce,  almost  crazy  age  !  The  political  struggles  of  the 
reigns  of  the  Charleses,  and  of  the  Protectorate  of  Cromwell, 
heated  to  frenzy  by  theological  struggles.  Those  were  the  years 
following  the  advent  and  practical  working  of  the  Reformation — 
but  Catholicism  is  yet  strong,  and  yet  seeks  supremacy.  We 
think  our  age  full  of  the  flush  of  men  and  doings,  and  culmina 
tions  of  war  and  peace ;  and  so  it  is.  But  there  could  hardly  be 
a  grander  and  more  picturesque  and  varied  age  than  that. 

Born  out  of  and  in  this  age,  when  Milton,  Bunyan,  Dryden 
and  John  Locke  were  still  living — amid  the  memories  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  and  James  First,  and  the  events  of  their  reigns — when 
the  radiance  of  that  galaxy  of  poets,  warriors,  statesmen,  cap 
tains,  lords,  explorers,  wits  and  gentlemen,  that  crowded  the 


138  ELI  AS  HICKS. 

courts  and  times  of  those  sovereigns  still  fill'd  the  atmosphere — 
when  America  commencing  to  be  explor'd  and  settled  com- 
menc'd  also  to  be  suspected  as  destin'd  to  overthrow  the  old 
standards  and  calculations — when  Feudalism,  like  a  sunset, 
seem'd  to  gather  all  its  glories,  reminiscences,  personalisms,  in 
one  last  gorgeous  effort,  before  the  advance  of  a  new  day,  a  new 
incipient  genius — amid  the  social  and  domestic  circles  of  that 
period — indifferent  to  reverberations  that  seem'd  enough  to  wake 
the  dead,  and  in  a  sphere  far  from  the  pageants  of  the  court,  the 
awe  of  any  personal  rank  or  charm  of  intellect,  or  literature,  or 
the  varying  excitement  of  Parliamentarian  or  Royalist  fortunes — 
this  curious  young  rustic  goes  wandering  up  and  down  England. 
George  Fox,  born  1624,  was  of  decent  stock,  in  ordinary  lower 
life — as  he  grew  along  toward  manhood,  work'd  at  shoemaking, 
also  at  farm  labors — loved  to  be  much  by  himself,  half-hidden  in 
the  woods,  reading  the  Bible — went  about  from  town  to  town, 
dress'd  in  leather  clothes — walk'd  much  at  night,  solitary,  deeply 
troubled  ("the  inward  divine  teaching  of  the  Lord") — some 
times  goes  among  the  ecclesiastical  gatherings  of  the  great  pro 
fessors,  and  though  a  mere  youth  bears  bold  testimony — goes  to 
and  fro  disputing — (must  have  had  great  personality) — heard  the 
voice  of  the  Lord  speaking  articulately  to  him,  as  he  walk'd  in 
the  fields — feels  resistless  commands  not  to  be  explain'd,  but  fol- 
low'd,  to  abstain  from  taking  off  his  hat,  to  say  Thee  and  Thou, 
and  not  bid  others  Good  morning  or  Good  evening — was  illiter 
ate,  could  just  read  and  write — testifies  against  shows,  games, 
and  frivolous  pleasures — enters  the  courts  and  warns  the  judges 
that  they  see  to  doing  justice — goes  into  public  houses  and  mar 
ket-places,  with  denunciations  of  drunkenness  and  money-mak 
ing — rises  in  the  midst  of  the  church-services,  and  gives  his  own 
explanations  of  the  ministers'  explanations,  and  of  Bible  pass 
ages  and  texts — sometimes  for  such  things  put  in  prison,  some 
times  struck  fiercely  on  the  mouth  on  the  spot,  or  knock'd  down, 
and  lying  there  beaten  and  bloody — was  of  keen  wit,  ready  to 
any  question  with  the  most  apropos  of  answers — was  sometimes 
press'd  for  a  soldier,  (him  for  a  soldier!) — was  indeed  terribly 
buffeted;  but  goes,  goes,  goes — often  sleeping  out-doors,  under 
hedges,  or  hay  stacks — forever  taken  before  justices — improving 
such,  and  all  occasions,  to  bear  testimony,  and  give  good  advice — 
still  enters  the  "steeple-houses,"  (as  he  calls  churches,)  and 
though  often  dragg'd  out  and  whipt  till  he  faints  away,  and  lies 
like  one  dead,  when  he  comes-to — stands  up  again,  and  offering 
himself  all  bruis'd  and  bloody,  cries  out  to  his  tormenters, 
"Strike — strike  again,  here  where  you  have  not  yet  touch'd  ! 
my  arms,  my  head,  my  cheeks." — Is  at  length  arrested  and  sent 


ELI  AS  HICKS.  130 

up  to  London,  confers*with  the  Protector,  Cromwell, — is  set  at 
liberty,  and  holds  great  meetings  in  London. 

Thus  going  on,  there  is  something  in  him  that  fascinates  one 
or  two  here,  and  three  or  four  there,  until  gradually  there  were 
others  who  went  about  in  the  same  spirit,  and  by  degrees  the 
Society  of  Friends  took  shape,  and  stood  among  the  thousand 
religious  sects  of  the  world.  Women  also  catch  the  contagion, 
and  go  round,  often  shamefully  misused.  By  such  contagion 
these  ministerings,  by  scores,  almost  hundreds  of  poor  travelling 
men  and  women,  keep  on  year  after  year,  through  ridicule, 
whipping,  imprisonment,  &c. — some  of  the  Friend-ministers 
emigrate  to  New  England — where  their  treatment  makes  the 
blackest  part  of  the  early  annals  of  the  New  World.  Some 
were  executed,  others  maim'd,  par-burnt,  and  scourg'd — two 
hundred  die  in  prison — some  on  the  gallows,  or  at  the  stake. 

George  Fox  himself  visited  America,  and  found  a  refuge  and 
hearers,  and  preach'd  many  times  on  Long  Island,  New  York 
State.  In  the  village  of  Oysterbay  they  will  show  you  the  rock 
on  which  he  stood,  (1672,)  addressing  the  multitude,  in  the 
open  air — thus  rigidly  following  the  fashion  of  apostolic  times. — 
(I  have  heard  myself  many  reminiscences  of  him.)  Flushing 
also  contains  (or  contain'd — I  have  seen  them)  memorials  of 
Fox,  and  his  son,  in  two  aged  white-oak  trees,  that  shaded  him 
while  he  bore  his  testimony  to  people  gather'd  in  the  highway. — 
Yes,  the  American  Quakers  were  much  persecuted — almost  as 
much,  by  a  sort  of  consent  of  all  the  other  sects,  as  the  Jews 
were  in  Europe  in  the  middle  ages.  In  New  England,  the 
crudest  laws  were  pass'd,  and  put  in  execution  against  them. 
As  said,  some  were  whipt — women  the  same  as  men.  Some  had 
their  ears  cut  off — others  their  tongues  pierc'd  with  hot  irons — 
others  their  faces  branded.  Worse  still,  a  woman  and  three  men 
had  been  hang'd,  (1660.) — Public  opinion,  and  the  statutes, 
join'd  together,  in  an  odious  union,  Quakers,  Baptists,  Roman 
Catholics  and  Witches. — Such  a  fragmentary  sketch  of  George 
Fox  and  his  time — and  the  advent  of  'the  Society  of  Friends' 
in  America. 

Strange  as  it  may  sound,  Shakspere  and  George  Fox,  (think 
of  them  !  compare  them  !)  were  born  and  bred  of  similar  stock, 
in  much  the  same  surroundings  and  station  in  life — from  the 
same  England — and  at  a  similar  period.  One  to  radiate  all  of 
art's,  all  literature's  splendor — a  splendor  so  dazzling  that  he 
himself  is  almost  lost  in  it,  and  his  contemporaries  the  same — 
his  fictitious  Othello,  Romeo,  Hamlet,  Lear,  as  real  as  any  lords 
of  England  or  Europe  then  and  there — more  real  to  us,  the  mind 


140  ELI  AS  HICKS. 

sometimes  thinks,  than  the  man  Shakspere  himself.  Then  the 
other — may  we  indeed  name  him  the  same  day  ?  What  is  poor 
plain  George  Fox  compared  to  William  Shakspere — to  fancy's 
lord,  imagination's  heir?  Yet  George  Fox  stands  for  something 
too — a  thought — the  thought  that  wakes  in  silent  hours — perhaps 
the  deepest,  most  eternal  thought  latent  in  the  human  soul. 
This  is  the  thought  of  God,  merged  in  the  thoughts  of  moral 
right  and  the  immortality  of  identity.  Great,  great  is  this 
thought — aye,  greater  than  all  else.  When  the  gorgeous  page 
ant  of  Art,  refulgent  in  the  sunshine,  color'd  with  roses  and 
gold — with  all  the  richest  mere  poetry,  old  or  new,  (even  Shak- 
spere's) — with  all  that  statue,  play,  painting,  music,  architecture, 
oratory,  can  effect,  ceases  to  satisfy  and  please — When  the  eager 
chase  after  wealth  flags,  and  beauty  itself  becomes  a  loathing— 
and  when  all  worldly  or  carnal  or  esthetic,  or  even  scientific 
values,  having  done  their  office  to  the  human  character,  and 
minister'd  their  part  to  its  development — then,  if  not  before, 
comes  forward  this  over-arching  thought,  and  brings  its  eligibili 
ties,  germinations.  Most  neglected  in  life  of  all  humanity's  at 
tributes,  easily  cover'd  with  crust,  deluded  and  abused,  rejected, 
yet  the  only  certain  source  of  what  all  are  seeking,  but  few  or 
none  find — in  it  I  for  myself  clearly  see  the  first,  the  last,  the 
deepest  depths  and  highest  heights  of  art,  of  literature,  and  of 
the  purposes  of  life.  I  say  whoever  labors  here,  makes  contribu 
tions  here,  or  best  of  all  sets  an  incarnated  example  here,  of  life 
or  death,  is  dearest  to  humanity — remains  after  the  rest  are 
gone.  And  here,  for  these  purposes,  and  up  to  the  light  that 
was  in  him,  the  man  Elias  Hicks — as  the  man  George  Fox  had 
done  years  before  him — lived  long,  and  died,  faithful  in  life,  and 
faithful  in  death. 


NOTE   AT   END 

of  Complete  Poems  and  Prose. 

As  I  conclude — and  (to  get  typographical  correctness,)  after 
running  my  eyes  diligently  through  the  three  big  divisions  of 
the  preceding  volume — the  interrogative  wonder-fancy  rises  in 
me  whether  (if  it  be  not  too  arrogant  to  even  state  it,)  the  33  years 
of  my  current  time,  1855-1888,  with  their  aggregate  of  our  New 
World  doings  and  people,  have  not,  indeed,  created  and  formu 
lated  the  foregoing  leaves — forcing  their  utterance  as  the  pages 
stand — coming  actually  from  the  direct  urge  and  developments 
of  those  years,  and  not  from  any  individual  epic  or  lyrical 
attempts  whatever,  or  from  my  pen  or  voice,  or  any  body's 
special  voice.  Out  of  that  supposition,  the  book  might  assume 
to  be  consider'd  an  autochthonic  record  and  expression,  freely 
render'd,  of  and  out  of  these  30  to  35  years — of  the  soul  and 
evolution  of  America — and  of  course,  by  reflection,  not  ours  only, 

but  more  or  less  of  the  common  people  of  the  world 

Seems  to  me  I  may  dare  to  claim  a  deep  native  tap-root  for 
the  book,  too,  in  some  sort.  I  came  on  the  stage  too  late  for 
personally  knowing  much  of  even  the  lingering  Revolutionary 
worthies — the  men  of  '76.  Yet,  as  a  little  boy,  I  have  been 
press'd  tightly  and  lovingly  to  the  breast  of  Lafayette,  (Brooklyn, 
1825,)  and  have  talk'd  with  old  Aaron  Burr,  and  also  with  those 
who  knew  Washington  and  his  surroundings,  and  with  original 
Jefferson ians,  and  more  than  one  very  old  soldier  and  sailor. 
And  in  my  own  day  and  maturity,  my  eyes  have  seen,  and  ears 
heard,  Lincoln,  Grant  and  Emerson,  and  my  hands  have  been 
grasp'd  by  their  hands.  Though  in  a  different  field  and  range 
from  most  of  theirs,  I  give  the  foregoing  pages  as  perfectly 
legitimate,  resultant,  evolutionary  and  consistent  with  them. 
If  these  lines  should  ever  reach  some  reader  of  a  far  off  future 
age,  let  him  take  them  as  a  missive  sent  from  Abraham  Lincoln's 
fateful  age.  .  .  .  Repeating,  parrot-like,  what  in  the  preceding 
divisions  has  been  already  said,  and  must  serve  as  a  great  reason- 
why  of  this  whole  book — ist,  That  the  main  part  about  pro- 
nounc'd  events  and  shows,  (poems  and  persons  also,)  is  the 
point  of  view  from  which  they  are  view'd  and  estimated — and 
zd,  That  I  cannot  let  my  momentous,  stormy,  peculiar  Era 


2  •         NOTE  AT  END, 

of  peace  and  war,  these  States,  these  years,  slip  away  without 
arresting  some  of  its  specimen  events — even  its  vital  breaths — to 
be  portray'd  and  inscribed  from  out  of  the  midst  of  it,  from  its 
own  days  and  nights — not  so  much  in  themselves,  (statistically 
and  descriptively  our  times  are  copiously  noted  and  memoran- 
dized  with  art  industrial  zeal) — but  to  give  from  them  here  their 
flame-like  results  in  imaginative  and  spiritual  suggestiveness — as 
they  present  themselves  to  me,  at  any  rate,  from  the  point  of  view 
alluded  to. 

Then  a  few  additional  words  yet  to  this  hurried  farewell  note. 
In  another  sense  (the  warp  crossing  the  woof,  and  knitted  in,) 
the  book  is  probably  a  sort  of  autobiography ;  an  element  I 
have  not  attempted  to  specially  restrain  or  erase.  As  alluded  to 
at  beginning,  I  had  about  got  the  volume  well  started  by  the 
printers,  when  a  sixth  recurrent  attack  of  my  war-paralysis  fell 
upon  me.  It  has  proved  the  most  serious  and  continued  of  the 
whole.  I  am  now  uttering  November  Soughs,  and  printing  this 
book,  in  my  yoth  year.  To  get  out  the  collection — mainly  the 
born  results  of  health,  flush  life,  buoyancy,  and  happy  out-door 
volition — and  to  prepare  the  Soughs — have  beguiled  my  invalid 
months  the  past  summer  and  fall.  ("Are  we  to  be  beaten  down 
in  ourold  age?"  says  one  white-hair'd  fellow  remonstratingly  to 
another  in  a  budget  of  letters  I  read  last  night.)  .  .  .  Then  I 
"have  wanted  to  leave  something  markedly  personal.  I  have  put 
'my  name  with  pen-and-ink  with  my  own  hand  in  the  present 
volume.  And  from  engraved  or  photo' d  portraits  taken  from 
life,  I  have  selected  some,  of  different  stages,  which  please  me 
best,  (or  at  any  rate  displease  me  least,)  and  bequeath  them  at  a 
venture  to  you,  reader,  with  my  love. 

W.   W..  Nov.  13,  '88. 


[UfllVERSITYj 


